1
|
Lu D, Yang X, Pan L, Lian Z, Tan W, Zhuo J, Yang M, Lin Z, Wei Q, Chen J, Zheng S, Xu X. Dynamic immune cell profiling identified natural killer cell shift as the key event in early allograft dysfunction after liver transplantation. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13568. [PMID: 37905596 PMCID: PMC10984105 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Early allograft dysfunction (EAD) is a life-threatening and fast-developing complication after liver transplantation. The underlying mechanism needs to be better understood, and there has yet to be an efficient therapeutic target. This study retrospectively reviewed 109 patients undergoing liver transplantation, with dynamic profiling of CD3/4/8/16/19/45/56 on the peripheral immune cells (before transplant and 2-4 days after). Altogether, 35 out of the 109 patients developed EAD after liver transplantation. We observed a significant decrease in the natural killer cell proportion (NK cell shift, p = 0.008). The NK cell shift was linearly correlated with cold ischemic time (p = 0.016) and was potentially related to the recipients' outcomes. In mouse models, ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) treatments induced the recruitment of NK cells from peripheral blood into liver tissues. NK cell depletion blocked a series of immune cascades (including CD8+ CD127+ T cells) and inhibited hepatocyte injury effectively in I/R and liver transplantation models. We further found that I/R treatment increased hepatic expression of the ligands for natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), a primary activating cell surface receptor in NK cells. Blockade of NKG2D showed a similar protective effect against I/R injury, indicating its role in NK cell activation and the subsequent immunological injury. Our findings built a bridge for the translation from innate immune response to EAD at the bedside. Peripheral NK cell shift is associated with the incidence of EAD after liver transplantation. NKG2D-mediated NK cell activation is a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Lu
- Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
- Institute of Organ TransplantationZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
- Institute of Organ TransplantationZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Linhui Pan
- Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
- Institute of Organ TransplantationZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Winyen Tan
- Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Jianyong Zhuo
- Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
- Institute of Organ TransplantationZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Modan Yang
- Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Zuyuan Lin
- Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
- Institute of Organ TransplantationZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Qiang Wei
- Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
- Institute of Organ TransplantationZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jun Chen
- Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
- Institute of Organ TransplantationZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Institute of Organ TransplantationZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryShulan (Hangzhou) HospitalHangzhouChina
| | - Xiao Xu
- Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
- Institute of Organ TransplantationZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pondé RADA, Amorim GDSP. Elimination of the hepatitis B virus: A goal, a challenge. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 38528684 DOI: 10.1002/med.22030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The hepatitis B elimination is a goal proposed by the WHO to be achieved by 2030 through the adoption of synergistic measures for the prevention and chronic HBV infection treatment. Complete cure is characterized by the HBV elimination from the body and is the goal of the chronic hepatitis B treatment, which once achieved, will enable the hepatitis B elimination. This, today, has been a scientific challenge. The difficulty in achieving a complete cure is due to the indefinite maintenance of a covalently closed episomal circular DNA (cccDNA) reservoir and the maintenance and persistence of an insufficient and dysfunctional immune response in chronically infected patients. Among the measures adopted to eliminate hepatitis B, two have the potential to directly interfere with the virus cycle, but with limited effect on HBV control. These are conventional vaccines-blocking transmission and antiviral therapy-inhibiting replication. Vaccines, despite their effectiveness in protecting against horizontal transmission and preventing mother-to-child vertical transmission, have no effect on chronic infection or potential to eliminate the virus. Treatment with antivirals suppresses viral replication, but has no curative effect, as it has no action against cccDNA. Therapeutic vaccines comprise an additional approach in the chronic infection treatment, however, they have only a modest effect on the immune system, enhancing it temporarily. This manuscript aims to address (1) the cccDNA persistence in the hepatocyte nucleus and the immune response dysfunction in chronically infected individuals as two primary factors that have hampered the treatment and HBV elimination from the human body; (2) the limitations of antiviral therapy and therapeutic vaccines, as strategies to control hepatitis B; and (3) the possibly promising therapeutic approaches for the complete cure and elimination of hepatitis B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robério Amorim de Almeida Pondé
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde-SES, Superintendência de Vigilância em Saúde-SUVISA/GO, Gerência de Vigilância Epidemiológica de Doenças Transmissíveis-GVEDT/Coordenação de Análises e Pesquisas-CAP, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Human Virology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pan J, Ye F, Li H, Yu C, Mao J, Xiao Y, Chen H, Wu J, Li J, Fei L, Wu Y, Meng X, Guo G, Wang Y. Dissecting the immune discrepancies in mouse liver allograft tolerance and heart/kidney allograft rejection. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13555. [PMID: 37748771 PMCID: PMC10905343 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the most tolerogenic of transplanted organs. However, the mechanisms underlying liver transplant tolerance are not well understood. The comparison between liver transplantation tolerance and heart/kidney transplantation rejection will deepen our understanding of tolerance and rejection in solid organs. Here, we built a mouse model of liver, heart and kidney allograft and performed single-cell RNA sequencing of 66,393 cells to describe the cell composition and immune cell interactions at the early stage of tolerance or rejection. We also performed bulk RNA-seq of mouse liver allografts from Day 7 to Day 60 post-transplantation to map the dynamic transcriptional variation in spontaneous tolerance. The transcriptome of lymphocytes and myeloid cells were characterized and compared in three types of organ allografts. Cell-cell interaction networks reveal the coordinated function of Kupffer cells, macrophages and their associated metabolic processes, including insulin receptor signalling and oxidative phosphorylation in tolerance induction. Cd11b+ dendritic cells (DCs) in liver allografts were found to inhibit cytotoxic T cells by secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines such as Il10. In summary, we profiled single-cell transcriptome analysis of mouse solid organ allografts. We characterized the immune microenvironment of mouse organ allografts in the acute rejection state (heart, kidney) and tolerance state (liver).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Pan
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Fang Ye
- Liangzhu LaboratoryZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multiorgan Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Chengxuan Yu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Jiajia Mao
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yanyu Xiao
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Haide Chen
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Junqing Wu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Lijiang Fei
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Yijun Wu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoming Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of PharmacyAnhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti‐inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of EducationHefeiChina
| | - Guoji Guo
- Liangzhu LaboratoryZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineDr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yingying Wang
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fahrner R, Gröger M, Settmacher U, Mosig AS. Functional integration of natural killer cells in a microfluidically perfused liver on-a-chip model. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:285. [PMID: 37865791 PMCID: PMC10590007 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06575-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The liver acts as an innate immunity-dominant organ and natural killer (NK) cells, are the main lymphocyte population in the human liver. NK cells are in close interaction with other immune cells, acting as the first line of defense against pathogens, infections, and injury. A previously developed, three-dimensional, perfused liver-on-a-chip comprised of human cells was used to integrate NK cells, representing pivotal immune cells during liver injury and regeneration. The objective of this study was to integrate functional NK cells in an in vitro model of the human liver and assess utilization of the model for NK cell-dependent studies of liver inflammation. RESULTS NK cells from human blood and liver specimen were isolated by Percoll separation with subsequent magnetic cell separation (MACS), yielding highly purified blood and liver derived NK cells. After stimulation with toll-like-receptor (TLR) agonists (lipopolysaccharides, Pam3CSK4), isolated NK cells showed increased interferon (IFN)-gamma secretion. To study the role of NK cells in a complex hepatic environment, these cells were integrated in the vascular compartment of a microfluidically supported liver-on-a-chip model in close interaction with endothelial and resident macrophages. Successful, functional integration of NK cells was verified by immunofluorescence staining (NKp46), flow cytometry analysis and TLR agonist-dependent secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Lastly, we observed that inflammatory activation of NK cells in the liver-on-a-chip led to a loss of vascular barrier integrity. Overall, our data shows the first successful, functional integration of NK cells in a liver-on-a-chip model that can be utilized to investigate NK cell-dependent effects on liver inflammation in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René Fahrner
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany.
| | - Marko Gröger
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Utz Settmacher
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander S Mosig
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nelli F, Virtuoso A, Giannarelli D, Fabbri A, Giron Berrios JR, Marrucci E, Fiore C, Ruggeri EM. Effects of Acetaminophen Exposure on Outcomes of Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:8117-8133. [PMID: 37754504 PMCID: PMC10527930 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30090589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Several studies have investigated potential interactions between immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and commonly prescribed medications. Although acetaminophen (APAP) has not been considered susceptible to interaction with ICIs, recent research has shown that detectable plasma levels of this drug can hinder the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapies. A reliable assessment of the potential interaction between APAP and ICIs in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients would be worthwhile since it is often prescribed in this condition. We sought to evaluate the impact of the concomitant use of APAP in patients with advanced NSCLC on PD-1/PD-L1 blockade using real-world evidence. (2) Methods: This study included consecutive patients with histologically proven stage IV NSCLC who underwent first-line therapy with pembrolizumab as a single agent or in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy, or second-line therapy with pembrolizumab, nivolumab, or atezolizumab. The intensity of APAP exposure was classified as low (therapeutic intake lasting less than 24 h or a cumulative intake lower than 60 doses of 1000 mg) or high (therapeutic intake lasting more than 24 h or a total intake exceeding 60 doses of 1000 mg). The favorable outcome of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies was defined by durable clinical benefit (DCB). Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were relevant to our efficacy analysis. Propensity score matching (PSM) methods were applied to adjust for differences between the APAP exposure subgroups. (3) Results: Over the course of April 2018 to October 2022, 80 patients were treated with first-line pembrolizumab either as single-agent therapy or in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy. During the period from June 2015 to November 2022, 145 patients were given anti-PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy as second-line treatment. Subsequent efficacy analyses relied on adjusted PSM populations in both treatment settings. Multivariate testing revealed that only the level of APAP and corticosteroid intake had an independent effect on DCB in both treatment lines. Multivariate Cox regression analysis confirmed high exposure to APAP and immunosuppressive corticosteroid therapy as independent predictors of shorter PFS and OS in both treatment settings. (4) Conclusions: Our findings would strengthen the available evidence that concomitant intake of APAP blunts the efficacy of ICIs in patients with advanced NSCLC. The detrimental effects appear to depend on the cumulative dose and duration of exposure to APAP. The inherent shortcomings of the current research warrant confirmation in larger independent series.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Nelli
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Central Hospital of Belcolle, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Antonella Virtuoso
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Central Hospital of Belcolle, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Diana Giannarelli
- Biostatistics Unit, Scientific Directorate, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Fabbri
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Central Hospital of Belcolle, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Julio Rodrigo Giron Berrios
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Central Hospital of Belcolle, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Eleonora Marrucci
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Central Hospital of Belcolle, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Cristina Fiore
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Central Hospital of Belcolle, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Enzo Maria Ruggeri
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Central Hospital of Belcolle, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Raabe J, Kaiser KM, ToVinh M, Finnemann C, Lutz P, Hoffmeister C, Bischoff J, Goeser F, Kaczmarek DJ, Glowka TR, Manekeller S, Charpentier A, Langhans B, Nischalke HD, Toma M, Strassburg CP, Spengler U, Abdallah AT, Krämer B, Nattermann J. Identification and characterization of a hepatic IL-13-producing ILC3-like population potentially involved in liver fibrosis. Hepatology 2023; 78:787-802. [PMID: 37029085 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Human innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are critically involved in the modulation of homeostatic and inflammatory processes in various tissues. However, only little is known about the composition of the intrahepatic ILC pool and its potential role in chronic liver disease. Here, we performed a detailed characterization of intrahepatic ILCs in both healthy and fibrotic livers. APPROACH AND RESULTS A total of 50 livers (nonfibrotic = 22, and fibrotic = 29) were analyzed and compared with colon and tonsil tissue (each N = 14) and peripheral blood (N = 32). Human intrahepatic ILCs were characterized ex vivo and on stimulation using flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing. ILC differentiation and plasticity were analyzed by both bulk and clonal expansion experiments. Finally, the effects of ILC-derived cytokines on primary human HSteCs were studied. Unexpectedly, we found that an "unconventional" ILC3-like cell represented the major IL-13-producing liver ILC subset. IL-13 + ILC3-like cells were specifically enriched in the human liver, and increased frequencies of this cell type were found in fibrotic livers. ILC3-derived IL-13 production induced upregulation of proinflammatory genes in HSteCs, indicating a potential role in the regulation of hepatic fibrogenesis. Finally, we identified KLRG1-expressing ILC precursors as the potential progenitor of hepatic IL-13 + ILC3-like cells. CONCLUSIONS We identified a formerly undescribed subset of IL-13-producing ILC3-like cells that is enriched in the human liver and may be involved in the modulation of chronic liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Raabe
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kim M Kaiser
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael ToVinh
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Claudia Finnemann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Lutz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Jenny Bischoff
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Felix Goeser
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Tim R Glowka
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Arthur Charpentier
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bettina Langhans
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Marieta Toma
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Spengler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ali T Abdallah
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- The German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)
| | - Benjamin Krämer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- The German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)
| | - Jacob Nattermann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- The German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hermans L, Denaeghel S, Jansens RJJ, De Pelsmaeker S, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Deforce D, Hegewisch-Solloa E, Mace EM, Cox E, Devriendt B, Favoreel HW. Comparative transcriptomics of porcine liver-resident CD8α dim, liver CD8α high and circulating blood CD8α high NK cells reveals an intermediate phenotype of liver CD8α high NK cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1219078. [PMID: 37662951 PMCID: PMC10471975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1219078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver-resident NK (lrNK) cells have been studied in humans as well as in mice. Unfortunately, important differences have been observed between murine and human lrNK cells, complicating the extrapolation of data obtained in mice to man. We previously described two NK cell subsets in the porcine liver: A CD8αhigh subset, with a phenotype much like conventional CD8αhigh NK cells found in the peripheral blood, and a specific liver-resident CD8αdim subset which phenotypically strongly resembles human lrNK cells. These data suggest that the pig might be an attractive model for studying lrNK cell biology. In the current study, we used RNA-seq to compare the transcriptome of three porcine NK cell populations: Conventional CD8αhigh NK cells from peripheral blood (cNK cells), CD8αhigh NK cells isolated from the liver, and the liver-specific CD8αdim NK cells. We found that highly expressed transcripts in the CD8αdim lrNK cell population mainly include genes associated with the (adaptive) immune response, whereas transcripts associated with cell migration and extravasation are much less expressed in this subset compared to cNK cells. Overall, our data indicate that CD8αdim lrNK cells show an immature and anti-inflammatory phenotype. Interestingly, we also observed that the CD8αhigh NK cell population that is present in the liver appears to represent a population with an intermediate phenotype. Indeed, while the transcriptome of these cells largely overlaps with that of cNK cells, they also express transcripts associated with liver residency, in particular CXCR6. The current, in-depth characterization of the transcriptome of porcine liver NK cell populations provides a basis to use the pig model for research into liver-resident NK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leen Hermans
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie Denaeghel
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Robert J. J. Jansens
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Steffi De Pelsmaeker
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Dieter Deforce
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NXTGNT, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Everardo Hegewisch-Solloa
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Emily M. Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eric Cox
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Herman W. Favoreel
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang J, Luo LZ, Liang DM, Guo C, Huang ZH, Jian XH, Wen J. Recent progress in understanding mitokines as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:5416-5429. [PMID: 37637689 PMCID: PMC10450380 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i23.5416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent tumors worldwide and the leading contributor to cancer-related deaths. The progression and metastasis of HCC are closely associated with altered mitochondrial metabolism, including mitochondrial stress response. Mitokines, soluble proteins produced and secreted in response to mitochondrial stress, play an essential immunomodulatory role. Immunotherapy has emerged as a crucial treatment option for HCC. However, a positive response to therapy is typically dependent on the interaction of tumor cells with immune regulation within the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, exploring the specific immunomodulatory mechanisms of mitokines in HCC is essential for improving the efficacy of immunotherapy. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the association between HCC and the immune microenvironment and highlights recent progress in understanding the involvement of mitochondrial function in preserving liver function. In addition, a systematic review of mitokines-mediated immunomodulation in HCC is presented. Finally, the potential diagnostic and therapeutic roles of mitokines in HCC are prospected and summarized. Recent progress in mitokine research represents a new prospect for mitochondrial therapy. Considering the potential of mitokines to regulate immune function, investigating them as a relevant molecular target holds great promise for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- Children Medical Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lan-Zhu Luo
- Children Medical Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dao-Miao Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Huang
- Children Medical Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Jian
- Department of Anatomy, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mak ML, Reid KT, Crome SQ. Protective and pathogenic functions of innate lymphoid cells in transplantation. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 213:23-39. [PMID: 37119279 PMCID: PMC10324558 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a family of lymphocytes with essential roles in tissue homeostasis and immunity. Along with other tissue-resident immune populations, distinct subsets of ILCs have important roles in either promoting or inhibiting immune tolerance in a variety of contexts, including cancer and autoimmunity. In solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, both donor and recipient-derived ILCs could contribute to immune tolerance or rejection, yet understanding of protective or pathogenic functions are only beginning to emerge. In addition to roles in directing or regulating immune responses, ILCs interface with parenchymal cells to support tissue homeostasis and even regeneration. Whether specific ILCs are tissue-protective or enhance ischemia reperfusion injury or fibrosis is of particular interest to the field of transplantation, beyond any roles in limiting or promoting allograft rejection or graft-versus host disease. Within this review, we discuss the current understanding of ILCs functions in promoting immune tolerance and tissue repair at homeostasis and in the context of transplantation and highlight where targeting or harnessing ILCs could have applications in novel transplant therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Mak
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kyle T Reid
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sarah Q Crome
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zheng P, Dou Y, Wang Q. Immune response and treatment targets of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: innate and adaptive immunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1206720. [PMID: 37424786 PMCID: PMC10324618 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1206720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global public health risk that threatens human life and health, although the number of vaccinated people has increased. The clinical outcome of HBV infection depends on the complex interplay between viral replication and the host immune response. Innate immunity plays an important role in the early stages of the disease but retains no long-term immune memory. However, HBV evades detection by the host innate immune system through stealth. Therefore, adaptive immunity involving T and B cells is crucial for controlling and clearing HBV infections that lead to liver inflammation and damage. The persistence of HBV leads to immune tolerance owing to immune cell dysfunction, T cell exhaustion, and an increase in suppressor cells and cytokines. Although significant progress has been made in HBV treatment in recent years, the balance between immune tolerance, immune activation, inflammation, and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B remains unknown, making a functional cure difficult to achieve. Therefore, this review focuses on the important cells involved in the innate and adaptive immunity of chronic hepatitis B that target the host immune system and identifies treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Graduate School of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yongqing Dou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qinying Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ullah MI, Alameen AAM, Al-Oanzi ZH, Eltayeb LB, Atif M, Munir MU, Ejaz H. Biological Role of Zinc in Liver Cirrhosis: An Updated Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041094. [PMID: 37189711 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is a complication usually due to the consequence of persistent chronic liver disease. It is associated with different mechanisms, including hypoalbuminemia, impaired amino acid turnover, and micronutrient deficiencies. Consequently, cirrhotic patients can develop progressive complications like ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver is a vital organ that regulates the different metabolic pathways and transportation of trace elements. Zn is an indispensable micronutrient trace element involved in its crucial functions in cellular metabolic activity. Zn mediates its action by binding to a wide range of proteins; therefore, it imparts numerous biological effects, including cellular division, differentiation, and growth. It is also involved in critical processes for the biosynthesis of structural proteins and regulation of transcription factors and acts as a co-factor for the various enzymatic processes. As the liver is a significant regulator of Zn metabolism, its abnormalities lead to Zn deficiency, which has consequences on cellular, endocrine, immune, sensory, and skin dysfunctions. Conversely, Zn deficiency may modify the functions of hepatocytes and immune responses (acute phase protein production) in inflammatory liver diseases. This review has concisely stated the evolving indication of the critical role of Zn in biological processes and complications associated with liver cirrhosis pathogenesis due to Zn deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ikram Ullah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman Ali Mohammed Alameen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad H Al-Oanzi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lienda Bashier Eltayeb
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Atif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Usman Munir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasan Ejaz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang L, Hao Y, Boeckmans J, Rodrigues RM, He Y. Immune cells and their derived microRNA-enriched extracellular vesicles in nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases: Novel therapeutic targets. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 243:108353. [PMID: 36738973 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Despite extensive research and multiple clinical trials, there are still no FDA-approved therapies to treat the most severe forms of NAFLD. This is largely due to its complicated etiology and pathogenesis, which involves visceral obesity, insulin resistance, gut dysbiosis, etc. Although inflammation is generally believed to be one of the critical factors that drive the progression of simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the exact type of inflammation and how it contributes to NASH pathogenesis remain largely unknown. Liver inflammation is accompanied by the elevation of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines and chemokines and consequently intrahepatic infiltration of multiple types of immune cells. Recent studies revealed that extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from inflammatory cells and hepatocytes play an important role in controlling liver inflammation during NASH. In this review, we highlight the roles of innate and adaptive immune cells and their microRNA-enriched EVs during NAFLD development and discuss potential drugs that target inflammatory pathways for the treatment of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yawen Hao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Joost Boeckmans
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robim M Rodrigues
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Yong He
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Oura K, Morishita A, Hamaya S, Fujita K, Masaki T. The Roles of Epigenetic Regulation and the Tumor Microenvironment in the Mechanism of Resistance to Systemic Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032805. [PMID: 36769116 PMCID: PMC9917861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major histologic type with a poor prognosis owing to the difficulty in early detection, the chemotherapy resistance, and the high recurrence rate of the disease. Despite recent advancements in HCC prevention and diagnosis, over 50% of patients are diagnosed at Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Stage B or C. Systemic therapies are recommended for unresectable HCC (uHCC) with major vascular invasion, extrahepatic metastases, or intrahepatic lesions that have a limited response to transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, but the treatment outcome tends to be unsatisfactory due to acquired drug resistance. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the resistance to systemic therapies and the appropriate response strategies to solve this issue will contribute to improved outcomes in the multidisciplinary treatment of uHCC. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the mechanisms of resistance to drugs such as sorafenib, regorafenib, and lenvatinib in molecularly targeted therapy, with a focus on epigenetic regulation and the tumor microenvironment and outline the approaches to improve the therapeutic outcome for patients with advanced HCC.
Collapse
|
14
|
Transcriptome Profiling of the Liver in Nellore Cattle Phenotypically Divergent for RFI in Two Genetic Groups. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030359. [PMID: 36766249 PMCID: PMC9913155 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification and selection of genetically superior animals for residual feed intake (RFI) could enhance productivity and minimize environmental impacts. The aim of this study was to use RNA-seq data to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), known non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), specific biomarkers and enriched biological processes associated with RFI of the liver in Nellore cattle in two genetic groups. In genetic group 1 (G1), 24 extreme RFI animals (12 low RFI (LRFI) versus 12 high RFI (HRFI)) were selected from a population of 60 Nellore bulls. The RNA-seq of the samples from their liver tissues was performed using an Illumina HiSeq 2000. In genetic group 2 (G2), 20 samples of liver tissue of Nellore bulls divergent for RFI (LRFI, n = 10 versus HRFI, n = 10) were selected from 83 animals. The raw data of the G2 were chosen from the ENA repository. A total of 1811 DEGs were found for the G1 and 2054 for the G2 (p-value ≤ 0.05). We detected 88 common genes in both genetic groups, of which 33 were involved in the immune response and in blocking oxidative stress. In addition, seven (B2M, ADSS, SNX2, TUBA4A, ARHGAP18, MECR, and ABCF3) possible gene biomarkers were identified through a receiver operating characteristic analysis (ROC) considering an AUC > 0.70. The B2M gene was overexpressed in the LRFI group. This gene regulates the lipid metabolism protein turnover and inhibits cell death. We also found non-coding RNAs in both groups. MIR25 was up-regulated and SNORD16 was down-regulated in the LRFI for G1. For G2, up-regulated RNase_MRP and SCARNA10 were found. We highlight MIR25 as being able to act by blocking cytotoxicity and oxidative stress and RMRP as a blocker of mitochondrial damage. The biological pathways associated with RFI of the liver in Nellore cattle in the two genetic groups were for energy metabolism, protein turnover, redox homeostasis and the immune response. The common transcripts, biomarkers and metabolic pathways found in the two genetic groups make this unprecedented work even more relevant, since the results are valid for different herds raised in different ways. The results reinforce the biological importance of these known processes but also reveal new insights into the complexity of the liver tissue transcriptome of Nellore cattle.
Collapse
|
15
|
Yang Zhou J. Innate immunity and early liver inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1175147. [PMID: 37205101 PMCID: PMC10187146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1175147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate system constitutes a first-line defence mechanism against pathogens. 80% of the blood supply entering the human liver arrives from the splanchnic circulation through the portal vein, so it is constantly exposed to immunologically active substances and pathogens from the gastrointestinal tract. Rapid neutralization of pathogens and toxins is an essential function of the liver, but so too is avoidance of harmful and unnecessary immune reactions. This delicate balance of reactivity and tolerance is orchestrated by a diverse repertoire of hepatic immune cells. In particular, the human liver is enriched in many innate immune cell subsets, including Kupffer cells (KCs), innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) like Natural Killer (NK) cells and ILC-like unconventional T cells - namely Natural Killer T cells (NKT), γδ T cells and Mucosal-associated Invariant T cells (MAIT). These cells reside in the liver in a memory-effector state, so they respond quickly to trigger appropriate responses. The contribution of aberrant innate immunity to inflammatory liver diseases is now being better understood. In particular, we are beginning to understand how specific innate immune subsets trigger chronic liver inflammation, which ultimately results in hepatic fibrosis. In this review, we consider the roles of specific innate immune cell subsets in early inflammation in human liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Yang Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jordi Yang Zhou,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jiang X, Peng Y, Liu L, Wang Y, Li M, Li W, Huang F, Zheng C, Xu F, Hu Q, Wei W, Dong S, Zhao Q. MAIT cells ameliorate liver fibrosis by enhancing the cytotoxicity of NK cells in cholestatic murine models. Liver Int 2022; 42:2743-2758. [PMID: 36181707 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes that display a critical role in various liver diseases. However, the role of MAIT cells in cholestatic liver fibrogenesis remains obscure. Our study aims to assess the contribution of MAIT cells and underlying mechanisms during this process. METHODS Cholestatic murine models using MAIT cell-deficient (MR1- /- ) and wild-type (WT) mice were established by feeding a 0.1% 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)-enriched diet or bile duct ligation (BDL). Liver samples were collected to determine the severity of fibrosis. Lymphocytes of the liver were isolated for analysing the phenotype and function of MAIT cells. Cell co-culture experiments were performed to investigate the cross-talk between MAIT and NK cells. RESULTS Liver MAIT cells were more activated with increased cytokines in cholestatic mice models than in control mice, although their frequency was decreased. MAIT cell deficiency led to severe liver inflammation and fibrosis with more activated HSCs in cholestatic mice. In addition, MR1- /- mice had an increased frequency of NK cells with higher expression of stimulatory receptors relative to WT mice. Paradoxically, activated MAIT cells significantly promoted the anti-fibrotic ability of NK cells by enhancing their cytotoxicity against HSCs in co-culture experiments. Importantly, this effect depended on direct cell-cell contact and TNF-α produced by MAIT cells. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that MAIT cells ameliorate cholestatic liver fibrosis by enhancing the cytotoxicity of NK cells against HSCs. An in-depth understanding of the MAIT cell-mediated regulatory effect will provide more valuable immunotherapy strategies to treat liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanan Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Youwei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengting Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengxing Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunlan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanhui Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Shouquan Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fodor M, Salcher S, Gottschling H, Mair A, Blumer M, Sopper S, Ebner S, Pircher A, Oberhuber R, Wolf D, Schneeberger S, Hautz T. The liver-resident immune cell repertoire - A boon or a bane during machine perfusion? Front Immunol 2022; 13:982018. [PMID: 36311746 PMCID: PMC9609784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.982018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver has been proposed as an important “immune organ” of the body, as it is critically involved in a variety of specific and unique immune tasks. It contains a huge resident immune cell repertoire, which determines the balance between tolerance and inflammation in the hepatic microenvironment. Liver-resident immune cells, populating the sinusoids and the space of Disse, include professional antigen-presenting cells, myeloid cells, as well as innate and adaptive lymphoid cell populations. Machine perfusion (MP) has emerged as an innovative technology to preserve organs ex vivo while testing for organ quality and function prior to transplantation. As for the liver, hypothermic and normothermic MP techniques have successfully been implemented in clinically routine, especially for the use of marginal donor livers. Although there is evidence that ischemia reperfusion injury-associated inflammation is reduced in machine-perfused livers, little is known whether MP impacts the quantity, activation state and function of the hepatic immune-cell repertoire, and how this affects the inflammatory milieu during MP. At this point, it remains even speculative if liver-resident immune cells primarily exert a pro-inflammatory and hence destructive effect on machine-perfused organs, or in part may be essential to induce liver regeneration and counteract liver damage. This review discusses the role of hepatic immune cell subtypes during inflammatory conditions and ischemia reperfusion injury in the context of liver transplantation. We further highlight the possible impact of MP on the modification of the immune cell repertoire and its potential for future applications and immune modulation of the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Fodor
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative Medicine, organLife Laboratory, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S. Salcher
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck (CCCI), Medical University Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H. Gottschling
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative Medicine, organLife Laboratory, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A. Mair
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck (CCCI), Medical University Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M. Blumer
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S. Sopper
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck (CCCI), Medical University Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S. Ebner
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative Medicine, organLife Laboratory, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A. Pircher
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck (CCCI), Medical University Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R. Oberhuber
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative Medicine, organLife Laboratory, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - D. Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck (CCCI), Medical University Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S. Schneeberger
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative Medicine, organLife Laboratory, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T. Hautz
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative Medicine, organLife Laboratory, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- *Correspondence: T. Hautz,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang S, Wu Q, Chen T, Su R, Pan C, Qian J, Huang H, Yin S, Xie H, Zhou L, Zheng S. Blocking CD47 promotes antitumour immunity through CD103 + dendritic cell-NK cell axis in murine hepatocellular carcinoma model. J Hepatol 2022; 77:467-478. [PMID: 35367532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The CD47-signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) axis inhibits dendritic cell (DC) phagocytosis and contributes to immune evasion. However, the behaviour of DCs and the potential crosstalk between DCs and natural killer (NK) cells in the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) microenvironment after CD47 blockade remain unclear. METHODS The infiltration of CD103+ DCs and NK cells were analysed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence in both human and murine HCC specimens. An orthotopic liver tumour model was used to evaluate the function of the CD103+ DC-NK cell axis after CD47 blockade in vivo in wild-type, Rag1-/-, Batf3-/-, and STING1-/- mice. Phagocytosis assays were performed in CD103+ DC and HCC cell lines. CD103+ DC-derived cytokines were analysed by chemokine array. Spleen-derived NK cells in C57BL/6J mice were used to evaluate cytotoxic functions in vitro. RESULTS Higher CD47 expression was associated with worse prognosis in patients with HCC. CD47 blockade enhanced antitumour efficacy by stimulating the CD103+ DC-NK cell axis. The hypoxic microenvironment promoted CD47 blockade-induced tumour DNA phagocytosis by CD103+ DCs. By releasing IL-12 and CXCL9, activated CD103+ DCs induced the recruitment of NK cells with upregulated expression of granzyme B, NKG2D, interferon-γ, and tumour necrosis factor-α and downregulated expression of NKG2A. The antitumour effects of CD47 blockade could be abolished by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-STING pathway inhibition. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the classical DC-T cell axis, CD47 blockade significantly enhanced the ability of CD103+ DCs to take up tumour DNA, resulting in the stimulation of the cGAS-STING pathway, which promoted the infiltration and activation of NK cells in liver cancer. LAY SUMMARY Hypoxia (low oxygen levels) is prevalent in the hepatocellular carcinoma microenvironment and promotes the phagocytosis (ingestion and elimination) of tumour DNA by CD103+ dendritic cells (a type of immune cell). Blockade of the cell surface protein CD47 resulted in activation of CD103+ dendritic cells which led to the recruitment and activation of natural killer cells (a different immune cell). When activated, these cells exhibit an antitumour effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinchuan Wu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianchi Chen
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Su
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caixu Pan
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Qian
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hechen Huang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengyong Yin
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yang T, Wang H, Wang X, Li J, Jiang L. The Dual Role of Innate Immune Response in Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071057. [PMID: 36101435 PMCID: PMC9312699 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP), a commonly used antipyretic analgesic, is becoming increasingly toxic to the liver, resulting in a high rate of acute hepatic failure in Europe and the United States. Excessive APAP metabolism in the liver develops an APAP-protein adduct, which causes oxidative stress, MPTP opening, and hepatic necrosis. HMGB-1, HSP, nDNA, mtDNA, uric acid, and ATP are DMAPs released during hepatic necrosis. DMAPs attach to TLR4-expressing immune cells such KCs, macrophages, and NK cells, activating them and causing them to secrete cytokines. Immune cells and their secreted cytokines have been demonstrated to have a dual function in acetaminophen-induced liver injury (AILI), with a role in either proinflammation or pro-regeneration, resulting in contradicting findings and some research confusion. Neutrophils, KCs, MoMFs, NK/NKT cells, γδT cells, DCs, and inflammasomes have pivotal roles in AILI. In this review, we summarize the dual role of innate immune cells involved in AILI and illustrate how these cells initiate innate immune responses that lead to persistent inflammation and liver damage. We also discuss the contradictory findings in the literature and possible protocols for better understanding the molecular regulatory mechanisms of AILI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; (T.Y.); (H.W.); (X.W.)
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, The Zhenjiang Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; (T.Y.); (H.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; (T.Y.); (H.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; (T.Y.); (H.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Longfeng Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; (T.Y.); (H.W.); (X.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fiorucci S, Zampella A, Ricci P, Distrutti E, Biagioli M. Immunomodulatory functions of FXR. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 551:111650. [PMID: 35472625 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Farnesoid-x-receptor (FXR) is a bile acids sensor activated in humans by primary bile acids. FXR is mostly expressed in liver, intestine and adrenal glands but also by cells of innate immunity, including macrophages, liver resident macrophages, the Kupffer cells, natural killer cells and dendritic cells. In normal physiology and clinical disorders, cells of innate immunity mediate communications between liver, intestine and adipose tissues. In addition to FXR, the G protein coupled receptor (GPBAR1), that is mainly activated by secondary bile acids, whose expression largely overlaps FXR, modulates chemical communications from the intestinal microbiota and the host's immune system, integrating epithelial cells and immune cells in the entero-hepatic system, providing a mechanism for development of a tolerogenic state toward the intestinal microbiota. Disruption of FXR results in generalized inflammation and disrupted bile acids metabolism. While FXR agonism in preclinical models provides counter-regulatory signals that attenuate inflammation-driven immune dysfunction in a variety of liver and intestinal disease models, the clinical relevance of these mechanisms in the setting of FXR-related disorders remain poorly defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy. http://www.gastroenterologia.unipg.it
| | - Angela Zampella
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Pharmacy, Naples, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ricci
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Distrutti
- SC di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Carroll HK, Duffy AG, O'Farrelly C. Liver Immunology, Immunotherapy, and Liver Cancers: Time for a Rethink? Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42:212-224. [PMID: 35263795 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1744143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The complex immune system of the liver has a major role in tumor surveillance, but also partly explains why current immune therapies are poorly effective against liver cancers. Known primarily for its tolerogenic capacity, the hepatic immune repertoire also comprises diverse populations of armored immune cells with tumor surveillant roles. In healthy people, these work together to successfully identify malignant cells and prevent their proliferation, thus halting tumor formation. When frontline hepatic immune surveillance systems fail, compromised hepatic immunity, driven by obesity, infection, or other pathological factors, allows primary or secondary liver cancers to develop. Tumor growth promotes the normal tolerogenic immunological milieu of the liver, perhaps explaining why current immunotherapies fail to work. This review explores the complex local liver immune system with the hope of identifying potential therapeutic targets needed to best overcome immunological barriers in the liver to create an environment no longer hostile to immunotherapy for the treatment of liver cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailey K Carroll
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Mater Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Austin G Duffy
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Mater Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bae J, Kim JE, Perumalsamy H, Park S, Kim Y, Jun DW, Yoon TH. Mass Cytometry Study on Hepatic Fibrosis and Its Drug-Induced Recovery Using Mouse Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:814030. [PMID: 35222390 PMCID: PMC8863676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.814030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of patients with liver diseases has increased significantly with the progress of global industrialization. Hepatic fibrosis, one of the most common liver diseases diagnosed in many developed countries, occurs in response to chronic liver injury and is primarily driven by the development of inflammation. Earlier immunological studies have been focused on the importance of the innate immune response in the pathophysiology of steatohepatitis and fibrosis, but recently, it has also been reported that adaptive immunity, particularly B cells, plays an essential role in hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. However, despite recent data showing the importance of adaptive immunity, relatively little is known about the role of B cells in the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis fibrosis. In this study, a single-cell-based, high-dimensional mass cytometric investigation of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from mice belonging to three groups [normal chow (NC), thioacetamide (TAA), and 11beta-HSD inhibitor drug] was conducted to further understand the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis through reliable noninvasive biomarkers. Firstly, major immune cell types and their population changes were qualitatively analyzed using UMAP dimensionality reduction and two-dimensional visualization technique combined with a conventional manual gating strategy. The population of B cells displayed a twofold increase in the TAA group compared to that in the NC group, which was recovered slightly after treatment with the 11beta-HSD inhibitor drug. In contrast, the populations of NK cells, effector CD4+ T cells, and memory CD8+ T cells were significantly reduced in the TAA group compared with those in the NC group. Further identification and quantification of the major immune cell types and their subsets were conducted based on automated clustering approaches [PhenoGraph (PG) and FlowSOM]. The B-cell subset corresponding to PhenoGraph cluster PG#2 (CD62LhighCD44highLy6chigh B cells) and PG#3 (CD62LhighCD44highLy6clow B cell) appears to play a major role in both the development of hepatic fibrosis and recovery via treatment, whereas PG#1 (CD62LlowCD44highLy6clow B cell) seems to play a dominant role in the development of hepatic fibrosis. These findings provide insights into the roles of cellular subsets of B cells during the progression of, and recovery from, hepatic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Bae
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Haribalan Perumalsamy
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sehee Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Kim
- Hanyang Medicine-Engineering-Bio Collaborative & Comprehensive Center for Drug Development, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae Won Jun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Hanyang Medicine-Engineering-Bio Collaborative & Comprehensive Center for Drug Development, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.,Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.,Yoon Idea Lab. Co. Ltd, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Murphy JM, Ngai L, Mortha A, Crome SQ. Tissue-Dependent Adaptations and Functions of Innate Lymphoid Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:836999. [PMID: 35359972 PMCID: PMC8960279 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.836999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident immune cells reside in distinct niches across organs, where they contribute to tissue homeostasis and rapidly respond to perturbations in the local microenvironment. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a family of innate immune cells that regulate immune and tissue homeostasis. Across anatomical locations throughout the body, ILCs adopt tissue-specific fates, differing from circulating ILC populations. Adaptations of ILCs to microenvironmental changes have been documented in several inflammatory contexts, including obesity, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. While our understanding of ILC functions within tissues have predominantly been based on mouse studies, development of advanced single cell platforms to study tissue-resident ILCs in humans and emerging patient-based data is providing new insights into this lymphocyte family. Within this review, we discuss current concepts of ILC fate and function, exploring tissue-specific functions of ILCs and their contribution to health and disease across organ systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Murphy
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Louis Ngai
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Q Crome
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepatotropic virus and an important human pathogen. There are an estimated 296 million people in the world that are chronically infected by this virus, and many of them will develop severe liver diseases including hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV is a small DNA virus that replicates via the reverse transcription pathway. In this review, we summarize the molecular pathways that govern the replication of HBV and its interactions with host cells. We also discuss viral and non-viral factors that are associated with HBV-induced carcinogenesis and pathogenesis, as well as the role of host immune responses in HBV persistence and liver pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Chuang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Kuen-Nan Tsai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jing-Hsiung James Ou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chemerin Overexpression in the Liver Protects against Inflammation in Experimental Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010132. [PMID: 35052810 PMCID: PMC8773259 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is marked by macrophage infiltration and inflammation. Chemerin is a chemoattractant protein and is abundant in hepatocytes. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the role of hepatocyte-produced prochemerin in NASH. Therefore, mice were infected with adeno-associated virus 8 to direct hepatic overexpression of prochemerin in a methionine–choline deficient dietary model of NASH. At the end of the study, hepatic and serum chemerin were higher in the chemerin-expressing mice. These animals had less hepatic oxidative stress, F4/80 and CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) protein, and mRNA levels of inflammatory genes than the respective control animals. In order to identify the underlying mechanisms, prochemerin was expressed in hepatocytes and the hepatic stellate cells, LX-2. Here, chemerin had no effect on cell viability, production of inflammatory, or pro-fibrotic factors. Notably, cultivation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the supernatant of Huh7 cells overexpressing chemerin reduced CCL2, interleukin-6, and osteopontin levels in cell media. CCL2 was also low in RAW264.7 cells exposed to Hepa1–6 cell produced chemerin. In summary, the current study showed that prochemerin overexpression had little effect on hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells. Of note, hepatocyte-produced chemerin deactivated PBMCs and protected against inflammation in experimental NASH.
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang C, Wang H, Li J, Hou X, Li L, Wang W, Shi Y, Li D, Li L, Zhao Z, Li L, Aji T, Lin R, Shao Y, Vuitton DA, Tian Z, Sun H, Wen H. Involvement of TIGIT in Natural Killer Cell Exhaustion and Immune Escape in Patients and Mouse Model With Liver Echinococcus multilocularis Infection. Hepatology 2021; 74:3376-3393. [PMID: 34192365 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a lethal helminthic liver disease caused by persistent infection with Echinococcus multilocularis. Although more attention has been paid to the immunotolerance of T cells caused by E. multilocularis infection, the role of natural killer (NK) cell, a critical player in liver immunity, is seldom studied. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we observed that NK cells from the blood and closed liver tissue (CLT) of AE patients expressed a higher level of inhibitory receptor TIGIT and were functionally exhausted with a lower expression of granzyme B, perforin, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and TNF-α. Addition of anti-TIGIT (T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain) monoclonal antibody into AE patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture significantly enhanced the synthesis of IFN-γ and TNF-α by NK cells, indicating the reversion of exhausted NK cells by TIGIT blockade. In the mouse model of E. multilocularis infection, liver and splenic TIGIT+ NK cells progressively increased dependent of infection dosage and timing and were less activated and less degranulated with lower cytokine secretion. Furthermore, TIGIT deficiency or blockade in vivo inhibited liver metacestode growth, reduced liver injury, and increased the level of IFN-γ produced by liver NK cells. Interestingly, NK cells from mice with persistent chronic infection expressed a higher level of TIGIT compared to self-healing mice. To look further into the mechanisms, more regulatory CD56bright and murine CD49a+ NK cells with higher TIGIT expression existed in livers of AE patients and mice infected with E. multilocularis, respectively. They coexpressed higher surface programmed death ligand 1 and secreted more IL-10, two strong inducers to mediate the functional exhaustion of NK cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that inhibitory receptor TIGIT is involved in NK cell exhaustion and immune escape from E. multilocularis infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jing Li
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xinling Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Linghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Dewei Li
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Liang Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhibin Zhao
- Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Li
- Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tuerganaili Aji
- Department of Hepatic Hydatid and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Renyong Lin
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yingmei Shao
- Department of Hepatic Hydatid and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Dominique A Vuitton
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, Department of Parasitology, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté (EA 3181) and University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haoyu Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lefebvre MN, Surette FA, Anthony SM, Vijay R, Jensen IJ, Pewe LL, Hancox LS, Van Braeckel-Budimir N, van de Wall S, Urban SL, Mix MR, Kurup SP, Badovinac VP, Butler NS, Harty JT. Expeditious recruitment of circulating memory CD8 T cells to the liver facilitates control of malaria. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109956. [PMID: 34731605 PMCID: PMC8628427 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating memory CD8 T cell trafficking and protective capacity during liver-stage malaria infection remains undefined. We find that effector memory CD8 T cells (Tem) infiltrate the liver within 6 hours after malarial or bacterial infections and mediate pathogen clearance. Tem recruitment coincides with rapid transcriptional upregulation of inflammatory genes in Plasmodium-infected livers. Recruitment requires CD8 T cell-intrinsic LFA-1 expression and the presence of liver phagocytes. Rapid Tem liver infiltration is distinct from recruitment to other non-lymphoid tissues in that it occurs both in the absence of liver tissue resident memory "sensing-and-alarm" function and ∼42 hours earlier than in lung infection by influenza virus. These data demonstrate relevance for Tem in protection against malaria and provide generalizable mechanistic insights germane to control of liver infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell N Lefebvre
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Fionna A Surette
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Scott M Anthony
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Rahul Vijay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Isaac J Jensen
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Lecia L Pewe
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Lisa S Hancox
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | | | - Stephanie van de Wall
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Stina L Urban
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Madison R Mix
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Samarchith P Kurup
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Noah S Butler
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tsai KN, Ou JHJ. Hepatitis B virus e antigen and viral persistence. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 51:158-163. [PMID: 34717215 PMCID: PMC8643334 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) e antigen (HBeAg) was discovered in the sera of HBV patients nearly 50 years ago. It is not essential for HBV to infect or replicate in hepatocytes. Earlier clinical studies suggested that this antigen might play an important role for HBV to establish persistence in babies after its mother-to-child transmission. Subsequent clinical studies also suggested that HBeAg might have immunomodulatory activities. In recent years, a large body of information on how HBeAg might modulate host immunity was published. In this review, we summarize recent research progresses on the immunomodulatory activities of HBeAg and discuss how these activities of HBeAg may promote HBV persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuen-Nan Tsai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR-401, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Jing-Hsiung James Ou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR-401, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bile acid activated receptors: Integrating immune and metabolic regulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. LIVER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
30
|
Lee HA, Goh HG, Lee YS, Jung YK, Kim JH, Yim HJ, Lee MG, An H, Jeen YT, Yeon JE, Byun KS, Seo YS. Natural killer cell activity is a risk factor for the recurrence risk after curative treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:258. [PMID: 34118869 PMCID: PMC8199695 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Natural killer (NK) cells have been known to contribute to surveillance and control of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the association of NK cell activity with stage and recurrence risk of HCC have not been fully evaluated. Methods Untreated patients with newly diagnosed HCC were prospectively enrolled. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated at the time of diagnosis. Patients who had undergone surgery or radiofrequency ablation were classified as the curative treatment group, and their blood samples were collected again at 1 month after treatment. Results A total of 80 patients with HCC were enrolled. The mean age was 62.5 years. At baseline, interferon (IFN)-γ producing NK cell proportion was significantly lower in patients with Barcelona clinic liver cancer (BCLC) stage B, C, or D than in those with BCLC stage 0 (42.9% vs. 56.8%, P = 0.045). Among all patients, 56 patients had undergone curative treatment, and 42 patients re-visited at 1 month after curative treatment. There was no significant change in total NK cell and IFN-γ producing NK cell proportion from baseline to 1 month after treatment (all P > 0.05). During a median follow-up of 12.4 months, HCC recurred in 14 patients (33.3%). When patients were classified according to the IFN-γ producing NK cell proportion (group 1, ≥ 45%; and group 2, < 45%), HCC recurrence rate did not differ according to the IFN-γ producing NK cell proportion at baseline (log-rank test, P = 0.835). However, patients with < 45% IFN-γ producing NK cell proportion at 1 month after treatment had a significantly higher HCC recurrence rate than patients with that of ≥ 45% (log-rank test, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that BCLC stage B (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.412, P = 0.045) and < 45% IFN-γ producing NK cell proportion at 1 month after treatment (HR = 6.934, P = 0.001) independently predicted an increased risk of HCC recurrence. Conclusions Decreased NK cell activity is significantly associated with the advanced stage of HCC, and the increased recurrence risk of HCC after curative treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12876-021-01833-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Ah Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Gil Goh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Sun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Kul Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Yim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Goo Lee
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunggin An
- Department of Biostatistics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Tae Jeen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Eun Yeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwan Soo Byun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon Seok Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang E, Liao Z, Wang L, Liao Y, Xu X, Liu P, Wang X, Hou J, Jiang H, Wu X, Chen X. A combination of pirfenidone and TGF-β inhibition mitigates cystic echinococcosis-associated hepatic injury. Parasitology 2021; 148:767-778. [PMID: 33583470 PMCID: PMC11010163 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) occurs in the intermediate host's liver, assuming a bladder-like structure surrounded by the host-derived collagen capsule mainly derived from activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). However, the effect of CE on liver natural killer (NK) cells and the potential of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling inhibition on alleviating CE-related liver damage remain to be explored. Here, by using the CE-mouse model, we revealed that the inhibitory receptors on the surface of liver NK cells were up-regulated, whereas the activating receptors were down-regulated over time. TGF-β1 secretion was elevated in liver tissues and mainly derived from macrophages. A combination of TGF-β signalling inhibitors SB525334 and pirfenidone could reduce the expression of TGF-β1 signalling pathway-related proteins and collagen production. Based on the secretion of TGF-β1, only the pirfenidone group showed a depressing effect. Also, the combination of SB525334 and pirfenidone exhibited a higher potential in effectively alleviating the senescence of the hepatocytes and restoring liver function. Together, TGF-β1 may be a potential target for the treatment of CE-associated liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erqiang Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
- Department of Hunan Children's Research Institute, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenyu Liao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Lianghai Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Yuan Liao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Xiaodan Xu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Jun Hou
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Huijiao Jiang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Xiangwei Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Xueling Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Immunosuppressive Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115801. [PMID: 34071550 PMCID: PMC8198390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer has the fourth highest mortality rate of all cancers worldwide, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) being the most prevalent subtype. Despite great advances in systemic therapy, such as molecular-targeted agents, HCC has one of the worst prognoses due to drug resistance and frequent recurrence and metastasis. Recently, new therapeutic strategies such as cancer immunosuppressive therapy have prolonged patients' lives, and the combination of an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) and VEGF inhibitor is now positioned as the first-line therapy for advanced HCC. Since the efficacy of ICIs depends on the tumor immune microenvironment, it is necessary to elucidate the immune environment of HCC to select appropriate ICIs. In this review, we summarize the findings on the immune microenvironment and immunosuppressive approaches focused on monoclonal antibodies against cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 and programmed cell death protein 1 for HCC. We also describe ongoing treatment modalities, including adoptive cell transfer-based therapies and future areas of exploration based on recent literature. The results of pre-clinical studies using immunological classification and animal models will contribute to the development of biomarkers that predict the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy and aid in the selection of appropriate strategies for HCC treatment.
Collapse
|
33
|
Du Y, Yan H, Zou S, Khera T, Li J, Han M, Yang X, Wang B, Liu J, Sun S, Zheng X, Dittmer U, Lu M, Yang D, Wedemeyer H, Wu J. Natural Killer Cells Regulate the Maturation of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells Thereby Promoting Intrahepatic T-Cell Responses in a Mouse Model. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:865-881. [PMID: 34027274 PMCID: PMC8122378 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional maturation of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) plays an important role in intrahepatic T-cell activation and control of viral infections. Natural killer (NK) cells have been reported to prompt the maturation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), especially for dendritic cells (DCs), but the interaction between NK cells and LSECs is elusive. Here, we investigated whether and how NK cells are involved in regulating LSEC maturation and if this has a role in controlling hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in a mouse model. A chronic HBV replication mouse model was established by hydrodynamic injection (HI) of 6 µg adeno-associated virus plasmid (pAAV)/HBV 1.2. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) ligand diaminopemelic acid (DAP) was imported into liver by HI at day 14 after plasmid injection. We found that HI of DAP recruited conventional NK cells (cNK) into the liver and promoted tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production of NK cells in a chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 (CXCR3)-dependent manner. Importantly, the maturation of LSECs and the anti-HBV effects of DAP were impaired in CXCR3-/- mice; this possibly was associated with the decreased number of intrahepatic cNK cells. Consistently, depleting cNK cells but not liver-resident NK cells also impaired the maturation and antigen-presenting function of LSECs, which reduced intrahepatic HBV-specific T-cell responses and thus inhibited HBV clearance both in wild-type and in Rag1-/- mice. Moreover, TNF-α or IFN-γ stimulation as well as coculture with intrahepatic NK cells partly promoted LSEC phenotypic and functional maturation in vitro. Conclusion: NOD1-triggered NK cell activation may lead to the enhancement of intrahepatic T-cell responses by promoting maturation of LSECs through soluble cytokines and cell-cell contact, thereby controlling HBV replication and expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Du
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina.,Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Hospital of EssenUniversity of Duisburg-EssenEssenGermany
| | - Hu Yan
- Mucosal Immunity Research GroupState Key Laboratory of VirologyWuhan Institute of VirologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Shi Zou
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Tanvi Khera
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Hospital of EssenUniversity of Duisburg-EssenEssenGermany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and EndocrinologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Meihong Han
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Baoju Wang
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Shuilin Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseasesthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for VirologyUniversity Hospital of EssenUniversity of Duisburg-EssenEssenGermany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for VirologyUniversity Hospital of EssenUniversity of Duisburg-EssenEssenGermany
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Hospital of EssenUniversity of Duisburg-EssenEssenGermany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and EndocrinologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bozward AG, Warricker F, Oo YH, Khakoo SI. Natural Killer Cells and Regulatory T Cells Cross Talk in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Exploring Therapeutic Options for the Next Decade. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643310. [PMID: 33995362 PMCID: PMC8120158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite major advances in immunotherapy, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a challenging target. Natural Killer (NK) cells are crucial components of the anti-HCC immune response, which can be manipulated for immunotherapeutic benefit as primary targets, modulators of the tumour microenvironment and in synchronising with tumour antigen specific effector CD8 cells for tumour clearance. Regulatory T cells shape the anti-tumour response from effector T cells via multiple suppressive mechanisms. Future research is needed to address the development of novel NK cell-targeted immunotherapy and on restraining Treg frequency and function in HCC. We have now entered a new era of anti-cancer treatment using checkpoint inhibitor (CPI)-based strategies. Combining GMP-NK cell immunotherapy to enhance the frequency of NK cells with CPI targeting both NK and CD8 T cells to release co-inhibitory receptors and enhance the cells anti-tumour immunity of HCC would be an attractive therapeutic option in the treatment of HCC. These therapeutic approaches should now be complemented by the application of genomic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches to understanding the microenvironment of HCC which, together with deep immune profiling of peripheral blood and HCC tissue before and during treatment, will provide the much-needed personalised medicine approach required to improve clinical outcomes for patients with HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber G. Bozward
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR BRC) Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Rare Diseases, European Reference Network Centre- Rare Liver, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Frazer Warricker
- The School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, The School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ye H. Oo
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR BRC) Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Rare Diseases, European Reference Network Centre- Rare Liver, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Liver Transplant and Hepatobiliary Unit, University Hospital of Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Salim I. Khakoo
- The School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, The School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Liver Transplant and Hepatobiliary Unit, University Hospital of Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Palombo V, Alharthi A, Batistel F, Parys C, Guyader J, Trevisi E, D'Andrea M, Loor JJ. Unique adaptations in neonatal hepatic transcriptome, nutrient signaling, and one-carbon metabolism in response to feeding ethyl cellulose rumen-protected methionine during late-gestation in Holstein cows. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:280. [PMID: 33865335 PMCID: PMC8053294 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07538-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methionine (Met) supply during late-pregnancy enhances fetal development in utero and leads to greater rates of growth during the neonatal period. Due to its central role in coordinating nutrient and one-carbon metabolism along with immune responses of the newborn, the liver could be a key target of the programming effects induced by dietary methyl donors such as Met. To address this hypothesis, liver biopsies from 4-day old calves (n = 6/group) born to Holstein cows fed a control or the control plus ethyl-cellulose rumen-protected Met for the last 28 days prepartum were used for DNA methylation, transcriptome, metabolome, proteome, and one-carbon metabolism enzyme activities. RESULTS Although greater withers and hip height at birth in Met calves indicated better development in utero, there were no differences in plasma systemic physiological indicators. RNA-seq along with bioinformatics and transcription factor regulator analyses revealed broad alterations in 'Glucose metabolism', 'Lipid metabolism, 'Glutathione', and 'Immune System' metabolism due to enhanced maternal Met supply. Greater insulin sensitivity assessed via proteomics, and efficiency of transsulfuration pathway activity suggested beneficial effects on nutrient metabolism and metabolic-related stress. Maternal Met supply contributed to greater phosphatidylcholine synthesis in calf liver, with a role in very low density lipoprotein secretion as a mechanism to balance metabolic fates of fatty acids arising from the diet or adipose-depot lipolysis. Despite a lack of effect on hepatic amino acid (AA) transport, a reduction in metabolism of essential AA within the liver indicated an AA 'sparing effect' induced by maternal Met. CONCLUSIONS Despite greater global DNA methylation, maternal Met supply resulted in distinct alterations of hepatic transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome profiles after birth. Data underscored an effect on maintenance of calf hepatic Met homeostasis, glutathione, phosphatidylcholine and taurine synthesis along with greater efficiency of nutrient metabolism and immune responses. Transcription regulators such as FOXO1, PPARG, E2F1, and CREB1 appeared central in the coordination of effects induced by maternal Met. Overall, maternal Met supply induced better immunometabolic status of the newborn liver, conferring the calf a physiologic advantage during a period of metabolic stress and suboptimal immunocompetence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentino Palombo
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università degli Studi del Molise, via De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Abdulrahman Alharthi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fernanda Batistel
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Claudia Parys
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, 63457, Essen, Germany
| | - Jessie Guyader
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, 63457, Essen, Germany
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Mariasilvia D'Andrea
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università degli Studi del Molise, via De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sakamoto Y, Yoshio S, Doi H, Mori T, Matsuda M, Kawai H, Shimagaki T, Yoshikawa S, Aoki Y, Osawa Y, Yoshida Y, Arai T, Itokawa N, Atsukawa M, Ito T, Honda T, Mise Y, Ono Y, Takahashi Y, Saiura A, Taketomi A, Kanto T. Increased Frequency of Dysfunctional Siglec-7 -CD57 +PD-1 + Natural Killer Cells in Patients With Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:603133. [PMID: 33692781 PMCID: PMC7938755 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.603133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a progressive disorder that can develop into liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Natural killer (NK) cells have been shown to protect against liver fibrosis and tumorigenesis, suggesting that they may also play a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are a family of inhibitory and activating receptors expressed by many cell types, including NK cells. Here, we investigated the phenotypic profiles of peripheral blood and intrahepatic NK cells, including expression of Siglecs and immune checkpoint molecules, and their association with NK cell function in patients with NAFLD. Immune cells in the peripheral blood of 42 patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD and 13 healthy volunteers (HVs) were identified by mass cytometry. The function of various NK cell subpopulations was assessed by flow cytometric detection of intracellular IFN-γ and CD107a/LAMP-1, a degranulation marker, after in vitro stimulation. We found that peripheral blood from NAFLD patients, regardless of fibrosis stage, contained significantly fewer total CD56+ NK cell and CD56dim NK cell populations compared with HVs, and the CD56dim cells from NAFLD patients were functionally impaired. Among the Siglecs examined, NK cells predominantly expressed Siglec-7 and Siglec-9, and both the expression levels of Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 on NK cells and the frequencies of Siglec-7+CD56dim NK cells were reduced in NAFLD patients. Notably, Siglec-7 levels on CD56dim NK cells were inversely correlated with PD-1, CD57, and ILT2 levels and positively correlated with NKp30 and NKp46 levels. Further subtyping of NK cells identified a highly dysfunctional Siglec-7-CD57+PD-1+CD56dim NK cell subset that was increased in patients with NAFLD, even those with mild liver fibrosis. Intrahepatic NK cells from NAFLD patients expressed elevated levels of NKG2D and CD69, suggesting a more activated phenotype than normal liver NK cells. These data identify a close association between NK cell function and expression of Siglec-7, CD57, and PD-1 that could potentially be therapeutically targeted in NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Sakamoto
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Gastoenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Yoshio
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Doi
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taizo Mori
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michitaka Matsuda
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironari Kawai
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonari Shimagaki
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiori Yoshikawa
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Aoki
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Osawa
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Yoshida
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taeang Arai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Itokawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Atsukawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Ito
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Honda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Mise
- Department of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ono
- Department of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Department of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Saiura
- Department of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinobu Taketomi
- Department of Gastoenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kanto
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hastings KL, Green MD, Gao B, Ganey PE, Roth RA, Burleson GR. Beyond Metabolism: Role of the Immune System in Hepatic Toxicity. Int J Toxicol 2021; 39:151-164. [PMID: 32174281 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819898399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The liver is primarily thought of as a metabolic organ; however, the liver is also an important mediator of immunological functions. Key perspectives on this emerging topic were presented in a symposium at the 2018 annual meeting of the American College of Toxicology entitled "Beyond metabolism: Role of the immune system in hepatic toxicity." Viral hepatitis is an important disease of the liver for which insufficient preventive vaccines exist. Host immune responses inadequately clear these viruses and often potentiate immunological inflammation that damages the liver. In addition, the liver is a key innate immune organ against bacterial infection. Hepatocytes and immune cells cooperatively control systemic and local bacterial infections. Conversely, bacterial infection can activate multiple types of immune cells and pathways to cause hepatocyte damage and liver injury. Finally, the immune system and specifically cytokines and drugs can interact in idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. This rare disease can result in a disease spectrum that ranges from mild to acute liver failure. The immune system plays a role in this disease spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patricia E Ganey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Robert A Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Gary R Burleson
- BRT-Burleson Research Technologies, Inc, Morrisville, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
The innate immune system acts rapidly in an identical and nonspecific way every time the body is exposed to pathogens. As such, it cannot build and maintain immunological memory to help prevent reinfection. Researchers contend that trained immunity is influenced by intracellular metabolic pathways and epigenetic remodeling. The purpose of this review was to explore the topic of trained innate immunity based on the results of relevant previous studies. This systematic review entailed identifying articles related to trained innate immunity. The sources were obtained from PubMed using different search terms that included "trained innate immunity," "trained immunity," "trained," "innate," "immunity," and "immune system." Boolean operators were used to combine terms and phrases. A review of previous study results revealed that little is currently known about the molecular and cellular processes that mediate or induce a trained immune response in animals. However, it is believed that alterations in the phenotypes of cell populations and the numbers of specific cells may play a critical role in mediating the trained immune response. Increasing evidence shows that the protective processes and actions that occur during a secondary infection are not entirely linked to the adaptive immune system. Instead, these events also involve heightened activation of innate immune cells. While trained innate immune cells may have a shorter memory, they assist in the fight against pathogens and provide cross-protection. Identification of the mechanisms and molecules that underlie trained innate immunity has highlighted important features of the human immune response. Such advances continue to open doors for future research on how the body responds to disease-causing pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borros Arneth
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Hospital of the Universities of Giessen and Marburg, UKGM, Feulgenstr 12, 35339, Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sung PS, Shin EC. Immunological Mechanisms for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk after Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. J Clin Med 2021; 10:E221. [PMID: 33435135 PMCID: PMC7827927 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) that allow for rapid clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) may evoke immunological changes. Some cases of rapid de novo hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development or early recurrence of HCC after DAA treatment have been reported. During chronic HCV infection, natural killer (NK) cells exhibited a deviant functional phenotype with decreased production of antiviral cytokines and increased cytotoxicity; however, DAA treatment rapidly decreased their cytotoxic function. Effective DAA therapy also suppressed the intrahepatic activation of macrophages/monocytes. This was followed by a decrease in mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell cytotoxicity without normalization of cytokine production. Rapid changes in the phenotypes of NK and MAIT cells after DAA treatment may attenuate the cytotoxicity of these cells against cancer cells. Moreover, DAA treatment did not normalize the increased frequencies of regulatory T cells even after clearance of HCV infection. Thus, the persistently increased frequency of regulatory T cells may contribute to a local immunosuppressive milieu and hamper the clearance of cancer cells. This review will focus on recent studies describing the changes in innate and adaptive immune responses after DAA treatment in patients with chronic HCV infection in the context of de novo occurrence or recurrence of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pil Soo Sung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- The Catholic Liver Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- The Center for Epidemic Preparedness, KAIST Institute, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
A novel immune classification reveals distinct immune escape mechanism and genomic alterations: implications for immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Transl Med 2021; 19:5. [PMID: 33407585 PMCID: PMC7789239 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02697-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tumor immunological microenvironment (TIME) has a prominent impact on prognosis and immunotherapy. However, the heterogeneous TIME and the mechanisms by which TIME affects immunotherapy have not been elucidated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods A total of 2195 eligible HCC patients from TCGA and GEO database were collected. We comprehensively explored the different heterogeneous TIME phenotypes and its clinical significance. The potential immune escape mechanisms and what genomic alterations may drive the formation of different phenotypes were further investigated. Results We identified three phenotypes in HCC: TIME-1, the “immune-deficiency” phenotype, with immune cell depletion and proliferation; TIME-2, the “immune-suppressed” phenotype, with enrichment of immunosuppressive cells; TIME-3, the “immune-activated phenotype”, with abundant leukocytes infiltration and immune activation. The prognosis and sensitivity to both sorafenib and immunotherapy differed among the three phenotypes. We also underlined the potential immune escape mechanisms: lack of leukocytes and defective tumor antigen presentation capacity in TIME-1, increased immunosuppressive cells in TIME-2, and rich in immunoinhibitory molecules in TIME-3. The different phenotypes also demonstrated specific genomic events: TIME-1 characterized by TP53, CDKN2A, CTNNB1, AXIN1 and FOXD4 alterations; TIME-2 characterized by significant alteration patterns in the PI3K pathway; TIME-3 characterized by ARID1A mutation. Besides, the TIME index (TI) was proposed to quantify TIME infiltration pattern, and it was a superior prognostic and immunotherapy predictor. A pipeline was developed to classify single patient into one of these three subtypes and calculated the TI. Conclusions We identified three TIME phenotypes with different clinical outcomes, immune escape mechanisms and genomic alterations in HCC, which could present strategies for improving the efficacy of immunotherapy. TI as a novel prognostic and immunotherapeutic signature that could guide personalized immunotherapy and clinical management of HCC.
Collapse
|
41
|
Feng D, Gao B. From basic liver immunology to therapeutic opportunities for liver diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1-3. [PMID: 33339875 PMCID: PMC7852661 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhao N, Liu X, Guo H, Zhao X, Qiu Y, Wang W. Interleukin-35: An emerging player in the progression of liver diseases. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2021; 45:101518. [PMID: 33387857 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-35(IL-35), a newly identified immunosuppressive cytokine, has recently been shown to play a significant role in the progression of various autoimmune diseases and malignant tumors. The liver is the largest organ in the body and is generally regarded as an important lymphoid organ by an increasing number of immunologists. A number of reports have demonstrated that IL-35 plays essential roles in maintaining the immune homeostasis of the liver microenvironment. This review summarizes the existing studies of IL-35 in liver diseases, including viral hepatitis, immune liver injury, liver cirrhosis and carcinoma. We aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the vital roles of IL-35 in hepatic damage and explore new alternative therapeutic targets for these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xiangnan Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yujie Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Delic D, Gerovska D, Wunderlich F. Protective Vaccination Reshapes Hepatic Response to Blood-Stage Malaria of Genes Preferentially Expressed by NK Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040677. [PMID: 33202767 PMCID: PMC7712122 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of natural killer (NK) cells in the liver as first-line post infectionem (p.i.) effectors against blood-stage malaria and their responsiveness to protective vaccination is poorly understood. Here, we investigate the effect of vaccination on NK cell-associated genes induced in the liver by blood-stage malaria of Plasmodium chabaudi. Female Balb/c mice were vaccinated at weeks 3 and 1 before being infected with 106P. chabaudi-parasitized erythrocytes. Genes preferentially expressed by NK cells were investigated in livers of vaccination-protected and non-protected mice on days 0, 1, 4, 8, and 11 p.i. using microarrays, qRT-PCR, and chromosome landscape analysis. Blood-stage malaria induces expression of specific genes in the liver at different phases of infection, i.e., Itga1 in expanding liver-resident NK (lrNK) cells, Itga2 in immigrating conventional NK (cNK) cells; Eomes and Tbx21 encoding transcription factors; Ncr1, Tnfsf10, Prf1, Gzma, Gzmb, Gzmc, Gzmm, and Gzmk encoding cytolytic effectors; natural killer gene complex (NKC)-localized genes encoding the NK cell receptors KLRG1, KLRK1, KLRAs1, 2, 5, 7, KLRD1, KLRC1, KLRC3, as well as the three receptors KLRB1A, KLRB1C, KLRB1F and their potential ligands CLEC2D and CLEC2I. Vaccination enhances this malaria-induced expression of genes, but impairs Gzmm expression, accelerates decline of Tnfsf10 and Clec2d expression, whereas it accelerates increased expression of Clec2i, taking a very similar time course as that of genes encoding plasma membrane proteins of erythroblasts, whose malaria-induced extramedullary generation in the liver is known to be accelerated by vaccination. Collectively, vaccination reshapes the response of the liver NK cell compartment to blood-stage malaria. Particularly, the malaria-induced expansion of lrNK cells peaking on day 4 p.i. is highly significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced by enhanced immigration of peripheral cNK cells, and KLRB1F:CLEC2I interactions between NK cells and erythroid cells facilitate extramedullary erythroblastosis in the liver, thus critically contributing to vaccination-induced survival of otherwise lethal blood-stage malaria of P. chabaudi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos J. Araúzo-Bravo
- Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain;
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- TransBioNet Thematic Network of Excellence for Transitional Bioinformatics, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.J.A.-B.); (D.D.); Tel.: +34-943006108 (M.J.A.-B.); +49-735154143839 (D.D.)
| | - Denis Delic
- Boeringer Ingelheim Pharma, 88400 Biberach, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.J.A.-B.); (D.D.); Tel.: +34-943006108 (M.J.A.-B.); +49-735154143839 (D.D.)
| | - Daniela Gerovska
- Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain;
| | - Frank Wunderlich
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
O’Brien A, Gasheva O, Alpini G, Zawieja D, Gashev A, Glaser S. The Role of Lymphatics in Cholestasis: A Comprehensive Review. Semin Liver Dis 2020; 40:403-410. [PMID: 32906164 PMCID: PMC9624117 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cholestatic liver disease affects millions of people worldwide and stems from a plethora of causes such as immune dysfunction, genetics, cancerous growths, and lifestyle choices. While not considered a classical lymphatic organ, the liver plays a vital role in the lymph system producing up to half of the body's lymph per day. The lymphatic system is critical to the health of an organism with its networks of vessels that provide drainage for lymphatic fluid and routes for surveilling immune cells. Cholestasis results in an increase of inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and inflammatory infiltrate. Left unchecked, further disease progression will include collagen deposition which impedes both the hepatic and lymphatic ducts, eventually resulting in an increase in hepatic decompensation, increasing portal pressures, and accumulation of fluid within the abdominal cavity (ascites). Despite the documented interplay between these vital systems, little is known about the effect of liver disease on the lymph system and its biological response. This review looks at the current cholestatic literature from the perspective of the lymphatic system and summarizes what is known about the role of the lymph system in liver pathogenesis during hepatic injury and remodeling, immune-modulating events, or variations in interstitial pressures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- April O’Brien
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas
| | - Olga Gasheva
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas
| | - Anatoliy Gashev
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Song LY, Wu YZ, Pei XX, Li R, Chen HT, Sun XZ. Pulmonary toxicity and RNA sequencing analyses of mouse in response to exposure to cellulose nanofibrils. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 32:388-401. [PMID: 33043732 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1831112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The growing applications of nanocelluloses in the fields of advanced nanocomposites, electronics, and medical devices necessitate investigation of their potential adverse effects on human health. The lungs are the primary and the most important route for the entry of nanocelluloses into the human body in occupational settings. However, data on the pulmonary toxicity of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and its molecular mechanism are limited. This study investigated the pulmonary toxicity of CNFs and its genomic expression using the RNA sequencing approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female C57BL/6 mice were administered CNFs at 50 μg/mouse by oropharyngeal aspiration. Samples were collected at 3 and 14 days after exposure to CNFs (DAEC). RESULTS At three DAEC, the microscopic sections of lungs revealed a significant inflammatory response. In terms of gene expression alterations, 94 genes were up-regulated, and 107 genes were down-regulated. Most of these differentially expressed genes were involved in the inflammatory and immune responses, including chemokines, NK cells, killer cell lectin-like receptors, CD antigens, T cell-specific GTPases, immunity-related GTPase family M members, and interferon-induced proteins encoding genes. However, only 9 and 26 genes at 14 DAEC were significantly up- and down-regulated, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The pathological analysis of lung sections and the analysis of sequencing data suggested that the homeostasis of mice lungs was restored at 14 DAEC. The findings of this study provide insights into the pulmonary toxicity, and underlying toxicological mechanisms, caused by exposure to CNFs, and are useful for the assessment of the potential toxicity of nanocelluloses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Song
- College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yun-Zhou Wu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xi-Xiang Pei
- Harbin Botai Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hai-Tao Chen
- College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao-Zheng Sun
- College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Innate lymphocytes: pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of liver diseases and cancer. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:57-72. [PMID: 33041339 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a lymphoid organ with unique immunological properties, particularly, its predominant innate immune system. The balance between immune tolerance and immune activity is critical to liver physiological functions and is responsible for the sensitivity of this organ to numerous diseases, including hepatotropic virus infection, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune liver disease, and liver cancer, which are major health problems globally. In the past decade, with the discovery of liver-resident natural killer cells, the importance of innate lymphocytes with tissue residency has gradually become the focus of research. In this review, we address the current knowledge regarding hepatic innate lymphocytes with unique characteristics, including NK cells, ILC1/2/3s, NKT cells, γδ T cells, and MAIT cells, and their potential roles in liver homeostasis maintenance and the progression of liver diseases and cancer. A better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of hepatic innate lymphocytes will be helpful for proposing effective treatments for liver diseases and cancer.
Collapse
|
47
|
Polidoro MA, Mikulak J, Cazzetta V, Lleo A, Mavilio D, Torzilli G, Donadon M. Tumor microenvironment in primary liver tumors: A challenging role of natural killer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:4900-4918. [PMID: 32952338 PMCID: PMC7476172 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i33.4900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, several studies have been focused on elucidate the role of tumor microenvironment (TME) in cancer development and progression. Within TME, cells from adaptive and innate immune system are one of the main abundant components. The dynamic interactions between immune and cancer cells lead to the activation of complex molecular mechanisms that sustain tumor growth. This important cross-talk has been elucidate for several kind of tumors and occurs also in patients with liver cancer, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). Liver is well-known to be an important immunological organ with unique microenvironment. Here, in normal conditions, the rich immune-infiltrating cells cooperate with non-parenchymal cells, such as liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells, favoring self-tolerance against gut antigens. The presence of underling liver immunosuppressive microenvironment highlights the importance to dissect the interaction between HCC and iCCA cells with immune infiltrating cells, in order to understand how this cross-talk promotes tumor growth. Deeper attention is, in fact, focused on immune-based therapy for these tumors, as promising approach to counteract the intrinsic anti-tumor activity of this microenvironment. In this review, we will examine the key pathways underlying TME cell-cell communications, with deeper focus on the role of natural killer cells in primary liver tumors, such as HCC and iCCA, as new opportunities for immune-based therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Anna Polidoro
- Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - Joanna Mikulak
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Cazzetta
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - Ana Lleo
- Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele 20090, Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Torzilli
- Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele 20090, Milan, Italy
- Department of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Donadon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele 20090, Milan, Italy
- Department of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Effects of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone on the Histology and Ultrastructure of Pig Liver. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070463. [PMID: 32698427 PMCID: PMC7404993 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of single and combined administrations of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) on the histology and ultrastructure of pig liver. The study was performed on immature gilts, which were divided into four equal groups. Animals in the experimental groups received DON at a dose of 12 μg/kg body weight (BW) per day, ZEN at 40 μg/kg BW per day, or a mixture of DON (12 μg/kg BW per day) and ZEN (40 μg/kg BW). The control group received vehicle. The animals were killed after 1, 3, and 6 weeks of experiment. Treatment with mycotoxins resulted in several changes in liver histology and ultrastructure, including: (1) an increase in the thickness of the perilobular connective tissue and its penetration to the lobules in gilts receiving DON and DON + ZEN; (2) an increase in the total microscopic liver score (histology activity index (HAI)) in pigs receiving DON and DON + ZEN; (3) dilatation of hepatic sinusoids in pigs receiving ZEN, DON and DON + ZEN; (4) temporary changes in glycogen content in all experimental groups; (5) an increase in iron accumulation in the hepatocytes of gilts treated with ZEN and DON + ZEN; (6) changes in endoplasmic reticulum organization in the hepatocytes of pigs receiving toxins; (7) changes in morphology of Browicz-Kupffer cells after treatment with ZEN, DON, and DON + ZEN. The results show that low doses of mycotoxins used in the present study, even when applied for a short period, affected liver morphology.
Collapse
|
49
|
Inflammation-Induced Lactate Leads to Rapid Loss of Hepatic Tissue-Resident NK Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 32:107855. [PMID: 32640221 PMCID: PMC7383148 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver harbors two main innate lymphoid cell (ILC) populations: conventional NK (cNK) cells and tissue-resident NK (trNK) cells. Using the MCMV model of infection, we find that, in contrast to liver cNK cells, trNK cells initially undergo a contraction phase followed by a recovery phase to homeostatic levels. The contraction is MCMV independent because a similar phenotype is observed following poly(I:C)/CpG or α-GalCer injection. The rapid contraction phase is due to apoptosis, whereas the recovery phase occurs via proliferation in situ. Interestingly, trNK cell apoptosis is not mediated by fratricide and not induced by liver lymphocytes or inflammatory cytokines. Instead, we find that trNK cell apoptosis is the consequence of an increased sensitivity to lactic acid. Mechanistic analysis indicates that trNK cell sensitivity to lactate is linked to impaired mitochondrial function. These findings underscore the distinctive properties of the liver-resident NK cell compartment.
Collapse
|
50
|
Yang X, Lu D, Zhuo J, Lin Z, Yang M, Xu X. The Gut-liver Axis in Immune Remodeling: New insight into Liver Diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:2357-2366. [PMID: 32760203 PMCID: PMC7378637 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.46405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota consists of a dynamic multispecies community of bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protozoans, playing a fundamental role in the induction, training, and function of the host immune system. The liver is anatomically and physiologically linked to the gut microbiota via enterohepatic circulation, specifically receiving intestine-derived blood through the portal vein. The gut microbiota is crucial for maintaining immune homeostasis of the gut-liver axis. A shift in gut microbiota composition can result in activation of the mucosal immune response causing homeostasis imbalance. This imbalance results in translocation of bacteria and migration of immune cells to the liver, which is related to inflammation-mediated liver injury and tumor progression. In this review, we outline the role of the gut microbiota in modulating host immunity and summarize novel findings and recent advances in immune-based therapeutics associated with the gut-liver axis. Moving forward, a deep understanding of the microbiome-immune-liver axis will provide insight into the basic mechanisms of gut microbiota dysbiosis affecting liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Di Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jianyong Zhuo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Zuyuan Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Modan Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| |
Collapse
|