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Gurley BJ. Clinically Relevant Herb-Drug Interactions: A 30-Year Historical Assessment. J Diet Suppl 2024:1-27. [PMID: 38504455 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2024.2327544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, a legislative measure ushering in a novel class of complementary healthcare products known as dietary supplements, will mark its 30th anniversary in October 2024. Over this 30-year period, dietary supplement usage evolved from a few hundred products made up mostly of vitamins, minerals, and select botanical extracts to more than 75,000 single- and multi-ingredient products that are now regular staples in the American healthcare system and used by half of all U.S. consumers. One of the fastest-growing segments of the dietary supplement market during this 3-decade interval has been those products formulated with botanical extracts. Coincident with the growing popularity of botanical dietary supplements (BDS) has been their concomitant ingestion with conventional prescription medications. BDS are complex mixtures of phytochemicals oftentimes exhibiting complex pharmacology. Formulated as concentrated phytochemical extracts, BDS are vehicles for a host of plant secondary metabolites rarely encountered in the typical diet. When taken with prescription drugs, BDS may give rise to clinically significant herb-drug interactions (HDI). Pharmacodynamic HDI describe interactions between phytochemicals and conventional medications at the drug receptor level, while pharmacokinetic HDI stem from phytochemical-mediated induction and/or inhibition of human drug metabolizing enzymes and/or transporters. This review summarizes BDS identified over the last 30 years that pose clinically relevant HDI and whose mechanisms are either pharmacodynamically or pharmacokinetically mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill J Gurley
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of MS, University, MS, USA
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Gurley BJ, McGill MR, Koturbash I. Hepatotoxicity due to herbal dietary supplements: Past, present and the future. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 169:113445. [PMID: 36183923 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplements (DS) constitute a widely used group of products comprising vitamin, mineral, and botanical extract formulations. DS of botanical or herbal origins (HDS) comprise nearly 30% of all DS and are presented on the market either as single plant extracts or multi-extract-containing products. Despite generally safe toxicological profiles of most products currently present on the market, rising cases of liver injury caused by HDS - mostly by multi-ingredient and adulterated products - are of particular concern. Here we discuss the most prominent historical cases of HDS-induced hepatotoxicty - from Ephedra to Hydroxycut and OxyELITE Pro-NF, as well as products with suspected hepatotoxicity that are either currently on or are entering the market. We further provide discussion on overcoming the existing challenges with HDS-linked hepatotoxicity by introduction of advanced in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and microphysiological system approaches to address the matter of safety of those products before they reach the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill J Gurley
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA; Center for Dietary Supplement Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Center for Dietary Supplement Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Center for Dietary Supplement Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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Gurley BJ, Yates CR, Markowitz JS. “…Not Intended to Diagnose, Treat, Cure or Prevent Any Disease.” 25 Years of Botanical Dietary Supplement Research and the Lessons Learned. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 104:470-483. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bill J. Gurley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock Arkansas USA
| | - Charles R. Yates
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Memphis Tennessee USA
| | - John S. Markowitz
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research; College of Pharmacy; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida USA
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Carter L, Chase HR, Gieseker CM, Hasbrouck NR, Stine CB, Khan A, Ewing-Peeples LJ, Tall BD, Gopinath GR. Analysis of enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus strains from dried foods using whole genome sequencing, multi-locus sequence analysis and toxin gene prevalence and distribution using endpoint PCR analysis. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 284:31-39. [PMID: 29990637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus strains were isolated from dried foods, which included international brands of spices from South East Asia, Mexico and India purchased from several retail stores, samples of powdered infant formula (PIF), medicated fish feed and dietary supplements. The genetic diversity of 64 strains from spices and PIF was determined using a multiplex endpoint PCR assay designed to identify hemolysin BL, nonhemolytic enterotoxin, cytotoxin K, and enterotoxin FM toxin genes. Thirteen different B. cereus toxigenic gene patterns or profiles were identified among the strains. Randomly selected B. cereus strains were sequenced and compared with reference Genomic Groups from National Center Biotechnology Information using bioinformatics tools. A comprehensive multi-loci sequence analysis (MLSA) was designed using alleles from 25 known MLST genes specifically tailored for use with whole genome assemblies. A cohort of representative genomes of strains from a few FDA regulated commodities like dry foods and medicated fish feed was used to demonstrate the utility of the 25-MLSA approach for rapid clustering and identification of Genome Groups. The analysis clustered the strains from medicated fish feed, dry foods, and dietary supplements into phylogenetically-related groups. 25-MLSA also pointed to a greater diversity of B. cereus strains from foods and feed than previously recognized. Our integrated approach of toxin gene PCR, and to our knowledge, whole genome sequencing (WGS) based sequence analysis, may be the first of its kind that demonstrates enterotoxigenic potential and genomic diversity in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurenda Carter
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708 USA.
| | - Hannah R Chase
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Charles M Gieseker
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Nicholas R Hasbrouck
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Cynthia B Stine
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Ashraf Khan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Laura J Ewing-Peeples
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Ben D Tall
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Gopal R Gopinath
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
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Gurley BJ, Steelman SC, Thomas SL. Multi-ingredient, Caffeine-containing Dietary Supplements: History, Safety, and Efficacy. Clin Ther 2015; 37:275-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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It is important research, but why is it necessary? Clin Pharmacol Ther 2013; 93:297-9. [PMID: 23511783 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2013.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The findings regarding cardiovascular actions of dietary supplements labeled as "ephedra free" reported by Foster et al. in the March issue reaffirm decades of research that began in the 1920s with K.K. Chen's study of naturally occurring adrenergic chemicals. Although the study by Foster et al. provides scientifically sound data needed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as it evaluates the safety of these products, we should ask, "Why was it necessary that these chemicals be studied again for their cardiovascular actions in humans?"
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