1
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Helal MA, Chittiboyina AG, Avery MA. Structure-based design of novel melanin-concentrating hormone receptor-1 ligands based on saturated nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 84:129194. [PMID: 36813053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Melanin Concentrating Hormone (MCH) receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) with two subtypes R1 and R2. MCH-R1 is involved in the control of energy homeostasis, feeding behavior and body weight. Many studies have proved that administration of MCH-R1 antagonists significantly reduces food intake and causes weight loss in animal models. Herein, we report the optimization of our previously reported virtual screening hits into novel MCH-R1 ligands with chiral aliphatic nitrogen-containing scaffolds. The activity was improved from the micromolar range of the initial leads to 7 nM. We also disclose the first MCH-R1 ligands based on a diazaspiro[4.5]decane nucleus with sub-micromolar activity. A potent MCH-R1 antagonist with acceptable pharmacokinetic profile could represent a new hope for the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Helal
- University of Science and Technology, Biomedical Sciences Program, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October, Giza 12578, Egypt; Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Mitchell A Avery
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
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2
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Shin S, Yoon M. Medicines for the Treatment of Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083866. [PMID: 33917992 PMCID: PMC8068318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soonshik Shin
- Department of Formula Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 47227, Korea;
| | - Michung Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 35349, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-829-7581; Fax: +82-42-829-7590
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3
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Camilleri M, Staiano A. Insights on Obesity in Children and Adults: Individualizing Management. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:724-734. [PMID: 31395427 PMCID: PMC6779521 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
For the management of obesity in childhood and adolescence, nonoperative approaches have limited efficacy, including community-based and behavioral interventions and pharmacotherapy approved for use in adults. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy are efficacious in reducing weight, body mass index, and comorbidities in adolescents. Understanding the phenotype associated with obesity provides an opportunity to individualize patients' treatments directed at the brain-gut axis. These phenotypes include rapid gastric emptying, increased fasting gastric volume, reduced postprandial incretins, and central mechanisms that impact appetite and satiation including hedonic eating and affective disorders. Further studies are required in adolescents. Identifying phenotypes could enhance the efficacy of behavioral, dietary, and pharmacotherapeutic interventions alone or in combination in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Annamaria Staiano
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
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4
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Stemmer K, Müller TD, DiMarchi RD, Pfluger PT, Tschöp MH. CNS-targeting pharmacological interventions for the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:4058-4071. [PMID: 31380808 DOI: 10.1172/jci129195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) encompasses medical conditions such as obesity, hyperglycemia, high blood pressure, and dyslipidemia that are major drivers for the ever-increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain types of cancer. At the core of clinical strategies against the MetS is weight loss, induced by bariatric surgery, lifestyle changes based on calorie reduction and exercise, or pharmacology. This Review summarizes the past, current, and future efforts of targeting the MetS by pharmacological agents. Major emphasis is given to drugs that target the CNS as a key denominator for obesity and its comorbid sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Paul T Pfluger
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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5
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Kim S. Drugs to treat obesity: do they work?: Table 1. Postgrad Med J 2016; 92:401-6. [DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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6
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Park BY, Lee H, Woo S, Yoon M, Kim J, Hong Y, Lee HS, Park EK, Hahm JC, Kim JW, Shin SS, Kim MY, Yoon M. Reduction of Adipose Tissue Mass by the Angiogenesis Inhibitor ALS-L1023 from Melissa officinalis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141612. [PMID: 26599360 PMCID: PMC4658083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that angiogenesis modulates adipogenesis and obesity. This study was undertaken to determine whether ALS-L1023 (ALS) prepared by a two-step organic solvent fractionation from Melissa leaves, which exhibits antiangiogenic activity, can regulate adipose tissue growth. The effects of ALS on angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling were measured using in vitro assays. The effects of ALS on adipose tissue growth were investigated in high fat diet-induced obese mice. ALS inhibited VEGF- and bFGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation and suppressed matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in vitro. Compared to obese control mice, administration of ALS to obese mice reduced body weight gain, adipose tissue mass and adipocyte size without affecting appetite. ALS treatment decreased blood vessel density and MMP activity in adipose tissues. ALS reduced the mRNA levels of angiogenic factors (VEGF-A and FGF-2) and MMPs (MMP-2 and MMP-9), whereas ALS increased the mRNA levels of angiogenic inhibitors (TSP-1, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2) in adipose tissues. The protein levels of VEGF, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were also decreased by ALS in adipose tissue. Metabolic changes in plasma lipids, liver triglycerides, and hepatic expression of fatty acid oxidation genes occurred during ALS-induced weight loss. These results suggest that ALS, which has antiangiogenic and MMP inhibitory activities, reduces adipose tissue mass in nutritionally obese mice, demonstrating that adipose tissue growth can be regulated by angiogenesis inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Young Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
- AngioLab, Inc., Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyunghee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sangee Woo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Miso Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeongjun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yeonhee Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Jin Woo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Soon Shik Shin
- Department of Formula Sciences, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Min-Young Kim
- AngioLab, Inc., Daejeon, Korea
- * E-mail: (Michung Yoon); (MYK)
| | - Michung Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon, Korea
- * E-mail: (Michung Yoon); (MYK)
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7
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Kilian TM, Klöting N, Bergmann R, Els-Heindl S, Babilon S, Clément-Ziza M, Zhang Y, Beck-Sickinger AG, Chollet C. Rational design of dual peptides targeting ghrelin and Y2 receptors to regulate food intake and body weight. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4180-93. [PMID: 25905598 DOI: 10.1021/jm501702q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin and Y2 receptors play a central role in appetite regulation inducing opposite effects. The Y2 receptor induces satiety, while the ghrelin receptor promotes hunger and weight gain. However, the food regulating system is tightly controlled by interconnected pathways where redundancies can lead to poor efficacy and drug tolerance when addressing a single molecule. We developed a multitarget strategy to synthesize dual peptides simultaneously inhibiting the ghrelin receptor and stimulating the Y2 receptor. Dual peptides showed dual activity in vitro, and one compound induced a slight diminution of food intake in a rodent model of obesity. In addition, stability studies in rats revealed different behaviors between the dual peptide and its corresponding monomers. The Y2 receptor agonist was unstable in blood, while the dual peptide showed an intermediate stability compared to that of the highly stable ghrelin receptor inverse agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom-Marten Kilian
- †Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nora Klöting
- ‡Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases (IFB), Core Unit "Animal Models", Universität Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- §Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, P.O. Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- †Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Babilon
- †Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathieu Clément-Ziza
- ∥CECAD - Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yixin Zhang
- ⊥B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- †Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Constance Chollet
- †Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,⊥B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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8
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Wu M, Li Y, Fu X, Wang J, Zhang S, Yang L. Profiling the interaction mechanism of quinoline/quinazoline derivatives as MCHR1 antagonists: an in silico method. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:15475-502. [PMID: 25257526 PMCID: PMC4200842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150915475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1), a crucial regulator of energy homeostasis involved in the control of feeding and energy metabolism, is a promising target for treatment of obesity. In the present work, the up-to-date largest set of 181 quinoline/quinazoline derivatives as MCHR1 antagonists was subjected to both ligand- and receptor-based three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity (3D-QSAR) analysis applying comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA). The optimal predictable CoMSIA model exhibited significant validity with the cross-validated correlation coefficient (Q2) = 0.509, non-cross-validated correlation coefficient (R2ncv) = 0.841 and the predicted correlation coefficient (R2pred) = 0.745. In addition, docking studies and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out for further elucidation of the binding modes of MCHR1 antagonists. MD simulations in both water and lipid bilayer systems were performed. We hope that the obtained models and information may help to provide an insight into the interaction mechanism of MCHR1 antagonists and facilitate the design and optimization of novel antagonists as anti-obesity agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Xinmei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Jinghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Ling Yang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Resource Discovery, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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9
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Schellekens H, Nongonierma AB, Clarke G, van Oeffelen WE, FitzGerald RJ, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Milk protein-derived peptides induce 5-HT2C-mediated satiety in vivo. Int Dairy J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Jackson VM, Price DA, Carpino PA. Investigational drugs in Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of obesity: implications for future development of novel therapies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:1055-66. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.918952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V Margaret Jackson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David A Price
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Philip A Carpino
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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11
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Chatzigeorgiou A, Kandaraki E, Papavassiliou AG, Koutsilieris M. Peripheral targets in obesity treatment: a comprehensive update. Obes Rev 2014; 15:487-503. [PMID: 24612276 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major epidemic of our time and is associated with diseases such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Although weight loss drugs, when accompanied by diet and exercise, could be a very helpful medical tool in treating obese or overweight patients, their usefulness has been questioned due to the complexity of this type of medication, which regards a plethora of issues such as efficacy and safety of the drug and also risks and benefits among different patients. In general, obesity drugs that target peripheral pathophysiological mechanisms can be divided into two main categories. The first category includes anti-obesity agents able to reduce or limit energy absorption, such as pancreatic lipase and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitors. The second category consists of a heterogeneous group of compounds aiming to decrease fat mass by increasing energy expenditure or by redistributing adipose tissue. Angiogenesis inhibitors, beta-3 receptor agonists, sirtuin-I activators, diazoxide and other molecules belong to this group. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists consist the third category of peripheral anti-obesity agents discussed therein. This review aims to provide a general overview of the molecules and substances that are already or could potentially be used as peripheral anti-obesity drugs, the molecular mechanisms by which they act, as well as their current stage of development, production and/or availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Experimental Physiology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute of Physiology, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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12
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Rajpal DK, Qu XA, Freudenberg JM, Kumar VD. Mining emerging biomedical literature for understanding disease associations in drug discovery. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1159:171-206. [PMID: 24788268 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0709-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Systematically evaluating the exponentially growing body of scientific literature has become a critical task that every drug discovery organization must engage in in order to understand emerging trends for scientific investment and strategy development. Developing trends analysis uses the number of publications within a 3-year window to determine concepts derived from well-established disease and gene ontologies to aid in recognizing and predicting emerging areas of scientific discoveries relevant to that space. In this chapter, we describe such a method and use obesity and psoriasis as use-case examples by analyzing the frequency of disease-related MeSH terms in PubMed abstracts over time. We share how our system can be used to predict emerging trends at a relatively early stage and we analyze the literature-identified genes for genetic associations, druggability, and biological pathways to explore any potential biological connections between the two diseases that could be utilized for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak K Rajpal
- Computational Biology, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, NC, USA
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13
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Feelings about food: the ventral tegmental area in food reward and emotional eating. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 35:31-40. [PMID: 24332673 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Overconsumption of high caloric food plays an important role in the etiology of obesity. Several factors drive such hedonic feeding. High caloric food is often palatable. In addition, when an individual is sated, stress and food-related cues can serve as potent feeding triggers. A better understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of food palatability and environmentally triggered overconsumption would aid the development of new treatment strategies. In the current review we address the pivotal role of the mesolimbic dopamine reward system in the drive towards high caloric palatable food and its relation to stress- and cue-induced feeding. We also discuss how this system may be affected by both established and potential anti-obesity drug targets.
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14
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Abstract
Obesity has become a growing pandemic of alarming proportions in the developed and developing countries over the last few decades. The most perturbing fact regarding obesity is the increased predisposition for coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure and sudden cardiac death. The modest efficacy of current anti-obesity agents such as orlistat and the increasing withdrawals of several anti-obesity agents such as sibutramine, rimonabant have led to huge gaps in the pharmacotherapy of obesity. Lorcaserin and Phentermine-topiramate combination (phen-top) are two drugs approved by US FDA in 2012. Lorcaserin, a 5HT2C agonist has moderate efficacy with an acceptable safety profile. Clinical trials with Phen-top have shown a reasonable efficacy but at the cost of risks such as teratogenicity and psychiatric disturbances. Cetilistat, a lipase inhibitor is claimed to have superior safety profile to orlistat and is in phase 3 clinical trials. Other promising anti-obesity molecules acting on the gut which are in clinical trials include exenatide and liraglutide. Drugs which act on the monoaminergic and opioid systems include bupropion-naltrexone and bupropion-zonisamide. Other novel first-in-class drugs which have been explored and have limited success in early clinical development include velneperit, tesofensine, and beloranib. Tesofensine is a triple monoamine re-uptake inhibitor, velneperit acts as a neuropeptide Y5 receptor antagonist and beloranib is a methionine amino peptidase 2 inhibitor. Novel targets such as histamine H3 receptor, VEGF, matrix-metalloproteinase, sirtuin receptors are also being investigated. This review is an attempt to describe the new and emerging molecules that are in clinical development for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin George
- 1Department of Cardiology, SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
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15
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Misra M. Obesity pharmacotherapy: current perspectives and future directions. Curr Cardiol Rev 2013; 9:33-54. [PMID: 23092275 PMCID: PMC3584306 DOI: 10.2174/157340313805076322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising tide of obesity and its related disorders is one of the most pressing health concerns worldwide, yet existing medicines to combat the problem are disappointingly limited in number and effectiveness. Recent advances in mechanistic insights into the neuroendocrine regulation of body weight have revealed an expanding list of molecular targets for novel, rationally designed antiobesity pharmaceutical agents. Antiobesity drugs act via any of four mechanisms: 1) decreasing energy intake, 2) increasing energy expenditure or modulating lipid metabolism, 3) modulating fat stores or adipocyte differentiation, and 4) mimicking caloric restriction. Various novel drug candidates and targets directed against obesity are currently being explored. A few of them are also in the later phases of clinical trials. This review discusses the development of novel antiobesity drugs based on current understanding of energy homeostasis
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Misra
- Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India.
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16
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NESS06SM reduces body weight with an improved profile relative to SR141716A. Pharmacol Res 2013; 74:94-108. [PMID: 23756200 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We have recently synthesized a new series of 4,5-dihydrobenzo-oxa-cycloheptapyrazole derivatives with the aim to discover novel CB1 antagonist agents characterized by anti-obesity activity comparable to that of SR141716A but with reduced adverse effects such as anxiety and depression. Within the novel class, the CB1 antagonist 8-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-piperidin-1-yl-4,5-dihydrobenzo-1H-6-oxa-cyclohepta(1,2-c)pyrazole-3-carboxamide (NESS06SM) has been selected as lead compound. We found that NESS06SM is a CB1 neutral antagonist, characterized by poor blood-brain barrier permeability. Moreover, NESS06SM chronic treatment determined both anti-obesity effect and cardiovascular risk factor improvement in C57BL/6N Diet Induced Obesity (DIO) mice fed with fat diet (FD mice). In fact, the mRNA gene expression in Central Nervous System (CNS) and peripheral tissues by real time PCR, showed a significant increase of orexigenic peptides and a decrease of anorexigenic peptides elicited by NESS06SM treatment, compared to control mice fed with the same diet. Moreover, in contrast to SR141716A treatment, the chronic administration of NESS06SM did not change mRNA expression of both monoaminergic transporters and neurotrophins highly related with anxiety and mood disorders. Our results suggest that NESS06SM reduces body weight and it can restore the disrupted expression profile of genes linked to the hunger-satiety circuit without altering monoaminergic transmission probably avoiding SR141716A side effects. Therefore the novel CB1 neutral antagonist could represent a useful candidate agent for the treatment of obesity and its metabolic complications.
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17
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Mechanisms of Weight Regain following Weight Loss. ISRN OBESITY 2013; 2013:210524. [PMID: 24533218 PMCID: PMC3901982 DOI: 10.1155/2013/210524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a world-wide pandemic and its incidence is on the rise along with associated comorbidities. Currently, there are few effective therapies to combat obesity. The use of lifestyle modification therapy, namely, improvements in diet and exercise, is preferable over bariatric surgery or pharmacotherapy due to surgical risks and issues with drug efficacy and safety. Although they are initially successful in producing weight loss, such lifestyle intervention strategies are generally unsuccessful in achieving long-term weight maintenance, with the vast majority of obese patients regaining their lost weight during followup. Recently, various compensatory mechanisms have been elucidated by which the body may oppose new weight loss, and this compensation may result in weight regain back to the obese baseline. The present review summarizes the available evidence on these compensatory mechanisms, with a focus on weight loss-induced changes in energy expenditure, neuroendocrine pathways, nutrient metabolism, and gut physiology. These findings have added a major focus to the field of antiobesity research. In addition to investigating pathways that induce weight loss, the present work also focuses on pathways that may instead prevent weight regain. Such strategies will be necessary for improving long-term weight loss maintenance and outcomes for patients who struggle with obesity.
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18
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Mechanisms underlying current and future anti-obesity drugs. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:133-40. [PMID: 23312373 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of body weight is organized by distributed brain circuits that use a variety of neuropeptides and transmitters, and that are responsive to endocrine and metabolic signals. Targeting of these circuits with novel pharmaceutical drugs would be helpful additions to lifestyle interventions for the treatment of obesity. The recent FDA approval of two anti-obesity drugs holds promise in a field in which previous drugs were removed from clinical use because of unacceptable psychiatric and cardiovascular side effects. Here, the modes of action of anti-obesity drugs are reviewed.
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Nongonierma AB, Schellekens H, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, FitzGerald RJ. Milk protein hydrolysates activate 5-HT2C serotonin receptors: influence of the starting substrate and isolation of bioactive fractions. Food Funct 2013; 4:728-37. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo30309h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Högberg T, Frimurer TM, Sasmal PK. Melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1) antagonists—Still a viable approach for obesity treatment? Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6039-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ability of nicotine, the primary psychoactive substance in tobacco smoke, to regulate appetite and body weight is one of the factors cited by smokers that prevents them from quitting and is the primary reason for smoking initiation in teenage girls. The regulation of feeding and metabolism by nicotine is complex, and recent studies have begun to identify nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes and circuits or cell types involved in this regulation. DISCUSSION We will briefly describe the primary anatomical and functional features of the input, output, and central integration structures of the neuroendocrine systems that regulate energy homeostasis. Then, we will describe the nAChR subtypes expressed in these structures in mammals to identify the possible molecular targets for nicotine. Finally, we will review the effects of nicotine and its withdrawal on feeding and energy metabolism and attribute them to potential central and peripheral cellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Zoli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy.
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22
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Falcão-Pires I, Castro-Chaves P, Miranda-Silva D, Lourenço AP, Leite-Moreira AF. Physiological, pathological and potential therapeutic roles of adipokines. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:880-9. [PMID: 22561894 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Formerly regarded purely as passive energy storage, adipose tissue is now recognized as a vital endocrine organ. Adipocytes secrete diverse peptide hormones named adipokines, which act in a autocrine, paracrine or endocrine way to influence several biological functions. Adipokines comprise diverse bioactive substances, including cytokines, growth, and complement factors, which perform essential regulatory functions related to energy balance, satiety and immunity. Presently adipokines have been widely implicated in obesity, diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. In this article we aim to present a brief description of the roles and potential therapeutic modulation of adipokines, such as leptin, resistin, adiponectin, apelin, visfatin, FABP-4, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Falcão-Pires
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Waldman SA, Terzic A. Patient-centric clinical pharmacology advances the path to personalized medicine. Biomark Med 2012; 5:697-700. [PMID: 22103605 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.11.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, 132 South 10th Street, 1170 Main Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Andre Terzic
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, 200, First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of monoamine reuptake transporters has been known for many years as an effective therapy to reduce food intake and body weight in obese subjects. However, most of the marketed drugs failed after a distinct period in clinical use and had to be withdrawn because of serious adverse effects resulting in a negative benefit-risk profile. The most common side effects for this drug class included increases in systemic or pulmonary blood pressure and/or heart rate, cardiac valvulopathies, higher cardiovascular event rates, psychiatric disorders, or high abuse potential. The recent withdrawal of sibutramine as result of its adverse actions on the cardiovascular system highlighted again the problems with this drug class in antiobesity therapy. Recent developments to combine reuptake inhibitors with other drug classes, for example, opioid antagonists seem to be a promising approach to improve the benefit-risk profile of these compounds.This chapter will discuss the history of this drug class in appetite control, its mechanism of action, and the clinical effects of selected drugs from this class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Kintscher
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Institute of Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany.
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Valentino MA, Lin JE, Snook AE, Li P, Kim GW, Marszalowicz G, Magee MS, Hyslop T, Schulz S, Waldman SA. A uroguanylin-GUCY2C endocrine axis regulates feeding in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3578-88. [PMID: 21865642 DOI: 10.1172/jci57925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal enteroendocrine cells are critical to central regulation of caloric consumption, since they activate hypothalamic circuits that decrease appetite and thereby restrict meal size by secreting hormones in response to nutrients in the gut. Although guanylyl cyclase and downstream cGMP are essential regulators of centrally regulated feeding behavior in invertebrates, the role of this primordial signaling mechanism in mammalian appetite regulation has eluded definition. In intestinal epithelial cells, guanylyl cyclase 2C (GUCY2C) is a transmembrane receptor that makes cGMP in response to the paracrine hormones guanylin and uroguanylin, which regulate epithelial cell dynamics along the crypt-villus axis. Here, we show that silencing of GUCY2C in mice disrupts satiation, resulting in hyperphagia and subsequent obesity and metabolic syndrome. This defined an appetite-regulating uroguanylin-GUCY2C endocrine axis, which we confirmed by showing that nutrient intake induces intestinal prouroguanylin secretion into the circulation. The prohormone signal is selectively decoded in the hypothalamus by proteolytic liberation of uroguanylin, inducing GUCY2C signaling and consequent activation of downstream anorexigenic pathways. Thus, evolutionary diversification of primitive guanylyl cyclase signaling pathways allows GUCY2C to coordinate endocrine regulation of central food acquisition pathways with paracrine control of intestinal homeostasis. Moreover, the uroguanylin-GUCY2C endocrine axis may provide a therapeutic target to control appetite, obesity, and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Valentino
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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26
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Abstract
Obesity will continue to be one of the leading causes of chronic disease unless the ongoing rise in the prevalence of this condition is reversed. Accumulating morbidity figures and a shortage of effective drugs have generated substantial research activity with several molecular targets being investigated. However, pharmacological modulation of body weight is extremely complex, since it is essentially a battle against one of the strongest human instincts and highly efficient mechanisms of energy uptake and storage. This review provides an overview of the different molecular strategies intended to lower body weight or adipose tissue mass. Weight-loss drugs in development include molecules intended to reduce the absorption of lipids from the GI tract, various ways to limit food intake, and compounds that increase energy expenditure or reduce adipose tissue size. A number of new preparations, including combinations of the existing drugs topiramate plus phentermine, bupropion plus naltrexone, and the selective 5-HT(2C) agonist lorcaserin have recently been filed for approval. Behind these leading candidates are several other potentially promising compounds and combinations currently undergoing phase II and III testing. Some interesting targets further on the horizon are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renger F Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Johansson A. Recent progress in the discovery of melanin-concentrating hormone 1-receptor antagonists. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:905-25. [PMID: 21492020 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.575063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The appetite stimulating effects of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) continues to be of high interest, and there is substantial support to investigate the use of MCH 1-receptor antagonists for the treatment of obesity. Other areas of potential use for MCH 1-receptor antagonists include depression and anxiety. There are, to date, no clinical proof of concept data, and efforts are ongoing for the discovery of novel MCH 1-receptor antagonists, as evidenced by the number of patent applications published over the last 5 years. AREAS COVERED This review covers the patent literature on MCH 1-receptor antagonists from January 2006 to November 2010. The emphasis is on disclosed biological data, especially in vivo data, of exemplified compounds. Wherever possible, selectivity towards undesired pharmacology is analysed. EXPERT OPINION Over the years, different approaches have been taken to overcome the undesired effects of MCH 1-receptor antagonists, such as interactions with the hERG channel. Many programmes have faced difficulties and, to date, only a few compounds have progressed into humans. From this point of view, the MCH 1-receptor is regarded as a difficult target, and whether newer programmes will be successful depends, to a large extent, on their selectivity.
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Rajpal DK, Kumar V, Agarwal P. Scientific literature mining for drug discovery: a case study on obesity. Drug Dev Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ioannides-Demos LL, Piccenna L, McNeil JJ. Pharmacotherapies for obesity: past, current, and future therapies. J Obes 2010; 2011:179674. [PMID: 21197148 PMCID: PMC3006492 DOI: 10.1155/2011/179674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Past therapies for the treatment of obesity have typically involved pharmacological agents usually in combination with a calorie-controlled diet. This paper reviews the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapies for obesity focusing on drugs approved for long-term therapy (orlistat), drugs approved for short-term use (amfepramone [diethylpropion], phentermine), recently withdrawn therapies (rimonabant, sibutamine) and drugs evaluated in Phase III studies (taranabant, pramlintide, lorcaserin and tesofensine and combination therapies of topiramate plus phentermine, bupropion plus naltrexone, and bupropion plus zonisamide). No current pharmacotherapy possesses the efficacy needed to produce substantial weight loss in morbidly obese patients. Meta-analyses support a significant though modest loss in bodyweight with a mean weight difference of 4.7 kg (95% CI 4.1 to 5.3 kg) for rimonabant, 4.2 kg (95% CI 3.6 to 4.8 kg) for sibutramine and 2.9 kg (95% CI 2.5 to 3.2 kg) for orlistat compared to placebo at ≥12 months. Of the Phase III pharmacotherapies, lorcaserin, taranabant, topiramate and bupropion with naltrexone have demonstrated significant weight loss compared to placebo at ≥12 months. Some pharmacotherapies have also demonstrated clinical benefits. Further studies are required in some populations such as younger and older people whilst the long term safety continues to be a major consideration and has led to the withdrawal of several drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L. Ioannides-Demos
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Centre, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Loretta Piccenna
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Centre, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - John J. McNeil
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Centre, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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Dennedy MC, Dunne F. The maternal and fetal impacts of obesity and gestational diabetes on pregnancy outcome. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 24:573-89. [PMID: 20832737 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has reached pandemic proportions and is of growing concern worldwide. Adverse health outcomes associated with a raised body mass index present the greatest challenge currently facing clinicians across all disciplines. Obesity is a chronic illness which is associated with metabolic disease, nutritional deficiency, musculoskeletal complications and cancer. These obesity-related health issues extend to pregnancy where they are responsible for producing a variety of medical and obstetric complications resulting in an increased incidence of maternal and fetal adverse outcomes. Management of diet, gestational diabetes and gestational and inter-gestational weight may improve outcomes in women who are obese during pregnancy. Specific recommendations for the management of obesity in pregnancy have recently been published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Conall Dennedy
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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