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Bao Y, Tang Z, Chen R, Yu X, Qi X. Pan-cancer analysis identifies olfactory receptor family 7 subfamily A member 5 as a potential biomarker for glioma. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17631. [PMID: 39006026 PMCID: PMC11246023 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Human olfactory receptors (ORs) account for approximately 60% of all human G protein-coupled receptors. The functions of ORs extend beyond olfactory perception and have garnered significant attention in tumor biology. However, a comprehensive pan-cancer analysis of ORs in human cancers is lacking. Methods Using data from public databases, such as HPA, TCGA, GEO, GTEx, TIMER2, TISDB, UALCAN, GEPIA2, and GSCA, this study investigated the role of olfactory receptor family 7 subfamily A member 5 (OR7A5) in various cancers. Functional analysis of OR7A5 in LGG and GBM was performed using the CGGA database. Molecular and cellular experiments were performed to validate the expression and biological function of OR7A5 in gliomas. Results The results revealed heightened OR7A5 expression in certain tumors, correlating with the expression levels of immune checkpoints and immune infiltration. In patients with gliomas, the expression levels of OR7A5 were closely associated with adverse prognosis, 1p/19p co-deletion status, and wild-type IDH status. Finally, in vitro experiments confirmed the inhibitory effect of OR7A5 knockdown on the proliferative capacity of glioma cells and on the expression levels of proteins related to lipid metabolism. Conclusion This study establishes OR7A5 as a novel biomarker, potentially offering a novel therapeutic target for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Bao
- Department of Medical Research Center, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ziqi Tang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Renli Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuebin Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuchen Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Choi YR, Na HJ, Lee JA, Kim Y, Kim YS, Kim MJ. Discovery of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, a novel olfactory receptor 2AT4 agonist that regulates proliferation and apoptosis in leukemia cells. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30298. [PMID: 38778941 PMCID: PMC11108860 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs), the largest family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), are ectopically expressed in cancer cells and are involved in cellular physiological processes, but their function as anticancer targets is still potential. OR2AT4 is expressed in leukemia cells, influencing the proliferation and apoptosis, yet the limited number of known OR2AT4 agonists makes it challenging to fully generalize the receptor's function. In this study, we aimed to identify new ligands for OR2AT4 and to investigate their functions and mechanisms in K562 leukemia cells. After producing the recombinant OR2AT4 protein, immobilizing it on a surface plasmon resonance chip, and conducting screening to confirm binding activity using 258 chemicals, five novel OR2AT4 ligands were discovered. As a result of examining changes in intracellular calcium by five ligands in OR2AT4-expressing cells and K562 cells, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was identified as an OR2AT4 agonist in both cells. EGCG reduced the viability of K562 cells and induced apoptosis in K562 cells. EGCG increased the expression of cleaved caspase 3/8 and had no effect on the expression of Bax and Bcl-2, indicating that it induced apoptosis through the extrinsic pathway. Additionally, the initiation of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway in EGCG-induced K562 cells was due to the activation of OR2AT4, using an OR2AT4 antagonist. This study highlights the potential of EGCG as an anti-cancer agent against leukemia and OR2AT4 as a target, making it a new anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yae Rim Choi
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Na
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ah Lee
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yiseul Kim
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Suk Kim
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
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3
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Park SJ, Greer PL, Lee N. From odor to oncology: non-canonical odorant receptors in cancer. Oncogene 2024; 43:304-318. [PMID: 38087050 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02908-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Odorant receptors, traditionally associated with olfaction as chemoreceptors, have been increasingly recognized for their presence and diverse functions in various non-nasal tissues throughout the body. Beyond their roles in sensory perception, emerging evidence suggests a compelling interplay between odorant receptors and cancer progression as well. Alongside the canonical GPCR odorant receptors, dysregulation of non-canonical odorant receptors such as trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), formyl peptide receptors (FPRs), and membrane-spanning 4A family (MS4As) has been observed in various cancer types, suggesting their contributions to cancer progression. The roles of these non-canonical chemoreceptors in cancer are complex, with some receptors promoting tumorigenesis and others acting as tumor-suppressing factors upon activation, depending on the cancer type. These findings shed light on the potential of non-canonical odorant receptors as therapeutic targets and prognostic markers in cancer, inviting further exploration to unravel their precise mechanisms of action and implications in cancer biology. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the intricate relationships between these chemoreceptors and various types of cancer, potentially paving the way for innovative odor-based therapeutics. Ultimately, this review discusses the potential development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting these non-canonical chemoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jin Park
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Paul L Greer
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Namgyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Galibert F, Azzouzi N. Are the Olfactory Receptors Present at the Sperm Membrane Involved in Reproduction? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11277. [PMID: 37511035 PMCID: PMC10379156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs), key components in ensuring the detection of myriad odorants, are expressed not only on the surface of olfactory neurons but also in many other tissues. In the case of ORs expressed at the sperm membrane, in vitro experiments with human and mouse spermatozoids have shown that they move toward the regions with the highest concentration of bourgeonal and lyral, respectively. However, to date, no in vivo experiment has shown any biological function of these ORs. To demonstrate a possible role in vivo of ORs in sperm chemotaxis, we overloaded the vaginal space of female mice from the prolific Swiss CD1 strain with lyral to induce competition with the supposed natural ligand and to prevent its detection. As shown, the mice that received lyral had much fewer newborns than the control mice treated with PBS, showing that lyral has a strong negative impact on procreation. This indicates that the ORs at the sperm surface are biologically active and make an important contribution to reproduction. Control experiments performed with hexanal, which does not alter sperm movement in vitro, indicate that the inhibition of reproduction observed was specific to lyral. In addition, we show that males are attracted to the smell of lyral, which acts as a pheromone, and prefer to copulate with mice marked on their back with lyral rather than with those that have not been marked. These results suggest an explanation for some cases of human infertility, which could result from an absence of recognition between the natural ligand and the ORs, either due to a mutation or a lack of expression from one of the two partners, allowing for the development of a diagnostic tests. These results might also lead to the development of a novel contraception strategy based on the use of vaginal tablets delivering an odorant or a drug that competes with the natural ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Galibert
- Institut d Genetique et Developpement de Rennes (IGDR), UMR 6290, Université de Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Naoual Azzouzi
- Institut d Genetique et Developpement de Rennes (IGDR), UMR 6290, Université de Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
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5
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Guardia GDA, Naressi RG, Buzzato VC, da Costa JB, Zalcberg I, Ramires J, Malnic B, Gutiyama LM, Galante PAF. Acute Myeloid Leukemia Expresses a Specific Group of Olfactory Receptors. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3073. [PMID: 37370684 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common form of acute leukemia in adults, with a 5-year overall survival rate of approximately 30%. Despite recent advances in therapeutic options, relapse remains the leading cause of death and poor survival outcomes. New drugs benefit specific small subgroups of patients with actionable therapeutic targets. Thus, finding new targets with greater applicability should be pursued. Olfactory receptors (ORs) are seven transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors preferentially expressed in sensory neurons with a critical role in recognizing odorant molecules. Recent studies have revealed ectopic expression and putative function of ORs in nonolfactory tissues and pathologies, including AML. Here, we investigated OR expression in 151 AML samples, 6400 samples of 15 other cancer types, and 11,200 samples of 51 types of healthy tissues. First, we identified 19 ORs with a distinct and major expression pattern in AML, which were experimentally validated by RT-PCR in an independent set of 13 AML samples, 13 healthy donors, and 8 leukemia cell lines. We also identified an OR signature with prognostic potential for AML patients. Finally, we found cancer-related genes coexpressed with the ORs in the AML samples. In summary, we conducted an extensive study to identify ORs that can be used as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of AML and as potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela D A Guardia
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo 01308-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaella G Naressi
- Centro de Transplante de Medula Óssea, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa C Buzzato
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo 01308-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana B da Costa
- Centro de Transplante de Medula Óssea, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ilana Zalcberg
- Centro de Transplante de Medula Óssea, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jordana Ramires
- Centro de Transplante de Medula Óssea, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bettina Malnic
- Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana M Gutiyama
- Centro de Transplante de Medula Óssea, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro A F Galante
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo 01308-060, SP, Brazil
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Weidinger D, Jamal Jameel K, Alisch D, Jacobsen J, Bürger P, Ruhe M, Yusuf F, Rohde S, Störtkuhl K, Kaufmann P, Kronsbein J, Peters M, Hatt H, Giannakis N, Knobloch J. OR2AT4 and OR1A2 counterregulate molecular pathophysiological processes of steroid-resistant inflammatory lung diseases in human alveolar macrophages. Mol Med 2022; 28:150. [PMID: 36503361 PMCID: PMC9743598 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00572-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic options for steroid-resistant non-type 2 inflammation in obstructive lung diseases are lacking. Alveolar macrophages are central in the progression of these diseases by releasing proinflammatory cytokines, making them promising targets for new therapeutic approaches. Extra nasal expressed olfactory receptors (ORs) mediate various cellular processes, but clinical data are lacking. This work investigates whether ORs in human primary alveolar macrophages could impact pathophysiological processes and could be considered as therapeutic targets. METHODS Human primary alveolar macrophages were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavages of 50 patients with pulmonary diseases. The expression of ORs was validated using RT-PCR, immunocytochemical staining, and Western blot. Changes in intracellular calcium levels were analyzed in real-time by calcium imaging. A luminescent assay was used to measure the cAMP concentration after OR stimulation. Cytokine secretion was measured in cell supernatants 24 h after stimulation by ELISA. Phagocytic ability was measured by the uptake of fluorescent-labeled beads by flow cytometry. RESULTS We demonstrated the expression of functional OR2AT4 and OR1A2 on mRNA and protein levels. Both ORs were primarily located in the plasma membrane. Stimulation with Sandalore, the ligand of OR2AT4, and Citronellal, the ligand of OR1A2, triggered a transient increase of intracellular calcium and cAMP. In the case of Sandalore, this calcium increase was based on a cAMP-dependent signaling pathway. Stimulation of alveolar macrophages with Sandalore and Citronellal reduced phagocytic capacity and release of proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION These are the first indications for utilizing olfactory receptors as therapeutic target molecules in treating steroid-resistant lung diseases with non-type 2 inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Weidinger
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XMedical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Kaschin Jamal Jameel
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XMedical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Desiree Alisch
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XMedical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Julian Jacobsen
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XMedical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Paul Bürger
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XMedical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Matthias Ruhe
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XMedical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Faisal Yusuf
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XMedical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Simon Rohde
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XMedical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Klemens Störtkuhl
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XAG Physiology of Senses, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Peter Kaufmann
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XMedical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Juliane Kronsbein
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XMedical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marcus Peters
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XDepartment of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XDepartment of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Giannakis
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XMedical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jürgen Knobloch
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XMedical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
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7
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Geng R, Wang Y, Fang J, Zhao Y, Li M, Kang SG, Huang K, Tong T. Ectopic odorant receptors responding to flavor compounds in skin health and disease: Current insights and future perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9392-9408. [PMID: 35445618 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2064812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Skin, the largest organ of human body, acts as a barrier to protect body from the external environment and is exposed to a myriad of flavor compounds, especially food- and plant essential oil-derived odorant compounds. Skin cells are known to express various chemosensory receptors, such as transient potential receptors, adenosine triphosphate receptors, taste receptors, and odorant receptors (ORs). We aim to provide a review of this rapidly developing field and discuss latest discoveries related to the skin ORs activated by flavor compounds, their impacts on skin health and disease, odorant ligands interacting with ORs exerting specific biological effects, and the mechanisms involved. ORs are recently found to be expressed in skin tissue and cells, such as keratinocytes, melanocytes, and fibroblasts. To date, several ectopic skin ORs responding to flavor compounds, are involved in different skin biological processes, such as wound healing, hair growth, melanin regulation, pressure stress, skin barrier function, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. The recognition of physiological role of skin ORs, combined with the fact that ORs belong to a highly druggable protein family (G protein-coupled receptors), underscores the potential of skin ORs responding to flavor compounds as a novel regulating strategy for skin health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixuan Geng
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Seong-Gook Kang
- Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, Chungkyemyon, Muangun, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Tong
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Odorant receptors (ORs), the largest subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors, detect odorants in the nose. In addition, ORs were recently shown to be expressed in many nonolfactory tissues and cells, indicating that these receptors have physiological and pathophysiological roles beyond olfaction. Many ORs are expressed by tumor cells and tissues, suggesting that they may be associated with cancer progression or may be cancer biomarkers. This review describes OR expression in various types of cancer and the association of these receptors with various types of signaling mechanisms. In addition, the clinical relevance and significance of the levels of OR expression were evaluated. Namely, levels of OR expression in cancer were analyzed based on RNA-sequencing data reported in the Cancer Genome Atlas; OR expression patterns were visualized using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE); and the associations between patient survival and levels of OR expression were analyzed. These analyses of the relationships between patient survival and expression patterns obtained from an open mRNA database in cancer patients indicate that ORs may be cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Chung
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
- New Biology Research Center (NBRC), DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Convergence Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - ChaeEun Lee
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
- New Biology Research Center (NBRC), DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - JaeHyung Koo
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
- New Biology Research Center (NBRC), DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
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Lewuillon C, Laguillaumie MO, Quesnel B, Idziorek T, Touil Y, Lemonnier L. Put in a “Ca2+ll” to Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030543. [PMID: 35159351 PMCID: PMC8834247 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clonal disorder characterized by genetic aberrations in myeloid primitive cells (blasts) which lead to their defective maturation/function and their proliferation in the bone marrow (BM) and blood of affected individuals. Current intensive chemotherapy protocols result in complete remission in 50% to 80% of AML patients depending on their age and the AML type involved. While alterations in calcium signaling have been extensively studied in solid tumors, little is known about the role of calcium in most hematologic malignancies, including AML. Our purpose with this review is to raise awareness about this issue and to present (i) the role of calcium signaling in AML cell proliferation and differentiation and in the quiescence of hematopoietic stem cells; (ii) the interplay between mitochondria, metabolism, and oxidative stress; (iii) the effect of the BM microenvironment on AML cell fate; and finally (iv) the mechanism by which chemotherapeutic treatments modify calcium homeostasis in AML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lewuillon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.L.); (M.-O.L.); (B.Q.); (T.I.); (Y.T.)
| | - Marie-Océane Laguillaumie
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.L.); (M.-O.L.); (B.Q.); (T.I.); (Y.T.)
| | - Bruno Quesnel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.L.); (M.-O.L.); (B.Q.); (T.I.); (Y.T.)
| | - Thierry Idziorek
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.L.); (M.-O.L.); (B.Q.); (T.I.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yasmine Touil
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.L.); (M.-O.L.); (B.Q.); (T.I.); (Y.T.)
| | - Loïc Lemonnier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003—PHYCEL—Physiologie Cellulaire, F-59000 Lille, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, F-59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
- Correspondence:
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10
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Son B, Kang W, Park S, Choi D, Park T. Dermal Olfactory Receptor OR51B5 Is Essential for Survival and Collagen Synthesis in Human Dermal Fibroblast (Hs68 Cells). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179273. [PMID: 34502185 PMCID: PMC8431403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin dermis comprises extracellular matrix components, mainly collagen fibers. A decrease in collagen synthesis caused by several factors, including ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and stress, eventually causes extrinsic skin aging. Olfactory receptors (ORs) were initially considered to be specifically expressed in nasal tissue, but several ORs have been reported to be present in other tissues, and their biological roles have recently received increasing attention. In this study, we aimed to characterize the role of ORs in cell survival and collagen synthesis in dermal fibroblasts. We confirmed that UVB irradiation and dexamethasone exposure significantly decreased cell survival and collagen synthesis in Hs68 dermal fibroblasts. Moreover, we demonstrated that the mRNA expression of 10 ORs detectable in Hs68 cells was significantly downregulated in aged conditions compared with that in normal conditions. Thereafter, by individual knockdown of the 10 candidate ORs, we identified that only OR51B5 knockdown leads to a reduction of cell survival and collagen synthesis. OR51B5 knockdown decreased cAMP levels and dampened the downstream protein kinase A/cAMP-response element binding protein pathway, downregulating the survival- and collagen synthesis-related genes in the dermal fibroblasts. Therefore, OR51B5 may be an interesting candidate that plays a role in cell survival and collagen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Taesun Park
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2123-3123; Fax: +82-2-365-3118
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11
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Ectopic Odorant Receptor Responding to Flavor Compounds: Versatile Roles in Health and Disease. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081314. [PMID: 34452275 PMCID: PMC8402194 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prompted by the ground-breaking discovery of the rodent odorant receptor (OR) gene family within the olfactory epithelium nearly 30 years ago, followed by that of OR genes in cells of the mammalian germ line, and potentiated by the identification of ORs throughout the body, our appreciation for ORs as general chemoreceptors responding to odorant compounds in the regulation of physiological or pathophysiological processes continues to expand. Ectopic ORs are now activated by a diversity of flavor compounds and are involved in diverse physiological phenomena varying from adipogenesis to myogenesis to hepatic lipid accumulation to serotonin secretion. In this review, we outline the key biological functions of the ectopic ORs responding to flavor compounds and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We also discuss research opportunities for utilizing ectopic ORs as therapeutic strategies in the treatment of human disease as well as challenges to be overcome in the future. The recognition of the potent function, signaling pathway, and pharmacology of ectopic ORs in diverse tissues and cell types, coupled with the fact that they belong to G protein-coupled receptors, a highly druggable protein family, unequivocally highlight the potential of ectopic ORs responding to flavor compounds, especially food-derived odorant compounds, as a promising therapeutic strategy for various diseases.
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12
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Weidinger D, Jovancevic N, Zwanziger D, Theurer S, Hönes J, Führer D, Hatt H. Functional Characterization of Olfactory Receptors in the Thyroid Gland. Front Physiol 2021; 12:676907. [PMID: 34385931 PMCID: PMC8353271 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.676907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are almost ubiquitously expressed in the human body. However, information about their functions in these tissues is lacking. To date, no functional characterization of expressed ORs in the human thyroid has been performed. In this study, we detected and compared the expression of OR2H2 and OR2W3 in healthy and malignant cell lines and their corresponding tissues, respectively. We demonstrated that stimulation of ORs by their specific ligand resulted in a transient increase in intracellular calcium and cAMP concentrations. In the case of OR2H2, the downstream signaling cascade analysis revealed that adenylate cyclase (AC) and phosphoinositide phospholipase C (PLC) were involved. Furthermore, OR2H2 and OR2W3 activation affected migration, proliferation, and invasion. These are the first insights that ORs influence physiology-relevant processes in the healthy and malignant thyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Weidinger
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Denise Zwanziger
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sarah Theurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Judith Hönes
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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13
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Molecular pathogenesis of progression to myeloid leukemia from TET-insufficient status. Blood Adv 2021; 4:845-854. [PMID: 32126143 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019001324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in ten-eleven translocation-2 (TET2) are recurrent events in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) as well as in preleukemic hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) of age-related clonal hematopoiesis. TET3 mutations are infrequent in AML, but the level of TET3 expression in HSCs has been found to decline with age. We examined the impact of gradual decrease of TET function in AML development by generating mice with Tet deficiency at various degrees. Tet2f/f and Tet3f/f mice were crossed with mice expressing Mx1-Cre to generate Tet2f/wtTet3f/fMx-Cre+ (T2ΔT3), Tet2f/fTet3f/wtMx-Cre+ (ΔT2T3), and Tet2f/fTet3f/fMx-Cre+ (ΔT2ΔT3) mice. All ΔT2ΔT3 mice died of aggressive AML at a median survival of 10.7 weeks. By comparison, T2ΔT3 and ΔT2T3 mice developed AML at longer latencies, with a median survival of ∼27 weeks. Remarkably, all 9 T2ΔT3 and 8 ΔT2T3 mice with AML showed inactivation of the remaining nontargeted Tet2 or Tet3 allele, respectively, owing to exonic loss in either gene or stop-gain mutations in Tet3. Recurrent mutations other than Tet3 were not noted in any mice by whole-exome sequencing. Spontaneous inactivation of residual Tet2 or Tet3 alleles is a recurrent genetic event during the development of AML with Tet insufficiency.
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14
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Ali MA, Wang Y, Qin Z, Yuan X, Zhang Y, Zeng C. Odorant and Taste Receptors in Sperm Chemotaxis and Cryopreservation: Roles and Implications in Sperm Capacitation, Motility and Fertility. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040488. [PMID: 33801624 PMCID: PMC8065900 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm chemotaxis, which guide sperm toward oocyte, is tightly associated with sperm capacitation, motility, and fertility. However, the molecular mechanism of sperm chemotaxis is not known. Reproductive odorant and taste receptors, belong to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) super-family, cause an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration which is pre-requisite for sperm capacitation and acrosomal reaction, and result in sperm hyperpolarization and increase motility through activation of Ca2+-dependent Cl¯ channels. Recently, odorant receptors (ORs) in olfactory transduction pathway were thought to be associated with post-thaw sperm motility, freeze tolerance or freezability and cryo-capacitation-like change during cryopreservation. Investigation of the roles of odorant and taste receptors (TRs) is important for our understanding of the freeze tolerance or freezability mechanism and improve the motility and fertility of post-thaw sperm. Here, we reviewed the roles, mode of action, impact of odorant and taste receptors on sperm chemotaxis and post-thaw sperm quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Ahsan Ali
- College of Animal Science and Technology and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.W.); (Z.Q.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Theriogenology, Riphah College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan;
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Yihan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.W.); (Z.Q.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ziyue Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.W.); (Z.Q.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiang Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.W.); (Z.Q.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.W.); (Z.Q.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Changjun Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.W.); (Z.Q.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-28-86291010
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15
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Kang W, Son B, Park S, Choi D, Park T. UV-Irradiation- and Inflammation-Induced Skin Barrier Dysfunction Is Associated with the Expression of Olfactory Receptor Genes in Human Keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2799. [PMID: 33802009 PMCID: PMC7999531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) have diverse physiological roles in various cell types, beyond their function as odorant sensors in the olfactory epithelium. These previous findings have suggested that ORs could be diagnostic markers and promising therapeutic targets in several pathological conditions. In the current study, we sought to characterize the changes in the expression of ORs in the HaCaT human keratinocytes cell line exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light or inflammation, well-recognized stimulus for skin barrier disruption. We confirmed that major olfactory signaling components, including ORs, GNAL, Ric8b, and adenylate cyclase type 3, are highly expressed in HaCaT cells. We have also demonstrated that the 12 ectopic ORs detectable in HaCaT cells are more highly expressed in UV-irradiated or inflamed conditions than in normal conditions. We further assessed the specific OR-mediated biological responses of HaCaT cells in the presence of known odorant ligands of ORs and observed that specific ligand-activated ORs downregulate skin barrier genes in HaCaT cells. This study shows the potential of OR as a marker for skin barrier abnormalities. Further research is needed to explore how OR is implicated in the development and progression of barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Taesun Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BK21 FOUR, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea; (W.K.); (B.S.); (S.P.); (D.C.)
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16
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Raka RN, Wu H, Xiao J, Hossen I, Cao Y, Huang M, Jin J. Human ectopic olfactory receptors and their food originated ligands: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5424-5443. [PMID: 33605814 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1885007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic olfactory receptors (EORs) are expressed in non-nasal tissues of human body. They belong to the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. EORs may not be capable of differentiating odorants as nasal olfactory receptors (ORs), but still can be triggered by odorants and are involved in different biological processes such as anti-inflammation, energy metabolism, apoptosis etc. Consumption of strong flavored foods like celery, oranges, onions, and spices, is a good aid to attenuate inflammation and boost our immune system. During the digestion of these foods in human digestive system and the metabolization by gut microbiota, the odorants closely interacting with EORs, may play important roles in various bio-functions like serotonin release, appetite regulation etc., and ultimately impact health and diseases. Thus, EORs could be a potential target linking the ligands from food and their bioactivities. There have been related studies in different research fields of medicine and physiology, but still no systematic food oriented review. Our review portrays that EORs could be a potential target for functional food development. In this review, we summarized the EORs found in human tissues, their impacts on health and disease, ligands interacting with EORs exerting specific biological effects, and the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Nowshin Raka
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing, China
| | - Junsong Xiao
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing, China
| | - Imam Hossen
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Cao
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing, China
| | - Mingquan Huang
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing, China
| | - Jianming Jin
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing, China
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17
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Kalra S, Mittal A, Gupta K, Singhal V, Gupta A, Mishra T, Naidu S, Sengupta D, Ahuja G. Analysis of single-cell transcriptomes links enrichment of olfactory receptors with cancer cell differentiation status and prognosis. Commun Biol 2020; 3:506. [PMID: 32917933 PMCID: PMC7486295 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopically expressed olfactory receptors (ORs) have been linked with multiple clinically-relevant physiological processes. Previously used tissue-level expression estimation largely shadowed the potential role of ORs due to their overall low expression levels. Even after the introduction of the single-cell transcriptomics, a comprehensive delineation of expression dynamics of ORs in tumors remained unexplored. Our targeted investigation into single malignant cells revealed a complex landscape of combinatorial OR expression events. We observed differentiation-dependent decline in expressed OR counts per cell as well as their expression intensities in malignant cells. Further, we constructed expression signatures based on a large spectrum of ORs and tracked their enrichment in bulk expression profiles of tumor samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). TCGA tumor samples stratified based on OR-centric signatures exhibited divergent survival probabilities. In summary, our comprehensive analysis positions ORs at the cross-road of tumor cell differentiation status and cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhant Kalra
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Aayushi Mittal
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Krishan Gupta
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Vrinda Singhal
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Anku Gupta
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Tripti Mishra
- Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, 30/7 and 8, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201308, India
| | - Srivatsava Naidu
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Bara Phool, Birla Seed Farms, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Debarka Sengupta
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India. .,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India. .,Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Okhla Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India. .,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Gaurav Ahuja
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India.
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18
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Gori A, Leone F, Loffredo L, Cinicola BL, Brindisi G, De Castro G, Spalice A, Duse M, Zicari AM. COVID-19-Related Anosmia: The Olfactory Pathway Hypothesis and Early Intervention. Front Neurol 2020; 11:956. [PMID: 33013637 PMCID: PMC7511833 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anosmia is a well-described symptom of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Several respiratory viruses are able to cause post-viral olfactory dysfunction, suggesting a sensorineural damage. Since the olfactory bulb is considered an immunological organ contributing to prevent the invasion of viruses, it could have a role in host defense. The inflammatory products locally released in COVID-19, leading to a local damage and causing olfactory loss, simultaneously may interfere with the viral spread into the central nervous system. In this context, olfactory receptors could play a role as an alternative way of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells locally, in the central nervous system, and systemically. Differences in olfactory bulb due to sex and age may contribute to clarify the different susceptibility to infection and understand the role of age in transmission and disease severity. Finally, evaluation of the degree of functional impairment (grading), central/peripheral anosmia (localization), and the temporal course (evolution) may be useful tools to counteract COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrizio Leone
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Loffredo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Alberto Spalice
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Duse
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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19
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Abstract
Olfactory and taste receptors are expressed primarily in the nasal olfactory epithelium and gustatory taste bud cells, where they transmit real-time sensory signals to the brain. However, they are also expressed in multiple extra-nasal and extra-oral tissues, being implicated in diverse biological processes including sperm chemotaxis, muscle regeneration, bronchoconstriction and bronchodilatation, inflammation, appetite regulation and energy metabolism. Elucidation of the physiological roles of these ectopic receptors is revealing potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications in conditions including wounds, hair loss, asthma, obesity and cancers. This Review outlines current understanding of the diverse functions of ectopic olfactory and taste receptors and assesses their potential to be therapeutically exploited.
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20
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Development and utilization of human decidualization reporter cell line uncovers new modulators of female fertility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:19541-19551. [PMID: 31501330 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907652116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure of embryo implantation accounts for a significant percentage of female infertility. Exquisitely coordinated molecular programs govern the interaction between the competent blastocyst and the receptive uterus. Decidualization, the rapid proliferation and differentiation of endometrial stromal cells into decidual cells, is required for implantation. Decidualization defects can cause poor placentation, intrauterine growth restriction, and early parturition leading to preterm birth. Decidualization has not yet been systematically studied at the genetic level due to the lack of a suitable high-throughput screening tool. Herein we describe the generation of an immortalized human endometrial stromal cell line that uses yellow fluorescent protein under the control of the prolactin promoter as a quantifiable visual readout of the decidualization response (hESC-PRLY cells). Using this cell line, we performed a genome-wide siRNA library screen, as well as a screen of 910 small molecules, to identify more than 4,000 previously unrecognized genetic and chemical modulators of decidualization. Ontology analysis revealed several groups of decidualization modulators, including many previously unappreciated transcription factors, sensory receptors, growth factors, and kinases. Expression studies of hits revealed that the majority of decidualization modulators are acutely sensitive to ovarian hormone exposure. Gradient treatment of exogenous factors was used to identify EC50 values of small-molecule hits, as well as verify several growth factor hits identified by the siRNA screen. The high-throughput decidualization reporter cell line and the findings described herein will aid in the development of patient-specific treatments for decidualization-based recurrent pregnancy loss, subfertility, and infertility.
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21
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Yasi EA, Eisen SL, Wang H, Sugianto W, Minniefield AR, Hoover KA, Branham PJ, Peralta-Yahya P. Rapid Deorphanization of Human Olfactory Receptors in Yeast. Biochemistry 2019; 58:2160-2166. [PMID: 30977365 PMCID: PMC6482435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors are ectopically expressed (exORs) in more than 16 different tissues. Studying the role of exORs is hindered by the lack of known ligands that activate these receptors. Of particular interest are exORs in the colon, the section of the gastrointestinal tract with the greatest diversity of microbiota where ORs may be participating in host-microbiome communication. Here, we leverage a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-based yeast sensor strain to generate sensors for seven ORs highly expressed in the colon. We screen the seven colon ORs against 57 chemicals likely to bind ORs in olfactory tissue. We successfully deorphanize two colon exORs for the first time, OR2T4 and OR10S1, and find alternative ligands for OR2A7. The same OR deorphanization workflow can be applied to the deorphanization of other ORs and GPCRs in general. Identification of ligands for OR2T4, OR10S1, and OR2A7 will enable the study of these ORs in the colon. Additionally, the colon OR-based sensors will enable the elucidation of endogenous colon metabolites that activate these receptors. Finally, deorphanization of OR2T4 and OR10S1 supports studies of the neuroscience of olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Yasi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Sara L Eisen
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Hanfei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Widianti Sugianto
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Anita R Minniefield
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Kaitlyn A Hoover
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Paul J Branham
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Pamela Peralta-Yahya
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States.,School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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22
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Maßberg D, Hatt H. Human Olfactory Receptors: Novel Cellular Functions Outside of the Nose. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1739-1763. [PMID: 29897292 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are not exclusively expressed in the olfactory sensory neurons; they are also observed outside of the olfactory system in all other human tissues tested to date, including the testis, lung, intestine, skin, heart, and blood. Within these tissues, certain ORs have been determined to be exclusively expressed in only one tissue, whereas other ORs are more widely distributed in many different tissues throughout the human body. For most of the ectopically expressed ORs, limited data are available for their functional roles. They have been shown to be involved in the modulation of cell-cell recognition, migration, proliferation, the apoptotic cycle, exocytosis, and pathfinding processes. Additionally, there is a growing body of evidence that they have the potential to serve as diagnostic and therapeutic tools, as ORs are highly expressed in different cancer tissues. Interestingly, in addition to the canonical signaling pathways activated by ORs in olfactory sensory neurons, alternative pathways have been demonstrated in nonolfactory tissues. In this review, the existing data concerning the expression, as well as the physiological and pathophysiological functions, of ORs outside of the nose are highlighted to provide insights into future lines of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Maßberg
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Cell Physiology , Bochum , Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Cell Physiology , Bochum , Germany
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23
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Dalesio NM, Barreto Ortiz SF, Pluznick JL, Berkowitz DE. Olfactory, Taste, and Photo Sensory Receptors in Non-sensory Organs: It Just Makes Sense. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1673. [PMID: 30542293 PMCID: PMC6278613 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory receptors that detect and respond to light, taste, and smell primarily belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. In addition to their established roles in the nose, tongue, and eyes, these sensory GPCRs have been found in many ‘non-sensory' organs where they respond to different physicochemical stimuli, initiating signaling cascades in these extrasensory systems. For example, taste receptors in the airway, and photoreceptors in vascular smooth muscle cells, both cause smooth muscle relaxation when activated. In addition, olfactory receptors are present within the vascular system, where they play roles in angiogenesis as well as in modulating vascular tone. By better understanding the physiological and pathophysiological roles of sensory receptors in non-sensory organs, novel therapeutic agents can be developed targeting these receptors, ultimately leading to treatments for pathological conditions and potential cures for various disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Dalesio
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sebastian F Barreto Ortiz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer L Pluznick
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dan E Berkowitz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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24
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Wojcik S, Weidinger D, Ständer S, Luger T, Hatt H, Jovancevic N. Functional characterization of the extranasal OR2A4/7 expressed in human melanocytes. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:1216-1223. [PMID: 30091289 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) were first described as specialized chemoreceptors in the nasal epithelium. In the last two decades, ORs have also been detected to be functionally expressed and active in different nonolfactory tissues of the human body, because they used to react to specific odour stimuli. In this study, we conducted a characterization of the extranasal OR2A4/7 expressed in primary human melanocytes and sections of the human skin. OR2A4/7 expression could be demonstrated at the transcript and protein level. We uncovered elevated intracellular cAMP and Ca2+ levels accompanied by elevated p38 and reduced p42/44 MAPK phosphorylation following odourant (cyclohexyl salicylate; CHS) stimulation of melanocytes. These results were associated with enhanced melanin biosynthesis in conjunction with the growth inhibition and differentiation of melanocytes. Our findings highlight the participation of OR2A4/7 in human primary melanocyte physiology and suggest an alternate mechanism that regulates melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wojcik
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Weidinger
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sonja Ständer
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Chronic Pruritus, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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25
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Clonal Heterogeneity Reflected by PI3K-AKT-mTOR Signaling in Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells and Its Association with Adverse Prognosis. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090332. [PMID: 30223538 PMCID: PMC6162751 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonal heterogeneity detected by karyotyping is a biomarker associated with adverse prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Constitutive activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-Akt-mechanistic target of rapamycin (PI3K-Akt-mTOR) pathway is present in AML cells, and this pathway integrates signaling from several upstream receptors/mediators. We suggest that this pathway reflects biologically important clonal heterogeneity. We investigated constitutive PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway activation in primary human AML cells derived from 114 patients, together with 18 pathway mediators. The cohort included patients with normal karyotype or single karyotype abnormalities and with an expected heterogeneity of molecular genetic abnormalities. Clonal heterogeneity reflected as pathway mediator heterogeneity was detected for 49 patients. Global gene expression profiles of AML cell populations with and without clonal heterogeneity differed with regard to expression of ectopic olfactory receptors (a subset of G-protein coupled receptors) and proteins involved in G-protein coupled receptor signaling. Finally, the presence of clonal heterogeneity was associated with adverse prognosis for patients receiving intensive antileukemic treatment. The clonal heterogeneity as reflected in the activation status of selected mediators in the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway was associated with a different gene expression profile and had an independent prognostic impact. Biological heterogeneity reflected in the intracellular signaling status should be further investigated as a prognostic biomarker in human AML.
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26
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Zhu Q, Yan L, Liu Q, Zhang C, Wei L, Hu Q, Preus L, Clay-Gilmour AI, Onel K, Stram DO, Pooler L, Sheng X, Haiman CA, Zhu X, Spellman SR, Pasquini M, McCarthy PL, Liu S, Hahn T, Sucheston-Campbell LE. Exome chip analyses identify genes affecting mortality after HLA-matched unrelated-donor blood and marrow transplantation. Blood 2018; 131:2490-2499. [PMID: 29610366 PMCID: PMC5981168 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-11-817973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although survival outcomes have significantly improved, up to 40% of patients die within 1 year of HLA-matched unrelated-donor blood and marrow transplantation (BMT). To identify non-HLA genetic contributors to mortality after BMT, we performed the first exome-wide association study in the DISCOVeRY-BMT cohorts using the Illumina HumanExome BeadChip. This study includes 2473 patients with acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, or myelodysplastic syndrome and 2221 10/10 HLA-matched donors treated from 2000 to 2011. Single-variant and gene-level analyses were performed on overall survival (OS), transplantation-related mortality (TRM), and disease-related mortality (DRM). Genotype mismatches between recipients and donors in a rare nonsynonymous variant of testis-expressed gene TEX38 significantly increased risk of TRM, which was more dramatic when either the recipient or donor was female. Using the SKAT-O test to evaluate gene-level effects, variant genotypes of OR51D1 in recipients were significantly associated with OS and TRM. In donors, 4 (ALPP, EMID1, SLC44A5, LRP1), 1 (HHAT), and 2 genes (LYZL4, NT5E) were significantly associated with OS, TRM, and DRM, respectively. Inspection of NT5E crystal structures showed 4 of the associated variants affected the enzyme structure and likely decreased the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme. Further confirmation of these findings and additional functional studies may provide individualized risk prediction and prognosis, as well as alternative donor selection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Li Yan
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Qian Liu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Lei Wei
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Qiang Hu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Leah Preus
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Kenan Onel
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Loreall Pooler
- Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Xin Sheng
- Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Xiaochun Zhu
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Stephen R Spellman
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, National Marrow Donor Program/Be The Match, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Marcelo Pasquini
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Philip L McCarthy
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; and
| | - Song Liu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Theresa Hahn
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; and
| | - Lara E Sucheston-Campbell
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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27
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Oh SJ. System-Wide Expression and Function of Olfactory Receptors in Mammals. Genomics Inform 2018; 16:2-9. [PMID: 29618184 PMCID: PMC5903065 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2018.16.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) in mammals are generally considered to function as chemosensors in the olfactory organs of animals. They are membrane proteins that traverse the cytoplasmic membrane seven times and work generally by coupling to heterotrimeric G protein. The OR is a G protein‒coupled receptor that binds the guanine nucleotide-binding Gαolf subunit and the Gβγ dimer to recognize a wide spectrum of organic compounds in accordance with its cognate ligand. Mammalian ORs were originally identified from the olfactory epithelium of rat. However, it has been recently reported that the expression of ORs is not limited to the olfactory organ. In recent decades, they have been found to be expressed in diverse organs or tissues and even tumors in mammals. In this review, the expression and expected function of olfactory receptors that exist throughout an organism's system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. June Oh
- Department of Pharmacology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Korea
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28
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Weber L, Maßberg D, Becker C, Altmüller J, Ubrig B, Bonatz G, Wölk G, Philippou S, Tannapfel A, Hatt H, Gisselmann G. Olfactory Receptors as Biomarkers in Human Breast Carcinoma Tissues. Front Oncol 2018; 8:33. [PMID: 29497600 PMCID: PMC5818398 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are known to be expressed in a variety of human tissues and act on different physiological processes, such as cell migration, proliferation, or secretion and have been found to function as biomarkers for carcinoma tissues of prostate, lung, and small intestine. In this study, we analyzed the OR expression profiles of several different carcinoma tissues, with a focus on breast cancer. The expression of OR2B6 was detectable in breast carcinoma tissues; here, transcripts of OR2B6 were detected in 73% of all breast carcinoma cell lines and in over 80% of all of the breast carcinoma tissues analyzed. Interestingly, there was no expression of OR2B6 observed in healthy tissues. Immunohistochemical staining of OR2B6 in breast carcinoma tissues revealed a distinct staining pattern of carcinoma cells. Furthermore, we detected a fusion transcript containing part of the coding exon of OR2B6 as a part of a splice variant of the histone HIST1H2BO transcript. In addition, in cancer tissues and cell lines derived from lung, pancreas, and brain, OR expression patterns were compared to that of corresponding healthy tissues. The number of ORs detected in lung carcinoma tissues was significantly reduced in comparison to the surrounding healthy tissues. In pancreatic carcinoma tissues, OR4C6 was considerably more highly expressed in comparison to the respective healthy tissues. We detected OR2B6 as a potential biomarker for breast carcinoma tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Weber
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Désirée Maßberg
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Becker
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Burkhard Ubrig
- Clinic for Urology, Augusta-Kranken-Anstalt Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Gabriele Bonatz
- Clinic of Gynaecology, Augusta-Kranken-Anstalt Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wölk
- Clinic of Gynaecology, Herz-Jesu-Krankenhaus Dernbach, Dernbach, Germany
| | - Stathis Philippou
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Augusta-Kranken-Anstalt Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrea Tannapfel
- Institute for Pathology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Günter Gisselmann
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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29
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Jovancevic N, Khalfaoui S, Weinrich M, Weidinger D, Simon A, Kalbe B, Kernt M, Kampik A, Gisselmann G, Gelis L, Hatt H. Odorant Receptor 51E2 Agonist β-ionone Regulates RPE Cell Migration and Proliferation. Front Physiol 2017; 8:888. [PMID: 29249973 PMCID: PMC5714887 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The odorant receptor 51E2 (OR51E2), which is well-characterized in prostate cancer cells and epidermal pigment cells, was identified for the first time as the most highly expressed OR in human fetal and adult retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis revealed OR51E2 localization throughout the cytosol and in the plasma membrane. Additionally, immunohistochemical staining of diverse layers of the eye showed that the expression of OR51E2 is restricted to the pigment cells of the RPE and choroid. The results of Ca2+-imaging experiments demonstrate that activation of OR51E2 triggers a Ca2+ dependent signal pathway in RPE cells. Downstream signaling of OR51E2 involves the activation of adenylyl cyclase, ERK1/2 and AKT. The activity of these protein kinases likely accounts for the demonstrated increase in the migration and proliferation of RPE cells upon stimulation with the OR51E2 ligand β-ionone. These findings suggest that OR51E2 is involved in the regulation of RPE cell growth. Thus, OR51E2 represents a potential target for the treatment of proliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Annika Simon
- Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kalbe
- Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marcus Kernt
- Ophthalmology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anselm Kampik
- Ophthalmology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Lian Gelis
- Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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30
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Chen Z, Zhao H, Fu N, Chen L. The diversified function and potential therapy of ectopic olfactory receptors in non-olfactory tissues. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2104-2115. [PMID: 28338216 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are mainly distributed in olfactory neurons and play a key role in detecting volatile odorants, eventually resulting in the production of smell perception. Recently, it is also reported that ORs are expressed in non-olfactory tissues including heart, lung, sperm, skin, and cancerous tissues. Interestingly, ectopic ORs are associated with the development of diseases in non-olfactory tissues. For instance, ectopic ORs initiate the hypoxic ventilatory responses and maintain the oxygen homeostasis of breathing in the carotid body when oxygen levels decline. Ectopic ORs induce glucose homeostasis in diabetes. Ectopic ORs regulate systemic blood pressure by increasing renin secretion and vasodilation. Ectopic ORs participate in the process of tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and invasiveness. Ectopic ORs accelerate the occurrence of obesity, angiogenesis and wound-healing processes. Ectopic ORs affect fetal hemoglobin levels in sickle cell anemia and thalassemia. Finally, we also elaborate some ligands targeting for ORs. Obviously, the diversified function and related signal pathway of ectopic ORs may play a potential therapeutic target in non-olfactory tissues. Thus, this review focuses on the latest research results about the diversified function and therapeutic potential of ectopic ORs in non-olfactory tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Nian Fu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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31
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Gelis L, Jovancevic N, Bechara FG, Neuhaus EM, Hatt H. Functional expression of olfactory receptors in human primary melanoma and melanoma metastasis. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:569-576. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lian Gelis
- Department of Cell Physiology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | | | - Falk G. Bechara
- Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; St. Josephs Hospital; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - Eva M. Neuhaus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University Hospital Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
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32
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Jung H, Chae YC, Kim JY, Jeong OS, Kook H, Seo SB. Regulatory role of G9a and LSD1 in the Transcription of Olfactory Receptors during Leukaemia Cell Differentiation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46182. [PMID: 28387360 PMCID: PMC5384044 DOI: 10.1038/srep46182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported the ectopic expression of olfactory receptors (ORs) in non-olfactory tissues, however, their physiological roles were not well elucidated. ORs are expressed in and function in different types of cancers. Here, we identified that the H3K9me2 levels of several OR promoters decreased during differentiation in the HL-60, human myeloid leukaemia cell line, by all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). We found that the differential OR promoters H3K9me2 levels were regulated by G9a and LSD1, resulting in the decrease of ORs transcription during HL-60 differentiation. G9a and LSD1 could regulate the expression of ORs in several non-olfactory cells via the methylation and demethylation of H3K9me2. In addition, we demonstrated that knockdown of OR significantly reduced cell proliferation. Therefore, the epigenetic regulation of ORs transcription is critical for carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonsoo Jung
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Cheol Chae
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Seok Jeong
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Kook
- Environmental Health Center for Childhood Leukaemia and Cancer, Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 519-809, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Beom Seo
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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33
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Jovancevic N, Wunderlich KA, Haering C, Flegel C, Maßberg D, Weinrich M, Weber L, Tebbe L, Kampik A, Gisselmann G, Wolfrum U, Hatt H, Gelis L. Deep Sequencing of the Human Retinae Reveals the Expression of Odorant Receptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:03. [PMID: 28174521 PMCID: PMC5258773 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that the expression of odorant receptors (ORs) occurs in various tissues. These findings have served as a basis for functional studies that demonstrate the potential of ORs as drug targets for a clinical application. To the best of our knowledge, this report describes the first evaluation of the mRNA expression of ORs and the localization of OR proteins in the human retina that set a stage for subsequent functional analyses. RNA-Sequencing datasets of three individual neural retinae were generated using Next-generation sequencing and were compared to previously published but reanalyzed datasets of the peripheral and the macular human retina and to reference tissues. The protein localization of several ORs was investigated by immunohistochemistry. The transcriptome analyses detected an average of 14 OR transcripts in the neural retina, of which OR6B3 is one of the most highly expressed ORs. Immunohistochemical stainings of retina sections localized OR2W3 to the photosensitive outer segment membranes of cones, whereas OR6B3 was found in various cell types. OR5P3 and OR10AD1 were detected at the base of the photoreceptor connecting cilium, and OR10AD1 was also localized to the nuclear envelope of all of the nuclei of the retina. The cell type-specific expression of the ORs in the retina suggests that there are unique biological functions for those receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirsten A Wunderlich
- Department of Cell and Matrix Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudia Haering
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Caroline Flegel
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Désirée Maßberg
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Weinrich
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Lea Weber
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Tebbe
- Department of Cell and Matrix Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Anselm Kampik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Gisselmann
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Department of Cell and Matrix Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Lian Gelis
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
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34
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Helional-induced activation of human olfactory receptor 2J3 promotes apoptosis and inhibits proliferation in a non-small-cell lung cancer cell line. Eur J Cell Biol 2017; 96:34-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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