1
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Kamya P, Ozerov IV, Pun FW, Tretina K, Fokina T, Chen S, Naumov V, Long X, Lin S, Korzinkin M, Polykovskiy D, Aliper A, Ren F, Zhavoronkov A. PandaOmics: An AI-Driven Platform for Therapeutic Target and Biomarker Discovery. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:3961-3969. [PMID: 38404138 PMCID: PMC11134400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
PandaOmics is a cloud-based software platform that applies artificial intelligence and bioinformatics techniques to multimodal omics and biomedical text data for therapeutic target and biomarker discovery. PandaOmics generates novel and repurposed therapeutic target and biomarker hypotheses with the desired properties and is available through licensing or collaboration. Targets and biomarkers generated by the platform were previously validated in both in vitro and in vivo studies. PandaOmics is a core component of Insilico Medicine's Pharma.ai drug discovery suite, which also includes Chemistry42 for the de novo generation of novel small molecules, and inClinico─a data-driven multimodal platform that forecasts a clinical trial's probability of successful transition from phase 2 to phase 3. In this paper, we demonstrate how the PandaOmics platform can efficiently identify novel molecular targets and biomarkers for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrina Kamya
- Insilico
Medicine Canada Inc., 3710-1250 René-Lévesque Blvd. W, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3B 4W8
| | - Ivan V. Ozerov
- Insilico
Medicine Hong Kong Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong
| | - Frank W. Pun
- Insilico
Medicine Hong Kong Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong
| | - Kyle Tretina
- Insilico
Medicine Hong Kong Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong
| | - Tatyana Fokina
- Insilico
Medicine Hong Kong Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong
| | - Shan Chen
- Insilico
Medicine Shanghai Limited, Suite 901, Tower C, Changtai Plaza, 2889 Jinke Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Vladimir Naumov
- Insilico
Medicine Hong Kong Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong
| | - Xi Long
- Insilico
Medicine Hong Kong Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong
| | - Sha Lin
- Insilico
Medicine Shanghai Limited, Suite 901, Tower C, Changtai Plaza, 2889 Jinke Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mikhail Korzinkin
- Insilico
Medicine Hong Kong Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong
| | - Daniil Polykovskiy
- Insilico
Medicine Canada Inc., 3710-1250 René-Lévesque Blvd. W, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3B 4W8
| | - Alex Aliper
- Insilico
Medicine AI Limited, Level 6, Unit 08, Block A, IRENA HQ Building, P.O.
Box 145748, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Feng Ren
- Insilico
Medicine Shanghai Limited, Suite 901, Tower C, Changtai Plaza, 2889 Jinke Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Alex Zhavoronkov
- Insilico
Medicine Hong Kong Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong
- Insilico
Medicine AI Limited, Level 6, Unit 08, Block A, IRENA HQ Building, P.O.
Box 145748, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Buck
Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945, United States
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2
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Cyberski TF, Singh A, Korzinkin M, Mishra V, Pun F, Shen L, Wing C, Cheng X, Baird B, Miao Y, Elkabets M, Kochanny S, Guo W, Dyer E, Pearson AT, Juloori A, Lingen M, Cole G, Zhavoronkov A, Agrawal N, Izumchenko E, Rosenberg AJ. Acquired resistance to immunotherapy and chemoradiation in MYC amplified head and neck cancer. NPJ Precis Oncol 2024; 8:114. [PMID: 38783041 PMCID: PMC11116544 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-024-00606-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The proto-oncogene MYC encodes a nuclear transcription factor that has an important role in a variety of cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression, proliferation, metabolism, adhesion, apoptosis, and therapeutic resistance. MYC amplification is consistently observed in aggressive forms of several solid malignancies and correlates with poor prognosis and distant metastases. While the tumorigenic effects of MYC in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are well known, the molecular mechanisms by which the amplification of this gene may confer treatment resistance, especially to immune checkpoint inhibitors, remains under-investigated. Here we present a unique case of a patient with recurrent/metastatic (R/M) HNSCC who, despite initial response to nivolumab-based treatment, developed rapidly progressive metastatic disease after the acquisition of MYC amplification. We conducted comparative transcriptomic analysis of this patient's tumor at baseline and upon progression to interrogate potential molecular processes through which MYC may confer resistance to immunotherapy and/or chemoradiation and used TCGA-HNSC dataset and an institutional cohort to further explore clinicopathologic features and key molecular networks associated with MYC amplification in HNSCC. This study highlights MYC amplification as a potential mechanism of immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance and suggest its use as a predictive biomarker and potential therapeutic target in R/M HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Cyberski
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alka Singh
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Vasudha Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Frank Pun
- Insilico Medicine, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong
| | - Le Shen
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Claudia Wing
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiangying Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brandon Baird
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yuxuan Miao
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Moshe Elkabets
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Sara Kochanny
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wenji Guo
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emma Dyer
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander T Pearson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aditya Juloori
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark Lingen
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Grayson Cole
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Nishant Agrawal
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Ari J Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Ruiz-Arenas C, Marín-Goñi I, Wang L, Ochoa I, Pérez-Jurado L, Hernaez M. NetActivity enhances transcriptional signals by combining gene expression into robust gene set activity scores through interpretable autoencoders. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:e44. [PMID: 38597610 PMCID: PMC11109970 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Grouping gene expression into gene set activity scores (GSAS) provides better biological insights than studying individual genes. However, existing gene set projection methods cannot return representative, robust, and interpretable GSAS. We developed NetActivity, a machine learning framework that generates GSAS based on a sparsely-connected autoencoder, where each neuron in the inner layer represents a gene set. We proposed a three-tier training that yielded representative, robust, and interpretable GSAS. NetActivity model was trained with 1518 GO biological processes terms and KEGG pathways and all GTEx samples. NetActivity generates GSAS robust to the initialization parameters and representative of the original transcriptome, and assigned higher importance to more biologically relevant genes. Moreover, NetActivity returns GSAS with a more consistent definition and higher interpretability than GSVA and hipathia, state-of-the-art gene set projection methods. Finally, NetActivity enables combining bulk RNA-seq and microarray datasets in a meta-analysis of prostate cancer progression, highlighting gene sets related to cell division, key for disease progression. When applied to metastatic prostate cancer, gene sets associated with cancer progression were also altered due to drug resistance, while a classical enrichment analysis identified gene sets irrelevant to the phenotype. NetActivity is publicly available in Bioconductor and GitHub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ruiz-Arenas
- Computational Biology Program, CIMA University of Navarra, idiSNA, Pamplona 31008, Spain
- Department MELIS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Marín-Goñi
- Computational Biology Program, CIMA University of Navarra, idiSNA, Pamplona 31008, Spain
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Liewei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Idoia Ochoa
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Tecnun, University of Navarra, Donostia, Spain
- Institute for Data Science and Artificial Inteligence (DATAI), University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Luis A Pérez-Jurado
- Department MELIS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
- Genetics Service, Hospital del Mar & Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mikel Hernaez
- Computational Biology Program, CIMA University of Navarra, idiSNA, Pamplona 31008, Spain
- Institute for Data Science and Artificial Inteligence (DATAI), University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
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Uddin S, Singh A, Mishra V, Agrawal N, Gooi Z, Izumchenko E. Molecular drivers of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma in non-smoking and non-drinking patients: what do we know so far? Oncol Rev 2022; 16:549. [PMID: 35340886 PMCID: PMC8941340 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2022.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) is one of the most common head and neck cancers worldwide. It is well known that risk factors for OCSCC include tobacco and excess alcohol consumption. However, in recent years, OCSCC incidence has been increasing in patients without these traditional risk factors. The cause of this increase is unclear and various genetic, environmental, and infectious factors have been hypothesized to play a role. Additionally, there are expert opinions that oral cancer in non-smoking, non-drinking (NSND) patients have a distinct phenotype resulting in more aggressive disease presentation and poorer prognosis. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge for oral cavity cancer in patients without traditional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alka Singh
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology
| | - Vasudha Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology
| | - Nishant Agrawal
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Chicago, USA
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5
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Proliferation and Apoptosis Pathways and Factors in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031562. [PMID: 35163485 PMCID: PMC8836072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is the most common form of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and most frequently presents as oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which is associated with an alarmingly high mortality rate. Internationally, a plethora of research to further our understanding of the molecular pathways related to oral cancer is performed. This research is of value for early diagnosis, prognosis, and the investigation of new drugs that can ameliorate the harmful effects of oral cancer and provide optimal patient outcomes with minimal long-term complications. Two pathways on which the progression of OSCC depends on are those of proliferation and apoptosis, which overlap at many junctions. Herein, we aim to review these pathways and factors related to OSCC progression. Publicly available search engines, PubMed and Google Scholar, were used with the following keywords to identify relevant literature: oral cancer, proliferation, proliferation factors, genes, mutations, and tumor suppressor. We anticipate that the use of information provided through this review will further progress translational cancer research work in the field of oral cancer.
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Chao JL, Korzinkin M, Zhavoronkov A, Ozerov IV, Walker MT, Higgins K, Lingen MW, Izumchenko E, Savage PA. Effector T cell responses unleashed by regulatory T cell ablation exacerbate oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100399. [PMID: 34622236 PMCID: PMC8484691 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune suppression by CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and tumor infiltration by CD8+ effector T cells represent two major factors impacting response to cancer immunotherapy. Using deconvolution-based transcriptional profiling of human papilloma virus (HPV)-negative oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) and other solid cancers, we demonstrate that the density of Treg cells does not correlate with that of CD8+ T cells in many tumors, revealing polarized clusters enriched for either CD8+ T cells or CD4+ Treg and conventional T cells. In a mouse model of carcinogen-induced OSCC characterized by CD4+ T cell enrichment, late-stage Treg cell ablation triggers increased densities of both CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells within oral lesions. Notably, this intervention does not induce tumor regression but instead induces rapid emergence of invasive OSCCs via an effector T cell-dependent process. Thus, induction of a T cell-inflamed phenotype via therapeutic manipulation of Treg cells may trigger unexpected tumor-promoting effects in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime L. Chao
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | | | - Ivan V. Ozerov
- Insilico Medicine Hong Kong, Ltd., Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong
| | - Matthew T. Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kathleen Higgins
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mark W. Lingen
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Peter A. Savage
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Odell E, Kujan O, Warnakulasuriya S, Sloan P. Oral epithelial dysplasia: Recognition, grading and clinical significance. Oral Dis 2021; 27:1947-1976. [PMID: 34418233 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Histopathological grading of epithelial dysplasia remains the principal laboratory method for assessing the risk of malignant transformation in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). Current views on the molecular pathogenesis and histological interpretation of the features of epithelial dysplasia are described, and the use of grading systems for epithelial dysplasia is discussed. Changes to the current 2017 WHO criteria for diagnosis are proposed with emphasis on the architectural features of epithelial dysplasia. The predictive values of three-grade and binary systems are summarised, and categories of epithelial dysplasia are reviewed, including lichenoid and verrucous lesions, keratosis of unknown significance, HPV-associated dysplasia, differentiated and basaloid epithelial dysplasia. The implications of finding epithelial dysplasia in an oral biopsy for clinical management are discussed from the pathologists' viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Odell
- King's College London and Head and Neck Pathology Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Omar Kujan
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Saman Warnakulasuriya
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences King's College London and The WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Philip Sloan
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Cellular Pathology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Chief Histopathologist, AMLo Biosciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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8
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Li T, Wang H, Xu J, Li C, Zhang Y, Wang G, Liu Y, Cai S, Fang W, Li J, Wang Z. TGFBR2 mutation predicts resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2021; 13:17588359211038477. [PMID: 34408796 PMCID: PMC8366138 DOI: 10.1177/17588359211038477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Resistance or even hyper-progression to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) manifesting as accelerated disease progression or death has impeded the clinical use of ICIs. The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptor pathway has been identified in contributing to immune dysfunction, which might be associated with resistance to ICIs. We aimed to explore the role of TGFβ in the resistance to ICIs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in this study. Methods: Public cohorts with patients treated with ICIs or chemotherapy including POPLAR/OAK (n = 853), MSKCC (n = 1662) and Van Allen (n = 57) and TCGA (n = 3210) cohorts were obtained and analyzed. Results: The expression of immune-checkpoint related genes, including programmed death-ligand 1 (CD274), lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3), T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDCD1), and programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (PDCD1LG2) were significantly upregulated in transforming growth factor beta TGFβ receptor 2 (TGFβR2)-mutated patients than those with wild-type TGFBR2 (p < 0.05). In the POPLAR/OAK cohort, TGFBR2-mutated patients showed shorter progression-free survival (PFS) [ p = 0.004; hazard ratio (HR), 2.83; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.34–6.00] and overall survival (OS) ( p = 0.0006; HR, 3.46; 95% CI, 1.63–7.35) than those with wild-type TGFBR2 when treated with ICIs but not chemotherapy. In the merged MSKCC and Van Allen cohorts, a similar result was observed that the OS was inferior in patients with mutated TGFBR2 compared with those with wild-type TGFBR2 (p = 0.007; HR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.25–5.12). The association between TGBFR2 mutation and survival remained significant in multivariable cox regression in both POPLAR/OAK cohort (p = 0.02; HR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.17–5.45) and merged cohort (p = 0.008; HR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.29–5.35). We further evaluated the association between TGFBR2 mutations and OS in multiple types of tumors. The association between TGFBR2 mutations and OS remained significant in NSCLC (p = 0.02; HR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.16–5.26), but not in other type of tumors. Conclusions: We identified that TGFBR2 mutation predicted the resistance to ICIs in NSCLCs. The clinical delivery of ICIs should be cautious in those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Han Wang
- School of Mathematical Sciences and Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiachen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yudong Zhang
- Affiliated hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | - Wenfeng Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junling Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Pan-jia-yuan South Lane, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Pan-jia-yuan South Lane, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
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9
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Broner EC, Trujillo JA, Korzinkin M, Subbannayya T, Agrawal N, Ozerov IV, Zhavoronkov A, Rooper L, Kotlov N, Shen L, Pearson AT, Rosenberg AJ, Savage PA, Mishra V, Chatterjee A, Sidransky D, Izumchenko E. Doublecortin-Like Kinase 1 (DCLK1) Is a Novel NOTCH Pathway Signaling Regulator in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:677051. [PMID: 34336664 PMCID: PMC8323482 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.677051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advancements, the 5 year survival of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) hovers at 60%. DCLK1 has been shown to regulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition as well as serving as a cancer stem cell marker in colon, pancreatic and renal cancer. Although it was reported that DCLK1 is associated with poor prognosis in oropharyngeal cancers, very little is known about the molecular characterization of DCLK1 in HNSCC. In this study, we performed a comprehensive transcriptome-based computational analysis on hundreds of HNSCC patients from TCGA and GEO databases, and found that DCLK1 expression positively correlates with NOTCH signaling pathway activation. Since NOTCH signaling has a recognized role in HNSCC tumorigenesis, we next performed a series of in vitro experiments in a collection of HNSCC cell lines to investigate the role of DCLK1 in NOTCH pathway regulation. Our analyses revealed that DCLK1 inhibition, using either a pharmacological inhibitor or siRNA, resulted in substantially decreased proliferation, invasion, migration, and colony formation. Furthermore, these effects paralleled downregulation of active NOTCH1, and its downstream effectors, HEY1, HES1 and HES5, whereas overexpression of DCLK1 in normal keratinocytes, lead to an upregulation of NOTCH signaling associated with increased proliferation. Analysis of 233 primary and 40 recurrent HNSCC cancer biopsies revealed that high DCLK1 expression was associated with poor prognosis and showed a trend towards higher active NOTCH1 expression in tumors with elevated DCLK1. Our results demonstrate the novel role of DCLK1 as a regulator of NOTCH signaling network and suggest its potential as a therapeutic target in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther C. Broner
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Trujillo
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | | | - Nishant Agrawal
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ivan V. Ozerov
- InSilico Medicine Hong Kong Ltd., Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong
| | | | - Lisa Rooper
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nikita Kotlov
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Le Shen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alexander T. Pearson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ari J. Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Peter A. Savage
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Vasudha Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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10
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Prime SS, Cirillo N, Cheong SC, Prime MS, Parkinson EK. Targeting the genetic landscape of oral potentially malignant disorders has the potential as a preventative strategy in oral cancer. Cancer Lett 2021; 518:102-114. [PMID: 34139286 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study reviews the molecular landscape of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). We examine the impact of tumour heterogeneity, the spectrum of driver mutations (TP53, CDKN2A, TERT, NOTCH1, AJUBA, PIK3CA, CASP8) and gene transcription on tumour progression. We comment on how some of these mutations impact cellular senescence, field cancerization and cancer stem cells. We propose that OPMD can be monitored more closely and more dynamically through the use of liquid biopsies using an appropriate biomarker of transformation. We describe new gene interactions through the use of a systems biology approach and we highlight some of the first studies to identify functional genes using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. We believe that this information has translational implications for the use of re-purposed existing drugs and/or new drug development. Further, we argue that the use of digital technology encompassing clinical and laboratory-based data will create relevant datasets for machine learning/artificial intelligence. We believe that therapeutic intervention at an early molecular premalignant stage should be an important preventative strategy to inhibit the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma and that this approach is applicable to other aerodigestive tract cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Prime
- Centre for Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - N Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, 720 Swanson Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3053, Australia.
| | - S C Cheong
- Head and Neck Cancer Research Team, Cancer Research Malaysia, 1 Jalan SS12/1A, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - M S Prime
- Roche Diagnostics Information Solutions, Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - E K Parkinson
- Centre for Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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11
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Odell EW. Aneuploidy and loss of heterozygosity as risk markers for malignant transformation in oral mucosa. Oral Dis 2021; 27:1993-2007. [PMID: 33577101 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ability to predict malignant transformation in oral potentially malignant disorders would inform targeted treatment, provide prognostic information and allow secondary prevention. DNA ploidy and loss of heterozygosity assays are already in clinical use, and loss of heterozygosity has been used in prospective clinical trials. This review appraises published evidence of predictive ability and explores interpretation of heterogeneous studies, with different diagnostic methods, criteria and intention. Both methods have a sound biological foundation and have predictive value independent of dysplasia grading and clinical parameters. The application of these two techniques cannot be directly compared because of differences in expression of results and application to populations of different risk. Predicting malignant transformation accurately on an individual patient basis is not yet possible with either technique. However, they are valuable applications to stratify patients for inclusion in trials, identify the lowest risk patients and exclude risk when biopsy results are indeterminate for dysplasia.
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12
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Guimarães LM, Diniz MG, Rogatto SR, Gomez RS, Gomes CC. The genetic basis of oral leukoplakia and its key role in understanding oral carcinogenesis. J Oral Pathol Med 2020; 50:632-638. [PMID: 33217066 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oral leukoplakia (OL) is the most common oral potentially malignant disorder, with a global prevalence of 2%-3%, variable malignant transformation rate and incompletely understood aetiology. Considering the subjectivity in oral dysplasia grading, other evaluation methods have been tested as predictors of malignant transformation. DNA ploidy status and loss of heterozygosity signatures have been shown to be good predictive markers of malignant transformation. However, effective markers to predict which lesions will progress to invasive carcinoma and by which mechanisms remain unclear. Recent evidence suggests that dysplasia progression to carcinoma occurs through neutral clonal evolution (i.e. randomly). We focus on the genetic basis of OL, encompassing the gross chromosomal alterations and single-gene mutations, and discuss such alterations in the context of aetiology, clinical presentation and progression. The deeper we understand the genetic basis of OL, the more we approach a better comprehension of the complex and poorly understood process of oral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Martins Guimarães
- Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marina Gonçalves Diniz
- Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Regina Rogatto
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Vejle University Hospital, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Ricardo Santiago Gomez
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carolina Cavalieri Gomes
- Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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13
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Odell E, Eckel HE, Simo R, Quer M, Paleri V, Klussmann JP, Remacle M, Sjögren E, Piazza C. European Laryngological Society position paper on laryngeal dysplasia Part I: aetiology and pathological classification. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 278:1717-1722. [PMID: 33051798 PMCID: PMC8131293 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-06403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review To give an overview of the current knowledge regarding the aetiology, epidemiology, and classification of laryngeal dysplasia (LD) and to highlight the contributions of recent literature. As most cases of dysplasia occur at the glottic level and data on diagnosis and management are almost exclusively from this location, laryngeal dysplasia in this position paper is taken to be synonymous with dysplasia of the vocal folds. Summary LD has long been recognized as a precursor lesion to laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Tobacco and alcohol consumption are the two single most important etiological factors for the development of LD. There is currently insufficient evidence to support a role of reflux. Although varying levels of human papillomavirus have been identified in LD, its causal role is still uncertain, and there are data suggesting that it may be limited. Dysplasia has a varying presentation including leukoplakia, erythroleukoplakia, mucosal reddening or thickening with exophytic, “tumor-like” alterations. About 50% of leukoplakic lesions will contain some form of dysplasia. It has become clear that the traditionally accepted molecular pathways to cancer, involving accumulated mutations in a specific order, do not apply to LD. Although the molecular nature of the progression of LD to SCC is still unclear, it can be concluded that the risk of malignant transformation does rise with increasing grade of dysplasia, but not predictably so. Consequently, grading systems are inherently troubled by the weak correlation between the degree of the dysplasia and the risk of malignant transformation. The best data on LD grading and outcomes come from the Ljubljana group, forming the basis for the World Health Organization classification published in 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Odell
- Head and Neck Pathology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Hans Edmund Eckel
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Klagenfurt General Hospital, Feschnigstr. 11, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Ricard Simo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Miquel Quer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vinidh Paleri
- Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jens Peter Klussmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Remacle
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, CH Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Sjögren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Cesare Piazza
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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14
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Farah CS. Molecular, genomic and mutational landscape of oral leukoplakia. Oral Dis 2020; 27:803-812. [PMID: 33448555 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oral leukoplakia (OLK) and its more aggressive clinical variant proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) remain enigmatic disorders clinically and histopathologically. Despite decades of research into both, there has been only incremental advancement in our understanding of their aetiology and pathogenesis and only minimal improvement in effective management strategies. Currently, no specific prognostic genetic or molecular marker has been reported for leukoplakia. There is, however, an emerging body of evidence characterising the genomic and transcriptomic profile of OLK. Regardless of the significance of cellular and architectural features of OLK and PVL, it is clear from studies reported in this review that new emerging evidence points to the presence of premalignant molecular subtypes of leukoplakia which require further investigation. This up-to-date review explores the contemporary genomic, transcriptomic and mutational landscape of leukoplakia broadly, discusses concepts that may not be widely recognised or accepted and purposefully highlights studies with juxtaposed findings in an effort to challenge dogma. It also highlights the urgent need for a concerted international effort of original collaborative research which will only occur by pooling collective efforts, resources and intellect to define the molecular fingerprint of this enigmatic disorder, in the hope it will better inform diagnosis, stratification and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camile S Farah
- Australian Centre for Oral Oncology Research & Education, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Perth Oral Medicine & Dental Sleep Centre, West Leederville, WA, Australia.,Oral, Maxillofacial and Dental Surgery, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Australian Clinical Labs, Subiaco, WA, Australia.,Genomics for Life, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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15
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Zaini ZM, Neat M, Stokes A, Tavassoli M, Odell EW. DNA aneuploidy and tissue architecture in oral potentially malignant disorders with epithelial dysplasia assessed by a 10 locus FISH panel. Oncol Rep 2020; 43:877-885. [PMID: 32020221 PMCID: PMC7041104 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Subjectivity in oral dysplasia grading has prompted evaluation of molecular-based tests to predict malignant transformation. Aneuploidy detected by DNA image-based cytometry (ICM) is currently the best predictor but fails to detect certain high risk lesions. A novel multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) panel was used to explore possible explanations by detecting aneuploidy at the single cell level. FISH was compared to reference standard DNA ICM in 19 oral lesions with epithelial dysplasia and used to characterize the cellular architecture. Copy number variation at 3q28, 7p11.2, 8q24.3, 11q13.3 and 20q13.12 and matched chromosome specific loci were assessed by dual-color FISH to assess numerical and spatial patterns of copy number increase and gene amplification. FISH revealed wide variation in copy number at different loci. Only low level copy number gain was present and often in only a small proportion of cells, although usually with all or all but one locus (9/12). Four cases showed gene amplification, one at two loci. Some probes revealed an internal presumed clonal structure within lesions not apparent in routine histological examination. Both methods produced similar diagnostic results with concordance in detection of aneuploidy by both methods in 17 out of 19 samples (89%). We have shown that oral dysplastic lesions may contain very few aneuploid cells at a cellular level, high copy number gain is rare and changes appear to arise from large chromosomal fragment duplications. Single stem lines are relatively homogeneous for loci with copy number gain but there is a subclonal structure revealed by gene amplification in some lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Neat
- Cancer Genetics, ViaPath LLC, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Angela Stokes
- Head and Neck Pathology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mahvash Tavassoli
- Molecular Oncology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Edward W Odell
- Head and Neck Pathology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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16
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Prognostic impact of intra-field heterogeneity in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2019; 476:585-595. [PMID: 31468114 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02656-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Genetic heterogeneity displayed by tumour cells (intratumoural heterogeneity, ITH) represents a diagnostic challenge when assessing tumour mutational profile. In oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), ITH may be found both in tumour cells and in adjacent mucosa. Genetic heterogeneity of the adjacent mucosa can be interpreted as evidence of the field cancerization (field heterogeneity, FH). The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of intratumoural and intrafield heterogeneity on locoregional control. Ten OSCC patients (5 recurrent and 5 nonrecurrent) were studied. Multiple areas were sampled from the bulk of the tumour and the adjacent nonneoplastic mucosa. A panel of 10 tumour-specific OSCC driver genes was analysed for each sample and was used to calculate heterogeneity. Values were compared among recurrent and nonrecurrent OSCC. Mutational analysis highlighted that a single tumour sample has limited accuracy in assessing the genetic profiles of tumours. High values of ITH considering shared mutations between specimens were found in both recurrent and non-recurrent OSCC (p = 0.095). On the contrary, the intrafield genetic heterogeneity was significantly less frequently in the non-recurrent OSCC group (p = 0.032). Heterogeneity within each specimen calculated with variant allele frequency confirmed that there was better discrimination between recurrent and nonrecurrent groups using nonneoplastic adjacent mucosa than tumour tissue (p value 0.0006 and 0.0048 respectively). In agreement with the theory of field cancerization, intrafield genetic heterogeneity correlates with a higher risk of developing loco-regional recurrences and second primaries. In order to reduce the ITH effects, analysis of multiple tumour areas should be encouraged.
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17
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Farah CS, Fox SA. Dysplastic oral leukoplakia is molecularly distinct from leukoplakia without dysplasia. Oral Dis 2019; 25:1715-1723. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camile S. Farah
- UWA Dental School University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
- Australian Centre for Oral Oncology Research & Education Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Simon A. Fox
- UWA Dental School University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
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18
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Immune profiles in primary squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Oral Oncol 2019; 96:77-88. [PMID: 31422218 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study we describe the tumor microenvironment, the signaling pathways and genetic alterations associated with the presence or absence of CD8+ T-cell infiltration in primary squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two SCCHN multi-analyte cohorts were utilized, the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Chicago Head and Neck Genomics (CHGC) cohort. A well-established chemokine signature classified SCCHN tumors into high and low CD8+ T-cell inflamed phenotypes (TCIP-H, TCIP-L respectively). Gene set enrichment and iPANDA analyses were conducted to dissect differences in signaling pathways, somatic mutations and copy number aberrations for TCIP-H versus TCIP-L tumors, stratified by HPV status. RESULTS TCIP-H SCCHN tumors were enriched in multiple immune checkpoints irrespective of HPV-status. HPV-positive tumors were enriched in markers of T-regulatory cells (Tregs) and HPV-negative tumors in protumorigenic M2 macrophages. TCIP-L SCCHN tumors were enriched for the β-catenin/WNT and Hedgehog signaling pathways, had frequent mutations in NSD1, amplifications in EGFR and YAP1, as well as CDKN2A deletions. TCIP-H SCCHN tumors were associated with the MAPK/ERK, JAK/STAT and mTOR/AKT signaling pathways, and were enriched in CASP8, EP300, EPHA2, HRAS mutations, CD274, PDCD1LG2, JAK2 amplifications. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support that combinatorial immune checkpoint blockade and depletion strategies targeting Tregs in HPV-positive and M2 macrophages in HPV-negative tumors may lead to improved antitumor immune responses in patients with TCIP-H SCCHN. We highlight novel pathways and genetic events that may serve as candidate biomarkers and novel targeted therapies to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy in SCCHN patients.
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19
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Subbannayya T, Leal-Rojas P, Zhavoronkov A, Ozerov IV, Korzinkin M, Babu N, Radhakrishnan A, Chavan S, Raja R, Pinto SM, Patil AH, Barbhuiya MA, Kumar P, Guerrero-Preston R, Navani S, Tiwari PK, Kumar RV, Prasad TSK, Roa JC, Pandey A, Sidransky D, Gowda H, Izumchenko E, Chatterjee A. PIM1 kinase promotes gallbladder cancer cell proliferation via inhibition of proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa (PRAS40). J Cell Commun Signal 2019; 13:163-177. [PMID: 30666556 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-018-00503-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a rare malignancy, associated with poor disease prognosis with a 5-year survival of only 20%. This has been attributed to late presentation of the disease, lack of early diagnostic markers and limited efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Elucidation of molecular events in GBC can contribute to better management of the disease by aiding in the identification of therapeutic targets. To identify aberrantly activated signaling events in GBC, tandem mass tag-based quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of five GBC cell lines was carried out. Proline-rich Akt substrate 40 kDa (PRAS40) was one of the proteins found to be hyperphosphorylated in all the invasive GBC cell lines. Tissue microarray-based immunohistochemical labeling of phospho-PRAS40 (T246) revealed moderate to strong staining in 77% of the primary gallbladder adenocarcinoma cases. Regulation of PRAS40 activity by inhibiting its upstream kinase PIM1 resulted in a significant decrease in cell proliferation, colony forming and invasive ability of GBC cells. Our results support the role of PRAS40 phosphorylation in GBC cell survival and aggressiveness. This study also elucidates phospho-PRAS40 as a clinical marker in GBC and the role of PIM1 as a therapeutic target in GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejaswini Subbannayya
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560066, India
| | - Pamela Leal-Rojas
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) &Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Alex Zhavoronkov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Ivan V Ozerov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Mikhail Korzinkin
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Niraj Babu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560066, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Aneesha Radhakrishnan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560066, India
| | - Sandip Chavan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560066, India
| | - Remya Raja
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560066, India
| | - Sneha M Pinto
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Arun H Patil
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560066, India.,School of Biotechnology, KIIT (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Mustafa A Barbhuiya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560066, India
| | - Rafael Guerrero-Preston
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB II, 5M05C, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | | | - Pramod K Tiwari
- Centre for Genomics, Molecular and Human Genetics, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, 474011, India.,School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, 474011, India
| | - Rekha Vijay Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560066, India.,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India.,NIMHANS-IOB Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - Juan Carlos Roa
- Department of Pathology, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB II, 5M05C, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560066, India.,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB II, 5M05C, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560066, India. .,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India.
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20
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Foulon V, Boudry P, Artigaud S, Guérard F, Hellio C. In Silico Analysis of Pacific Oyster ( Crassostrea gigas) Transcriptome over Developmental Stages Reveals Candidate Genes for Larval Settlement. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E197. [PMID: 30625986 PMCID: PMC6337334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Following their planktonic phase, the larvae of benthic marine organisms must locate a suitable habitat to settle and metamorphose. For oysters, larval adhesion occurs at the pediveliger stage with the secretion of a proteinaceous bioadhesive produced by the foot, a specialized and ephemeral organ. Oyster bioadhesive is highly resistant to proteomic extraction and is only produced in very low quantities, which explains why it has been very little examined in larvae to date. In silico analysis of nucleic acid databases could help to identify genes of interest implicated in settlement. In this work, the publicly available transcriptome of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas over its developmental stages was mined to select genes highly expressed at the pediveliger stage. Our analysis revealed 59 sequences potentially implicated in adhesion of C. gigas larvae. Some related proteins contain conserved domains already described in other bioadhesives. We propose a hypothetic composition of C. gigas bioadhesive in which the protein constituent is probably composed of collagen and the von Willebrand Factor domain could play a role in adhesive cohesion. Genes coding for enzymes implicated in DOPA chemistry were also detected, indicating that this modification is also potentially present in the adhesive of pediveliger larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Foulon
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopole Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Pierre Boudry
- Ifremer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Centre Bretagne, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Sébastien Artigaud
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopole Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Fabienne Guérard
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopole Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Claire Hellio
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopole Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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21
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Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is often diagnosed at a late stage and may be malignantly transformed from oral leukoplakia (OL). This study aimed to identify potential plasma microRNAs (miRNAs) for the early detection of oral cancer. Plasma from normal, OL, and OSCC patients were evaluated. Small RNA sequencing was used to screen the differently expressed miRNAs among the groups. Next, these miRNAs were validated with individual samples by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays in the training phase (n = 72) and validation phase (n = 178). The possible physiological roles of the identified miRNAs were further investigated using bioinformatics analysis. Three miRNAs (miR-222-3p, miR-150-5p, and miR-423-5p) were identified as differentially expressed among groups; miR-222-3p and miR-423-5p negatively correlated with T stage, lymph node metastasis status, and clinical stage. A high diagnostic accuracy (Area under curve = 0.88) was demonstrated for discriminating OL from OSCC. Bioinformatics analysis reveals that miR-423-5p and miR-222-3p are significantly over-expressed in oral cancer tissues and involved in various cancer pathways. The three-plasma miRNA panel may be useful to monitor malignant progression from OL to OSCC and as potential biomarkers for early detection of oral cancer.
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22
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Solanki HS, Raja R, Zhavoronkov A, Ozerov IV, Artemov AV, Advani J, Radhakrishnan A, Babu N, Puttamallesh VN, Syed N, Nanjappa V, Subbannayya T, Sahasrabuddhe NA, Patil AH, Prasad TSK, Gaykalova D, Chang X, Sathyendran R, Mathur PP, Rangarajan A, Sidransky D, Pandey A, Izumchenko E, Gowda H, Chatterjee A. Targeting focal adhesion kinase overcomes erlotinib resistance in smoke induced lung cancer by altering phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor. Oncoscience 2018; 5:21-38. [PMID: 29556515 PMCID: PMC5854290 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EGFR-based targeted therapies have shown limited success in smokers. Identification of alternate signaling mechanism(s) leading to TKI resistance in smokers is critically important. We observed increased resistance to erlotinib in H358 NSCLC (non-small cell lung carcinoma) cells chronically exposed to cigarette smoke (H358-S) compared to parental cells. SILAC-based mass-spectrometry approach was used to study altered signaling in H358-S cell line. Importantly, among the top phosphosites in H358-S cells we observed hyperphosphorylation of EGFR (Y1197) and non-receptor tyrosine kinase FAK (Y576/577). Supporting these observations, a transcriptomic-based pathway activation analysis of TCGA NSCLC datasets revealed that FAK and EGFR internalization pathways were significantly upregulated in smoking patients, compared to the never-smokers and were associated with elevated PI3K signaling and lower level of caspase cascade and E-cadherin pathways activation. We show that inhibition of FAK led to decreased cellular proliferation and invasive ability of the smoke-exposed cells, and restored their dependency on EGFR signaling. Our data suggests that activation of focal adhesion pathway significantly contributes to erlotinib resistance, and that FAK is a potential therapeutic target for management of erlotinib resistance in smoke-induced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitendra S Solanki
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Remya Raja
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India
| | - Alex Zhavoronkov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Ivan V Ozerov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Artem V Artemov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jayshree Advani
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | | | - Niraj Babu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Vinuth N Puttamallesh
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam 690525, India
| | - Nazia Syed
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India
| | | | | | | | - Arun H Patil
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India.,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India.,NIMHANS-IOB Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Daria Gaykalova
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Xiaofei Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Rachana Sathyendran
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Premendu Prakash Mathur
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Annapoorni Rangarajan
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
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23
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Ravi R, Noonan KA, Pham V, Bedi R, Zhavoronkov A, Ozerov IV, Makarev E, V Artemov A, Wysocki PT, Mehra R, Nimmagadda S, Marchionni L, Sidransky D, Borrello IM, Izumchenko E, Bedi A. Bifunctional immune checkpoint-targeted antibody-ligand traps that simultaneously disable TGFβ enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2018. [PMID: 29467463 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02696-6.pmid:29467463;pmcid:pmc5821872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A majority of cancers fail to respond to immunotherapy with antibodies targeting immune checkpoints, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) or programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand (PD-L1). Cancers frequently express transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), which drives immune dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment by inducing regulatory T cells (Tregs) and inhibiting CD8+ and TH1 cells. To address this therapeutic challenge, we invent bifunctional antibody-ligand traps (Y-traps) comprising an antibody targeting CTLA-4 or PD-L1 fused to a TGFβ receptor II ectodomain sequence that simultaneously disables autocrine/paracrine TGFβ in the target cell microenvironment (a-CTLA4-TGFβRIIecd and a-PDL1-TGFβRIIecd). a-CTLA4-TGFβRIIecd is more effective in reducing tumor-infiltrating Tregs and inhibiting tumor progression compared with CTLA-4 antibody (Ipilimumab). Likewise, a-PDL1-TGFβRIIecd exhibits superior antitumor efficacy compared with PD-L1 antibodies (Atezolizumab or Avelumab). Our data demonstrate that Y-traps counteract TGFβ-mediated differentiation of Tregs and immune tolerance, thereby providing a potentially more effective immunotherapeutic strategy against cancers that are resistant to current immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Ravi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Kimberly A Noonan
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Vui Pham
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Rishi Bedi
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alex Zhavoronkov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, B301, 1101 33rd Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Ivan V Ozerov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, B301, 1101 33rd Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Eugene Makarev
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, B301, 1101 33rd Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Artem V Artemov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, B301, 1101 33rd Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Piotr T Wysocki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Ranee Mehra
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Sridhar Nimmagadda
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Luigi Marchionni
- Center for Computational Genomics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Ivan M Borrello
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Atul Bedi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
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24
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Ravi R, Noonan KA, Pham V, Bedi R, Zhavoronkov A, Ozerov IV, Makarev E, V Artemov A, Wysocki PT, Mehra R, Nimmagadda S, Marchionni L, Sidransky D, Borrello IM, Izumchenko E, Bedi A. Bifunctional immune checkpoint-targeted antibody-ligand traps that simultaneously disable TGFβ enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:741. [PMID: 29467463 PMCID: PMC5821872 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A majority of cancers fail to respond to immunotherapy with antibodies targeting immune checkpoints, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) or programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand (PD-L1). Cancers frequently express transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), which drives immune dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment by inducing regulatory T cells (Tregs) and inhibiting CD8+ and TH1 cells. To address this therapeutic challenge, we invent bifunctional antibody-ligand traps (Y-traps) comprising an antibody targeting CTLA-4 or PD-L1 fused to a TGFβ receptor II ectodomain sequence that simultaneously disables autocrine/paracrine TGFβ in the target cell microenvironment (a-CTLA4-TGFβRIIecd and a-PDL1-TGFβRIIecd). a-CTLA4-TGFβRIIecd is more effective in reducing tumor-infiltrating Tregs and inhibiting tumor progression compared with CTLA-4 antibody (Ipilimumab). Likewise, a-PDL1-TGFβRIIecd exhibits superior antitumor efficacy compared with PD-L1 antibodies (Atezolizumab or Avelumab). Our data demonstrate that Y-traps counteract TGFβ-mediated differentiation of Tregs and immune tolerance, thereby providing a potentially more effective immunotherapeutic strategy against cancers that are resistant to current immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Ravi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Kimberly A Noonan
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Vui Pham
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Rishi Bedi
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alex Zhavoronkov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, B301, 1101 33rd Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Ivan V Ozerov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, B301, 1101 33rd Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Eugene Makarev
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, B301, 1101 33rd Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Artem V Artemov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, B301, 1101 33rd Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Piotr T Wysocki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Ranee Mehra
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Sridhar Nimmagadda
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Luigi Marchionni
- Center for Computational Genomics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Ivan M Borrello
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Atul Bedi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
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