1
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Ghazi PC, O'Toole KT, Srinivas Boggaram S, Scherzer MT, Silvis MR, Zhang Y, Bogdan M, Smith BD, Lozano G, Flynn DL, Snyder EL, Kinsey CG, McMahon M. Inhibition of ULK1/2 and KRAS G12C controls tumor growth in preclinical models of lung cancer. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.06.579200. [PMID: 38370808 PMCID: PMC10871191 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.06.579200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Mutational activation of KRAS occurs commonly in lung carcinogenesis and, with the recent FDA approval of covalent inhibitors of KRAS G12C such as sotorasib or adagrasib, KRAS oncoproteins are important pharmacological targets in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, not all KRAS G12C -driven NSCLCs respond to these inhibitors, and the emergence of drug resistance in those patients that do respond can be rapid and pleiotropic. Hence, based on a backbone of covalent inhibition of KRAS G12C , efforts are underway to develop effective combination therapies. Here we report that inhibition of KRAS G12C signaling increases autophagy in KRAS G12C expressing lung cancer cells. Moreover, the combination of DCC-3116, a selective ULK1/2 inhibitor, plus sotorasib displays cooperative/synergistic suppression of human KRAS G12C -driven lung cancer cell proliferation in vitro and superior tumor control in vivo . Additionally, in genetically engineered mouse models of KRAS G12C -driven NSCLC, inhibition of either KRAS G12C or ULK1/2 decreases tumor burden and increases mouse survival. Consequently, these data suggest that ULK1/2-mediated autophagy is a pharmacologically actionable cytoprotective stress response to inhibition of KRAS G12C in lung cancer.
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Gillis K, Orellana WA, Wilson E, Parnell TJ, Fort G, Dadzie HE, Zhang X, Snyder EL. FoxA1/2-dependent epigenomic reprogramming drives lineage switching in lung adenocarcinoma. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.30.564775. [PMID: 37961260 PMCID: PMC10634937 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.30.564775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cancer cells to alter their identity is essential for tumor survival and progression. Loss of the pulmonary lineage specifier NKX2-1 within KRAS-driven lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) enhances tumor progression and results in a pulmonary-to-gastric lineage switch that is dependent upon the activity of pioneer factors FoxA1 and FoxA2; however, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we show that FoxA1/2 reprogram the epigenetic landscape of NKX2-1-negative LUAD to facilitate a gastric identity. After Nkx2-1 deletion, FoxA1/2 mediate demethylation of gastric-defining genes through recruitment of TET3, an enzyme that induces DNA demethylation. H3K27ac ChIP-seq and HiChIP show that FoxA1/2 also control the activity of regulatory elements and their 3D interactions at gastric loci. Furthermore, oncogenic KRAS is required for the FoxA1/2-dependent epigenetic reprogramming. This work demonstrates the role of FoxA1/2 in rewiring the methylation and histone landscape and cis-regulatory dynamics of NKX2-1-negative LUAD to drive cancer cell lineage switching.
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Gumbleton M, Snyder EL. TTF-1 and immune checkpoint therapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2023; 12:398-400. [PMID: 37057105 PMCID: PMC10087989 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-23-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Gumbleton
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Eric L. Snyder
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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4
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Kong R, Patel AS, Sato T, Jiang F, Yoo S, Bao L, Sinha A, Tian Y, Fridrikh M, Liu S, Feng J, He X, Jiang J, Ma Y, Grullon K, Yang D, Powell CA, Beasley MB, Zhu J, Snyder EL, Li S, Watanabe H. Transcriptional Circuitry of NKX2-1 and SOX1 Defines an Unrecognized Lineage Subtype of Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:1480-1494. [PMID: 35848993 PMCID: PMC9757094 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202110-2358oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The current molecular classification of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) on the basis of the expression of four lineage transcription factors still leaves its major subtype SCLC-A as a heterogeneous group, necessitating more precise characterization of lineage subclasses. Objectives: To refine the current SCLC classification with epigenomic profiles and to identify features of the redefined SCLC subtypes. Methods: We performed unsupervised clustering of epigenomic profiles on 25 SCLC cell lines. Functional significance of NKX2-1 (NK2 homeobox 1) was evaluated by cell growth, apoptosis, and xenograft using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9)-mediated deletion. NKX2-1-specific cistromic profiles were determined using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing, and its functional transcriptional partners were determined using coimmunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry. Rb1flox/flox; Trp53flox/flox and Rb1flox/flox; Trp53flox/flox; Nkx2-1flox/flox mouse models were engineered to explore the function of Nkx2-1 in SCLC tumorigenesis. Epigenomic landscapes of six human SCLC specimens and 20 tumors from two mouse models were characterized. Measurements and Main Results: We identified two epigenomic subclusters of the major SCLC-A subtype: SCLC-Aα and SCLC-Aσ. SCLC-Aα was characterized by the presence of a super-enhancer at the NKX2-1 locus, which was observed in human SCLC specimens and a murine SCLC model. We found that NKX2-1, a dual lung and neural lineage factor, is uniquely relevant in SCLC-Aα. In addition, we found that maintenance of this neural identity in SCLC-Aα is mediated by collaborative transcriptional activity with another neuronal transcriptional factor, SOX1 (SRY-box transcription factor 1). Conclusions: We comprehensively describe additional epigenomic heterogeneity of the major SCLC-A subtype and define the SCLC-Aα subtype by the core regulatory circuitry of NKX2-1 and SOX1 super-enhancers and their functional collaborations to maintain neuronal linage state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Kong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
- Tisch Cancer Institute
| | - Ayushi S. Patel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
- Tisch Cancer Institute
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Takashi Sato
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
- Tisch Cancer Institute
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Feng Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
- Tisch Cancer Institute
| | - Seungyeul Yoo
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, and
- Sema4, Stamford, Connecticut
| | - Li Bao
- People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
| | - Abhilasha Sinha
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
- Tisch Cancer Institute
| | - Yang Tian
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
- Tisch Cancer Institute
| | - Maya Fridrikh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
- Tisch Cancer Institute
| | - Shuhui Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xijing He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Xi’an International Medical Center, Xi’an, China
| | | | | | - Karina Grullon
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
- Tisch Cancer Institute
| | - Dawei Yang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
- Tisch Cancer Institute
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Charles A. Powell
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
- Tisch Cancer Institute
| | - Mary Beth Beasley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jun Zhu
- Tisch Cancer Institute
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, and
- Sema4, Stamford, Connecticut
| | - Eric L. Snyder
- Department of Pathology
- Department of Oncological Sciences, and
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Hideo Watanabe
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
- Tisch Cancer Institute
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, and
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5
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Orstad G, Fort G, Parnell TJ, Jones A, Stubben C, Lohman B, Gillis KL, Orellana W, Tariq R, Klingbeil O, Kaestner K, Vakoc CR, Spike BT, Snyder EL. FoxA1 and FoxA2 control growth and cellular identity in NKX2-1-positive lung adenocarcinoma. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1866-1882.e10. [PMID: 35835117 PMCID: PMC9378547 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Changes in cellular identity (also known as histologic transformation or lineage plasticity) can drive malignant progression and resistance to therapy in many cancers, including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). The lineage-specifying transcription factors FoxA1 and FoxA2 (FoxA1/2) control identity in NKX2-1/TTF1-negative LUAD. However, their role in NKX2-1-positive LUAD has not been systematically investigated. We find that Foxa1/2 knockout severely impairs tumorigenesis in KRAS-driven genetically engineered mouse models and human cell lines. Loss of FoxA1/2 leads to the collapse of a dual-identity state, marked by co-expression of pulmonary and gastrointestinal transcriptional programs, which has been implicated in LUAD progression. Mechanistically, FoxA1/2 loss leads to aberrant NKX2-1 activity and genomic localization, which in turn actively inhibits tumorigenesis and drives alternative cellular identity programs that are associated with non-proliferative states. This work demonstrates that FoxA1/2 expression is a lineage-specific vulnerability in NKX2-1-positive LUAD and identifies mechanisms of response and resistance to targeting FoxA1/2 in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Orstad
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Gabriela Fort
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Timothy J Parnell
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alex Jones
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chris Stubben
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Brian Lohman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Katherine L Gillis
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Walter Orellana
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Rushmeen Tariq
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Olaf Klingbeil
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Klaus Kaestner
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Benjamin T Spike
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Eric L Snyder
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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6
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Ingram K, Samson SC, Zewdu R, Zitnay RG, Snyder EL, Mendoza MC. NKX2-1 controls lung cancer progression by inducing DUSP6 to dampen ERK activity. Oncogene 2021; 41:293-300. [PMID: 34689179 PMCID: PMC8738158 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The RAS→RAF→MEK→ERK pathway is hyperactivated in the majority of human lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, the initial activating mutations induce homeostatic feedback mechanisms that limit ERK activity. How ERK activation reaches the tumor-promoting levels that overcome the feedback and drive malignant progression is unclear. We show here that the lung lineage transcription factor NKX2-1 suppresses ERK activity. In human tissue samples and cell lines, xenografts, and genetic mouse models, NKX2-1 induces the ERK phosphatase DUSP6, which inactivates ERK. In tumor cells from late-stage LUAD with silenced NKX2-1, re-introduction of NKX2-1 induces DUSP6 and inhibits tumor growth and metastasis. We show that DUSP6 is necessary for NKX2-1-mediated inhibition of tumor progression in vivo and that DUSP6 expression is sufficient to inhibit RAS-driven LUAD. Our results indicate that NKX2-1 silencing, and thereby DUSP6 downregulation, is a mechanism by which early LUAD can unleash ERK hyperactivation for tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Ingram
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Shiela C Samson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Rediet Zewdu
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Rebecca G Zitnay
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Eric L Snyder
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Michelle C Mendoza
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA. .,Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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7
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Camolotto SA, Belova VK, Torre-Healy L, Vahrenkamp JM, Berrett KC, Conway H, Shea J, Stubben C, Moffitt R, Gertz J, Snyder EL. Reciprocal regulation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma growth and molecular subtype by HNF4α and SIX1/4. Gut 2021; 70:900-914. [PMID: 32826305 PMCID: PMC7945295 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy with a 5-year survival of less than 5%. Transcriptomic analysis has identified two clinically relevant molecular subtypes of PDAC: classical and basal-like. The classical subtype is characterised by a more favourable prognosis and better response to chemotherapy than the basal-like subtype. The classical subtype also expresses higher levels of lineage specifiers that regulate endodermal differentiation, including the nuclear receptor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (HNF4α). The objective of this study is to evaluate the role of HNF4α, SIX4 and SIX1 in regulating the growth and molecular subtype of PDAC. DESIGN We manipulate the expression of HNF4α, SIX4 and SIX1 in multiple in vitro and in vivo PDAC models. We determine the consequences of manipulating these genes on PDAC growth, differentiation and molecular subtype using functional assays, gene expression analysis and cross-species comparisons with human datasets. RESULTS We show that HNF4α restrains tumour growth and drives tumour cells toward an epithelial identity. Gene expression analysis of murine models and human tumours shows that HNF4α activates expression of genes associated with the classical subtype. HNF4α also directly represses SIX4 and SIX1, two mesodermal/neuronal lineage specifiers expressed in the basal-like subtype. Finally, SIX4 and SIX1 drive proliferation and regulate differentiation in HNF4α-negative PDAC. CONCLUSION Our data show that HNF4α regulates the growth and molecular subtype of PDAC by multiple mechanisms, including activation of the classical gene expression programme and repression of SIX4 and SIX1, which may represent novel dependencies of the basal-like subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad A Camolotto
- Department of Pathology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Veronika K Belova
- Department of Pathology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Luke Torre-Healy
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Jeffery M Vahrenkamp
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kristofer C Berrett
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Hannah Conway
- HCI Clinical Trials Operations, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jill Shea
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Chris Stubben
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Richard Moffitt
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Jason Gertz
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Eric L Snyder
- Department of Pathology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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8
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Zewdu R, Mehrabad EM, Ingram K, Fang P, Gillis KL, Camolotto SA, Orstad G, Jones A, Mendoza MC, Spike BT, Snyder EL. An NKX2-1/ERK/WNT feedback loop modulates gastric identity and response to targeted therapy in lung adenocarcinoma. eLife 2021; 10:e66788. [PMID: 33821796 PMCID: PMC8102067 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo lineage switching during natural progression and in response to therapy. NKX2-1 loss in human and murine lung adenocarcinoma leads to invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (IMA), a lung cancer subtype that exhibits gastric differentiation and harbors a distinct spectrum of driver oncogenes. In murine BRAFV600E-driven lung adenocarcinoma, NKX2-1 is required for early tumorigenesis, but dispensable for established tumor growth. NKX2-1-deficient, BRAFV600E-driven tumors resemble human IMA and exhibit a distinct response to BRAF/MEK inhibitors. Whereas BRAF/MEK inhibitors drive NKX2-1-positive tumor cells into quiescence, NKX2-1-negative cells fail to exit the cell cycle after the same therapy. BRAF/MEK inhibitors induce cell identity switching in NKX2-1-negative lung tumors within the gastric lineage, which is driven in part by WNT signaling and FoxA1/2. These data elucidate a complex, reciprocal relationship between lineage specifiers and oncogenic signaling pathways in the regulation of lung adenocarcinoma identity that is likely to impact lineage-specific therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rediet Zewdu
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Department of Pathology, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Elnaz Mirzaei Mehrabad
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteSalt Lake CityUnited States
- School of Computing, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Kelley Ingram
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Pengshu Fang
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Katherine L Gillis
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Soledad A Camolotto
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Department of Pathology, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Grace Orstad
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Alex Jones
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Department of Pathology, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Michelle C Mendoza
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Benjamin T Spike
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Eric L Snyder
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Department of Pathology, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
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9
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Kinsey CG, Camolotto SA, Boespflug AM, Gullien KP, Foth M, Shea JE, Seipp MT, Yap JT, Burrell LD, Lum DH, Whisenant JR, Gilcrease W, Cavalieri CC, Rehbein KM, Cutler SL, Affolter KE, Welm AL, Welm BE, Scaife CL, Snyder EL, McMahon M. Abstract A45: Protective autophagy elicited by RAF→MEK→ERK inhibition suggests a treatment strategy for RAS-driven cancers. Mol Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3125.ras18-a45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma was responsible for ~43,000 deaths in the USA in 2017 and is the epitome of a recalcitrant cancer driven by a pharmacologically intractable oncoprotein, KRAS. Although the clinical picture remains grim, the mechanisms by which key alterations in tumor suppressors and proto-oncogenes contribute to PDA have been dissected. Downstream of KRAS, the RAF→MEK→ERK signaling pathway plays a central role in pancreatic carcinogenesis. However, to date, pharmacologic inhibition of this pathway has provided no clinical benefit to PDA patients. Here we show that inhibition of KRAS→RAF→MEK→ERK signaling in PDA cell lines elicits autophagy, a process of cellular recycling that protects pancreatic cancer cells from the potentially cytotoxic effects of KRAS pathway inhibition. Furthermore, combined inhibition of MEK1/2 plus autophagy displays synergistic antiproliferative effects against PDA cell lines in vitro, and promotes regression of xenografted patient-derived PDA tumors in mice. Finally, treatment of a KRAS-mutated PDA patient on a compassionate basis with the combination of trametinib plus hydroxychloroquine resulted in a partial but nonetheless striking disease response. These data suggest that this combination therapy may represent a new strategy to target RAS-driven cancers such as PDA.
Citation Format: Conan G. Kinsey, Soledad A. Camolotto, Amelie M. Boespflug, Katrin P. Gullien, Mona Foth, Jill E. Shea, Michael T. Seipp, Jeffrey T. Yap, Lance D. Burrell, David H. Lum, Jonathan R. Whisenant, Weldon Gilcrease, Courtney C. Cavalieri, Kaitrin M. Rehbein, Stephanie L. Cutler, Kajsa E. Affolter, Alana L. Welm, Bryan E. Welm, Courtney L. Scaife, Eric L. Snyder, Martin McMahon. Protective autophagy elicited by RAF→MEK→ERK inhibition suggests a treatment strategy for RAS-driven cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Targeting RAS-Driven Cancers; 2018 Dec 9-12; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2020;18(5_Suppl):Abstract nr A45.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conan G. Kinsey
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | | | | | - Mona Foth
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jill E. Shea
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Michael T. Seipp
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jeffrey T. Yap
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Lance D. Burrell
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - David H. Lum
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Weldon Gilcrease
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | | | | | | | - Alana L. Welm
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Bryan E. Welm
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Eric L. Snyder
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Martin McMahon
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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10
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Camolotto SA, Torre-Healy L, Belova V, Vahrenkamp J, Berrett K, Stubben C, Gertz J, Moffit R, Snyder EL. Abstract C38: HNF4a regulates progression and molecular subtype of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.panca19-c38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely aggressive malignancy in which the vast majority of patients succumb to disease. Transcriptomic analysis has identified two major molecular subtypes of PDAC, classical and basal-like. The classical subtype is associated with an increased response rate to standard-of-care therapies and improved overall survival. Furthermore, classical tumors have higher levels of lineage specifiers that regulate endodermal differentiation, including the nuclear receptor HNF4a. We now show that HNF4a expression is functionally tied to induction and maintenance of the classical subtype of PDAC. We used multiple preclinical models to investigate HNF4a in PDAC. We first used the KPC (KrasLSL-G12D/+; Trp53F/+; Pdx1-Cre) mouse model in which we deleted Hnf4a at the time of tumor initiation (KPC-Hnf4aF/F). We then derived cell lines from these HNF4a-negative mouse tumors, rescued HNF4a, and analyzed their proliferation and viability in vitro. Additionally, we used a sequential recombination strategy to derive murine PDAC organoid cultures in which Hnf4a could be deleted in vitro. Finally, in a retrospective analysis, we investigated clinical and molecular associations with HNF4a expression in PDAC patients from TCGA. Our data in genetically engineered mouse models show that loss of HNF4a causes increased tumorigenicity and decreased overall survival. In cell lines, rescue of HNF4a expression impairs proliferation and alters differentiation state. In organoid cultures, Hnf4a deletion changes the in vivo three-dimensional growth pattern, resulting in a more malignant phenotype. In all of these model systems, RNA sequencing shows that loss of HNF4a expression results in a significant loss of classical subtype gene expression. In PDAC patients, HNF4a expression was strongly correlated with classical subtype gene expression (R = .71) and was mildly associated with better survival (p = .088). Taken together, our data suggest that HNF4a is a key lineage specifier within a larger transcriptional network that regulates the growth and molecular subtype of PDAC. Thus, we anticipate that these data will advance the development of novel therapeutics that take advantage of HNF4a’s important role in the classical subtype of this disease.
Citation Format: Soledad A. Camolotto, Luke Torre-Healy, Veronika Belova, Jeffrey Vahrenkamp, Kris Berrett, Chris Stubben, Jay Gertz, Richard Moffit, Eric L. Snyder. HNF4a regulates progression and molecular subtype of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Advances in Science and Clinical Care; 2019 Sept 6-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(24 Suppl):Abstract nr C38.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke Torre-Healy
- 2Medical Scientist Training Program, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY,
| | - Veronika Belova
- 1Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT,
| | | | - Kris Berrett
- 1Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT,
| | - Chris Stubben
- 1Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT,
| | - Jay Gertz
- 1Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT,
| | - Richard Moffit
- 3Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Eric L. Snyder
- 1Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT,
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11
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Kinsey CG, Camolotto SA, Boespflug AM, Guillen KP, Foth M, Truong A, Schuman SS, Shea JE, Seipp MT, Yap JT, Burrell LD, Lum DH, Whisenant JR, Gilcrease GW, Cavalieri CC, Rehbein KM, Cutler SL, Affolter KE, Welm AL, Welm BE, Scaife CL, Snyder EL, McMahon M. Abstract 2183: Protective autophagy elicited by RAF®MEK®ERK inhibition suggests a treatment strategy for pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-2183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma was responsible for ~43,000 deaths in the USA in 2017 and is the epitome of a recalcitrant cancer driven by an, as yet, pharmacologically intractable oncoprotein, KRAS. Although the clinical picture remains grim, the mechanisms by which key alterations in tumor suppressors and proto-oncogenes contribute to PDA have been dissected. Downstream of KRAS, the RAF→MEK→ERK signaling pathway plays a central role in pancreatic carcinogenesis. However, to date, pharmacological inhibition of this pathway has provided no clinical benefit to PDA patients. Here we show that inhibition of KRAS→RAF→MEK→ERK signaling in PDA cell lines elicits autophagy, a process of cellular recycling that protects pancreatic cancer cells from the potentially cytotoxic effects of KRAS pathway inhibition. Furthermore, combined inhibition of MEK1/2 plus autophagy displays synergistic anti-proliferative effects against PDA cell lines in vitro, and promotes regression of xenografted patient-derived PDA tumors in mice. Finally, treatment of a PDA patient with the combination of trametinib plus hydroxychloroquine resulted in a partial, but nonetheless striking disease response. These data suggest that this combination therapy may represent a novel strategy to target RAS-driven cancers such as PDA.
Citation Format: Conan G. Kinsey, Soledad A. Camolotto, Amelie M. Boespflug, Katrin P. Guillen, Mona Foth, Amanda Truong, Sophia S. Schuman, Jill E. Shea, Michael T. Seipp, Jeffrey T. Yap, Lance D. Burrell, David H. Lum, Jonathan R. Whisenant, G. Weldon Gilcrease, Courtney C. Cavalieri, Kaitrin M. Rehbein, Stephanie L. Cutler, Kajsa E. Affolter, Alana L. Welm, Bryan E. Welm, Courtney L. Scaife, Eric L. Snyder, Martin McMahon. Protective autophagy elicited by RAF®MEK®ERK inhibition suggests a treatment strategy for pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2183.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mona Foth
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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12
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Mollaoglu G, Jones A, Wait SJ, Mukhopadhyay A, Jeong S, Arya R, Camolotto SA, Mosbruger TL, Stubben CJ, Conley CJ, Bhutkar A, Vahrenkamp JM, Berrett KC, Cessna MH, Lane TE, Witt BL, Salama ME, Gertz J, Jones KB, Snyder EL, Oliver TG. The Lineage-Defining Transcription Factors SOX2 and NKX2-1 Determine Lung Cancer Cell Fate and Shape the Tumor Immune Microenvironment. Immunity 2019; 49:764-779.e9. [PMID: 30332632 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The major types of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)-squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma-have distinct immune microenvironments. We developed a genetic model of squamous NSCLC on the basis of overexpression of the transcription factor Sox2, which specifies lung basal cell fate, and loss of the tumor suppressor Lkb1 (SL mice). SL tumors recapitulated gene-expression and immune-infiltrate features of human squamous NSCLC; such features included enrichment of tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) and decreased expression of NKX2-1, a transcriptional regulator that specifies alveolar cell fate. In Kras-driven adenocarcinomas, mis-expression of Sox2 or loss of Nkx2-1 led to TAN recruitment. TAN recruitment involved SOX2-mediated production of the chemokine CXCL5. Deletion of Nkx2-1 in SL mice (SNL) revealed that NKX2-1 suppresses SOX2-driven squamous tumorigenesis by repressing adeno-to-squamous transdifferentiation. Depletion of TANs in SNL mice reduced squamous tumors, suggesting that TANs foster squamous cell fate. Thus, lineage-defining transcription factors determine the tumor immune microenvironment, which in turn might impact the nature of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurkan Mollaoglu
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Alex Jones
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sarah J Wait
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Anandaroop Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sangmin Jeong
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Rahul Arya
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | - Timothy L Mosbruger
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chris J Stubben
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Christopher J Conley
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Arjun Bhutkar
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeffery M Vahrenkamp
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kristofer C Berrett
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Melissa H Cessna
- Intermountain Biorepository, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT 84111, USA
| | - Thomas E Lane
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Benjamin L Witt
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; ARUP Laboratories at University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Mohamed E Salama
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; ARUP Laboratories at University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Jason Gertz
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kevin B Jones
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Eric L Snyder
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Trudy G Oliver
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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13
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Kinsey CG, Camolotto SA, Boespflug AM, Guillen KP, Foth M, Truong A, Schuman SS, Shea JE, Seipp MT, Yap JT, Burrell LD, Lum DH, Whisenant JR, Gilcrease GW, Cavalieri CC, Rehbein KM, Cutler SL, Affolter KE, Welm AL, Welm BE, Scaife CL, Snyder EL, McMahon M. Protective autophagy elicited by RAF→MEK→ERK inhibition suggests a treatment strategy for RAS-driven cancers. Nat Med 2019; 25:620-627. [PMID: 30833748 PMCID: PMC6452642 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) was responsible for ~ 44,000 deaths in the United States in 2018 and is the epitome of a recalcitrant cancer driven by a pharmacologically intractable oncoprotein, KRAS1-4. Downstream of KRAS, the RAF→MEK→ERK signaling pathway plays a central role in pancreatic carcinogenesis5. However, paradoxically, inhibition of this pathway has provided no clinical benefit to patients with PDA6. Here we show that inhibition of KRAS→RAF→MEK→ERK signaling elicits autophagy, a process of cellular recycling that protects PDA cells from the cytotoxic effects of KRAS pathway inhibition. Mechanistically, inhibition of MEK1/2 leads to activation of the LKB1→AMPK→ULK1 signaling axis, a key regulator of autophagy. Furthermore, combined inhibition of MEK1/2 plus autophagy displays synergistic anti-proliferative effects against PDA cell lines in vitro and promotes regression of xenografted patient-derived PDA tumors in mice. The observed effect of combination trametinib plus chloroquine was not restricted to PDA as other tumors, including patient-derived xenografts (PDX) of NRAS-mutated melanoma and BRAF-mutated colorectal cancer displayed similar responses. Finally, treatment of a patient with PDA with the combination of trametinib plus hydroxychloroquine resulted in a partial, but nonetheless striking disease response. These data suggest that this combination therapy may represent a novel strategy to target RAS-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conan G Kinsey
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Amelie M Boespflug
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre Benite, Cedex, France
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon-1 University, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Katrin P Guillen
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mona Foth
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Amanda Truong
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sophia S Schuman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jill E Shea
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michael T Seipp
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Yap
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Services, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lance D Burrell
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - David H Lum
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jonathan R Whisenant
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - G Weldon Gilcrease
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Courtney C Cavalieri
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kaitrin M Rehbein
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Kajsa E Affolter
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alana L Welm
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Bryan E Welm
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Courtney L Scaife
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Eric L Snyder
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Martin McMahon
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Over the last decade, multiple genomics studies have led to the identification of discrete molecular subtypes of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. A general theme has emerged that most pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) can be grouped into two major subtypes based on cancer cell autonomous properties: classical/pancreatic progenitor and basal-like/squamous. The classical/progenitor subtype expresses higher levels of lineage specifiers that regulate endodermal differentiation than the basal-like/squamous subtype. The basal-like/squamous subtype confers a worse prognosis, raising the possibility that loss of these lineage specifiers might enhance the malignant potential of PDAC. Here, we discuss several of these differentially expressed lineage specifiers and examine the evidence that they might play a functional role in PDAC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veronika K Belova
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Eric L Snyder
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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15
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Camolotto SA, Pattabiraman S, Mosbruger TL, Jones A, Belova VK, Orstad G, Streiff M, Salmond L, Stubben C, Kaestner KH, Snyder EL. FoxA1 and FoxA2 drive gastric differentiation and suppress squamous identity in NKX2-1-negative lung cancer. eLife 2018; 7:38579. [PMID: 30475207 PMCID: PMC6303105 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in cancer cell identity can alter malignant potential and therapeutic response. Loss of the pulmonary lineage specifier NKX2-1 augments the growth of KRAS-driven lung adenocarcinoma and causes pulmonary to gastric transdifferentiation. Here, we show that the transcription factors FoxA1 and FoxA2 are required for initiation of mucinous NKX2-1-negative lung adenocarcinomas in the mouse and for activation of their gastric differentiation program. Foxa1/2 deletion severely impairs tumor initiation and causes a proximal shift in cellular identity, yielding tumors expressing markers of the squamocolumnar junction of the gastrointestinal tract. In contrast, we observe downregulation of FoxA1/2 expression in the squamous component of both murine and human lung adenosquamous carcinoma. Using sequential in vivo recombination, we find that FoxA1/2 loss in established KRAS-driven neoplasia originating from SPC-positive alveolar cells induces keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas. Thus, NKX2-1, FoxA1 and FoxA2 coordinately regulate the growth and identity of lung cancer in a context-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad A Camolotto
- Department of Pathology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Shrivatsav Pattabiraman
- Department of Pathology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Timothy L Mosbruger
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Alex Jones
- Department of Pathology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Veronika K Belova
- Department of Pathology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Grace Orstad
- Department of Pathology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Mitchell Streiff
- Department of Pathology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Lydia Salmond
- Department of Pathology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Chris Stubben
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Eric L Snyder
- Department of Pathology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
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16
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Caswell DR, Chuang CH, Ma RK, Winters IP, Snyder EL, Winslow MM. Tumor Suppressor Activity of Selenbp1, a Direct Nkx2-1 Target, in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1737-1749. [PMID: 30002193 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Nkx2-1 transcription factor promotes differentiation of lung epithelial lineages and suppresses malignant progression of lung adenocarcinoma. However, targets of Nkx2-1 that limit tumor growth and progression remain incompletely understood. Here, direct Nkx2-1 targets are identified whose expression correlates with Nkx2-1 activity in human lung adenocarcinoma. Selenium-binding protein 1 (Selenbp1), an Nkx2-1 effector that limits phenotypes associated with lung cancer growth and metastasis, was investigated further. Loss- and gain-of-function approaches demonstrate that Nkx2-1 is required and sufficient for Selenbp1 expression in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Interestingly, Selenbp1 knockdown also reduced Nkx2-1 expression and Selenbp1 stabilized Nkx2-1 protein levels in a heterologous system, suggesting that these genes function in a positive feedback loop. Selenbp1 inhibits clonal growth and migration and suppresses growth of metastases in an in vivo transplant model. Genetic inactivation of Selenbp1, using CRISPR/Cas9, also enhanced primary tumor growth in autochthonous lung adenocarcinoma mouse models. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Selenbp1 is a direct target of Nkx2-1, which inhibits lung adenocarcinoma growth in vivo Implications: Selenbp1 is an important suppressor of lung tumor growth that functions in a positive feedback loop with Nkx2-1, and whose loss is associated with worse patient outcome. Mol Cancer Res; 16(11); 1737-49. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah R Caswell
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Chen-Hua Chuang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Rosanna K Ma
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Ian P Winters
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Eric L Snyder
- Department of Pathology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. .,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Abstract
Protein transduction domains (PTDs) are small cationic peptides that can facilitate the uptake of large, biologically active molecules into mammalian cells. Recent reports have suggested that PTDs may be able to mediate the delivery of cargo to tissues throughout a living organism. Such technology could eliminate the size restrictions on usable drugs, enabling previously unavailable large molecules to modulate in vivo biology and alleviate disease. In this article, we review the evidence that PTDs can be used both to deliver active molecules to pathological tissue in vivo and to treat models of disease such as ischemia, inflammation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Snyder
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0686, USA
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18
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Li CMC, Gocheva V, Oudin MJ, Bhutkar A, Wang SY, Date SR, Ng SR, Whittaker CA, Bronson RT, Snyder EL, Gertler FB, Jacks T. Foxa2 and Cdx2 cooperate with Nkx2-1 to inhibit lung adenocarcinoma metastasis. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1850-62. [PMID: 26341558 PMCID: PMC4573857 DOI: 10.1101/gad.267393.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Li et al. demonstrate that loss of Foxa2 and Cdx2 synergizes with loss of Nkx2-1 to fully activate the metastatic program in lung cancer. Silencing of these three transcription factors is sufficient to account for a significant fraction of the gene expression differences between the nonmetastatic and metastatic states in lung adenocarcinoma. Despite the fact that the majority of lung cancer deaths are due to metastasis, the molecular mechanisms driving metastatic progression are poorly understood. Here, we present evidence that loss of Foxa2 and Cdx2 synergizes with loss of Nkx2-1 to fully activate the metastatic program. These three lineage-specific transcription factors are consistently down-regulated in metastatic cells compared with nonmetastatic cells. Knockdown of these three factors acts synergistically and is sufficient to promote the metastatic potential of nonmetastatic cells to that of naturally arising metastatic cells in vivo. Furthermore, silencing of these three transcription factors is sufficient to account for a significant fraction of the gene expression differences between the nonmetastatic and metastatic states in lung adenocarcinoma, including up-regulated expression of the invadopodia component Tks5long, the embryonal proto-oncogene Hmga2, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal mediator Snail. Finally, analyses of tumors from a genetically engineered mouse model and patients show that low expression of Nkx2-1, Foxa2, and Cdx2 strongly correlates with more advanced tumors and worse survival. Our findings reveal that a large part of the complex transcriptional network in metastasis can be controlled by a small number of regulatory nodes that function redundantly, and loss of multiple nodes is required to fully activate the metastatic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carman Man-Chung Li
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Vasilena Gocheva
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Madeleine J Oudin
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Arjun Bhutkar
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Shi Yun Wang
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Saya R Date
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Sheng Rong Ng
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Charles A Whittaker
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA
| | - Eric L Snyder
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Frank B Gertler
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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19
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Sioletic S, Czaplinski J, Hu L, Fletcher JA, Fletcher CDM, Wagner AJ, Loda M, Demetri GD, Sicinska ET, Snyder EL. c-Jun promotes cell migration and drives expression of the motility factor ENPP2 in soft tissue sarcomas. J Pathol 2014; 234:190-202. [PMID: 24852265 DOI: 10.1002/path.4379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genomic amplification of the c-Jun proto-oncogene has been identified in ∼30% of dedifferentiated liposarcomas (DDLPS), but the functional contribution of c-Jun to the progression of DDLPS remains poorly understood. In previous work we showed that knock-down of c-Jun by RNA interference impaired the in vitro proliferation and in vivo growth of a DDLPS cell line (LP6) with genomic amplification of the c-Jun locus. Here, we used gene expression analysis and functional studies in a broad panel of cell lines to further define the role of c-Jun in DDLPS and other soft tissue sarcomas. We show that c-Jun knock-down impairs transition through the G1 phase of the cell cycle in multiple DDLPS cell lines. We also found that high levels of c-Jun expression are both necessary and sufficient to promote DDLPS cell migration and invasion in vitro. Our data suggest that high levels of c-Jun enhance motility in part by driving the expression of ENPP2/Autotaxin. c-Jun over-expression has minimal effects on in vitro proliferation but substantially enhances the in vivo growth of weakly tumourigenic DDLPS cell lines. Finally, we provide evidence that c-Jun genomic amplification and over-expression may have similar functional consequences in other types of soft tissue sarcoma. Our data suggest a model in which relatively low levels of c-Jun are sufficient for in vitro proliferation, but high levels of c-Jun enhance invasiveness and capacity for in vivo tumour growth. These observations provide an explanation for the selective advantage provided by c-Jun genomic amplification in vivo and suggest that sarcomas with elevated c-Jun levels are likely to have a particularly high malignant potential. Data from exon array and RNA-Seq experiments have been deposited in the GEO database (Accession No. GSE57531).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sioletic
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Zhang YX, Sicinska E, Czaplinski JT, Remillard SP, Moss S, Wang Y, Brain C, Loo A, Snyder EL, Demetri GD, Kim S, Kung AL, Wagner AJ. Antiproliferative effects of CDK4/6 inhibition in CDK4-amplified human liposarcoma in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2184-93. [PMID: 25028469 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Well-differentiated/dedifferentiated liposarcomas (WD/DDLPS) are among the most common subtypes of soft tissue sarcomas. Conventional systemic chemotherapy has limited efficacy and novel therapeutic strategies are needed to achieve better outcomes for patients. The cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) gene is highly amplified in more than 95% of WD/DDLPS. In this study, we explored the role of CDK4 and the effects of NVP-LEE011 (LEE011), a novel selective inhibitor of CDK4/CDK6, on a panel of human liposarcoma cell lines and primary tumor xenografts. We found that both CDK4 knockdown by siRNA and inhibition by LEE011 diminished retinoblastoma (RB) phosphorylation and dramatically decreased liposarcoma cell growth. Cell-cycle analysis demonstrated arrest at G0-G1. siRNA-mediated knockdown of RB rescued the inhibitory effects of LEE011, demonstrating that LEE011 decreased proliferation through RB. Oral administration of LEE011 to mice bearing human liposarcoma xenografts resulted in approximately 50% reduction in tumor (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake with decreased tumor biomarkers, including RB phosphorylation and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in vivo. Continued treatment inhibited tumor growth or induced regression without detrimental effects on mouse weight. After prolonged continuous dosing, reestablishment of RB phosphorylation and cell-cycle progression was noted. These findings validate the critical role of CDK4 in maintaining liposarcoma proliferation through its ability to inactivate RB function, and suggest its potential function in the regulation of survival and metabolism of liposarcoma, supporting the rationale for clinical development of LEE011 for the treatment of WD/DDLPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xiang Zhang
- Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ewa Sicinska
- Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey T Czaplinski
- Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen P Remillard
- Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samuel Moss
- Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher Brain
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Alice Loo
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Eric L Snyder
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - George D Demetri
- Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sunkyu Kim
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew L Kung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Andrew J Wagner
- Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Watanabe H, Francis JM, Woo MS, Etemad B, Lin W, Fries DF, Peng S, Snyder EL, Rao Tata P, Schinzel AC, Cho J, Hammerman PS, Verhaak RG, Hahn WC, Rajagopal J, Jacks T, Meyerson M. Abstract 3127: Integrated cistromic and expression analysis of amplified NKX2-1 in lung adenocarcinoma identifies LMO3 as a functional transcriptional target. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-3127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The NKX2-1 transcription factor, a regulator of normal lung development, is the most significantly amplified gene in human lung adenocarcinoma. To better understand how genomic alterations of NKX2-1 drive tumorigenesis, we generated an expression signature associated with NKX2-1 amplification in human lung adenocarcinoma, and analyzed DNA binding sites of NKX2-1 by genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP-seq) from three NKX2-1-amplified human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Integration of these expression and cistromic analyses suggested that aberrant over-expression of NKX2-1 primarily activates the expression of transcriptional target genes whose expression is not trans-activated by NKX2-1 at physiological expression levels, and identified LMO3, itself encoding a transcription regulator, as a candidate direct transcriptional target of NKX2-1. NKX2-1 amplification is most significantly associated with over-expression of the LMO3 gene, a member of the LMO family of oncogenes that are translocated in T-ALL, the same disorder in which NKX2-1 translocation has been observed. We further show that NKX2-1 interacts physically with the LMO3 locus, and activates its expression. RNA interference analysis of NKX2-1-amplified cells compared to non-amplified cells demonstrated that LMO3 mediates cell proliferation downstream of NKX2-1. Further cistromic analyses found that consensus binding motifs including a nuclear hormone receptor signature and a Forkhead box motif, indicating that NKX2-1 might cooperate with Forkhead box FOXA1 and nuclear hormones to regulate gene expression. Genome-wide analysis of FOXA1 occupancy by ChIP-seq in the NCI-H3122 cell line revealed that FOXA1 binds not only to the LMO3 locus upstream of NKX2-1 binding site but also to many NKX2-1 occupied regions (47% of total NKX2-1-bound sites). Our findings provide new insight into the transcriptional regulatory network of NKX2-1 and suggest that LMO3 is a transducer of lineage specific cell survival of NKX2-1-amplified lung adenocarcinomas.
Citation Format: Hideo Watanabe, Joshua M. Francis, Michele S. Woo, Banafsheh Etemad, Wenchu Lin, Daniel F. Fries, Shouyong Peng, Eric L. Snyder, Purushothama Rao Tata, Anna C. Schinzel, Jeonghee Cho, Peter S. Hammerman, Roel G. Verhaak, William C. Hahn, Jayaraj Rajagopal, Tyler Jacks, Matthew Meyerson. Integrated cistromic and expression analysis of amplified NKX2-1 in lung adenocarcinoma identifies LMO3 as a functional transcriptional target. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3127. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3127
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wenchu Lin
- 1Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Eric L. Snyder
- 2David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Purushothama Rao Tata
- 3Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- 3Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- 2David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
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Snyder EL, Watanabe H, Magendantz M, Hoersch S, Chen TA, Wang DG, Crowley D, Whittaker CA, Meyerson M, Kimura S, Jacks T. Nkx2-1 represses a latent gastric differentiation program in lung adenocarcinoma. Mol Cell 2013; 50:185-99. [PMID: 23523371 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-specific differentiation programs become dysregulated during cancer evolution. The transcription factor Nkx2-1 is a master regulator of pulmonary differentiation that is downregulated in poorly differentiated lung adenocarcinoma. Here we use conditional murine genetics to determine how the identity of lung epithelial cells changes upon loss of their master cell-fate regulator. Nkx2-1 deletion in normal and neoplastic lungs causes not only loss of pulmonary identity but also conversion to a gastric lineage. Nkx2-1 is likely to maintain pulmonary identity by recruiting transcription factors Foxa1 and Foxa2 to lung-specific loci, thus preventing them from binding gastrointestinal targets. Nkx2-1-negative murine lung tumors mimic mucinous human lung adenocarcinomas, which express gastric markers. Loss of the gastrointestinal transcription factor Hnf4α leads to derepression of the embryonal proto-oncogene Hmga2 in Nkx2-1-negative tumors. These observations suggest that loss of both active and latent differentiation programs is required for tumors to reach a primitive, poorly differentiated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Snyder
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Watanabe H, Francis JM, Woo MS, Etemad B, Lin W, Fries DF, Peng S, Snyder EL, Tata PR, Izzo F, Schinzel AC, Cho J, Hammerman PS, Verhaak RG, Hahn WC, Rajagopal J, Jacks T, Meyerson M. Integrated cistromic and expression analysis of amplified NKX2-1 in lung adenocarcinoma identifies LMO3 as a functional transcriptional target. Genes Dev 2013; 27:197-210. [PMID: 23322301 DOI: 10.1101/gad.203208.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The NKX2-1 transcription factor, a regulator of normal lung development, is the most significantly amplified gene in human lung adenocarcinoma. To study the transcriptional impact of NKX2-1 amplification, we generated an expression signature associated with NKX2-1 amplification in human lung adenocarcinoma and analyzed DNA-binding sites of NKX2-1 by genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation. Integration of these expression and cistromic analyses identified LMO3, itself encoding a transcription regulator, as a candidate direct transcriptional target of NKX2-1. Further cistromic and overexpression analyses indicated that NKX2-1 can cooperate with the forkhead box transcription factor FOXA1 to regulate LMO3 gene expression. RNAi analysis of NKX2-1-amplified cells compared with nonamplified cells demonstrated that LMO3 mediates cell survival downstream from NKX2-1. Our findings provide new insight into the transcriptional regulatory network of NKX2-1 and suggest that LMO3 is a transcriptional signal transducer in NKX2-1-amplified lung adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Watanabe
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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25
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Sioletic S, Sicinska E, Loda M, Fletcher CD, Fletcher JA, Demetri GD, Snyder EL. Abstract LB-270: Genomic amplification of c-Jun activates genes that promote proliferation and cell migration in liposarcoma. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-lb-270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Activating protein 1 (AP-1) is a dimeric transcription factor comprising proteins whose common denominator is the possession of basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domains that are essential for dimerization and DNA binding. Among this family, the c-Jun protein is a transcription factor that is activated among the earliest responses to mitogenic signaling. It can promote cell division and differentiation but also can act as a potent inducer of apoptosis in other contexts. Recently, c-Jun was directly implicated as a proto-oncogene in a human cancer when it was found to be genomically amplified in ∼30% of dedifferentiated liposarcomas (DDLPS). It was hypothesized that c-Jun overexpression might directly impair adipogenesis, thereby mediating the transition from well differentiated liposarcomas (WDLPS) to DDLPS. However, recent work from our lab has suggested that c-Jun may regulate other cellular processes in DDLPS, including proliferation. We are currently elucidating the precise mechanisms by which c-Jun amplification drives tumorigenesis in DDLPS. Methods We used lentiviral-mediated RNA interference to inhibit c-Jun in two DDLPS cell lines, one with c-Jun amplification and overexpression (LP6) and one with normal c-Jun copy number (LPS141). We then analyzed changes in mRNA levels by Affymetrix Exon array and changes in miRNA levels via Nanostring. Ingenuity Pathways (IPA) was used to screen the results for biological trends. We validated changes in gene expression via qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. Results: Analysis of 754 microRNAs revealed that 85 (11%) miRNAs exhibited a >2 fold decrease, and 23 (3%) exhibited >2 fold increase after c-Jun knockdown in LP6 cells. mRNA analysis showed that 116 genes were downregulated and 12 genes were upregulated >2 fold after c-Jun knockdown in LP6 cells. In LPS141 cells, 341 genes were downregulated and 57 upregulated. We identified only 10 common differentially expressed genes between these 2 cell lines, suggesting that c-Jun may acquire additional functions when genomically amplified. Pathway analysis showed that c-Jun promotes cell proliferation in both cell lines. However, genes involved in “cellular movement and connective tissue development” were significantly downregulated by c-Jun knockdown only in LP6 cells. We have validated these gene expression changes and are testing the hypothesis that c-Jun amplification promotes cell migration in DDLPS. Discussion: Liposarcomas exhibit nearly universal genomic amplification of MDM2 and CDK4, two oncogenes which are readily targeted by small molecules. Transcription factors such as c-Jun are difficult to target directly by small molecule inhibitors. Our studies suggest that amplified c-Jun may regulate genes that stimulate both proliferation and cell migration in DDLPS. We expect that this work will provide a starting point for developing targeted therapies for c-Jun-amplified DDLPS.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-270. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-270
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Dooley AL, Winslow MM, Chiang DY, Banerji S, Stransky N, Dayton TL, Snyder EL, Senna S, Whittaker CA, Bronson RT, Crowley D, Barretina J, Garraway L, Meyerson M, Jacks T. Nuclear factor I/B is an oncogene in small cell lung cancer. Genes Dev 2011; 25:1470-5. [PMID: 21764851 DOI: 10.1101/gad.2046711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive cancer often diagnosed after it has metastasized. Despite the need to better understand this disease, SCLC remains poorly characterized at the molecular and genomic levels. Using a genetically engineered mouse model of SCLC driven by conditional deletion of Trp53 and Rb1 in the lung, we identified several frequent, high-magnitude focal DNA copy number alterations in SCLC. We uncovered amplification of a novel, oncogenic transcription factor, Nuclear factor I/B (Nfib), in the mouse SCLC model and in human SCLC. Functional studies indicate that NFIB regulates cell viability and proliferation during transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Dooley
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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Winslow MM, Dayton TL, Verhaak RGW, Kim-Kiselak C, Snyder EL, Feldser DM, Hubbard DD, DuPage MJ, Whittaker CA, Hoersch S, Yoon S, Crowley D, Bronson RT, Chiang DY, Meyerson M, Jacks T. Suppression of lung adenocarcinoma progression by Nkx2-1. Nature 2011; 473:101-4. [PMID: 21471965 PMCID: PMC3088778 DOI: 10.1038/nature09881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence and poor outcome of patients with metastatic lung cancer, the mechanisms of tumour progression and metastasis remain largely uncharacterized. We modelled human lung adenocarcinoma, which frequently harbours activating point mutations in KRAS1 and inactivation of the p53-pathway2, using conditional alleles in mice3–5. Lentiviral-mediated somatic activation of oncogenic Kras and deletion of p53 in the lung epithelial cells of KrasLSL-G12D/+;p53flox/flox mice initiates lung adenocarcinoma development4. Although tumours are initiated synchronously by defined genetic alterations, only a subset become malignant, suggesting that disease progression requires additional alterations. Identification of the lentiviral integration sites allowed us to distinguish metastatic from non-metastatic tumours and determine the gene expression alterations that distinguish these tumour types. Cross-species analysis identified the NK-2 related homeobox transcription factor Nkx2-1 (Ttf-1/Titf1) as a candidate suppressor of malignant progression. In this mouse model, Nkx2-1-negativity is pathognomonic of high-grade poorly differentiated tumours. Gain-and loss-of-function experiments in cells derived from metastatic and non-metastatic tumours demonstrated that Nkx2-1 controls tumour differentiation and limits metastatic potential in vivo. Interrogation of Nkx2-1 regulated genes, analysis of tumours at defined developmental stages, and functional complementation experiments indicate that Nkx2-1 constrains tumours in part by repressing the embryonically-restricted chromatin regulator Hmga2. While focal amplification of NKX2-1 in a fraction of human lung adenocarcinomas has focused attention on its oncogenic function6–9, our data specifically link Nkx2-1 downregulation to loss of differentiation, enhanced tumour seeding ability, and increased metastatic proclivity. Thus, the oncogenic and suppressive functions of Nkx2-1 in the same tumour type substantiate its role as a dual function lineage factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monte M Winslow
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Winslow MM, Dayton TL, Snyder EL, Chiang DY, Kim C, Verhaak R, Crowley D, Bronson RT, Meyerson M, Jacks TE. Abstract B39: Nkx2-1 down-regulation underlies lung adenocarcinoma progression towards malignancy. Cancer Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.fbcr09-b39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Metastasis leads to most cancer-related deaths, yet many of the molecular determinants and their mechanisms of action remain unknown. To uncover genetic programs that control the progression of lung adenocarcinoma towards malignancy, we developed and analyzed an autochthonous mouse model of this disease. Lentiviral-mediated somatic activation of oncogenic Kras and deletion of p53 in the lung epithelial cells of genetically-engineered mice induces the development of widely metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. Using cell lines derived from primary tumors and metastases, we determined the genome-wide expression changes that embody a metastatic profile. Here we show that the NK-2 related homeobox transcription factor, Nkx2-1 (Ttf-1/Titf1), controls cancer progression and malignant phenotypes. Lung adenocarcinoma progression in our model is associated with loss of Nkx2-1 expression, consistent with the poor prognosis for patients with NKX2-1 negative lung adenocarcinoma. In cells derived from non-metastatic tumors, shRNA-mediated reduction of Nkx2-1 results in increased metastatic potential in vivo and phenotypic alterations in vitro consistent with increased metastatic ability. Interrogation of Nkx2-1 regulated genes and analysis of tumors at defined stages of development indicate that Nkx2-1 may constrain tumors by repressing embryonically-restricted transcriptional regulators and components of the extracellular matrix.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):B39.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monte M. Winslow
- 1 David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA,
- 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University Veterinary School, North Grafton, MA,
- 2 Ludwig Center for Molecular Oncology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,
- 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University Veterinary School, North Grafton, MA,
| | - Talya L. Dayton
- 1 David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA,
- 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University Veterinary School, North Grafton, MA,
| | - Eric L. Snyder
- 1 David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA,
- 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University Veterinary School, North Grafton, MA,
| | - Derek Y. Chiang
- 5 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard and Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University Veterinary School, North Grafton, MA,
| | - Caroline Kim
- 1 David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA,
- 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University Veterinary School, North Grafton, MA,
| | - Roel Verhaak
- 5 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard and Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University Veterinary School, North Grafton, MA,
| | - Denise Crowley
- 1 David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA,
- 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University Veterinary School, North Grafton, MA,
| | - Roderick T. Bronson
- 5 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard and Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University Veterinary School, North Grafton, MA,
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- 5 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard and Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University Veterinary School, North Grafton, MA,
| | - Tyler E. Jacks
- 1 David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA,
- 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University Veterinary School, North Grafton, MA,
- 2 Ludwig Center for Molecular Oncology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,
- 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University Veterinary School, North Grafton, MA,
- 3 Department of Biology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,
- 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University Veterinary School, North Grafton, MA,
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Gidekel Friedlander SY, Chu GC, Snyder EL, Girnius N, Dibelius G, Crowley D, Vasile E, DePinho RA, Jacks T. Context-dependent transformation of adult pancreatic cells by oncogenic K-Ras. Cancer Cell 2009; 16:379-89. [PMID: 19878870 PMCID: PMC3048064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal human malignancies. To investigate the cellular origin(s) of this cancer, we determined the effect of PDAC-relevant gene mutations in distinct cell types of the adult pancreas. We show that a subpopulation of Pdx1-expressing cells is susceptible to oncogenic K-Ras-induced transformation without tissue injury, whereas insulin-expressing endocrine cells are completely refractory to transformation under these conditions. However, chronic pancreatic injury can alter their endocrine fate and allow them to serve as the cell of origin for exocrine neoplasia. These results suggest that one mechanism by which inflammation and/or tissue damage can promote neoplasia is by altering the fate of differentiated cells that are normally refractory to oncogenic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerald C. Chu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Applied Cancer Science, Belfer Foundation Institute for Innovative Cancer Science
| | - Eric L. Snyder
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nomeda Girnius
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Gregory Dibelius
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Denise Crowley
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Eliza Vasile
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ronald A. DePinho
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Applied Cancer Science, Belfer Foundation Institute for Innovative Cancer Science
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tyler Jacks
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Snyder EL, Bailey D, Shipitsin M, Polyak K, Loda M. Identification of CD44v6(+)/CD24- breast carcinoma cells in primary human tumors by quantum dot-conjugated antibodies. J Transl Med 2009; 89:857-66. [PMID: 19488035 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2009.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast carcinoma cells with the CD44+/CD24(low) phenotype have been reported to exhibit 'cancer stem cell' (CSC) characteristics on the basis of their enhanced tumorigenicity and self-renewal potential in immunodeficient mice. We used immunohistochemistry to study the expression of these proteins in whole tissue sections of human breast carcinoma. We found that the fraction of CD44v6+ cells is higher in estrogen receptor-positive carcinomas after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We also performed double immunohistochemistry for CD44v6 and for the proliferation marker Ki67. We found that the relative number of quiescent carcinoma cells is higher in the CD44v6+ population than in the CD44v6- population in specific carcinoma subtypes. We then used quantum dots and spectral imaging to increase the number of antigens that could be visualized in a single tissue section. We found that anti-CD44v6 and CD24 antibodies that were directly conjugated to quantum dots retained their ability to recognize antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. We then performed triple staining for CD44v6, CD24 and Ki67 to assess the proliferation of each sub-population of breast carcinoma cells. Our results identify differences between CD44v6-positive and CD44v6-negative breast carcinoma cells in vivo and provide a proof of principle that quantum dot-conjugated antibodies can be used to study specific sub-populations of cancer cells defined by multiple markers in a single tissue section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Snyder
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Snyder EL, Sandstrom DJ, Law K, Fiore C, Sicinska E, Brito J, Bailey D, Fletcher JA, Loda M, Rodig SJ, Dal Cin P, Fletcher CDM. c-Jun
amplification and overexpression are oncogenic in liposarcoma but not always sufficient to inhibit the adipocytic differentiation programme. J Pathol 2009; 218:292-300. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Tatlı S, Çizginer S, Snyder EL, Goldberg JE, Silverman SG. CT And MR Imaging Features of a Non-Pancreatic Pseudocyst of the Mesentery. Electron J Gen Med 2009. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/82637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Snyder EL, Dowdy SF. Recent advances in the use of protein transduction domains for the delivery of peptides, proteins and nucleic acids in vivo. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2006; 2:43-51. [PMID: 16296734 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Protein transduction domains (PTDs) are small cationic peptides that can facilitate the uptake of large, biologically active molecules into mammalian cells. Recent reports have shown that PTDs can mediate the delivery of cargo to tissues throughout a living organism. Such technology could eliminate the size restrictions on usable drugs, so enabling previously unavailable large molecules to modulate in vivo biology and alleviate disease. This article will review the evidence that PTDs can be used both to deliver active molecules to pathological tissue in vivo and to treat models of disease such as cancer, ischaemia and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Snyder
- UCSD School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0686, USA
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Abstract
The desire to rid the blood supply of pathogens of all types has led to the development of many technologies aimed at the same goal--eradication of the pathogen(s) without harming the blood cells or generating toxic chemical agents. This is a very ambitious goal, and one that has yet to be achieved. One approach is to shun the 'one size fits all' concept and to target pathogen-reduction agents at the Individual component types. This permits the development of technologies that might be compatible with, for example, plasma products but that would be cytocidal and thus incompatible with platelet concentrates or red blood cell units. The technologies to be discussed include solvent detergent and methylene blue treatments--designed to inactivate plasma components and derivatives; psoralens (S-59--amotosalen) designed to pathogen-reduce units of platelets; and two products aimed at red blood cells, S-303 (a Frale--frangible anchor-linker effector compound) and Inactine (a binary ethyleneimine). A final pathogen-reduction material that might actually allow one material to inactivate all three blood components--riboflavin (vitamin B2)--is also under development. The sites of action of the amotosalen (S-59), the S-303 Frale, Inactine, and riboflavin are all localized in the nucleic acid part of the pathogen. Solvent detergent materials act by dissolving the plasma envelope, thus compromising the integrity of the pathogen membrane and rendering it non-infectious. By disrupting the pathogen's ability to replicate or survive, its infectivity is removed. The degree to which bacteria and viruses are affected by a particular pathogen-reducing technology relates to its Gram-positive or Gram-negative status, to the sporulation characteristics for bacteria, and the presence of lipid or protein envelopes for viruses. Concerns related to photoproducts and other breakdown products of these technologies remain, and the toxicology of pathogen-reduction treatments is a major ongoing area of investigation. Clearly, regulatory agencies have a major role to play in the evaluation of these new technologies. This chapter will cover the several types of pathogen-reduction systems, mechanisms of action, the inactivation efficacy for specific types of pathogens, toxicology of the various systems and the published research and clinical trial data supporting their potential usefulness. Due to the nature of the field, pathogen reduction is a work in progress and this review should be considered as a snapshot in time rather than a clear picture of what the future will bring.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P R Pelletier
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT 06510-3202, USA
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Snyder EL, Saenz CC, Denicourt C, Meade BR, Cui XS, Kaplan IM, Dowdy SF. Enhanced Targeting and Killing of Tumor Cells Expressing the CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 by Transducible Anticancer Peptides. Cancer Res 2005; 65:10646-50. [PMID: 16322205 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein transduction domains (PTDs), such as the TAT PTD, have been shown to deliver a wide variety of cargo in cell culture and to treat preclinical models of cancer and cerebral ischemia. The TAT PTD enters cells by a lipid raft-dependent macropinocytosis mechanism that all cells perform. Consequently, PTDs resemble small-molecule therapeutics in their lack of pharmacologic tissue specificity in vivo. However, several human malignancies overexpress specific receptors, including HER2 in breast cancer, GnRH in ovarian carcinomas, and CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in multiple malignancies. To target tumor cells that overexpress the CXCR4 receptor, we linked the CXCR4 DV3 ligand to two transducible anticancer peptides: a p53-activating peptide (DV3-TATp53C') and a cyclin-dependent kinase 2 antagonist peptide (DV3-TAT-RxL). Treatment of tumor cells expressing the CXCR4 receptor with either the DV3-TATp53C' or DV3-TAT-RxL targeted peptides resulted in an enhancement of tumor cell killing compared with treatment with nontargeted parental peptides. In contrast, there was no difference between DV3 targeted peptide and nontargeted, parental peptide treatment of non-CXCR4-expressing tumor cells. These observations show that a multidomain approach can be used to further refine and enhance the tumor selectivity of biologically active, transducible macromolecules for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Snyder
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037-0686, USA
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Fisk JM, Snyder EL. Universal pre-storage leukoreduction--A defensible use of hospital resources: the Yale-New Haven Hospital experience. Dev Biol (Basel) 2005; 120:39-44. [PMID: 16050154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In conclusion, as of 2004, it appears that in the United States in some hospitals, the use of LR blood products will probably remain as SLR rather than PSULR, due primarily to economic pressures. While some blood centres are slowly converting to ULR, there remains a mix of negative and positive feelings among physicians that make adoption of a national PSULR Standard of Care difficult. What is clear is that leukoreduction filters will cost more than the 170 um screen ("clot") filter. The use of PSULR to decrease the incidence of FNHTR, to decrease the incidence of HLA alloimmunization, and its use in lieu of CMV-seronegative blood products is well supported in the medical literature. However, this issue will probably continue to be revisited and debated for some time before a national standard policy for PSULR is adopted. Finally, we believe that despite increasing economic pressures and worsening budgetary constraints, the decision to adopt PSULR should rest primarily on medical reasons: as a means of improving patient care. In the view of the authors, pre-storage universal leukoreduction qualifies as a significant and medically justifiable improvement in the care of all hospital patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Fisk
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
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Snyder EL, Meade BR, Saenz CC, Dowdy SF. Treatment of terminal peritoneal carcinomatosis by a transducible p53-activating peptide. PLoS Biol 2004; 2:E36. [PMID: 14966535 PMCID: PMC340944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2003] [Accepted: 12/03/2003] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced-stage peritoneal carcinomatosis is resistant to current chemotherapy treatment and, in the case of metastatic ovarian cancer, results in a devastating 15%–20% survival rate. Therapeutics that restore genes inactivated during oncogenesis are predicted to be more potent and specific than current therapies. Experiments with viral vectors have demonstrated the theoretical utility of expressing the p53 tumor suppressor gene in cancer cells. However, clinically useful alternative approaches for introducing p53 activity into cancer cells are clearly needed. It has been hypothesized that direct reactivation of endogenous p53 protein in cancer cells will be therapeutically beneficial, but few tests of this hypothesis have been carried out in vivo. We report that a transducible D-isomer RI-TATp53C′ peptide activates the p53 protein in cancer cells, but not normal cells. RI-TATp53C′ peptide treatment of preclinical terminal peritoneal carcinomatosis and peritoneal lymphoma models results in significant increases in lifespan (greater than 6-fold) and the generation of disease-free animals. These proof-of-concept observations show that specific activation of endogenous p53 activity by a macromolecular agent is therapeutically effective in preclinical models of terminal human malignancy. Our results suggest that TAT-mediated transduction may be a useful strategy for the therapeutic delivery of large tumor suppressor molecules to malignant cells in vivo. Specific activiation of the tumor suppressor protein p53, using a transducible p53 C-terminal peptide, dramatically increases survival in a mouse model of peritoneal carcinomatosis. This peptide offers therapeutic potential for tumors in which p53 is mutated
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Snyder
- 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy ChaseMarylandUnited States of America
- 2Washington University School of Medicine, St. LouisMissouriUnited States of America
| | - Bryan R Meade
- 3Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Cheryl C Saenz
- 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy ChaseMarylandUnited States of America
- 4Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Steven F Dowdy
- 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy ChaseMarylandUnited States of America
- 3Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CaliforniaUnited States of America
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Yu BD, Becker-Hapak M, Snyder EL, Vooijs M, Denicourt C, Dowdy SF. Distinct and nonoverlapping roles for pRB and cyclin D:cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 activity in melanocyte survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:14881-6. [PMID: 14630948 PMCID: PMC299840 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2431391100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of the p16INK4a-cyclin D:cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk) 4/6-retinoblastoma (pRB) pathway is a common paradigm in the oncogenic transformation of human cells and suggests that this pathway functions linearly in malignant transformation. However, it is not understood why p16INK4a and cyclin D:cdk4/6 mutations are disproportionately more common than the rare genetic event of RB inactivation in human malignancies such as melanoma. To better understand how these complexes contribute to altered tissue homeostasis, we blocked cdk4/6 activation and acutely inactivated Rb by conditional mutagenesis during mouse hair follicle cycling. Inhibition of cdk4/6 in the skin by subcutaneous administration of a membrane-transducible TAT-p16INK4a protein completely blocked hair follicle growth and differentiation. In contrast, acute disruption of Rb in the skin of homozygous RbLoxP/LoxP mice via subcutaneous administration of TAT-Cre recombinase failed to affect hair growth. However, loss of Rb resulted in severe depigmentation of hair follicles. Further analysis of follicular melanocytes in vivo and in primary cell culture demonstrated that pRB plays a cell-autonomous role in melanocyte survival. Moreover, functional inactivation of all three Rb family members (Rb, p107, and p130) in primary melanocytes by treatment with a transducible TAT-E1A protein did not rescue the apoptotic phenotype. These findings suggest that deregulated cyclin D:cdk4/6 complexes and pRB perform nonoverlapping functions in vivo and provide a cellular mechanism that accounts for the low incidence of RB inactivation in cancers such as melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Yu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0686, USA
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Abstract
Significant scientific effort focused on understanding the molecular basis of oncogenesis has identified multiple tumor suppressor genes and their corresponding functions. The ultimate goal of this work is to use this knowledge to devise anti-cancer strategies that specifically kill tumor cells in vivo, while leaving normal cells unharmed. Unfortunately, tumor suppressor proteins, while maintaining specificity for their intracellular targets, are often in excess of 20,000 Da and hence, undeliverable in vivo. To address the delivery problem, we previously further developed a protein transduction strategy that allows for the rapid delivery of large, biologically active proteins in excess of 100,000 Da into approximately 100% of cells in culture and most, if not all, cells/tissues in mouse models. The strategy involves the generation of an N-terminal fusion protein that contains the TAT protein transduction domain. Here the ability to manipulate tumor biology in several mouse tumor models in vivo is demonstrated by using protein transduction to delivery the p27(Kip) tumor suppressor protein. These observations serve as a starting point to further develop the delivery of peptide and proteins to specifically treat malignancies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Snyder
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0686, USA
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Burgess J, Mills B, Griffith M, Mansour V, Weaver CH, Schwartzberg LS, Snyder EL, Krause DS, Yanovich S, Prilutskaya M, Umiel T, Moss TJ. Breast tumor contamination of PBSC harvests: tumor depletion by positive selection of CD34(+) cells. Cytotherapy 2002; 3:285-94. [PMID: 12171717 DOI: 10.1080/146532401317070925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive selection of CD34(+) cells may reduce or eliminate tumor cells contaminating PBSC harvests of breast cancer (BrCa) patients. However, to assess tumor purging accurately methods may be needed that are of higher sensitivity than standard immunocytochemistry (ICC) assays. METHODS BrCa-cell depletion, resulting from CD34(+) cell selection, was evaluated using a novel, highly sensitive assay based upon immunomagnetic enrichment with ICC detection in 36 BrCa patients undergoing highdose chemotherapy with autologous PBSC support. RESULTS The prevalence of BrCa-cell contamination was significantly lower (P = 0.0078) in selected CD34(+) cell fractions (17/35, 49%) from apheresis collections compared with CD34(-) cell fractions (25/35, 71%). In 8/34 (24%) patients, BrCa cells were detected in CD34(-) cell fractions, but not in paired CD34(+) cell fractions. Significantly lower total numbers (P < 0.0005) of BrCa cells were enumerable in CD34(+) cell fractions compared with corresponding apheresis harvests. The median total BrCa-cell content of selected CD34(+) cell fractions with measurable contamination was 22 BrCa cells (range, 6-73 BrCa cells), compared with 3297 BrCa cells (range, 10-98 400 BrCa cells) in apheresis harvests. The median log depletion of BrCa cells achieved by positive CD34(+) cell selection in specimens with detectable contamination both before and after selection was 2.2 (range, 1.7-4.0). Total pre-selection BrCa cell number was significantly predictive (P = 0.004) of residual detectable post-selection contamination. DISCUSSION Positive CD34(+) cell selection is an effective tumor purging strategy. The prevalence of PBSC contamination in BrCa patients is substantially higher than formerly appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Burgess
- Nexell Therapeutics Inc., Irvine, California 92618-1605, USA
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Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein p53 is a transcription factor that is frequently mutated in human cancers. In response to DNA damage, p53 protein is stabilized and activated by post-translational modifications that enable it to induce either apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. Using a novel yeast p53 dissociator assay, we identify hADA3, a part of histone acetyltransferase complexes, as an important cofactor for p53 activity. p53 and hADA3 physically interact in human cells. This interaction is enhanced dramatically after DNA damage due to phosphorylation event(s) in the p53 N-terminus. Proper hADA3 function is essential for full transcriptional activity of p53 and p53-mediated apoptosis.
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MESH Headings
- Acetyltransferases/metabolism
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA/metabolism
- DNA Damage
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Library
- Genes, Reporter
- Genes, p53/genetics
- HeLa Cells
- Histone Acetyltransferases
- Humans
- Models, Biological
- Mutation
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Precipitin Tests
- Protein Binding
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
- Transcription Factors/chemistry
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Ultraviolet Rays
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rishu Takimoto
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110 and
Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Cell Cycle Regulation, Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | | | | | - Wafik S. el-Deiry
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110 and
Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Cell Cycle Regulation, Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Rainer K. Brachmann
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110 and
Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Cell Cycle Regulation, Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
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Snyder EL, O'Donnell L, Dengler TJ, Pomper GJ, Velleca MA, Dincecco DM, Baril LL, Min K, Gudino MD, Bender JR. Ex vivo evaluation of PBMNCs collected with a new cell separator. Transfusion 2001; 41:940-9. [PMID: 11452164 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2001.41070940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study reports on an evaluation of the ability of a cell separator (Amicus, Baxter Healthcare) and the integral MNC computer software program to collect a variety of MNC subsets. The collection efficiency (CE) of the Amicus for these MNC subsets was compared to that of another cell separator (CS-3000 Plus, Baxter). The collected MNCs were also assayed ex vivo to determine if these cells remained functional. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Healthy volunteer blood donors were recruited to provide PBMNCs for the isolation of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, NK, and gammadelta+ cells and monocytes. Cells were collected with an Amicus (test arm; n = 16) or a CS-3000 Plus (control arm; n = 11) cell separator. Cells were counted on a flow cytometer and CEs were calculated. For functional studies, the Amicus-collected MNC data were compared to CS-3000 Plus historical data. Functional studies performed included surface antigen expression assays (CD8+), proliferation assays (CD4+ and CD8+ cells), NK cytotoxicity assays for K562 and HUVE cells, and E-selectin induction on endothelial cells through NK+ contact dependency. Dendritic cells (DCs) were generated from CD34+ cells collected on the Amicus, positively selected by the use of antibody-bound, magnetic bead technology, and then cultured ex vivo with a combination of growth factors to generate the DCs. RESULTS CEs were higher on the Amicus than on the CS-3000 Plus for CD3+ (68 vs. 54%), CD4+ (70 vs. 56%), CD8+ (68 vs. 52%), and CD19+ (60 vs. 48%) cells (p<0.05). For the two separators, CEs were equivalent for monocytes, NK+, and gammadelta+ cells. The Amicus separator collected significantly fewer platelets than did the CS-3000 Plus (p<0.00001). CD4+, CD8+, and NK cells proliferated normally. NK cells appropriately stimulated E-selectin expression on endothelial cells. Culture-generated DCs obtained by using Amicus-collected CD34+ cells expressed appropriate cell surface markers. CONCLUSION The Amicus separator is acceptable for the collection of PBMNC subsets. The device collects CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+ T- and B-cell subsets with greater efficiency and collects MNCs with significantly fewer contaminating platelets than does the CS-3000 Plus. Cells collected on the Amicus are suitable for use in a variety of research and clinical immunobiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Snyder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, USA.
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Abstract
Blood transfusion is considered safe when the infused blood is tested using state of the art viral assays developed over the past several decades. Only rarely are known viruses like HIV and hepatitis C transmitted by transfusion when blood donors are screened using these sensitive laboratory tests. However, there are a variety of transfusion risks which still remain that cannot be entirely eliminated, many of which are non-infectious in nature. Predominantly immune-mediated complications include the rapid intravascular or slow extravascular destruction (hemolysis) of transfused red cells or extravascular removal of platelets by pre-formed antibodies carried by the transfusion recipient. Alternatively, red cells can be damaged when exposed to excessive heat or incompatible intravenous fluids before or during the transfusion. Common complications of blood transfusion that at least partly involve the immune system include febrile non-hemolytic and allergic reactions. While these are usually not life-threatening, they can hamper efforts to transfuse a patient. Other complications include circulatory overload, hypothermia and metabolic disturbances. Profound hypotensive episodes have been described in patients on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors who receive platelet transfusions through bedside leukoreduction filters. These curious reactions appear to involve dysmetabolism of the vasoactive substance bradykinin. Products contaminated by bacteria during blood collection and transfused can cause life-threatening septic reactions. A long-term complication of blood transfusion therapy unique to chronically transfused patients is iron overload. Less common - but serious - reactions more specific to blood transfusion include transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease and transfusion-associated acute lung injury. Many of these complications of transfusion therapy can be prevented by adhering to well-established practice guidelines. In addition, individuals who administer blood transfusions should recognize these complications in order to be able to quickly provide appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Perrotta
- State University of New York @ Stony Brook, USA.
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Snyder EL, Dowdy SF. Protein/peptide transduction domains: potential to deliver large DNA molecules into cells. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2001; 3:147-52. [PMID: 11338927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
In vivo gene delivery can be achieved by direct injection of plasmid DNA. However, inefficient cellular uptake and nuclear import of plasmid DNA result in much lower levels of gene expression than observed when viral vectors are used as gene delivery agents. Recent studies have shown that transducing peptides, such as the HIV Tat protein, can carry large biomolecules from the extracellular environment directly into the cytoplasm and the nucleus of cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, TAT-mediated transduction has the potential to increase the delivery of plasmid DNA to the nuclei of cells in vivo and thereby increase gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Snyder
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8022, 4940 Parkview Place, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Blajchman MA, Dzik S, Vamvakas EC, Sweeney J, Snyder EL. Clinical and molecular basis of transfusion-induced immunomodulation: summary of the proceedings of a state-of-the-art conference. Transfus Med Rev 2001; 15:108-35. [PMID: 11309732 DOI: 10.1053/tmrv.2001.22614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M A Blajchman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
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Abstract
There are continuing concerns over the safety of the nation's and the world's blood supply. The allogeneic blood supply is tested for antibodies to HIV1/2, HTLVI/II, hepatitis B, hepatitis C (HCV) and syphilis. Testing is also performed for donor ALT (SGOT) levels, for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) p24 antigen and, using nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT), for HIV and HCV nucleic acids. Still, there are concerns regarding other pathogenic agents. Dr. Roger Dodd addresses a series of pathogens that are already known to be transmissible by transfusion. These include malaria, Chagas' disease, babesiosis, bacteria and some viral agents. The need for new donor screening assays to protect the integrity and purity of the blood supply must be balanced against the loss of potential donors and the cost of developing and implementing these new screening assays. This issue will be highlighted. Dr. Edward Snyder reviews the status of research into development of systems for pathogen inactivation (PI) of blood and its components. A proactive technology wherein PI reagents such as psoralen, riboflavin, dimethylmethylene blue or inactine are added to blood collection bags could assure multiple log reduction of a variety of pathogens including viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi without the need to initially pre-screen the blood for a specific pathogen. Such a program could also cover new pathogens as they enter the blood supply. As a key issue relates to the toxicology of these agents, Dr. Snyder provides data on a novel carcinogenicity assay that uses a heterozygous p53 knock-out mouse model. The criteria likely to be needed for PI technology to be adopted by the transfusion community are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Snyder
- Blood Bank, Yale-New Haven Hospital, CT 06504-1001, USA
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Debelak J, Shlomchik MJ, Snyder EL, Cooper D, Seropian S, McGuirk J, Smith B, Krause DS. Isolation and flow cytometric analysis of T-cell-depleted CD34+ PBPCs. Transfusion 2000; 40:1475-81. [PMID: 11134567 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2000.40121475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To extend allogeneic HPC transplantation to a greater range of patients, the use of partially matched related donors is under development. Because of the inherently higher degree of histoincompatibility in such transplants, there is increased risk of GVHD as well as of graft failure. Ex vivo depletion of donor-derived T-lymphocytes from PBPCs is one of the most effective methods of preventing GVHD. Thus far, individual centers have used custom-developed procedures to deplete the graft of T cells that are responsible for alloreactivity, often employing relatively impure, nonstandardized reagents such as soybean agglutinin and complement. In addition, with improved methods of T-cell depletion, it has been difficult to accurately assess the number of T cells remaining. Because different centers have used different protocols to assay T cells, it has been difficult to reproduce and validate the results between institutions, and this has limited direct comparison of data between centers. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A standardized approach for T-cell depletion was developed by using a Good Manufacturing Practice-manufactured magnetic cell separator (Isolex 300i, Nexell Therapeutics) and commercially available OKT3 antibody. T-cell depletion was performed on PBPCs from six haploidentical donors. RESULTS CD34+ cell recovery was 47 percent (range, 31-63%) with a median purity of 94 percent (range, 75-99%) and median T-cell log depletion of 4.72 (range, 3.90-5.83). Because this high degree of depletion makes it challenging to accurately quantitate the remaining T cells, two highly sensitive flow cytometric protocols were developed, each of which accurately detects T cells with a sensitivity of 2 per 10,000 (0.02%). The purified CD34+ cells administered to the patients (dose range, 6.13-13.50 x 10(6)/kg) provided rapid neutrophil and platelet engraftment. CONCLUSION With the Isolex 300i and a MoAb directed against T cells, a high degree of T-cell depletion is obtained. Sensitive, accurate, and reproducible assays have now been developed for T-cell enumeration in these highly purified cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Debelak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Engelfriet CP, Reesink HW, Snyder EL, Dzik WH, Masse M, Naegelen C, Brand A, Williamson L, Knipe J, Bruce M, Woodfield DG, Sekiguchi S, Myllylä G, Sabliński J, Zupańska B. The official requirements for platelet concentrates. Vox Sang 2000; 75:308-17. [PMID: 9873268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C P Engelfriet
- Central Laboratory of The Netherlands, Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Amsterdam
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Bollag B, Prins C, Snyder EL, Frisque RJ. Purified JC virus T and T' proteins differentially interact with the retinoblastoma family of tumor suppressor proteins. Virology 2000; 274:165-78. [PMID: 10936097 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The amino termini of polyomavirus T antigens contain LXCXE and J domains, which are necessary for binding and inactivating the retinoblastoma family of tumor suppressors. Both of these motifs are found in the JC virus (JCV) early proteins T'(135), T'(136), and T'(165), leading to the suggestion that these recently discovered proteins complement the cell-cycle-deregulating function of the JCV large T antigen (TAg). To investigate this hypothesis, the three JCV T' proteins were produced in a baculovirus expression system and purified by immunoaffinity chromatography. To facilitate purification, hybridomas that secrete antibodies recognizing amino-terminal epitopes of JCV early proteins were produced. Potential interactions between the early viral proteins and the cellular proteins pRB, p107, and p130 were investigated by incubating purified JCV TAg and T' proteins with extracts of MOLT-4 cells, a human T cell line. The four viral proteins preferentially bound hypophosphorylated species of the cellular proteins and exhibited the highest binding affinity to p107 and the lowest affinity to pRB. TAg and T'(165) bound more pRB and less p107 than did T'(135) and T'(136); T'(165) also bound less p130 than the other three early proteins. Results of these in vitro interactions were compared to those obtained in vivo using POJ cells, a transformed human glial cell line that expresses JCV early proteins, relatively high levels of pRB and p107, and low levels of p130. Most of the pRB in POJ cells is hyperphosphorylated, and only a fraction of the hypophosphorylated form(s) of pRB is bound by the viral proteins. In contrast, only hypophosphorylated p130 is detected in the transformed cells, and most of this protein was found in complex with the viral proteins. Finally, nearly all of the p107 in POJ cells is bound by the JCV proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bollag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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