1
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Usher ET, Showalter SA. Biophysical insights into glucose-dependent transcriptional regulation by PDX1. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102623. [PMID: 36272648 PMCID: PMC9691942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1) is a central regulator of glucose-dependent transcription of insulin in pancreatic β cells. PDX1 transcription factor activity is integral to the development and sustained health of the pancreas; accordingly, deciphering the complex network of cellular cues that lead to PDX1 activation or inactivation is an important step toward understanding the etiopathologies of pancreatic diseases and the development of novel therapeutics. Despite nearly 3 decades of research into PDX1 control of Insulin expression, the molecular mechanisms that dictate the function of PDX1 in response to glucose are still elusive. The transcriptional activation functions of PDX1 are regulated, in part, by its two intrinsically disordered regions, which pose a barrier to its structural and biophysical characterization. Indeed, many studies of PDX1 interactions, clinical mutations, and posttranslational modifications lack molecular level detail. Emerging methods for the quantitative study of intrinsically disordered regions and refined models for transactivation now enable us to validate and interrogate the biochemical and biophysical features of PDX1 that dictate its function. The goal of this review is to summarize existing PDX1 studies and, further, to generate a comprehensive resource for future studies of transcriptional control via PDX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emery T Usher
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott A Showalter
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
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2
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Tian Z, Liang G, Cui K, Liang Y, Wang Q, Lv S, Cheng X, Zhang L. Insight Into the Prospects for RNAi Therapy of Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:644718. [PMID: 33796026 PMCID: PMC8007863 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.644718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi), also known as gene silencing, is a biological process that prevents gene expression in certain diseases such as cancer. It can be used to improve the accuracy, efficiency, and stability of treatments, particularly genetic therapies. However, challenges such as delivery of oligonucleotide drug to less accessible parts of the body and the high incidence of toxic side effects are encountered. It is therefore imperative to improve their delivery to target sites and reduce their harmful effects on noncancerous cells to harness their full potential. In this study, the role of RNAi in the treatment of COVID-19, the novel coronavirus disease plaguing many countries, has been discussed. This review aims to ascertain the mechanism and application of RNAi and explore the current challenges of RNAi therapy by identifying some of the cancer delivery systems and providing drug information for their improvement. It is worth mentioning that delivery systems such as lipid-based delivery systems and exosomes have revolutionized RNAi therapy by reducing their immunogenicity and improving their cellular affinity. A deeper understanding of the mechanism and challenges associated with RNAi in cancer therapy can provide new insights into RNAi drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Tian
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Guohui Liang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kunli Cui
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yayu Liang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shuangyu Lv
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaoxia Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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3
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Creeden JF, Alganem K, Imami AS, Henkel ND, Brunicardi FC, Liu SH, Shukla R, Tomar T, Naji F, McCullumsmith RE. Emerging Kinase Therapeutic Targets in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Pancreatic Cancer Desmoplasia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228823. [PMID: 33233470 PMCID: PMC7700673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinase drug discovery represents an active area of therapeutic research, with previous pharmaceutical success improving patient outcomes across a wide variety of human diseases. In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), innovative pharmaceutical strategies such as kinase targeting have been unable to appreciably increase patient survival. This may be due, in part, to unchecked desmoplastic reactions to pancreatic tumors. Desmoplastic stroma enhances tumor development and progression while simultaneously restricting drug delivery to the tumor cells it protects. Emerging evidence indicates that many of the pathologic fibrotic processes directly or indirectly supporting desmoplasia may be driven by targetable protein tyrosine kinases such as Fyn-related kinase (FRK); B lymphoid kinase (BLK); hemopoietic cell kinase (HCK); ABL proto-oncogene 2 kinase (ABL2); discoidin domain receptor 1 kinase (DDR1); Lck/Yes-related novel kinase (LYN); ephrin receptor A8 kinase (EPHA8); FYN proto-oncogene kinase (FYN); lymphocyte cell-specific kinase (LCK); tec protein kinase (TEC). Herein, we review literature related to these kinases and posit signaling networks, mechanisms, and biochemical relationships by which this group may contribute to PDAC tumor growth and desmoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin F. Creeden
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.A.); (A.S.I.); (N.D.H.); (R.S.); (R.E.M.)
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (F.C.B.); (S.-H.L.)
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 6038, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-419-383-6474
| | - Khaled Alganem
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.A.); (A.S.I.); (N.D.H.); (R.S.); (R.E.M.)
| | - Ali S. Imami
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.A.); (A.S.I.); (N.D.H.); (R.S.); (R.E.M.)
| | - Nicholas D. Henkel
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.A.); (A.S.I.); (N.D.H.); (R.S.); (R.E.M.)
| | - F. Charles Brunicardi
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (F.C.B.); (S.-H.L.)
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 6038, USA
| | - Shi-He Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (F.C.B.); (S.-H.L.)
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 6038, USA
| | - Rammohan Shukla
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.A.); (A.S.I.); (N.D.H.); (R.S.); (R.E.M.)
| | - Tushar Tomar
- PamGene International BV, 5200 BJ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (T.T.); (F.N.)
| | - Faris Naji
- PamGene International BV, 5200 BJ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (T.T.); (F.N.)
| | - Robert E. McCullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.A.); (A.S.I.); (N.D.H.); (R.S.); (R.E.M.)
- Neurosciences Institute, ProMedica, Toledo, OH 6038, USA
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4
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Bulanenkova SS, Snezhkov EV, Akopov SB. SOX9 as One of the Central Units of Regulation Axis of Pancreas Embryogenesis and Cancer Progression. MOLECULAR GENETICS MICROBIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3103/s0891416819030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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5
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Wang X, Su R, Guo Q, Liu J, Ruan B, Wang G. Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) hypothetic model based on comprehensive analysis of long non-coding RNA expression in lung adenocarcinoma. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8024. [PMID: 31720124 PMCID: PMC6842565 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a major subtype of lung cancer with high malignancy and bad prognosis, consisted of lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinomas (LUSC) chiefly. Multiple studies have indicated that competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network centered long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) can regulate gene expression and the progression of various cancers. However, the research about lncRNAs-mediated ceRNA network in LUAD is still lacking. METHODS In this study, we analyzed the RNA-seq database from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and obtained dysregulated lncRNAs in NSCLC, then further identified survival associated lncRNAs through Kaplan-Meier analysis. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to confirm their expression in LUAD tissues and cell lines. The ceRNA networks were constructed based on DIANA-TarBase and TargetScan databases and visualized with OmicShare tools. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed to investigate the potential function of ceRNA networks. RESULTS In total, 1,437 and 1,699 lncRNAs were found to be up-regulated in LUAD and LUSC respectively with 895 lncRNAs overlapping (|log2FC| > 3, adjusted P value <0.01). Among which, 222 lncRNAs and 46 lncRNAs were associated with the overall survival (OS) of LUAD and LUSC, and 18 out of 222 up-regulated lncRNAs were found to have inverse correlation with LUAD patients' OS (|log2FC| > 3, adjusted P value < 0.02). We selected 3 lncRNAs (CASC8, LINC01842 and VPS9D1-AS1) out of these 18 lncRNAs and confirmed their overexpression in lung cancer tissues and cells. CeRNA networks were further constructed centered CASC8, LINC01842 and VPS9D1-AS1 with 3 miRNAs and 100 mRNAs included respectively. CONCLUSION Through comprehensively analyses of TCGA, our study identified specific lncRNAs as candidate diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for LUAD. The novel ceRNA network we created provided more insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Wang
- Department of The First Thoracic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Rui Su
- College of Life Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qiqiang Guo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Banlai Ruan
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guiling Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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6
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Camolotto SA, Belova VK, Snyder EL. The role of lineage specifiers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol 2018; 9:1005-1013. [PMID: 30603119 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2018.05.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, multiple genomics studies have led to the identification of discrete molecular subtypes of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. A general theme has emerged that most pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) can be grouped into two major subtypes based on cancer cell autonomous properties: classical/pancreatic progenitor and basal-like/squamous. The classical/progenitor subtype expresses higher levels of lineage specifiers that regulate endodermal differentiation than the basal-like/squamous subtype. The basal-like/squamous subtype confers a worse prognosis, raising the possibility that loss of these lineage specifiers might enhance the malignant potential of PDAC. Here, we discuss several of these differentially expressed lineage specifiers and examine the evidence that they might play a functional role in PDAC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veronika K Belova
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Eric L Snyder
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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7
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Biological processes and signal transduction pathways regulated by the protein methyltransferase SETD7 and their significance in cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2018; 3:19. [PMID: 30013796 PMCID: PMC6043541 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-018-0017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein methyltransferases have been shown to methylate histone and non-histone proteins, leading to regulation of several biological processes that control cell homeostasis. Over the past few years, the histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD7 (SETD7; also known as SET7/9, KIAA1717, KMT7, SET7, SET9) has emerged as an important regulator of at least 30 non-histone proteins and a potential target for the treatment of several human diseases. This review discusses current knowledge of the structure and subcellular localization of SETD7, as well as its function as a histone and non-histone methyltransferase. This work also underlines the putative contribution of SETD7 to the regulation of gene expression, control of cell proliferation, differentiation and endoplasmic reticulum stress, which indicate that SETD7 is a candidate for novel targeted therapies with the aim of either stimulating or inhibiting its activity, depending on the cell signaling context.
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8
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Naqvi AAT, Hasan GM, Hassan MI. Investigating the role of transcription factors of pancreas development in pancreatic cancer. Pancreatology 2018; 18:184-190. [PMID: 29289465 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the seventh most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide that kills more than 300,000 people every year. Prognosis of PC is very poor with a five-year survival rate about 5%. The most common and highly observed type of PC is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). It is preceded by the progression of precursor lesions such as Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PanIN), Intraductal Papillary Neoplasm (IPMN) and Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm (MCN). PanIN is the most common among these premalignant lesions. Genes orchestrating the origin and differentiation of cells during organogenesis have the tendency to produce tumor cells in response to activating or inactivating mutations. Based on the following premise, we discuss the role of transcription factors (TFs) of pancreas development and cell fate differentiation in PC. Pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1 (PDX1), Pancreas transcription factor 1 subunit alpha (PTF1A), Nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2 (NR5A2), Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha (HNF1A) and Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-beta (HNF1B) play vital role in the development and differentiation of pancreatic precursor cells. Mutated KRAS induces abnormalities in the regular function of these TFs which in turn cause abnormal cell growth and proliferation that leads to cancer. Thus, these TFs are highly susceptible for the origin of PC. Therefore, we propose that these TFs can be treated as therapeutic targets for the development of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Abu Turab Naqvi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Gulam Mustafa Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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9
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Liu SH, Yu J, Sanchez R, Liu X, Heidt D, Willey J, Nemunaitis J, Brunicardi FC. A novel synthetic human insulin super promoter for targeting PDX-1-expressing pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 418:75-83. [PMID: 29309817 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that a rat insulin promoter II fragment (RIP) was used to effectively target pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and insulinoma that over-express pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1). To enhance the activity and specificity of the human insulin promoter, we engineered a synthetic human insulin super-promoter (SHIP). Reporter assay demonstrated that SHIP1 was the most powerful promoter among all of the SHIPs and had far greater activity than the endogenous human insulin promoters and RIP in PDAC expressing PDX-1. Over-expression, knockdown and competitive inhibition of PDX-1 expression assay proved that PDX-1 is a critical transcript factor to regulate the activity of SHIP1. SHIP1-driven viral thymidine kinase followed by ganciclovir (SHIP1-TK/GCV) resulted in cytotoxicity to PDAC cells in vitro. Systemic delivery of SHIP1-TK/GCV in PDAC xenograft mice significantly suppressed PANC-1 tumor growth in vivo greater than RIP-TK/GCV and CMV-TK/GCV controls (p < .05). These preclinical data suggest that SHIP1 is a powerful novel promoter that can be used to target human PDAC expressing PDX-1 in clinical trials. Furthermore, this novel strategy of engineering synthetic super-promoters could be used for other cancer targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-He Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo OH, USA
| | - Juehua Yu
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robbi Sanchez
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo OH, USA
| | - David Heidt
- Department of Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo OH, USA
| | - James Willey
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo OH, USA
| | - John Nemunaitis
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo OH, USA
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10
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Kondratyeva LG, Chernov IP, Zinovyeva MV, Kopantzev EP, Sverdlov ED. Expression of master regulatory genes of embryonic development in pancreatic tumors. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2017; 475:250-252. [PMID: 28864900 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672917040020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The expression level of some important master regulators of embryonic development of the pancreas in the tumor samples of this human organ was determined. We found that the transcription of SOX9, GATA4, PDX1, PTF1a, and HNF1b genes in the tumor samples was reduced as compared to the samples of normal pancreatic tissues, and the KLF5 gene expression in the tumor cells was elevated. We assume that all the studied genes, except KLF5, form a single regulatory module that supports the identity of tumor progenitor cells. A simultaneous suppression of expression of these master factors may be critical for the neoplastic transformation of pancreatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Kondratyeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
| | - I P Chernov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - M V Zinovyeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - E P Kopantzev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - E D Sverdlov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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11
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Yu J, Liu SH, Sanchez R, Nemunaitis J, Rozengurt E, Brunicardi FC. Pancreatic cancer actionable genes in precision medicine and personalized surgery. Surgeon 2017; 15:24-29. [PMID: 27374183 PMCID: PMC5195911 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly cancer with an overall 5-year survival rate less than 5% due to the poor early diagnosis and lack of effective therapeutic options. The most effective therapy remains surgery, however post-operative survival could be enhanced with effective adjuvant therapy. The massive information gained from Omics techniques on PDAC at the beginning of the 21st century is a remarkable accomplishment. However, the information gained from the omics data, including next generation sequencing data, has yet to successfully affect care of patients suffering with PDAC. Therefore, we propose the development of an actionable genomic platform that matches a patient's PDAC clinically actionable genes with potential targeted adjuvant therapies. Using this platform, PDX1 has been identified as a potential actionable gene for PDAC, therefore, RNAi therapy, gene therapy and small inhibitory drugs, all targeting PDX1, serve as potential targeted adjuvant therapies. Preclinical studies support the hypothesis that identification of PDAC actionable genes could permit translation of a patient's genomic information into precision targeted adjuvant therapy for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juehua Yu
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shi-He Liu
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robbi Sanchez
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Enrique Rozengurt
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - F Charles Brunicardi
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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12
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Roy N, Takeuchi KK, Ruggeri JM, Bailey P, Chang D, Li J, Leonhardt L, Puri S, Hoffman MT, Gao S, Halbrook CJ, Song Y, Ljungman M, Malik S, Wright CVE, Dawson DW, Biankin AV, Hebrok M, Crawford HC. PDX1 dynamically regulates pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma initiation and maintenance. Genes Dev 2016; 30:2669-2683. [PMID: 28087712 PMCID: PMC5238727 DOI: 10.1101/gad.291021.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of embryonic signaling pathways is frequent in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), making developmental regulators therapeutically attractive. Here we demonstrate diverse functions for pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1), a transcription factor indispensable for pancreas development, in the progression from normal exocrine cells to metastatic PDA. We identify a critical role for PDX1 in maintaining acinar cell identity, thus resisting the formation of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN)-derived PDA. Upon neoplastic transformation, the role of PDX1 changes from tumor-suppressive to oncogenic. Interestingly, subsets of malignant cells lose PDX1 expression while undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and PDX1 loss is associated with poor outcome. This stage-specific functionality arises from profound shifts in PDX1 chromatin occupancy from acinar cells to PDA. In summary, we report distinct roles of PDX1 at different stages of PDA, suggesting that therapeutic approaches against this potential target need to account for its changing functions at different stages of carcinogenesis. These findings provide insight into the complexity of PDA pathogenesis and advocate a rigorous investigation of therapeutically tractable targets at distinct phases of PDA development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilotpal Roy
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Kenneth K Takeuchi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jeanine M Ruggeri
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Peter Bailey
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Center, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland
| | - David Chang
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Center, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland
| | - Joey Li
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Laura Leonhardt
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Sapna Puri
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Megan T Hoffman
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Christopher J Halbrook
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Yan Song
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Mats Ljungman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Shivani Malik
- Department of Medicine/ Hematology and Oncology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Christopher V E Wright
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, USA
| | - David W Dawson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Andrew V Biankin
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Center, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Howard C Crawford
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Yu J, Liu SH, Sanchez R, Nemunaitis J, Rozengurt E, Brunicardi FC. PDX1 associated therapy in translational medicine. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:214. [PMID: 27386488 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.03.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by an extremely poor prognosis and a low median survival due to lack of the early and reliable detection and effective therapeutic options, despite improvements observed for many other cancers in last decade. Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1), which is a homeodomain-containing transcription factor and a key regulator for insulin gene expression, β cell maturation and proper β cell function maintenance in the pancreas. Our previous studies revealed that PDX1 promotes tumorigenesis and it is a promising therapeutic target for PDAC. For translational purposes, we developed three therapeutic platforms utilizing RNA interference (RNAi), gene therapy and small inhibitory drug targeting PDX1, and further validated them in PDAC preclinical models both in vitro and in vivo. These PDX1 targeted therapies significantly inhibited PDX1 expression in PDAC cells, ablated PDX1-expressing human PDAC xenograft tumor growth, and prolonged survival in the PDAC mouse models. The data from these preclinical studies proved the translational potentials of PDX1 targeted therapies in PDAC and suggest that the strategy of developing PDX1 targeted therapies would permit a rapid bench-to-bedside translation of other relevant gene therapies, which would eventually benefit the patients suffering from this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juehua Yu
- 1 Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; 2 Mary Crowley Cancer Research Center, Dallas, TX, USA ; 3 Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shi-He Liu
- 1 Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; 2 Mary Crowley Cancer Research Center, Dallas, TX, USA ; 3 Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robbi Sanchez
- 1 Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; 2 Mary Crowley Cancer Research Center, Dallas, TX, USA ; 3 Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John Nemunaitis
- 1 Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; 2 Mary Crowley Cancer Research Center, Dallas, TX, USA ; 3 Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Enrique Rozengurt
- 1 Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; 2 Mary Crowley Cancer Research Center, Dallas, TX, USA ; 3 Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - F Charles Brunicardi
- 1 Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; 2 Mary Crowley Cancer Research Center, Dallas, TX, USA ; 3 Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Preclinical Justification of pbi-shRNA EWS/FLI1 Lipoplex (LPX) Treatment for Ewing's Sarcoma. Mol Ther 2016; 24:1412-22. [PMID: 27166877 PMCID: PMC5023384 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The EWS/FLI1 fusion gene is well characterized as a driver of Ewing's sarcoma. Bi-shRNA EWS/FLI1 is a functional plasmid DNA construct that transcribes both siRNA and miRNA-like effectors each of which targets the identical type 1 translocation junction region of the EWS/FLI1 transcribed mRNA sequence. Previous preclinical and clinical studies confirm the safety of this RNA interference platform technology and consistently demonstrate designated mRNA and protein target knockdown at greater than 90% efficiency. We initiated development of pbi-shRNA EWS/FLI1 lipoplex (LPX) for the treatment of type 1 Ewing's sarcoma. Clinical-grade plasmid was manufactured and both sequence and activity verified. Target protein and RNA knockdown of 85-92% was demonstrated in vitro in type 1 human Ewing's sarcoma tumor cell lines with the optimal bi-shRNA EWS/FLI1 plasmid. This functional plasmid was placed in a clinically tested, liposomal (LP) delivery vehicle followed by in vivo verification of activity. Type 1 Ewing's sarcoma xenograft modeling confirmed dose related safety and tumor response to pbi-shRNA EWS/FLI1 LPX. Toxicology studies in mini-pigs with doses comparable to the demonstrated in vivo efficacy dose resulted in transient fever, occasional limited hypertension at low- and high-dose assessment and transient liver enzyme elevation at high dose. These results provide the justification to initiate clinical testing.
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Subedi BP, Corder AL, Zhang S, Foss FW, Pierce BS. Steady-state kinetics and spectroscopic characterization of enzyme-tRNA interactions for the non-heme diiron tRNA-monooxygenase, MiaE. Biochemistry 2014; 54:363-76. [PMID: 25453905 DOI: 10.1021/bi5012207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
MiaE [2-methylthio-N(6)-isopentenyl-adenosine(37)-tRNA monooxygenase] isolated from Salmonella typhimurium is a unique non-heme diiron enzyme that catalyzes the O2-dependent post-transcriptional allylic hydroxylation of a hypermodified nucleotide (ms(2)i(6)A37) at position 37 of selected tRNA molecules to produce 2-methylthio-N(6)-(4-hydroxyisopentenyl)-adenosine(37). In this work, isopentenylated tRNA substrates for MiaE were produced from small RNA oligomers corresponding to the anticodon stem loop (ACSL) region of tRNA(Trp) using recombinant MiaA and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate. Steady-state rates for MiaE-catalyzed substrate hydroxylation were determined using recombinant ferredoxin (Fd) and ferredoxin reductase (FdR) to provide a catalytic electron transport chain (ETC) using NADPH as the sole electron source. As with previously reported peroxide-shunt assays, steady-state product formation retains nearly stoichiometric (>98%) E stereoselectivity. MiaE-catalyzed i(6)A-ACSL(Trp) hydroxylation follows Michaelis-Menten saturation kinetics with kcat, KM, and V/K determined to be 0.10 ± 0.01 s(-1), 9.1 ± 1.5 μM, and ∼11000 M(-1) s(-1), respectively. While vastly slower, MiaE-catalyzed hydroxylation of free i(6)A nucleoside could also be observed using the (Fd/FdR)-ETC assay. By comparison to the V/K determined for i(6)A-ACSL substrates, an ∼6000-fold increase in enzymatic efficiency is imparted by ACSL(Trp)-MiaE interactions. The impact of substrate tRNA-MiaE interactions on protein secondary structure and active site electronic configuration was investigated using circular dichroism, dual-mode X-band electron paramagnetic resonance, and Mössbauer spectroscopies. These studies demonstrate that binding of tRNA to MiaE induces a protein conformational change that influences the electronic structure of the diiron site analogous to what has been observed for various bacterial multicomponent diiron monooxygenases upon titration with their corresponding effector proteins. These observations suggest that substrate-enzyme interactions may play a pivotal role in modulating the reactivity of the MiaE diiron active site. Moreover, the simplified monomeric (α) protein configuration exhibited by MiaE provide an unparalleled opportunity to study the impact of protein-effector interactions on non-heme diiron site geometry and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P Subedi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Sciences, The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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