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Huo C, Wu D, Li X, Zhang Y, Hu B, Zhang T, Ren J, Wang T, Liu Y. eIf3a mediates malignant biological behaviors in colorectal cancer through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Cancer Biol Ther 2024; 25:2355703. [PMID: 38782896 PMCID: PMC11123456 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2024.2355703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common gastrointestinal malignancies worldwide. eIF3a is highly expressed in a variety of cancer types, yet its role in CRC remains unclear. We introduced ectopic eIF3a expression in CRC cells to investigate its relevance to various malignant behaviors. Further, we silenced eIF3a to explore its effect on tumor growth in a nude mouse tumor xenograft model. Finally, the molecular mechanisms through which eIF3a regulates malignancy in CRC cells were explored through bioinformatics analysis combined with the use of a specific PI3K inhibitor (LY294002). eIF3a was highly expressed in the peripheral blood and cancer tissue of CRC patients. Malignancy and tumor growth were significantly inhibited by silencing eIF3a, while overexpression promoted malignant behaviors, with a positive correlation between PI3K/AKT activation and eIF3a expression. Taken together, eIF3a plays an oncogenic role in CRC by regulating PI3K/AKT signaling and is a potential biomarker for CRC diagnosis and prognostic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huo
- Department of Anus and Intestines, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Disheng Wu
- Department of Anus and Intestines, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaodan Li
- Hongshan Community Hospital, People’s Hospital of Longhua District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Baoguang Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Taoming Zhang
- Hongshan Community Hospital, People’s Hospital of Longhua District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianwei Ren
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science and Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong, China
- R&D Department, Shenzhen Ritzcon Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianbao Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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2
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Zhang L, Xia J. N6-Methyladenosine Methylation of mRNA in Cell Apoptosis. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3934-3948. [PMID: 38040996 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03813-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, a highly controlled homeostatic mechanism that eliminates single cells without destroying tissue function, occurs during growing development and senescence. N6-methyladenosine (m6A), as the most common internal modification of eukaryotic mRNA, fine-tunes gene expression by regulating many aspects of mRNA metabolism, such as splicing, nucleation, stability, translation, and degradation. Remarkably, recent reports have indicated that aberrant methylation of m6A-related RNA may directly or indirectly influence the expression of apoptosis-related genes, thus regulating the process of cell apoptosis. In this review, we summarized the relationship between m6A modification and cell apoptosis, especially its role in the nervous system, and analyzed the limitations of the current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Jian Xia
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.
- Clinical Research Center for Cerebrovascular Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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3
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Lu D, Mihoayi M, Ablikim Y, Arikin A. RNA splicing regulator EIF3D regulates the tumor microenvironment through immunogene-related alternative splicing in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:5929-5948. [PMID: 38535990 PMCID: PMC11042944 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Study finds that eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit D (EIF3D) may play an important role in aberrant alternative splicing (AS) events in tumors. AS possesses a pivotal role in both tumour progression and the constitution of the tumour microenvironment (TME). Regrettably, our current understanding of AS remains circumscribed especially in the context of immunogene-related alternative splicing (IGAS) profiles within Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSC). In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the function and mechanism of action of EIF3D by bioinformatics analysis combined with in vitro cellular experiments, and found that high expression of EIF3D in HNSC was associated with poor prognosis of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). The EIF3D low expression group had a higher degree of immune infiltration and better efficacy against PD1 and CTLA4 immunotherapy compared to the EIF3D high expression group. TCGA SpliceSeq analysis illustrated that EIF3D influenced differentially spliced alternative splicing (DSAS) events involving 105 differentially expressed immunogenes (DEIGs). We observed an induction of apoptosis and a suppression of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in EIF3D knock-down FaDu cells. RNA-seq analysis unveiled that 531 genes exhibited differential expression following EIF3D knockdown in FaDu cells. These include 52 DEIGs. Furthermore, EIF3D knockdown influenced the patterns of 1923 alternative splicing events (ASEs), encompassing 129 IGASs. This study identified an RNA splicing regulator and revealed its regulatory role in IGAS and the TME of HNSC, suggesting that EIF3D may be a potential target for predicting HNSC prognosis and immunotherapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Lu
- Otolaryngology Diagnosis and Treatment Center, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830000, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shaanxi Nuclear Industry 215 Hospital, Xianyang 712000, China
| | - Mijti Mihoayi
- Otolaryngology Diagnosis and Treatment Center, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Yimin Ablikim
- Otolaryngology Diagnosis and Treatment Center, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Abdeyrim Arikin
- Otolaryngology Diagnosis and Treatment Center, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830000, China
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4
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Liu Q, Liu J, Zheng D, Zhang R, Xiang Y, Xu F, Zhou X, Qin J. EIF3D promoted cervical carcinoma through Warburg effect by interacting with GRP78. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2023; 43:2130200. [PMID: 36264610 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2022.2130200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of cervical cancer ranks third among all female tumours globally and second in developing countries. However, the role of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit D (EIF3D) in cervical carcinoma is unknown. This study investigated the effects of EIF3D on cell progression of cervical carcinoma and its underlying mechanism in vivo and vitro models. There were increases of EIF3D expression mRNA and protein expression levels in patients with cervical carcinoma. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall surviva (OS) of EIF3D lower expression in patients with cervical carcinoma was higher than those of EIF3D higher expression. EIF3D mRNA expression levels in cervical carcinoma cell lines (AV3, Hela229, CaSki and Hela cells) were up-regulated, compared with cervical normal cell line (UVECs). EIF3D promoted cell growth and Warburg effect in vitro model of cervical carcinoma. EIF3D interacting with GRP78 to reduce the activity of GRP78 in vitro model of cervical carcinoma. The inhibition of GRP78 reduced the effects of EIF3D on Warburg effect in vitro model of cervical carcinoma.Our work identifies EIF3D promoted cell growth and Warburg effect in vitro model of cervical carcinoma and the inhibition of EIF3D represents a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cervical carcinoma.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? The incidence of cervical cancer ranks third among all female tumours globally and second in developing countries.What do the results of this study add? This study investigated the effects of EIF3D on cell progression of cervical carcinoma and its underlying mechanism in vivo and vitro models.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? EIF3D promoted cell growth and Warburg effect in vitro model of cervical carcinoma and the inhibition of EIF3D represents a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cervical carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Department of Maternity and Women's Health, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang Children's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Maternity and Women's Health, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang Children's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Dan Zheng
- Department of Maternity and Women's Health, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang Children's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Ranxi Zhang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang Children's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Xiang
- Department of Maternity and Women's Health, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang Children's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang Children's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaochan Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang Children's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Juan Qin
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang Children's Hospital, Guiyang, China
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Ma S, Liu JY, Zhang JT. eIF3d: A driver of noncanonical cap-dependent translation of specific mRNAs and a trigger of biological/pathological processes. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104658. [PMID: 36997088 PMCID: PMC10165153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic initiation factor 3d (eIF3d), a known RNA-binding subunit of the eIF3 complex, is a 66 to 68-kDa protein with an RNA-binding motif and a cap-binding domain. Compared with other eIF3 subunits, eIF3d is relatively understudied. However, recent progress in studying eIF3d has revealed a number of intriguing findings on its role in maintaining eIF3 complex integrity, global protein synthesis, and in biological and pathological processes. It has also been reported that eIF3d has noncanonical functions in regulating translation of a subset of mRNAs by binding to 5'-UTRs or interacting with other proteins independent of the eIF3 complex and additional functions in regulating protein stability. The noncanonical regulation of mRNA translation or protein stability may contribute to the role of eIF3d in biological processes such as metabolic stress adaptation and in disease onset and progression including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, tumorigenesis, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome. In this review, we critically evaluate the recent studies on these aspects of eIF3d and assess prospects in understanding the function of eIF3d in regulating protein synthesis and in biological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Ma
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Jing-Yuan Liu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Jian-Ting Zhang
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA.
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Deng L, Liao L, Zhang YL, Hu SY, Yang SY, Ma XY, Huang MY, Zhang FL, Li DQ. MYC-driven U2SURP regulates alternative splicing of SAT1 to promote triple-negative breast cancer progression. Cancer Lett 2023; 560:216124. [PMID: 36907504 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), although highly lethal, lacks validated therapeutic targets. Here, we report that U2 snRNP-associated SURP motif-containing protein (U2SURP), a poorly defined member of the serine/arginine rich protein family, was significantly upregulated in TNBC tissues, and its high expression was associated with poor prognosis of TNBC patients. MYC, a frequently amplified oncogene in TNBC tissues, enhanced U2SURP translation through an eIF3D (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit D)-dependent mechanism, resulting in the accumulation of U2SURP in TNBC tissues. Functional assays revealed that U2SURP played an important role in facilitating tumorigenesis and metastasis of TNBC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Intriguingly, U2SURP had no significant effects on proliferative, migratory, and invasive potential of normal mammary epithelial cells. Furthermore, we found that U2SURP promoted alternative splicing of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1) pre-mRNA by removal of intron 3, resulting in an increase in the stability of SAT1 mRNA and subsequent protein expression levels. Importantly, spliced SAT1 promoted the oncogenic properties of TNBC cells, and re-expression of SAT1 in U2SURP-depleted cells partially rescued the impaired malignant phenotypes of TNBC cells caused by U2SURP knockdown both in vitro and in mice. Collectively, these findings reveal previously unknown functional and mechanism roles of the MYC-U2SURP-SAT1 signaling axis in TNBC progression and highlight U2SURP as a potential therapy target for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Deng
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Liao
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yin-Ling Zhang
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Hu
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shao-Ying Yang
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min-Ying Huang
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fang-Lin Zhang
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Da-Qiang Li
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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7
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Zhao H, Datta S, Duan ZH. An Integrated Approach of Learning Genetic Networks From Genome-Wide Gene Expression Data Using Gaussian Graphical Model and Monte Carlo Method. Bioinform Biol Insights 2023; 17:11779322231152972. [PMID: 36865982 PMCID: PMC9972065 DOI: 10.1177/11779322231152972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Global genetic networks provide additional information for the analysis of human diseases, beyond the traditional analysis that focuses on single genes or local networks. The Gaussian graphical model (GGM) is widely applied to learn genetic networks because it defines an undirected graph decoding the conditional dependence between genes. Many algorithms based on the GGM have been proposed for learning genetic network structures. Because the number of gene variables is typically far more than the number of samples collected, and a real genetic network is typically sparse, the graphical lasso implementation of GGM becomes a popular tool for inferring the conditional interdependence among genes. However, graphical lasso, although showing good performance in low dimensional data sets, is computationally expensive and inefficient or even unable to work directly on genome-wide gene expression data sets. In this study, the method of Monte Carlo Gaussian graphical model (MCGGM) was proposed to learn global genetic networks of genes. This method uses a Monte Carlo approach to sample subnetworks from genome-wide gene expression data and graphical lasso to learn the structures of the subnetworks. The learned subnetworks are then integrated to approximate a global genetic network. The proposed method was evaluated with a relatively small real data set of RNA-seq expression levels. The results indicate the proposed method shows a strong ability of decoding the interactions with high conditional dependences among genes. The method was then applied to genome-wide data sets of RNA-seq expression levels. The gene interactions with high interdependence from the estimated global networks show that most of the predicted gene-gene interactions have been reported in the literatures playing important roles in different human cancers. Also, the results validate the ability and reliability of the proposed method to identify high conditional dependences among genes in large-scale data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zhao
- Department of Mathematics and Computer
Science, The University of North Carolina at Pembroke, Pembroke, NC, USA,Haitao Zhao, Department of Mathematics and
Computer Science, The University of North Carolina at Pembroke, Pembroke, NC,
USA.
| | - Sujay Datta
- Department of Statistics, The
University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Zhong-Hui Duan
- Department of Computer Science, The
University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
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8
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Li C, Lu K, Yang C, Du W, Liang Z. EIF3D promotes resistance to 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer through upregulating RUVBL1. J Clin Lab Anal 2023; 37:e24825. [PMID: 36592991 PMCID: PMC9937894 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As EIF3D is oncogenic in colorectal cancer (CRC) and is associated with multidrug resistance, this study aims to investigate whether and how EIF3D regulates resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) in CRC. METHODS EIF3D-associated genes in CRC were predicted using bioinformatics tools. CRC cells and nude mice received 5-Fu treatment. Then, the impacts of EIF3D and the interaction between EIF3D and RUVBL1 on cell viability, colony formation, apoptosis, and DNA damage were detected through MTT, colony formation, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence assays, and those on in vivo tumorigenesis through murine xenograft assay. IC50 value of 5-Fu for CRC cells was determined by probit regression analysis. Expressions of EIF3D, eIF4E, EIF3D-associated genes, γH2AX, Bcl-2, Bax, and Cleaved Caspase-3/Caspase-3 in CRC tissues, cells, and/or xenograft tumors were analyzed by qRT-PCR and/or Western blot. RESULTS EIF3D and RUVBL1 were highly expressed and positively correlated with CRC tissues/cells. In CRC cells, except for eIF4E, both EIF3D and RUVBL1 levels were upregulated by 5-Fu treatment; in addition to that, RUVBL1 level was downregulated by EIF3D silencing rather than eIF4E. Meanwhile, EIF3D silencing diminished IC50 value of 5-Fu and potentiated 5-Fu-induced viability decrease, colony formation inhibition, apoptosis promotion, Bcl-2 downregulation, and γH2AX, Bax, and Cleaved Caspase-3/Caspase-3 upregulation but reversed 5-Fu-triggered RUVBL1 upregulation. RUVBL1 overexpression offsets EIF3D silencing-induced viability decrease and apoptosis promotion of 5-Fu-treated CRC cells, and tumorigenesis suppression and apoptosis promotion in 5-Fu-treated mice. CONCLUSION EIF3D promotes resistance to 5-Fu in CRC through upregulating RUVBL1 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobin Li
- Gastroenterology DepartmentLiaocheng People's HospitalLiaochengChina
| | - Kemei Lu
- Gastroenterology DepartmentLiaocheng People's HospitalLiaochengChina
| | - Chenggang Yang
- Gastrointestinal Surgery DepartmentLiaocheng People's HospitalLiaochengChina
| | - Wenfeng Du
- Gastrointestinal Surgery DepartmentLiaocheng People's HospitalLiaochengChina
| | - Zhengkai Liang
- Gastrointestinal Surgery DepartmentLiaocheng People's HospitalLiaochengChina
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Hermawan A, Putri H. Computational analysis of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase family members as potential targets for colorectal cancer therapy. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) interact with ligand-activated GPCR, causing intracellular phosphorylation and interfering with the intracellular signal transduction associated with the development of cancer. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a fast-growing disease, and its molecular mechanism involves various regulatory proteins, including kinases. However, the GRK mechanism in CRC has not been explored.
Methods
We used an integrated computational approach to investigate the potential of GRK family members as targeted proteins in CRC. The GRK expression levels in tumor and normal tissues, colon adenocarcinoma samples, and metastatic colon adenocarcinoma were analyzed using ONCOMINE, GEPIA, and UALCAN, as well as TNM plots. Genetic changes in the GRK family genes were investigated using cBioportal. The prognostic value related to the gene expression of the GRK family was examined using GEPIA and UALCAN. Co-expression analysis of the GRK family was conducted using COXPRESdb. Association analysis of the Gene Ontology, KEGG pathway enrichment, and drug-gene analyses were performed using the over-representation analysis (ORA) in WebGestalt.
Results
GRK2, GRK3, and GRK5 mRNA levels increased significantly in patients with CRC and metastatic CRC. Genetic changes were detected in patients with CRC, including GRK7 (1.1%), GRK2 (1.7%), GRK4 (2.3%), GRK5 (2.5%), GRK6 (2.5%), GRK3 (2.9%), and GRK1 (4%). CRC patients with low mRNA of GRK7 levels had better disease-free and overall survival than those with high GRK7 levels. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed significant positive correlations between GRK5 and GRK2 and between GRK2 and GRK6. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the gene network (GN) regulated several cellular pathways, such as the morphine addiction signaling and chemokine signaling pathways in cancer. The drug-gene association analysis indicated that the GN was associated with several drugs, including reboxetine, pindolol, beta-blocking agents, and protein kinase inhibitors.
Conclusion
No research has been conducted on the relation of GRK1 and GRK7 to cancer, particularly CRC. In this work, genes GRK2, GRK3, GRK5, and GRK6 were found to be oncogenes in CRC. Although inhibitors against GRK2, GRK5, and GRK6 have previously been developed, further research, particularly preclinical and clinical studies, is needed before these agents may be used to treat CRC.
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Liang Y, Huang Y, Shao R, Xiao F, Lin F, Dai H, Pan L. Propofol produces neurotoxicity by inducing mitochondrial apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:630. [PMID: 36160898 PMCID: PMC9468839 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Propofol is a fast and short-acting intravenous anesthetic widely used in clinical anesthesia and intensive care unit sedation. However, its use can cause abnormal effects on the central nervous system. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of propofol on primary hippocampal neuron injury. In addition, we aimed to determine whether a correlation exists between propofol and mitochondrial apoptosis-induced neurotoxicity. Hippocampal neurons cultured for 4 days were exposed to different drugs. The treatment groups were divided according to drug exposure into propofol, a rotenone inhibitor, and a coenzyme Q10 agonist groups. The final concentrations of propofol were 1, 10 and 100 µM. The content of ATP and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the neurons of each group were detected using commercial kits in the culture supernatant after 3 h of drug exposure. Western blotting was used to analyze the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. The JC-1 kit was used to detect the mitochondrial membrane potential. The results revealed that, compared with the non-propofol treatment groups, the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, ATP content, and mitochondrial membrane potential were significantly decreased while the ROS content was markedly increased in the propofol treatment group. In conclusion, propofol treatment promoted damage to hippocampal neuronal mitochondria in a dose-dependent manner. This damage may lead to neuronal apoptosis and neurotoxicity by inducing the inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Rongge Shao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Fei Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Huijun Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Linghui Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
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11
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Wang Z, Zhong Z, Jiang Z, Chen Z, Chen Y, Xu Y. A novel prognostic 7-methylguanosine signature reflects immune microenvironment and alternative splicing in glioma based on multi-omics analysis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:902394. [PMID: 36036011 PMCID: PMC9399734 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.902394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common type of central nervous system tumor with increasing incidence. 7-methylguanosine (m7G) is one of the diverse RNA modifications that is known to regulate RNA metabolism and its dysregulation was associated with various cancers. However, the expression pattern of m7G regulators and their roles in regulating tumor immune microenvironments (TIMEs) as well as alternative splicing events (ASEs) in glioma has not been reported. In this study, we showed that m7G regulators displayed a close correlation with each other and most of them were differentially expressed between normal and glioma tissues. Two m7G signatures were then constructed to predict the overall survival of both GBM and LGG patients with moderate predictive performance. The risk score calculated from the regression coefficient and expression level of signature genes was proved to be an independent prognostic factor for patients with LGG, thus, a nomogram was established on the risk score and other independent clinical parameters to predict the survival probability of LGG patients. We also investigated the correlation of m7G signatures with TIMEs in terms of immune scores, expression levels of HLA and immune checkpoint genes, immune cell composition, and immune-related functions. While exploring the correlation between signature genes and the ASEs in glioma, we found that EIF4E1B was a key regulator and might play dual roles depending on glioma grade. By incorporating spatial transcriptomic data, we found a cluster of cells featured by high expression of PTN exhibited the highest m7G score and may communicate with adjacent cancer cells via SPP1 and PTN signaling pathways. In conclusion, our work brought novel insights into the roles of m7G modification in TIMEs and ASEs in glioma, suggesting that evaluation of m7G in glioma could predict prognosis. Moreover, our data suggested that blocking SPP1 and PTN pathways might be a strategy for combating glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Zehua Jiang
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Zepeng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yuequn Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yimin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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12
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Wu Z, Yu X, Zhang S, He Y, Guo W. The role of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in gallbladder carcinoma. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:4426-4442. [PMID: 35958463 PMCID: PMC9360899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The prognosis of gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is poor, with a less than 5% five-year survival rate. Identifying the mechanisms underlying GBC occurrence and advancement is necessary to improve GBC patient prognosis and survival rates. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/serine-threonine kinase (AKT) pathway is involved in cancer deterioration, tumor growth, cell proliferation, and distant metastasis. Studying the impacts of the PI3K/AKT pathway has resulted in the identification of key factors involved in GBC progression that might serve as therapeutic targets, promoting the development of new treatments. METHODS We reviewed recent literature exploring abnormal regulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in gallbladder cancer, with a focus on abnormal RNA levels, protein level regulation, and drug treatment advances. RESULTS Further investigation of the regulation of small molecules and proteins by the PI3K/AKT pathway might ultimately provide new diagnostic or prognostic markers or cancer treatment targets. Recent studies have focused on RNA and proteins involved in the regulation of the cell cycle or cell movement in cancer progression via PI3K/AKT pathway, the use of anticancer drug combinations, or the anticancer effects of drugs not currently utilized for cancer treatment. CONCLUSIONS We herein review the known available molecules that affect the PI3K/AKT pathway in patients with GBC and the mechanisms of drug action associated with this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan UniversitiesZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ TransplantationZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan UniversitiesZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ TransplantationZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Shuijun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan UniversitiesZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ TransplantationZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yuting He
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan UniversitiesZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ TransplantationZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Wenzhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan UniversitiesZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ TransplantationZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
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13
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Liu L, Pu D, Wang D, Zhang M, Zhou C, Zhang Z, Feng B. Proteomic Analysis of Potential Targets for Non-Response to Infliximab in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:905133. [PMID: 35770079 PMCID: PMC9234463 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.905133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Infliximab (IFX) is a potent therapeutic agent used for the treatment of conventional refractory ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the high non-response rate of IFX brings difficulties to clinical applications. In the context of proteomics research, our study of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) is essential for non-response to IFX in UC patients and provides powerful insights into underlying drug resistance mechanisms. Methods: A total of 12 UC patients were divided into responders to IFX (UCinfG), non-responders to IFX (UCinfL), severe UC (UCsevere) without an IFX treatment history, and mild UC (UCmild) without an IFX treatment history. Subsequently, DEPs were identified from intestinal biopsy tissue between responders and non-responders to IFX by a label-free proteomic quantitative approach, and the general principle of functional protein screening was followed to deduce the potential drug targets and predictors for non-response to IFX in UC patients. Meanwhile, these targets excluded DEPs caused by the severity of inflammation for the first time. The differential expressions of candidate protein targets were validated at the gene sequence level using GEO2R analysis of the GEO database and qRT-PCR in some independent cohorts. Results: A total of 257 DEPs were screened out by mass spectrometry between UCinfG and UCinfL groups, excluding 22 DEPs caused by the severity of inflammation, and compared and verified at the gene sequence level in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Finally, five DEPs, including ACTBL2 (Q562R1), MBL2 (P11226), BPI (P17213), EIF3D (O15371), and CR1 (P17927), were identified as novel drug targets and predictive biomarkers for non-response to IFX. The drug targets were confirmed in the GEO database of the microarray results from three independent cohorts of 70 human intestinal biopsies and validated in qPCR data from 17 colonic mucosal biopsies. Among them, CR1 might affect the activation of the lectin pathway via complement-coated bacteria to play an opsonizing role in inflammation-related pathways closely associated with non-responders to IFX. Conclusion: This is the first report of proteomics analysis for the identification of novel drug targets based on intestinal biopsy tissue, which is significant for hypotheses for mechanistic investigation that are responsible for non-response to IFX and the development of clinical new pharmaceutical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dan Pu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Muhan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chuan Zhou
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhe Zhang, ; Baisui Feng,
| | - Baisui Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhe Zhang, ; Baisui Feng,
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14
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Preoperative lymphocyte to C-reactive protein ratio as a new prognostic indicator in patients with resectable gallbladder cancer. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2022; 21:267-272. [PMID: 34507896 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is often related to cancer, and several inflammatory scores have been established to predict the prognosis of various types of cancer. Our study aimed to determine the prognostic value of the preoperative lymphocyte to C-reactive protein ratio (LCR) for predicting postoperative outcomes in patients with resectable gallbladder cancer (GBC). METHODS A retrospective analysis of 104 GBC patients who received curative surgery at Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2000 to December 2016 was performed. A time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed to evaluate the accuracy of different markers. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to define factors associated with overall survival. RESULTS Among the assessed variables, the preoperative LCR showed the highest accuracy in predicting the overall survival of GBC patients (AUC: 0.736). Decreased preoperative LCR was significantly associated with advanced tumor stage, including tumor invasion (P = 0.018), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.011) and TNM stage (P = 0.022). A low preoperative LCR (cutoff threshold = 145.5) was an independent risk factor for overall survival in patients with resectable GBC (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The preoperative LCR is a novel and valuable prognostic indicator of postoperative survival in patients with resectable GBC.
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15
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Li N, Shan S, Li XQ, Chen TT, Qi M, Zhang SN, Wang ZY, Zhang LL, Wei W, Sun WY. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 as Novel Therapeutic Target in Fibrotic Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 12:822345. [PMID: 35111168 PMCID: PMC8801426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.822345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2), an important subtype of GRKs, specifically phosphorylates agonist-activated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Besides, current research confirms that it participates in multiple regulation of diverse cells via a non-phosphorylated pathway, including interacting with various non-receptor substrates and binding partners. Fibrosis is a common pathophysiological phenomenon in the repair process of many tissues due to various pathogenic factors such as inflammation, injury, drugs, etc. The characteristics of fibrosis are the activation of fibroblasts leading to myofibroblast proliferation and differentiation, subsequent aggerate excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). Then, a positive feedback loop is occurred between tissue stiffness caused by ECM and fibroblasts, ultimately resulting in distortion of organ architecture and function. At present, GRK2, which has been described as a multifunctional protein, regulates copious signaling pathways under pathophysiological conditions correlated with fibrotic diseases. Along with GRK2-mediated regulation, there are diverse effects on the growth and apoptosis of different cells, inflammatory response and deposition of ECM, which are essential in organ fibrosis progression. This review is to highlight the relationship between GRK2 and fibrotic diseases based on recent research. It is becoming more convincing that GRK2 could be considered as a potential therapeutic target in many fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shan Shan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiu-Qin Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Meng Qi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Zi-Ying Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wu-Yi Sun
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
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16
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Song S, Liu J, Zhang M, Gao X, Sun W, Liu P, Wang Y, Li J. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit B could serve as a potential prognostic predictor for breast cancer. Bioengineered 2022; 13:2762-2776. [PMID: 35040374 PMCID: PMC8974155 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2017567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The EIF3 gene family is essential in controlling translation initiation during the cell cycle. The significance of the EIF3 subunits as prognostic markers and therapeutic targets in breast cancer is not yet clear. We analyzed the expression of EIF3 subunits in breast cancer on the GEPIA and Oncomine databases and compared their expression in breast cancer and normal tissues using BRCA data downloaded from TCGA. Then we performed clinical survival analysis on the Kaplan–Meier Plotter database and clinicopathologic analysis on the bc-genexMiner v4.1 database. And EIF3B was chosen for mutation analysis via the Cancer SEA online tool. Meanwhile, we performed the immunohistochemical assay, real-time RT-PCR, and Western blotting to analyze EIF3B expression levels in breast cancer. An EIF3B knockdown and a negative control cell line were conducted for MTT assay and cell cycle analysis to assess cell growth. Specifically, the results of TCGA and online databases demonstrated that upregulated EIF3B was associated with poorer overall and advanced tumor progression. We also confirmed that EIF3B was more highly expressed in breast cancer cells and tissues than normal and correlated with a worse outcome. And knockdown of EIF3B expression inhibited the cell cycle and proliferation. Furthermore, EIF3B was highly mutated in breast cancer. Collectively, our results suggested EIF3B as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoran Song
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,The Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi China
| | - Jie Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,The Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,The Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi China
| | - Xiaoqian Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,The Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi China
| | - Wei Sun
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,The Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi China
| | - Peijun Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,The Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi China
| | - Yaochun Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,The Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi China
| | - Juan Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,The Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi China
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17
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Liu Y, Guo G, Lu Y, Chen X, Zhu L, Zhao L, Li C, Zhang Z, Jin X, Dong J, Yang X, Huang Q. Silencing IKBKE inhibits the migration and invasion of glioblastoma by promoting Snail1 degradation. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 24:816-828. [PMID: 34741724 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02726-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common malignant brain tumors in adults and has high mortality and relapse rates. Over the past few years, great advances have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of GBM, but unfortunately, the five-year overall survival rate of GBM patients is approximately 5.1%. Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon (IKBKE) is a major oncogenic protein in tumors and can promote evil development of GBM. Snail1, a key inducer of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcription factor, is subjected to ubiquitination and degradation, but the mechanism by which Snail1 is stabilized in tumors remains unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the mechanism of IKBKE regulating Snail1 in GBM. METHODS First, we analyzed the correlation between the expression of IKBKE and the tumor grade and prognosis through public databases and laboratory specimen libraries. Second, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot were used to detect the correlation between IKBKE and Snail expression in glioma samples and cell lines. Western blot and immunofluorescence (IF) experiments were used to detect the quality and distribution of IKBKE and Snail1 proteins. Third, In situ animal model of intracranial glioma to detect the regulatory effect of IKBKE on intracranial tumors. RESULTS In this study, Our study reveals a new connection between IKBKE and Snail1, where IKBKE can directly bind to Snail1, translocate Snail1 into the nucleus from the cytoplasm. Downregulation of IKBKE results in Snail1 destabilization and impairs the tumor cell migration and invasion capabilities. CONCLUSION Our studies suggest that the IKBKE-Snail1 axis may serve as a potential therapeutic target for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Cerebrovascular Disease Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - G Guo
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Cerebrovascular Disease Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Y Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - X Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - L Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - L Zhao
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Cerebrovascular Disease Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - C Li
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Cerebrovascular Disease Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo Hospital of Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - X Jin
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - J Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - X Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Q Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China. .,Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China.
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18
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EIF3D promotes the progression of preeclampsia by inhibiting of MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 105:166-174. [PMID: 34520790 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) has been recognized as one of the main reasons for neonatal and maternal mortality and morbidity. This study intended to identify certain genes that correlated with the pathogenesis of PE, and disclose the underlying mechanisms. The GSE14776 and GSE65271 datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Venn diagram analysis was performed to identify the differently expressed genes. The potential pathways were analyzed by Gene set enrichment analysis software. The expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit D (EIF3D) in tissues and cells was respectively tested by immunohistochemistry and the quantitative real-time PCR. Cell transfection was utilized to alter the expression of EIF3D. Cell proliferation, invasion and migration were respectively tested by MTT, EdU, transwell and wound healing assays. Tube formation assay was utilized to determine the tube formation capacity of HTR-8/SVneo cells. ELISA was employed for determination of the concentration of Angiotensin (ANG)-1. Moreover, the expression of EIF3D, proliferation-, metastasis-, tube formation- and MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway-related proteins were measured utilizing western blot. EIF3D was selected in this study. EIF3D was upregulated in placentas tissues collected from patients with PE. EIF3D upregulation observably repressed the proliferation, invasion, migration, wound healing and tube formation of HTR-8/SVneo cells, and the expression of their associated proteins. Besides, the concentration of ANG-1, and the ratios of phosphorylated-ERK1/2 and phosphorylated-MEK1/MEK1 were also markedly lowered by EIF3D upregulation. Whereas, EIF3D knockdown exerted the opposite effects, and these effects were distinctly counteracted by ERK1/2 inhibitor SC-221593 treatment. In conclusion, these observations manifested that EIF3D upregulation might have repressed the progression of PE through modulation of MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway.
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19
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Zhang L, Wang X, Wu J, Xiao R, Liu J. MiR-335-3p inhibits cell proliferation, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia by targeting EIF3E. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1953-1961. [PMID: 34191006 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Here, we aimed to investigate the biological roles and the regulatory mechanisms of miR-335-3p in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We first found miR-335-3p was significantly down-regulated in blood samples from leukemia patients and cell lines using reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Through CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry, we observed that miR-335-3p overexpression significantly inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell cycle G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis in AML cell lines (THP-1 and U937). Moreover, miR-335-3p directly targets EIF3E and negatively regulated its expression. More importantly, EIF3E overexpression reversed the effects of miR-335-3p on cell proliferation, G1/S transition and apoptosis. Furthermore, miR-335-3p overexpression obviously downregulated the expression of CDK4, Cyclin D1 and Bcl-2, while upregulated the expression of p21 and Bad, which were significantly rescued by the co-transfection of pcDNA3.1-EIF3E. Collectively, our study proposes that miR-335-3p/EIF3E axis could be a promising therapeutic target to mitigate the progression of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhen Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Jieying Wu
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Ruozhi Xiao
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Jiajun Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
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Zhou J, Liu J, Xing H, Shen Y, Xie M, Chai J, Yang M. Implications of protein ubiquitination modulated by lncRNAs in gastrointestinal cancers. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 188:114558. [PMID: 33844983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of RNA transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides and mostly cannot be translated into proteins. Next-generation transcriptome sequencing of various cell types has enabled the annotation of tens of thousands of lncRNAs in human genome. Varying levels of evidence supports the implications of lncRNAs in the onset and progression of cancers. Ubiquitin is an evolutionarily conserved protein and could post-translationally mark a number of proteins. The most important proteolytic role of ubiquitination is degradation of substrate proteins by the 26S proteasome. Compiling evidences demonstrated that lncRNAs are involved in the accurate execution of protein stability programs via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In the current review, we systematically summarize the detailed mechanisms how lncRNAs modulate ubiquitination of target proteins, regulate cancerous signaling pathways and control tumorigenesis of gastrointestinal cancers. Although there are still considerable studies on unraveling the complicated interactions between lncRNAs and proteins, we believe that lncRNAs are promising but challenging molecules which may strongly facilitate precision cancer therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyuan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Huaixin Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mengyu Xie
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Chai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Ming Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
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21
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Unraveling the Molecular Nexus between GPCRs, ERS, and EMT. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:6655417. [PMID: 33746610 PMCID: PMC7943314 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6655417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a large family of transmembrane proteins that transduce an external stimulus into a variety of cellular responses. They play a critical role in various pathological conditions in humans, including cancer, by regulating a number of key processes involved in tumor formation and progression. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental process in promoting cancer cell invasion and tumor dissemination leading to metastasis, an often intractable state of the disease. Uncontrolled proliferation and persistent metabolism of cancer cells also induce oxidative stress, hypoxia, and depletion of growth factors and nutrients. These disturbances lead to the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and induce a cellular condition called ER stress (ERS) which is counteracted by activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Many GPCRs modulate ERS and UPR signaling via ERS sensors, IRE1α, PERK, and ATF6, to support cancer cell survival and inhibit cell death. By regulating downstream signaling pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, TGF-β, and Wnt/β-catenin, GPCRs also upregulate mesenchymal transcription factors including Snail, ZEB, and Twist superfamilies which regulate cell polarity, cytoskeleton remodeling, migration, and invasion. Likewise, ERS-induced UPR upregulates gene transcription and expression of proteins related to EMT enhancing tumor aggressiveness. Though GPCRs are attractive therapeutic targets in cancer biology, much less is known about their roles in regulating ERS and EMT. Here, we will discuss the interplay in GPCR-ERS linked to the EMT process of cancer cells, with a particular focus on oncogenes and molecular signaling pathways.
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22
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Balaban S, Beduk T, Durmus C, Aydindogan E, Salama KN, Timur S. Laser‐scribed Graphene Electrodes as an Electrochemical Immunosensing Platform for Cancer Biomarker ‘eIF3d’. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simge Balaban
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Ege University 35100, Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Tutku Beduk
- Sensors Lab Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) 23955-6900 Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Ceren Durmus
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Ege University 35100, Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Eda Aydindogan
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Ege University 35100, Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Khaled Nabil Salama
- Sensors Lab Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) 23955-6900 Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Suna Timur
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Ege University 35100, Bornova Izmir Turkey
- Central Research Testing and Analysis Laboratory Research and Application Center Ege University 35100, Bornova Izmir Turkey
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23
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Song X, Hu Y, Li Y, Shao R, Liu F, Liu Y. Overview of current targeted therapy in gallbladder cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:230. [PMID: 33028805 PMCID: PMC7542154 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is rare, but is the most malignant type of biliary tract tumor. Unfortunately, only a small population of cancer patients is acceptable for the surgical resection, the current effective regimen; thus, the high mortality rate has been static for decades. To substantially circumvent the stagnant scenario, a number of therapeutic approaches owing to the creation of advanced technologic measures (e.g., next-generation sequencing, transcriptomics, proteomics) have been intensively innovated, which include targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and nanoparticle-based delivery systems. In the current review, we primarily focus on the targeted therapy capable of specifically inhibiting individual key molecules that govern aberrant signaling cascades in GBC. Global clinical trials of targeted therapy in GBC are updated and may offer great value for novel pathologic and therapeutic insights of this deadly disease, ultimately improving the efficacy of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Song
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunping Hu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fatao Liu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127, Shanghai, China.
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24
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Li Y, Ge YZ, Xu L, Xu Z, Dou Q, Jia R. The Potential Roles of RNA N6-Methyladenosine in Urological Tumors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:579919. [PMID: 33015074 PMCID: PMC7510505 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.579919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is regarded as the most abundant, prevalent and conserved internal mRNA modification in mammalian cells. M6A can be catalyzed by m6A methyltransferases METTL3, METTL14 and WTAP (writers), reverted by demethylases ALKBH5 and FTO (erasers), and recognized by m6A -binding proteins such as YTHDF1/2/3, IGF2BP1/2/3 and HNRNPA2B1 (readers). Emerging evidence suggests that m6A modification is significant for regulating many biological and cellular processes and participates in the pathological development of various diseases, including tumors. This article reviews recent studies on the biological function of m6A modification and the methylation modification of m6A in urological tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Zheng Ge
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luwei Xu
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Quanliang Dou
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruipeng Jia
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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25
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Zheng C, Tang F, Min L, Hornicek F, Duan Z, Tu C. PTEN in osteosarcoma: Recent advances and the therapeutic potential. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188405. [PMID: 32827577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor, predominantly occurring in children and adolescents. Despite treated with surgery and neoadjuvant chemotherapy, osteosarcoma has a high potential of local recurrence and lung metastasis. Overall survival rates for osteosarcoma have plateaued in the past four decades, therefore, identification of novel targets and development of more effective treatment strategies are urgent. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor gene that negatively regulates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (AKT)/ mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Over half of clinical osteosarcoma samples presented loss or low expression of PTEN, which usually indicated an advanced stage of tumor and a poor prognosis. The expression of PTEN is regulated by epigenetic silence, transcription regulation, post-translational modifications, and protein interactions in osteosarcoma. Therefore, explicating regulations to restore the anti-tumor function of PTEN might provide novel targeted therapies for osteosarcoma. Preclinical evidence suggested directly targeting the altered PTEN in osteosarcoma was promising. Current clinical application of PTEN related therapies in osteosarcoma are PI3K/mTOR inhibitors, and these drugs have shown the favorable efficacy in patients with advanced osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxi Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Xiang No. 37, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Xiang No. 37, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Min
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Xiang No. 37, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Francis Hornicek
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 615 Charles E. Young. Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6902, USA
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 615 Charles E. Young. Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6902, USA.
| | - Chongqi Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Xiang No. 37, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Jiang N, Dai Q, Su X, Fu J, Feng X, Peng J. Role of PI3K/AKT pathway in cancer: the framework of malignant behavior. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:4587-4629. [PMID: 32333246 PMCID: PMC7295848 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Given that the PI3K/AKT pathway has manifested its compelling influence on multiple cellular process, we further review the roles of hyperactivation of PI3K/AKT pathway in various human cancers. We state the abnormalities of PI3K/AKT pathway in different cancers, which are closely related with tumorigenesis, proliferation, growth, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stem-like phenotype, immune microenvironment and drug resistance of cancer cells. In addition, we investigated the current clinical trials of inhibitors against PI3K/AKT pathway in cancers and found that the clinical efficacy of these inhibitors as monotherapy has so far been limited despite of the promising preclinical activity, which means combinations of targeted therapy may achieve better efficacies in cancers. In short, we hope to feature PI3K/AKT pathway in cancers to the clinic and bring the new promising to patients for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningni Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63 Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, 510150 China
| | - Qijie Dai
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63 Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, 510150 China
| | - Xiaorui Su
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63 Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, 510150 China
| | - Jianjiang Fu
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63 Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, 510150 China
| | - Xuancheng Feng
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63 Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, 510150 China
| | - Juan Peng
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63 Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
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27
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Zhang LQ, Yang HQ, Yang SQ, Wang Y, Chen XJ, Lu HS, Zhao LP. CNDP2 Acts as an Activator for Human Ovarian Cancer Growth and Metastasis via the PI3K/AKT Pathway. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 18:1533033819874773. [PMID: 31537175 PMCID: PMC6755628 DOI: 10.1177/1533033819874773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The mechanism of tumorigenesis and metastasis of ovarian cancer has not yet been
elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the role and molecular mechanism of
cytosolic nonspecific dipeptidase 2 in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Methods: Cytosolic nonspecific dipeptidase 2 expression in human ovarian cancer tissues and cell
lines was assessed with methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT), clone formation, and
transwell assays performed to evaluate the ability of ovarian cancer cells to
proliferate and migrate. Nude mice tumor formation experiments were also performed by
subcutaneously injecting cells with stable cytosolic nonspecific dipeptidase 2 knockdown
and control SKOV3 cells into BALB/c female nude mice to detect changes in PI3K/AKT
pathway-related proteins by Western blotting. Results: Cytosolic nonspecific dipeptidase 2 was highly expressed in human ovarian cancer
tissues, with its expression associated with pathological data, including ovarian cancer
metastasis. A cytosolic nonspecific dipeptidase 2 stable knockdown or ectopic expression
ovarian cancer cell model was established and demonstrated that cytosolic nonspecific
dipeptidase 2 could promote the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. Transwell cell
migration and invasion assays confirmed that cytosolic nonspecific dipeptidase 2
enhanced cell metastasis in ovarian cancer. Furthermore, in vivo
xenograft experiments demonstrated that cytosolic nonspecific dipeptidase 2 can promote
the development and progression of ovarian cancer, increasing the expression of
phosphorylated PI3K and AKT. Conclusions: Cytosolic nonspecific dipeptidase 2 promotes the occurrence and development of ovarian
cancer through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Q Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Hua Q Yang
- Department of Gynecology, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Su Q Yang
- Department of Gynecology, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Xian J Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Hong S Lu
- Department of Pathology, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Ling P Zhao
- Department of Gynecology, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, China
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Overexpression of eIF3D in Lung Adenocarcinoma Is a New Independent Prognostic Marker of Poor Survival. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:6019637. [PMID: 31885740 PMCID: PMC6925810 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6019637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3) is the largest and most complex translation initiation factor in mammalian cells. It consists of 13 subunits and among which several were implicated to have significant prognostic effects on multiple human cancer entities. To examine the expression profiles of eIF3 subunits and determine their prognostic value in patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), the genomic data, survival data, and related clinical information were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project for a secondary analysis. The results showed that among ten aberrantly expressed eIF3 subunits in tumours compared with adjacent normal counterparts (p < 0.05), only upregulated eIF3D could predict poor overall survival (OS) outcome independent of multiple clinicopathological parameters (HR = 2.043, 95% CI: 1.132-3.689, p = 0.018). Chi-square analysis revealed that the highly expressed eIF3D group had larger ratios of patients with advanced pathological stage (68/40 vs. 184/206, p = 0.0046), residual tumour (13/4 vs. 163/176, p = 0.0257), and targeted molecular therapy (85/65 vs. 138/164, p = 0.0357). In silico analysis demonstrated that the altered expression of eIF3D was at least regulated by both copy number alterations (CNAs) and the hypomethylation of cg14297023 site. In conclusion, high eIF3D expression might serve as a valuable independent prognostic indicator of shorter OS in patients with LUAD.
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29
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Sheng S, Jiwen W, Dexiang Z, Bohao Z, Yueqi W, Han L, Xiaoling N, Tao S, Liu H. DMBT1 suppresses progression of gallbladder carcinoma through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by targeting PTEN. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:2257-2264. [PMID: 31411121 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1654361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is a highly lethal malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract. Despite extensive research, the underlying molecular mechanism of GBC remains largely unclear. Deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 (DMBT1) is low-expression during cancer progression and as a potential tumor-suppressor gene in various types of cancer. However, its role in Gallbladder cancer remains poorly understood. Here, we found that DMBT1 was significantly low-expression and deletion of copy number in GBC tissues by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Overexpression of DMBT1 impaired survival, promoted apoptosis in GBC cells in vitro, and inhibited tumor progression in vivo. Further study of underlying mechanisms demonstrated that DMBT1 combined with PTEN which could stabilize PTEN protein, resulting in inhibiting the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Our study revealed a new sight of DMBT1 as a tumor-suppressor gene on the PI3K/AKT pathway in GBC, which may be a potential therapeutic target for improving treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Jiwen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhang Dexiang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital Affiated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Bohao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Yueqi
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Han
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ni Xiaoling
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suo Tao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Houbao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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30
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Chen Q, Wan X, Chen Y, Liu C, Gu M, Wang Z. SGO1 induces proliferation and metastasis of prostate cancer through AKT-mediated signaling pathway. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:2693-2705. [PMID: 31911855 PMCID: PMC6943359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although studies have revealed some of the pathological causes associated with prostate cancer progression, further studies are still needed. Shugoshin 1 (SGO1) is a protein essential for precise chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. However, the role and mechanism of SGO1 in tumors and even prostate cancer is not completely clear. In this study, expression of SGO1 in human prostate tumors were higher than that of adjacent normal tissues and were positively correlated with the poor prognosis of prostate cancer patients. SGO1 expression levels are also higher in several prostate cancer cell lines. In cell experiments, knockdown of SGO1 reduced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and in vivo, and also inhibited cell cycle progression of prostate cancer cells. In contrast, ectopic expression of SGO1 has the opposite effects. In addition, knockdown of SGO1 induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells by promoting cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9, and PARP. Importantly SGO1 function is dependent on AKT. Inhibition of AKT activity by AKT inhibitor abolished the role of SGO1 overexpression in promoting cell proliferation and metastasis. Therefore, SGO1 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of prostate cancer through the AKT pathway, and can be considered as an effective candidate for developing an effective prostate cancer treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Yanbo Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Gu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
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31
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Golob-Schwarzl N, Wodlej C, Kleinegger F, Gogg-Kamerer M, Birkl-Toeglhofer AM, Petzold J, Aigelsreiter A, Thalhammer M, Park YN, Haybaeck J. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 6 overexpression plays a major role in the translational control of gallbladder cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:2699-2711. [PMID: 31586263 PMCID: PMC6800842 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-03030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a rare neoplasia of the biliary tract with high mortality rates and poor prognosis. Signs and symptoms of GBC are not specific and often arise at late stage of disease. For this reason, diagnosis is typically made when the cancer is already in advanced stages, and prognosis for survival is less than 5 years in 90% of cases. Biomarkers to monitor disease progression and novel therapeutic alternative targets for these tumors are strongly required. Commonly, dysregulated protein synthesis contributes to carcinogenesis and cancer progression. In this case, protein synthesis directs translation of specific mRNAs, and, in turn, promotes cell survival, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis of tumors. In eukaryotes, protein synthesis is regulated at its initiation, which is a rate-limiting step involving eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs). We hypothesize that eIFs represent crossroads in the development of GBC, and might serve as potential biomarkers. The study focus was the role of eIF6 (an anti-association factor for the ribosomal subunits) in GBC. METHODS In human GBC samples, the expression of eIF6 was analyzed biochemically at the protein (immunohistochemistry, immunoblot analyses) and mRNA levels (qRT-PCR). RESULTS High levels of eIF6 correlated with shorter overall survival in biliary tract cancer (BTC) patients (n = 28). Immunohistochemical data from tissue microarrays (n = 114) demonstrated significantly higher expression levels of eIF6 in GBC compared to non-neoplastic tissue. Higher eIF6 expression on protein (immunoblot) and mRNA (qRT-PCR) level was confirmed by analyzing fresh frozen GBC patient samples (n = 14). Depletion of eIF6 (using specific siRNA-mediated knockdown) in Mz-ChA-2 and TFK-1 cell lines inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION Our data indicates that eIF6 overexpression plays a major role in the translational control of GBC, and indicates its potential as a new biomarker and therapeutic target in GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Golob-Schwarzl
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christina Wodlej
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Kleinegger
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department for Biomedical Research, Core Facility Alternative Biomodels and Preclinical Imaging, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Margit Gogg-Kamerer
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Johannes Petzold
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ariane Aigelsreiter
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Thalhammer
- Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Young Nyun Park
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University, College of Medicine Soul, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, Graz, Austria.
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39210, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Department of Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Penela P, Ribas C, Sánchez-Madrid F, Mayor F. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) as a multifunctional signaling hub. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4423-4446. [PMID: 31432234 PMCID: PMC6841920 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a versatile protein that acts as a signaling hub by modulating G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling and also via phosphorylation or scaffolding interactions with an extensive number of non-GPCR cellular partners. GRK2 multifunctionality arises from its multidomain structure and from complex mechanisms of regulation of its expression levels, activity, and localization within the cell, what allows the precise spatio-temporal shaping of GRK2 targets. A better understanding of the GRK2 interactome and its modulation mechanisms is helping to identify the GRK2-interacting proteins and its substrates involved in the participation of this kinase in different cellular processes and pathophysiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronila Penela
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Ribas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Cell-Cell Communication Laboratory, Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Huang H, Gao Y, Liu A, Yang X, Huang F, Xu L, Danfeng X, Chen L. EIF3D promotes sunitinib resistance of renal cell carcinoma by interacting with GRP78 and inhibiting its degradation. EBioMedicine 2019; 49:189-201. [PMID: 31669222 PMCID: PMC6945244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sunitinib is one of the multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) at present. However, its clinical efficacy is limited by chemoresistance of RCC. Our previous study found that eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit D (EIF3D) was an oncogene in the development and progression of RCC but little is known about whether EIF3D participated in sunitinib resistance of RCC. Methods The expression of EIF3D in the tumor tissue specimen was detected by immunohistochemistry. The effect of EIF3D on sunitinib-resistance of RCC cells was evaluated by colony formation, IC50 proliferation and in vivo tumor growth assays. The interaction between EIF3D and glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78) was assessed by Co-IP and Western blot assays. Finding EIF3D expression was found higher in 786-OR and ACHN-R cells with acquired sunitinib resistance than that in 786-O and ACHN cells sunitinib to sensitive. The EIF3D level was also up-regulated in sunitinib-chemoresistant tumor tissues compared with chemosensitive tumor tissues. Functional study showed that EIF3D knockdown decreased cell viability with sunitinib treatment. Mechanistical study demonstrated that EIF3D interacted with GRP78 and enhanced protein stability through blocking the ubiquitin-mediated-proteasome degradation of GRP78. GRP78 overexpression induced sunitinib resistance of RCC cells by triggering the unfolded protein response, whereas GRP78 silencing inhibited cell viability. Forced expression of GRP78 eliminated the inhibitory effect of EIF3D silencing on cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Interpretation our results indicate that EIF3D played an important role in sunitinib resistance of RCC cells, suggesting that it may prove to be a potential therapeutic target for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Huang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yi Gao
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ao Liu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaoqun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Le Xu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xu Danfeng
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Gao Y, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Zhu Q, Yang Y, Jin Y, Zhang F, Jiang L, Ye Y, Li H, Zhang Y, Liang H, Xiang S, Miao H, Liu Y, Hao Y. NOP2/Sun RNA methyltransferase 2 promotes tumor progression via its interacting partner RPL6 in gallbladder carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:3510-3519. [PMID: 31487418 PMCID: PMC6825013 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
NOP2/Sun domain family, member 2 (NSUN2) is a nuclear RNA methyl-transferase catalyzing 5-methylcytosine formation. Evidence shows that NSUN2 is correlated with cell unlimited proliferation. However, its functional role in gallbladder carcinoma (GBC), which is the most common biliary tract malignancy and has a poor prognosis, remains to be determined. Here we found that NSUN2 was highly expressed in GBC tissues as well as cell lines. NSUN2 silencing repressed GBC cell proliferation and tumorigenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, upregulation of NSUN2 enhanced GBC cell growth and colony formation. We further discovered that RPL6 was a closely interacting partner with NSUN2. Silencing RPL6 resulted in insufficient NSUN2 translational level and accumulative NSUN2 transcriptional level. Exogenous expression of NSUN2 partially rescued the effect of RPL6 in gallbladder cancer progression. Taken together, our data provided novel mechanic insights into the function of NSUN2 in GBC, thus pointing to NSUN2 as a potential and effective therapeutic approach to GBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yidi Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunpeng Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ye
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaifeng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibin Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Xiang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijie Miao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajuan Hao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
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Li T, Wan Y, Sun L, Tao S, Chen P, Liu C, Wang K, Zhou C, Zhao G. Inhibition of MicroRNA-15a/16 Expression Alleviates Neuropathic Pain Development through Upregulation of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2019; 27:414-422. [PMID: 31189298 PMCID: PMC6609114 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that microRNAs are emerging as pivotal regulators in the development and progression of neuropathic pain. MicroRNA-15a/16 (miR-15a/16) have been reported to play an important role in various diseases and inflammation response processes. However, whether miR-15a/16 participates in the regulation of neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain development remains unknown. In this study, we established a mouse model of neuropathic pain by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerves. Our results showed that both miR-15a and miR-16 expression was significantly upregulated in the spinal cord of CCI rats. Downregulation of the expression of miR-15a and miR-16 by intrathecal injection of a specific inhibitor significantly attenuated the mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia of CCI rats. Furthermore, inhibition of miR-15a and miR-16 downregulated the expression of interleukin-1β and tumor-necrosis factor-α in the spinal cord of CCI rats. Bioinformatic analysis predicted that G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2), an important regulator in neuropathic pain and inflammation, was a potential target gene of miR-15a and miR-16. Inhibition of miR-15a and miR-16 markedly increased the expression of GRK2 while downregulating the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB in CCI rats. Notably, the silencing of GRK2 significantly reversed the inhibitory effects of miR-15a/16 inhibition in neuropathic pain. In conclusion, our results suggest that inhibition of miR-15a/16 expression alleviates neuropathic pain development by targeting GRK2. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular pathogenesis of neuropathic pain and suggest potential therapeutic targets for preventing neuropathic pain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Yingchun Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Lijuan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Shoujun Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Caihua Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan Affiliated with Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430014, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Changyu Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Guoqing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin 130033, China
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Pan Y, Zhang ZN, Yin LB, Fu YJ, Jiang YJ, Shang H. Reduced eIF3d accelerates HIV disease progression by attenuating CD8+ T cell function. J Transl Med 2019; 17:167. [PMID: 31118081 PMCID: PMC6530059 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1925-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, 10–15% of individuals exhibit a rapid decline in CD4+ T cells and become rapid progressors (RPs). Overall, understanding the factors affecting rapid disease progression in early HIV infection (EHI) can aid in treatment initiation. Recent studies show that eIF3s, classic scaffold proteins during the translation initiation process, can directly promote or inhibit the translation of mRNA, therefore participating in the regulation of cell function. However, to our knowledge, it has not been addressed whether eIF3s are involved in the diverse prognosis of HIV infection. Methods Expression of eIF3s in primary cells from early or chronic HIV-infected patients was detected by real-time PCR. To investigate the potential mechanisms of eIF3d in the regulation of CD8+ T cell function, complete transcriptomes of eIF3d-inhibited Jurkat T cells were sequenced by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Additionally, to examine the effect of eIF3d on CD8+ T cell function, eIF3d expression was inhibited alone or in combination with SOCS-7 knockdown by siRNA in isolated CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cell proliferation, IFN-r secretion and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. Moreover, the effect of eIF3d on HIV replication was evaluated in Jurkat cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CD4+ T cells with eIF3d knockdown using a pNL4-3 pseudotyped virus. Results At approximately 100 days of infection, only eIF3d was markedly decreased in RPs compared with chronic progressors (CPs). Expression of eIF3d correlated significantly with disease progression in EHI. Based on in vitro analyses, reduced eIF3d expression led to decreased proliferation and IFN-γ secretion and increased apoptosis in CD8+ T cells. Inhibited expression of eIF3d caused enhanced expression of SOCS-7, and inhibiting SOCS-7 expression by siRNA rescued the attenuated CD8+ T cell function caused by eIF3d. Finally, when eIF3d was inhibited in Jurkat cells, PBMCs and CD4+ T cells, pNL4-3-VSV-G virus replication was enhanced. Conclusions The current data highlight the importance of eIF3d in HIV infection by inhibiting CD8+ T cell function and promoting viral replication. Our study provides potential targets for improved immune intervention. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1925-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Pan
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, He ping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qing Chun Street, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Zi-Ning Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, He ping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qing Chun Street, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Lin-Bo Yin
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, He ping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qing Chun Street, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Ya-Jing Fu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, He ping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qing Chun Street, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yong-Jun Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, He ping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qing Chun Street, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Hong Shang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, He ping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China. .,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China. .,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qing Chun Street, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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Deng XT, Tang SM, Wu PY, Li QP, Ge XX, Xu BM, Wang HS, Miao L. SP/NK-1R promotes gallbladder cancer cell proliferation and migration. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:7961-7973. [PMID: 30903649 PMCID: PMC6850939 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant substance P/neurokinin‐1 receptor (SP/NK‐1R) system activation plays a critical role in various disorders, however, little is known about the expression and the detailed molecular mechanism of the SP and NK‐1R in gallbladder cancer (GBC). In this study, we firstly analyzed the expression and clinical significance of them in patients with GBC. Then, cellular assays were performed to clarify their biological role in GBC cells. Moreover, we investigated the molecular mechanisms regulated by SP/NK‐1R. Meanwhile, mice xenografted with human GBC cells were analyzed regarding the effects of SP/NK1R complex in vivo. Finally, patient samples were utilized to investigate the effect of SP/NK‐1R. The results showed that SP and NK‐1R were highly expressed in GBC. We found that SP strongly induced GBC cell proliferation, clone formation, migration and invasion, whereas antagonizing NK‐1R resulted in the opposite effects. Moreover, SP significantly enhanced the expression of NF‐κB p65 and the tumor‐associated cytokines, while, Akt inhibitor could reverse these effects. Further studies indicated that decreasing activation of NF‐κB or Akt diminished GBC cell proliferation and migration. In consistent with results, immunohistochemical staining showed high levels of Akt, NF‐κB and cytokines in tumor tissues. Most importantly, the similar conclusion was obtained in xenograft mouse model. Our findings demonstrate that NK‐1R, after binding with the endogenous agonist SP, could induce GBC cell migration and spreading via modulation of Akt/NF‐κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ting Deng
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Si-Min Tang
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei-Yao Wu
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Quan-Peng Li
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xian-Xiu Ge
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo-Ming Xu
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui-Shan Wang
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Miao
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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38
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Chen MW, Wu XJ. SLC25A22 Promotes Proliferation and Metastasis of Osteosarcoma Cells via the PTEN Signaling Pathway. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2019; 17:1533033818811143. [PMID: 30482097 PMCID: PMC6259056 DOI: 10.1177/1533033818811143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a highly malignant bone tumor. However, due to the high complexity of the occurrence and metastasis of osteosarcoma, the exact mechanism promoting its development and progression remains to be elucidated. This study highlights the causal link between solute carrier family 25 member 22 (SLC25A22) and the development, progression, and metastasis of osteosarcoma. SLC25A22 is upregulated in human osteosarcoma and predicts a poor prognosis. The upregulation of SLC25A22 in osteosarcoma tissues was significantly associated with cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Studies of functional gain (overexpression) and loss (knockdown) showed that SLC25A22 significantly increases the ability of osteosarcoma cells to proliferate, as well as invade and metastasize in vitro. At the same time, the expression of SLC25A22 promoted the progression of the cellcycle of osteosarcoma cell lines and inhibited the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells. Analysis using a mouse xenograft model showed that xenografts of SLC25A22 stable overexpressing osteosarcoma cells had a significant increase in tumor volume and weight compared to the control group. Lung metastasis models in mice showed that expression of SLC25A22 promoted lung metastasis of osteosarcoma in vivo. Furthermore, SLC25A22 inhibited phosphatase and tensin homolog expression and increased phosphorylation of protein kinase b (Akt) and Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) in the phosphatase and tensin homolog signaling pathway. In summary, SLC25A22 is highly expressed in osteosarcoma, promoting osteosarcoma cell proliferation and invasion by inhibiting the phosphatase and tensin homolog signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Chen
- 1 Orthopedics department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
| | - Xue-Jian Wu
- 1 Orthopedics department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
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Du P, Liang H, Fu X, Wu P, Wang C, Chen H, Zheng B, Zhang J, Hu S, Zeng R, Liang B, Fang L. SLC25A22 promotes proliferation and metastasis by activating MAPK/ERK pathway in gallbladder cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:33. [PMID: 30814911 PMCID: PMC6376740 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SLC25A22, a member of mitochondrial carrier system (MCS) family encoding a mitochondrial glutamate transporter, has been reported to have vital roles in promoting proliferation and migration in cancer. Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common biliary tract malignancy and has a poor prognosis. We aimed to determine the expression and function of SLC25A22 in GBC. Methods Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining analysis and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were conducted to determine the expression of SLC25A22 in GBC tissues. Human NOZ and GBC-SD cells were used to perform the experiments. The protein expression was detected by western-blot analysis. Cell viability was evaluated via CCK-8 assay and colony formation assay. Cell migration and invasion in vitro were investigated by wound healing and transwell assay. Annexin V/PI staining assay for apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry. The effect of SLC25A22 in vivo was conducted with subcutaneous xenograft. Results We indicated that the expression of SLC25A22 was significantly upregulated in GBC tumor tissues as well as cell lines. Downregulation of SLC25A22 inhibited GBC cell growth and proliferation in vitro and in vivo and also had an effect on metastasis of GBC cells through the EMT processes. In addition, inhibition of SLC25A22 promoted mitochondrial apoptosis via downregulating BCL-2 and upregulating cleaved PARP, Cytochrome-c, and BAX mediated by MAPK/ERK pathway. Conclusions Our study identified that SLC25A22 promoted development of GBC activating MAPK/ERK pathway. SLC25A22 has a potential to be used as a target for cancer diagnosis of GBC and related therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Du
- 1Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006 China.,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Haibin Liang
- 3Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Xiaowei Fu
- 4Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwai Main Street, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Peng Wu
- 1Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Chao Wang
- 1Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Haimin Chen
- 1Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Bingbing Zheng
- 1Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Jun Zhang
- 1Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Shuanghui Hu
- 1Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Rengui Zeng
- 1Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Bo Liang
- 1Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Lu Fang
- 1Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006 China.,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006 China
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hmiR-34c-3p upregulation inhibits the proliferation of colon cancer cells by targeting EIF3D. Anticancer Drugs 2018; 29:975-982. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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41
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Zhang LQ, Yang SQ, Qu XD, Chen XJ, Lu HS, Wang Y. GRP137 promotes cell proliferation and metastasis through regulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in human ovarian cancer. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 104:330-337. [PMID: 29739299 DOI: 10.5301/tj.5000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ovarian cancer is one of the leading causes of death for women worldwide. The present study aims to investigate the role of G protein-coupled receptor 137 (GPR137) in the biological activities of ovarian cancer cells. METHODS (QUERY: Please supply Methods for Abstract) RESULTS G protein-coupled receptor 137 was highly expressed in clinical ovarian cancer tissues and exhibited the highest protein levels in SKOV3 cells and OVCAR3 cells. Knockdown of GPR137 caused significant decreases in cell proliferative rates and colony formation abilities in SKOV3 cells and OVCAR3 cells and also inhibited the in vivo tumorigenesis in a xenograft model. It was observed that knockdown of GPR137 inhibited cell motility by up to 40% in SKOV3 cells and approximately 65% in OVCAR3 cells in wound-healing assay. Cell migration abilities were consistently inhibited by 68.2% in SKOV3 cells and 59.3% in OVCAR3 cells, whereas cell invasion abilities were inhibited by 64.0% and 74.2% in SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells, respectively, after knockdown of GPR137. When GPR137 was depleted, epithelial markers were increased, while mesenchymal markers decreased. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that GPR137 plays pro-oncogenic roles in ovarian cancer via regulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. These observations might pave new insights into therapeutic strategies against human ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qian Zhang
- 1 Gynecology Department, Taizhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang - China
| | - Su-Qing Yang
- 1 Gynecology Department, Taizhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang - China
| | - Xiang-Dong Qu
- 1 Gynecology Department, Taizhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang - China
| | - Xian-Jun Chen
- 2 Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang - China
| | - Hong-Sheng Lu
- 3 Pathology Department, Taizhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang - China
| | - Ying Wang
- 1 Gynecology Department, Taizhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang - China
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Xu F, Gu J, Wang L, Liu R, Yuan Y, Wang H, Jiang J, Mao W, Lu C, Ge D. Up-regulation Of EIF3e Is Associated with The Progression of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Poor Prognosis in Patients. J Cancer 2018; 9:1135-1144. [PMID: 29675094 PMCID: PMC5907661 DOI: 10.7150/jca.22546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Esophageal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world. Eukaryotic translation initiation factors 3e (eIF3e) makes a notable difference in the initiation of protein synthesis and tumor progression. However, the role of eIF3e in ESCC has not been revealed yet. This study aims to investigate the bio-functional and prognostic role of eIF3e in human ESCC tissues and cells. Methods: Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot were performed to detect the eIF3e expression in ESCC patients' tissues. The Kaplan-Meier product limit method and Cox regression were conducted to analyze the association between eIF3e expression, together with other related clinical/pathological features, and patients' prognosis. In the analysis of bio-functional role of eIF3e, CCK-8 and Transwell assay were performed to compare the proliferative and migrative ability after knockdown of eIF3e. Results: Up-regulation of eIF3e were demonstrated in ESCC tissues compared with the corresponding para-cancerous tissues. Overexpression of eIF3e was associated with deep tumor depth, lymph nodes metastasis, and advanced TNM stage. Importantly, the patients with high eIF3e expression suffered shorter overall and disease-free survival. Lymph node metastasis and histological grade served as independent prognostic predictors in patients' prognosis. Knockdown of eIF3e could inhibit cell proliferation and migration, in vitro. Conclusions: The eIF3e expression, or combined with other members of eIF3 complex, might predict poor prognosis of ESCC and serve as a potential breakthrough in the multimodality therapy of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengkai Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jie Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ronghua Liu
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wei Mao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Chunlai Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Di Ge
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Wang J, Pan Y, Hu J, Ma Q, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Liu Y. Tea polyphenols induce S phase arrest and apoptosis in gallbladder cancer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [PMID: 29513793 PMCID: PMC5856445 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20176891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common malignancy in the biliary tract. Without effective treatment, its prognosis is notoriously poor. Tea polyphenols (TPs) have many pharmacological and health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-thrombotic, antibacterial, and vasodilatory properties. However, the anti-cancer effect of TPs in human gallbladder cancer has not yet been determined. Cell viability and colony formation assay were used to investigate the cell growth. Cell cycle and apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry analysis. Western blot assay was used to detect the expression of proteins related to cell cycle and apoptosis. Human tumor xenografts were used to examine the effect of TPs on gallbladder cancer cells in vivo. TPs significantly inhibited cell growth of gallbladder cancer cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Cell cycle progression in GBC cells was blocked at the S phase by TPs. TPs also induced mitochondrial-related apoptosis in GBC cells by upregulating Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP expressions and downregulating Bcl-2, cyclin A, and Cdk2 expressions. The effects of TPs on GBC were further proven in vivo in a mouse xenograft model. Our study is the first to report that TPs inhibit GBC cell growth and these compounds may have potential as novel therapeutic agents for treating gallbladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- High School Affiliated Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixuan Pan
- High School Affiliated Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiacheng Hu
- High School Affiliated Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijian Zhang
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
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PEAK1, acting as a tumor promoter in colorectal cancer, is regulated by the EGFR/KRas signaling axis and miR-181d. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:271. [PMID: 29449544 PMCID: PMC5833579 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0320-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PEAK1 is upregulated in multiple human malignancies and has been associated with tumor invasion and metastasis, but little is known about the role of PEAK1 in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. We investigated the expression pattern, function and regulatory mechanisms of PEAK1 in CRC. Here, we found that PEAK1 is overexpressed in CRC tissues and that high PEAK1 expression predicts poor survival in colon cancer but not rectal cancer. Functionally, silencing PEAK1 inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and inhibits the growth of tumor xenografts in nude mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that PEAK1 is induced by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and that PEAK1 is required for KRas-induced CRC cell growth and metastasis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR-181d directly targets PEAK1. Ectopic expression of miR-181d reduces the expression of PEAK1 and inhibits the growth and metastasis of CRC cells in vitro. Clinically, miR-181d is downregulated in CRC samples, and low miR-181d is correlated with poor patient survival. Our study demonstrates the importance of PEAK1 in CRC progression and suggests a potential mechanism by which increasing PEAK1 expression in CRC might be the result of EGFR/KRas signal activation and consequent miR-181d repression.
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Valášek LS, Zeman J, Wagner S, Beznosková P, Pavlíková Z, Mohammad MP, Hronová V, Herrmannová A, Hashem Y, Gunišová S. Embraced by eIF3: structural and functional insights into the roles of eIF3 across the translation cycle. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:10948-10968. [PMID: 28981723 PMCID: PMC5737393 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein synthesis is mediated via numerous molecules including the ribosome, mRNA, tRNAs, as well as translation initiation, elongation and release factors. Some of these factors play several roles throughout the entire process to ensure proper assembly of the preinitiation complex on the right mRNA, accurate selection of the initiation codon, errorless production of the encoded polypeptide and its proper termination. Perhaps, the most intriguing of these multitasking factors is the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF3. Recent evidence strongly suggests that this factor, which coordinates the progress of most of the initiation steps, does not come off the initiation complex upon subunit joining, but instead it remains bound to 80S ribosomes and gradually falls off during the first few elongation cycles to: (1) promote resumption of scanning on the same mRNA molecule for reinitiation downstream—in case of translation of upstream ORFs short enough to preserve eIF3 bound; or (2) come back during termination on long ORFs to fine tune its fidelity or, if signaled, promote programmed stop codon readthrough. Here, we unite recent structural views of the eIF3–40S complex and discus all known eIF3 roles to provide a broad picture of the eIF3’s impact on translational control in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leoš Shivaya Valášek
- Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Videnska 1083, Prague 142 20, the Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Zeman
- Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Videnska 1083, Prague 142 20, the Czech Republic
| | - Susan Wagner
- Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Videnska 1083, Prague 142 20, the Czech Republic
| | - Petra Beznosková
- Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Videnska 1083, Prague 142 20, the Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Pavlíková
- Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Videnska 1083, Prague 142 20, the Czech Republic
| | - Mahabub Pasha Mohammad
- Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Videnska 1083, Prague 142 20, the Czech Republic
| | - Vladislava Hronová
- Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Videnska 1083, Prague 142 20, the Czech Republic
| | - Anna Herrmannová
- Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Videnska 1083, Prague 142 20, the Czech Republic
| | - Yaser Hashem
- CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN UPR9002, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Stanislava Gunišová
- Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Videnska 1083, Prague 142 20, the Czech Republic
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Abstract
The eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3) is one of the most complex translation initiation factors in mammalian cells, consisting of several subunits (eIF3a to eIF3m). It is crucial in translation initiation and termination, and in ribosomal recycling. Accordingly, deregulated eIF3 expression is associated with different pathological conditions, including cancer. In this manuscript, we discuss the interactome and function of each subunit of the human eIF3 complex. Furthermore, we review how altered levels of eIF3 subunits correlate with neurodegenerative disorders and cancer onset and development; in addition, we evaluate how such misregulation may also trigger infection cascades. A deep understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying eIF3 role in human disease is essential to develop new eIF3-targeted therapeutic approaches and thus, overcome such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Gomes-Duarte
- a Department of Human Genetics , Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge , Lisbon , Portugal.,b Gene Expression and Regulation Group, Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Rafaela Lacerda
- a Department of Human Genetics , Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge , Lisbon , Portugal.,b Gene Expression and Regulation Group, Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Juliane Menezes
- a Department of Human Genetics , Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge , Lisbon , Portugal.,b Gene Expression and Regulation Group, Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Luísa Romão
- a Department of Human Genetics , Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge , Lisbon , Portugal.,b Gene Expression and Regulation Group, Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
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