1
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Dou Z, Bonacci TR, Shou P, Landoni E, Woodcock MG, Sun C, Savoldo B, Herring LE, Emanuele MJ, Song F, Baldwin AS, Wan Y, Dotti G, Zhou X. 4-1BB-encoding CAR causes cell death via sequestration of the ubiquitin-modifying enzyme A20. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:905-917. [PMID: 38937625 PMCID: PMC11291893 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
CD28 and 4-1BB costimulatory endodomains included in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) molecules play a critical role in promoting sustained antitumor activity of CAR-T cells. However, the molecular events associated with the ectopic and constitutive display of either CD28 or 4-1BB in CAR-T cells have been only partially explored. In the current study, we demonstrated that 4-1BB incorporated within the CAR leads to cell cluster formation and cell death in the forms of both apoptosis and necroptosis in the absence of CAR tonic signaling. Mechanistic studies illustrate that 4-1BB sequesters A20 to the cell membrane in a TRAF-dependent manner causing A20 functional deficiency that in turn leads to NF-κB hyperactivity, cell aggregation via ICAM-1 overexpression, and cell death including necroptosis via RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway. Genetic modulations obtained by either overexpressing A20 or releasing A20 from 4-1BB by deleting the TRAF-binding motifs of 4-1BB rescue cell cluster formation and cell death and enhance the antitumor ability of 4-1BB-costimulated CAR-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangqi Dou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Peishun Shou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elisa Landoni
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mark G Woodcock
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chuang Sun
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Barbara Savoldo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Laura E Herring
- Michael Hooker Proteomics Center, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Emanuele
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Feifei Song
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Albert S Baldwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yisong Wan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Xin Zhou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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2
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Lambrecht R, Delgado ME, Gloe V, Schuetz K, Plazzo AP, Franke B, San Phan T, Fleming J, Mayans O, Brunner T. Liver receptor homolog-1 (NR5A2) orchestrates hepatic inflammation and TNF-induced cell death. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113513. [PMID: 38039134 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) has been shown to promote apoptosis resistance in various tissues and disease contexts; however, its role in liver cell death remains unexplored. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of LRH-1 causes mild steatosis and inflammation but unexpectedly shields female mice from tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and associated hepatitis. LRH-1-deficient hepatocytes show markedly attenuated estrogen receptor alpha and elevated nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activity, while LRH-1 overexpression inhibits NF-κB activity. This inhibition relies on direct physical interaction of LRH-1's ligand-binding domain and the Rel homology domain of NF-κB subunit RelA. Mechanistically, increased transcription of anti-apoptotic NF-κB target genes and the proteasomal degradation of pro-apoptotic BCL-2 interacting mediator of cell death prevent mitochondrial apoptosis and ultimately protect mice from TNF-induced liver damage. Collectively, our study emphasizes LRH-1 as a critical, sex-dependent regulator of cell death and inflammation in the healthy and diseased liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Lambrecht
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - M Eugenia Delgado
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Vincent Gloe
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Karina Schuetz
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anna Pia Plazzo
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Barbara Franke
- Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Truong San Phan
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Fleming
- Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Olga Mayans
- Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.
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3
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Michalek S, Goj T, Plazzo AP, Marovca B, Bornhauser B, Brunner T. LRH
‐1/
NR5A2
interacts with the glucocorticoid receptor to regulate glucocorticoid resistance. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54195. [PMID: 35801407 PMCID: PMC9442305 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Michalek
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology KORS‐CB University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Thomas Goj
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Anna Pia Plazzo
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Blerim Marovca
- Division of Oncology and Children's Research Centre University Children's Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Beat Bornhauser
- Division of Oncology and Children's Research Centre University Children's Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology KORS‐CB University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
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4
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Regulation of the Intestinal Extra-Adrenal Steroidogenic Pathway Component LRH-1 by Glucocorticoids in Ulcerative Colitis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121905. [PMID: 35741034 PMCID: PMC9221003 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and can be treated with glucocorticoids (GC), although some patients are unresponsive to this therapy. The transcription factor LRH-1/NR5A2 is critical to intestinal cortisol production (intestinal steroidogenesis), being reduced in UC patients. However, the relationship between LRH-1 expression and distribution with altered corticosteroid responses is unknown. To address this, we categorized UC patients by their steroid response. Here, we found that steroid-dependent and refractory patients presented reduced glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated intestinal steroidogenesis compared to healthy individuals and responder patients, possibly related to increased colonic mucosa GR isoform beta (GRβ) content and cytoplasmic LRH-1 levels in epithelial and lamina propria cells. Interestingly, an intestinal epithelium-specific GR-induced knockout (GRiKO) dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-colitis mice model presented decreased epithelial LRH-1 expression, whilst it increased in the lamina propria compared to DSS-treated control mice. Mechanistically, GR directly induced NR5A2 gene expression in CCD841CoN cells and human colonic organoids. Furthermore, GR bound to two glucocorticoid-response elements within the NR5A2 promoter in dexamethasone-stimulated CCD841CoN cells. We conclude that GR contributes to intestinal steroidogenesis by inducing LRH-1 in epithelial cells, suggesting LRH-1 as a potential marker for glucocorticoid-impaired response in UC. However, further studies with a larger patient cohort will be necessary to confirm role of LRH-1 as a therapeutic biomarker.
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Galbiati V, Buoso E, d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca R, Paola RD, Morroni F, Nocentini G, Racchi M, Viviani B, Corsini E. Immune and Nervous Systems Interaction in Endocrine Disruptors Toxicity: The Case of Atrazine. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2021; 3:649024. [PMID: 35295136 PMCID: PMC8915797 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.649024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors (ED) are natural and anthropogenic chemicals that can interfere with hormonal systems at different levels. As such, ED-induced alterations in hormone functions have been implicated in many diseases and pathological conditions, including adverse developmental, reproductive, neurological, cardiovascular, and immunological effects in mammals. The fact that ED may compete with several endogenous hormones for multiple receptors and pathways is not always fully considered. This results in a complex response that depends on the cellular context in terms of receptors and interacting proteins and, thus, may differ between tissues and circumstances. Microglia, neurons, and other immune cells are potential targets and still underappreciated actors in endocrine disruption. Due to the large scale of this topic, this review is not intended to provide a comprehensive review nor a systematic review of chemicals identified as endocrine disruptors. It focuses on the immune-neuro-endocrine network in ED toxicity and research gaps, using atrazine as an example to highlight this complexity and the interrelationship between the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems, and ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Galbiati
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Valentina Galbiati
| | - Erica Buoso
- Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Fabiana Morroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nocentini
- Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Barbara Viviani
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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6
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Zerlotin R, Arconzo M, Piccinin E, Moschetta A. Another One Bites the Gut: Nuclear Receptor LRH-1 in Intestinal Regeneration and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040896. [PMID: 33672730 PMCID: PMC7924345 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of self-renewal in normal intestinal epithelium is characterized by a fine balance between proliferation, differentiation, migration, and cell death. When even one of these aspects escapes the normal control, cellular proliferation and differentiation are impaired, with consequent onset of tumorigenesis. In humans, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the main pathological manifestation of this derangement. Nowadays, CRC is the world's fourth most deadly cancer with a limited survival after treatment. Several conditions can predispose to CRC development, including dietary habits and pre-existing inflammatory bowel diseases. Given their extraordinary ability to interact with DNA, it is widely known that nuclear receptors play a key role in the regulation of intestinal epithelium, orchestrating the expression of a series of genes involved in developmental and homeostatic pathways. In particular, the nuclear receptor Liver Receptor Homolog-1 (LRH-1), highly expressed in the stem cells localized in the crypts, promotes intestine cell proliferation and renewal in both direct and indirect DNA-binding manner. Furthermore, LRH-1 is extensively correlated with diverse intestinal inflammatory pathways. These evidence shed a light in the dynamic intestinal microenvironment in which increased regenerative epithelial cell turnover, mutagenic insults, and chronic DNA damages triggered by factors within an inflammatory cell-rich microenvironment act synergistically to favor cancer onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Zerlotin
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.Z.); (M.A.); (E.P.)
| | - Maria Arconzo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.Z.); (M.A.); (E.P.)
| | - Elena Piccinin
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.Z.); (M.A.); (E.P.)
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.Z.); (M.A.); (E.P.)
- INBB, National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
- National Cancer Center, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-080-559-3262
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7
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Aney KJ, Nissim S. More than acinar identity? A novel cystic phenotype suggests broader roles for NR5A2 in pancreatic cancer †. J Pathol 2021; 254:1-4. [PMID: 33448017 DOI: 10.1002/path.5619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains dismal. Multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have implicated the nuclear receptor NR5A2 in modulating PDAC risk, but mechanisms for this association are not understood. NR5A2 is a transcription factor that maintains acinar cell identity, and heterozygous loss of Nr5a2 in mice accelerates oncogenic Kras-driven formation of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), a PDAC precursor derived from acinar cells. In a recent issue of The Journal of Pathology, Cobo et al characterize a novel mouse model that uses Ptf1a:Cre to drive oncogenic Kras as well as heterozygous Nr5a2 inactivation. In addition to the expected PanIN lesions, these mice exhibited a surprising phenotype: large pancreatic cystic lesions which have not been previously reported. Comparing expression of oncogenic Kras and heterozygous Nr5a2 in various mouse models reveals several possible explanations for these cystic lesions. Importantly, these differences across mouse models suggest that NR5A2 may contribute to PDAC precursors in ways beyond its previously characterized acinar cell-autonomous role. These observations highlight that pathways implicated by GWAS may have roles in unexpected cell types, and an understanding of these roles will be critical to guide new preventive and treatment strategies for PDAC. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Aney
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sahar Nissim
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Divisions of Gastroenterology and Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Michalek S, Brunner T. Nuclear-mitochondrial crosstalk: On the role of the nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog-1 (NR5A2) in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism, cell survival, and cancer. IUBMB Life 2020; 73:592-610. [PMID: 32931651 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1, NR5A2) is an orphan nuclear receptor with widespread activities in the regulation of development, stemness, metabolism, steroidogenesis, and proliferation. Many of the LRH-1-regulated processes target the mitochondria and associated activities. While under physiological conditions, a balanced LRH-1 expression and regulation contribute to the maintenance of a physiological equilibrium, deregulation of LRH-1 has been associated with inflammation and cancer. In this review, we discuss the role and mechanism(s) of how LRH-1 regulates metabolic processes, cell survival, and cancer in a nuclear-mitochondrial crosstalk, and evaluate its potential as a pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Michalek
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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9
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Cobo-Vuilleumier N, Gauthier BR. Time for a paradigm shift in treating type 1 diabetes mellitus: coupling inflammation to islet regeneration. Metabolism 2020; 104:154137. [PMID: 31904355 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease that targets the destruction of islet beta-cells resulting in insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia and death if untreated. Despite advances in medical devices and longer-acting insulin, there is still no robust therapy to substitute and protect beta-cells that are lost in T1DM. Attempts to refrain from the autoimmune attack have failed to achieve glycemic control in patients highlighting the necessity for a paradigm shift in T1DM treatment. Paradoxically, beta-cells are present in T1DM patients indicating a disturbed equilibrium between the immune attack and beta-cell regeneration reminiscent of unresolved wound healing that under normal circumstances progression towards an anti-inflammatory milieu promotes regeneration. Thus, the ultimate T1DM therapy should concomitantly restore immune self-tolerance and replenish the beta-cell mass similar to wound healing. Recently the agonistic activation of the nuclear receptor LRH-1/NR5A2 was shown to induce immune self-tolerance, increase beta-cell survival and promote regeneration through a mechanism of alpha-to-beta cell phenotypic switch. This trans-regeneration process appears to be facilitated by a pancreatic anti-inflammatory environment induced by LRH-1/NR5A2 activation. Herein, we review the literature on the role of LRH1/NR5A2 in immunity and islet physiology and propose that a cross-talk between these cellular compartments is mandatory to achieve therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Cobo-Vuilleumier
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Benoit R Gauthier
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, 28029 Spain.
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10
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Pharmacological LRH-1/Nr5a2 inhibition limits pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages and associated experimental hepatitis. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:154. [PMID: 32111818 PMCID: PMC7048823 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1, Nr5a2) is an orphan nuclear receptor mainly expressed in tissues of endodermal origin, where its physiological role has been extensively studied. LRH-1 has been implicated in liver cell differentiation and proliferation, as well as glucose, lipid, and bile acid metabolism. In addition, increasing evidence highlights its role in immunoregulatory processes via glucocorticoid synthesis in the intestinal epithelium. Although the direct function of LRH-1 in immune cells is fairly elucidated, a role of LRH-1 in the regulation of macrophage differentiation has been recently reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of LRH-1 in the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. Our data demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition, along with LRH-1 knockdown, significantly reduced the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the macrophage line RAW 264.7 cells, as well as in primary murine macrophages. This inhibitory effect was found to be independent of defects of LRH-1-regulated cell proliferation or toxic effects of the LRH-1 inhibitors. In contrast, LRH-1 inhibition reduced the mitochondrial ATP production and metabolism of macrophages through downregulation of the LRH-1 targets glucokinase and glutminase-2, and thus impairing the LPS-induced macrophage activation. Interestingly, in vivo pharmacological inhibition of LRH-1 also resulted in reduced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production and associated decreased liver damage in a macrophage- and TNF-dependent mouse model of hepatitis. Noteworthy, despite hepatocytes expressing high levels of LRH-1, pharmacological inhibition of LRH-1 per se did not cause any obvious liver damage. Therefore, this study proposes LRH-1 as an emerging therapeutic target in the treatment of inflammatory disorders, especially where macrophages and cytokines critically decide the extent of inflammation.
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11
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Tao S, Zhou T, Saelao P, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Li T, Zhou H, Wang J. Intrauterine Growth Restriction Alters the Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Profiles in Small Intestine, Liver and Longissimus Dorsi Muscle of Newborn Piglets. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:713-726. [PMID: 30678618 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190124165243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) remains a major problem in swine production since the associated low birth weight leads to high rates of pre-weaning morbidity and mortality, and permanent retardation of growth and development. The underlying regulatory mechanisms from the aspects of epigenetic modification has received widespread attention. Studies explore the changes in genome wide methylation in small intestine (SI), liver and longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) between IUGR and normal birth weight (NBW) newborn piglets using a methylated DNA immunoprecipitation-sequencing (MeDIP-Seq) approach. The data demonstrated that methylated peaks were prominently distributed in distal intergenic regions and the quantities of peaks in IUGR piglets were more than that of NBW piglets. IUGR piglets had relatively high methylated level in promoters, introns and coding exons in all the three tissues. Through KEGG pathway analysis of differentially methylated genes found that 33, 54 and 5 differentially methylated genes in small intestine, liver and longissimus dorsi muscle between NBW and IUGR piglets, respectively, which are related to development and differentiation, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein turnover, immune response, detoxification, oxidative stress and apoptosis pathway. The objective of this review is to assess the impact of differentially methylation status on developmental delay, metabolic disorders and immune deficiency of IUGR piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianjiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Perot Saelao
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Yuhua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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12
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Pontes Ferreira C, Cariste LM, Ferri Moraschi B, Ferrarini Zanetti B, Won Han S, Araki Ribeiro D, Vieira Machado A, Lannes-Vieira J, Gazzinelli RT, Vasconcelos JRC. CXCR3 chemokine receptor guides Trypanosoma cruzi-specific T-cells triggered by DNA/adenovirus ASP2 vaccine to heart tissue after challenge. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007597. [PMID: 31356587 PMCID: PMC6687206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T lymphocytes play an important role in controlling infections by intracellular pathogens. Chemokines and their receptors are crucial for the migration of CD8+ T-lymphocytes, which are the main IFNγ producers and cytotoxic effectors cells. Although the participation of chemokine ligands and receptors has been largely explored in viral infection, much less is known in infection by Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. After T. cruzi infection, CXCR3 chemokine receptor is highly expressed on the surface of CD8+ T-lymphocytes. Here, we hypothesized that CXCR3 is a key molecule for migration of parasite-specific CD8+ T-cells towards infected tissues, where they may play their effector activities. Using a model of induction of resistance to highly susceptible A/Sn mice using an ASP2-carrying DNA/adenovirus prime-boost strategy, we showed that CXCR3 expression was upregulated on CD8+ T-cells, which selectively migrated towards its ligands CXCL9 and CXCL10. Anti-CXCR3 administration reversed the vaccine-induced resistance to T. cruzi infection in a way associated with hampered cytotoxic activity and increased proapoptotic markers on the H2KK-restricted TEWETGQI-specific CD8+ T-cells. Furthermore, CXCR3 receptor critically guided TEWETGQI-specific effector CD8+ T-cells to the infected heart tissue that express CXCL9 and CXCL10. Overall, our study pointed CXCR3 and its ligands as key molecules to drive T. cruzi-specific effector CD8+ T-cells into the infected heart tissue. The unveiling of the process driving cell migration and colonization of infected tissues by pathogen-specific effector T-cells is a crucial requirement to the development of vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Pontes Ferreira
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Barbara Ferri Moraschi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sang Won Han
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Joseli Lannes-Vieira
- Laboratory of Biology of the Interactions, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Tostes Gazzinelli
- René Rachou Research Center, Fiocruz, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States ofAmerica
| | - José Ronnie Carvalho Vasconcelos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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13
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Seitz C, Huang J, Geiselhöringer AL, Galbani-Bianchi P, Michalek S, Phan TS, Reinhold C, Dietrich L, Schmidt C, Corazza N, Delgado ME, Schnalzger T, Schoonjans K, Brunner T. The orphan nuclear receptor LRH-1/NR5a2 critically regulates T cell functions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav9732. [PMID: 31328159 PMCID: PMC6636985 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav9732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
LRH-1 (liver receptor homolog-1/NR5a2) is an orphan nuclear receptor, which regulates glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as intestinal inflammation via the transcriptional control of intestinal glucocorticoid synthesis. Predominantly expressed in epithelial cells, its expression and role in immune cells are presently enigmatic. LRH-1 was found to be induced in immature and mature T lymphocytes upon stimulation. T cell-specific deletion of LRH-1 causes a drastic loss of mature peripheral T cells. LRH-1-depleted CD4+ T cells exert strongly reduced activation-induced proliferation in vitro and in vivo and fail to mount immune responses against model antigens and to induce experimental intestinal inflammation. Similarly, LRH-1-deficient cytotoxic CD8+ T cells fail to control viral infections. This study describes a novel and critical role of LRH-1 in T cell maturation, functions, and immopathologies and proposes LRH-1 as an emerging pharmacological target in the treatment of T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Seitz
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Juan Huang
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Anna-Lena Geiselhöringer
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Svenja Michalek
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Truong San Phan
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Cindy Reinhold
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Lea Dietrich
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christian Schmidt
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nadia Corazza
- Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M. Eugenia Delgado
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Theresa Schnalzger
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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14
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Ahmed A, Schmidt C, Brunner T. Extra-Adrenal Glucocorticoid Synthesis in the Intestinal Mucosa: Between Immune Homeostasis and Immune Escape. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1438. [PMID: 31316505 PMCID: PMC6611402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones predominantly produced in the adrenal glands in response to physiological cues and stress. Adrenal GCs mediate potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive functions. Accumulating evidence in the past two decades has demonstrated other extra-adrenal organs and tissues capable of synthesizing GCs. This review discusses the role and regulation of GC synthesis in the intestinal epithelium in the regulation of normal immune homeostasis, inflammatory diseases of the intestinal mucosa, and the development of intestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ahmed
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Christian Schmidt
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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15
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Comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed profiles of long non-coding RNAs and messenger RNAs in kaolin-induced hydrocephalus. Gene 2019; 697:184-193. [PMID: 30797995 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS The pathophysiology of hydrocephalus induced brain damage remains unclear. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to be implicated in many central nervous system diseases. However, the roles of lncRNAs in hydrocephalus injury are poorly understood. METHODS The present study depicted the expression profiles of lncRNAs and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in C57BL/6 mice with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus and saline controls using high-throughput RNA sequencing. Afterward, Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed to identify potential targets that correlated with hydrocephalus. In addition, co-expression networks and cis- and trans-regulation were predicted using bioinformatics methods. Finally, representative lncRNAs and mRNAs were further validation using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS A total of 1575 lncRNAs and 1168 mRNAs were differentially expressed (DE) in hydrocephalus. GO and KEGG analyses indicated several immune and inflammatory response-associated pathways may be important in the hydrocephalus. Besides, functional enrichment analysis based on co-expression network showed several similar pathways, such as chemokine signaling pathway, phagosome, MAPK signaling pathway and complement and coagulation cascade. Cis-regulation prediction revealed 5 novel lncRNAs might regulate their nearby coding genes, and trans-regulation revealed several lncRNAs participate in pathways regulated by transcription factors, including BPTF, FOXM1, NR5A2, P2RX5, and NR6A1. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our results provide candidate genes involved in hydrocephalus and suggest a new perspective on the modulation of lncRNAs in hydrocephalus.
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16
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Intestinal glucocorticoid synthesis enzymes in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients. Genes Immun 2019; 20:566-576. [PMID: 30686824 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-019-0056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are devastating chronic immunopathologies of the intestinal mucosa, which are frequently treated by immunosuppressive glucocorticoids. Endogenous glucocorticoids are not only produced by the adrenal glands, but also by the intestinal epithelium. Local glucocorticoid synthesis critically contributes to the immune homeostasis of the intestinal mucosa. As defective intestinal glucocorticoid synthesis has been associated with the development of IBD, we investigated the expression of steroidogenic enzymes and the key transcriptional regulator Liver Receptor Homolog-1 (LRH-1/NR5A2) in ileal and colonic biopsies human pediatric IBD and control patients. Furthermore, the induction of steroidogenic enzymes and their transcriptional regulation by LRH-1 was investigated in a mouse model of experimental colitis. These analyses revealed that colitis-induced expression of steroidogenic enzymes in the murine colon is dependent on the presence of LRH-1, as intestinal deletion of LRH-1 strongly reduced their colitis-induced expression. Similarly, a strong correlation between the expression of LRH-1 and different steroidogenic enzymes was seen in intestinal biopsies of human pediatric patients. Importantly, reduced expression of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 11B1 (HSD11B1) was observed in IBD patients compared to control patients, suggesting that defective local reactivation of glucocorticoids could contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD.
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17
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Sánchez MF, Murad F, Gülcüler Balta GS, Martin-Villalba A, García-Sáez AJ, Carrer DC. Early activation of CD95 is limited and localized to the cytotoxic synapse. FEBS J 2018; 285:2813-2827. [PMID: 29797791 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic synapse formed between cytotoxic T lymphocytes or natural killer cells expressing CD95L and target cells with CD95 on their surface is a key pathway for apoptosis induction by the immune system. Despite similarities with the immune synapse in antigen presenting cells, little is known about the role of the spatiotemporal organization of agonistic proteins/receptor interactions for CD95 signaling. Here, we have developed an artificial cytotoxic synapse to examine how mobility and geometry of an anti-CD95 agonistic antibody affect receptor aggregation and mobility, ie the first step of receptor activation. By measuring the distribution, diffusion coefficient, and fraction of immobile CD95 receptor in living cells, we show that at short times, the initial activation of CD95 occurs locally and is limited to the contact region of the cytotoxic synapse. This anisotropic activation of apoptotic signaling supports a role for confined interactions on the efficiency of signal transduction that may have implications for biomedical applications of extrinsic apoptosis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra (INIMEC), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fabronia Murad
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gülce S Gülcüler Balta
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Ana Martin-Villalba
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ana J García-Sáez
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dolores C Carrer
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra (INIMEC), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
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