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Sachan N, Srikrishna S, Patel DK, Singh MP. Deferoxamine Ameliorates Cypermethrin-Induced Iron Accumulation and Associated Alterations. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4178-4187. [PMID: 38064103 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03827-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Iron is widely linked with the onset and development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Accumulation of iron induces free radical generation and promotes α-synuclein aggregation, oxidative stress, and autophagy impairment. Deferoxamine, an iron chelator, is shown to ameliorate iron dyshomeostasis in rodents and humans. However, the role of deferoxamine in cypermethrin-induced iron accumulation is not yet known. Although an iron accumulation and impaired chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) contribute to PD, a link between the two is not yet widely understood. Current study is undertaken to explore the possible association between an iron accumulation and CMA in cypermethrin model of PD in the presence of deferoxamine. Level of iron, iron transporter proteins, oxidative stress, and CMA proteins along with indicators of Parkinsonism were measured. Deferoxamine attenuated cypermethrin-induced iron accumulation and number of iron-positive cells and ameliorated the demise of dopaminergic cells and dopamine content. Deferoxamine significantly normalizes cypermethrin-induced changes in iron transporter proteins, α-synuclein, lysosome-associated membrane protein-2A, and oxidative stress. The results demonstrate that deferoxamine ameliorates cypermethrin-induced iron dyshomeostasis and impairment in CMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Sachan
- Systems Toxicology Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Cell and Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saripella Srikrishna
- Cell and Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Patel
- Analytical Sciences and Accredited Testing Services Group, ASSIST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mahendra Pratap Singh
- Systems Toxicology Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Capacity Building and Knowledge Services Group, ASSIST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Robertson KV, Rodriguez AS, Cartailler JP, Shrestha S, Schroeder KR, Valenti AM, Harrison FE, Hasty AH. Knockdown of microglial iron import gene, DMT1, worsens cognitive function and alters microglial transcriptional landscape in a sex-specific manner in the APP/PS1 model of Alzheimer's disease. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4559940. [PMID: 38978579 PMCID: PMC11230470 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4559940/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Background Microglial cell iron load and inflammatory activation are significant hallmarks of late-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD). In vitro, microglia preferentially upregulate the iron importer, divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1, gene name Slc11a2) in response to inflammatory stimuli, and excess iron can augment cellular inflammation, suggesting a feed-forward loop between iron import mechanisms and inflammatory signaling. However, it is not understood whether microglial iron import mechanisms directly contribute to inflammatory signaling and chronic disease in vivo. These studies determined the effects of microglial-specific knockdown of Slc11a2 on AD-related cognitive decline and microglial transcriptional phenotype. Methods In vitro experiments and RT-qPCR were used to assess a role for DMT1 in amyloid-β-associated inflammation. To determine the effects of microglial Slc11a2 knockdown on AD-related phenotypes in vivo, triple-transgenic Cx3cr1 Cre - ERT2 ;Slc11a2 flfl;APP/PS1 + or - mice were generated and administered corn oil or tamoxifen to induce knockdown at 5-6 months of age. Both sexes underwent behavioral analyses to assess cognition and memory (12-15 months of age). Hippocampal CD11b + microglia were magnetically isolated from female mice (15-17 months) and bulk RNA-sequencing analysis was conducted. Results DMT1 inhibition in vitro robustly decreased Aβ-induced inflammatory gene expression and cellular iron levels in conditions of excess iron. In vivo, Slc11a2 KD APP/PS1 female, but not male, mice displayed a significant worsening of memory function in Morris water maze and a fear conditioning assay, along with significant hyperactivity compared to control WT and APP/PS1 mice. Hippocampal microglia from Slc11a2 KD APP/PS1 females displayed significant increases in Enpp2, Ttr, and the iron-export gene, Slc40a1, compared to control APP/PS1 cells. Slc11a2 KD cells from APP/PS1 females also exhibited decreased expression of markers associated with disease-associated microglia (DAMs), such as Apoe, Ctsb, Csf1, and Hif1α. Conclusions This work suggests a sex-specific role for microglial iron import gene Slc11a2 in propagating behavioral and cognitive phenotypes in the APP/PS1 model of AD. These data also highlight an association between loss of a DAM-like phenotype in microglia and cognitive deficits in Slc11a2 KD APP/PS1 female mice. Overall, this work illuminates an iron-related pathway in microglia that may serve a protective role during disease and offers insight into mechanisms behind disease-related sex differences.
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Mabrouk M, Ibrahim Fouad G, El-Sayed SAM, Rizk MZ, Beherei HH. Hepatotoxic and Neurotoxic Potential of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Wistar Rats: a Biochemical and Ultrastructural Study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:3638-3665. [PMID: 34704196 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are increasingly being employed for in vivo biomedical nanotheranostic applications. The development of novel IONPs should be accompanied by careful scrutiny of their biocompatibility. Herein, we studied the effect of administration of three formulations of IONPs, based on their starting materials along with synthesizing methods, IONPs-chloride, IONPs-lactate, and IONPs-nitrate, on biochemical and ultrastructural aspects. Different techniques were utilized to assess the effect of different starting materials on the physical, morphological, chemical, surface area, magnetic, and particle size distribution accompanied with their surface charge properties. Their nanoscale sizes were below 40 nm and demonstrated surface up to 69m2/g, and increased magnetization of 71.273 emu/g. Moreover, we investigated the effects of an oral IONP administration (100 mg/kg/day) in rat for 14 days. The liver enzymatic functions were investigated. Liver and brain tissues were analyzed for oxidative stress. Finally, a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) were employed to investigate the ultrastructural alterations and to estimate content of iron in the selected tissues of IONP-exposed rats. This study showed that magnetite IONPs-chloride exhibited the safest toxicological profile and thus could be regarded as a promising nanotherapeutic candidate for brain or liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Mabrouk
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St, PO Box 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghadha Ibrahim Fouad
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St, 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sara A M El-Sayed
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St, PO Box 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Z Rizk
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St, 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan H Beherei
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St, PO Box 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Bardestani A, Ebrahimpour S, Esmaeili A, Esmaeili A. Quercetin attenuates neurotoxicity induced by iron oxide nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:327. [PMID: 34663344 PMCID: PMC8522232 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been proposed as targeted carriers to deliver therapeutic molecules in the central nervous system (CNS). However, IONPs may damage neural tissue via free iron accumulation, protein aggregation, and oxidative stress. Neuroprotective effects of quercetin (QC) have been proven due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, poor solubility and low bioavailability of QC have also led researchers to make various QC-involved nanoparticles to overcome these limitations. We wondered how high doses or prolonged treatment with quercetin conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (QCSPIONs) could improve cognitive dysfunction and promote neurogenesis without any toxicity. It can be explained that the QC inhibits protein aggregation and acts against iron overload via iron-chelating activity, iron homeostasis genes regulation, radical scavenging, and attenuation of Fenton/Haber-Weiss reaction. In this review, first, we present brain iron homeostasis, molecular mechanisms of iron overload that induced neurotoxicity, and the role of iron in dementia-associated diseases. Then by providing evidence of IONPs neurotoxicity, we discuss how QC neutralizes IONPs neurotoxicity, and finally, we make a brief comparison between QC and conventional iron chelators. In this review, we highlight that QC as supplementation and especially in conjugated form reduces iron oxide nanoparticles neurotoxicity in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Bardestani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, P.O. Box: 8174673441, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shiva Ebrahimpour
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, P.O. Box: 8174673441, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Esmaeili
- School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Esmaeili
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, P.O. Box: 8174673441, Isfahan, Iran.
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Yarjanli Z, Ghaedi K, Esmaeili A, Rahgozar S, Zarrabi A. Iron oxide nanoparticles may damage to the neural tissue through iron accumulation, oxidative stress, and protein aggregation. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:51. [PMID: 28651647 PMCID: PMC5485499 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the recent decade, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been proposed for several applications in the central nervous system (CNS), including targeting amyloid beta (Aβ) in the arteries, inhibiting the microglial cells, delivering drugs, and increasing contrast in magnetic resonance imaging. Conversely, a notable number of studies have reported the role of iron in neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, this study has reviewed the recent studies to determine whether IONPs iron can threaten the cellular viability same as iron. RESULTS Iron contributes in Fenton's reaction and produces reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS cause to damage the macromolecules and organelles of the cell via oxidative stress. Iron accumulation and oxidative stress are able to aggregate some proteins, including Aβ and α-synuclein, which play a critical role in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, respectively. Iron accumulation, oxidative stress, and protein aggregation make a positive feedback loop, which can be toxic for the cell. The release of iron ions from IONPs may result in iron accumulation in the targeted tissue, and thus, activate the positive feedback loop. However, the levels of IONPs induced toxicity depend on the size, concentration, surface charge, and the type of coating and functional groups of IONPs. CONCLUSION IONPs depending on their properties can lead to iron accumulation, oxidative stress and protein aggregation in the neural cells. Therefore, in order to apply IONPs in the CNS, the consideration of IONPs properties is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Yarjanli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib Ave., Azadi Square, Isfahan, 81746-73441 Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib Ave., Azadi Square, Isfahan, 81746-73441 Iran
| | - Abolghasem Esmaeili
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib Ave., Azadi Square, Isfahan, 81746-73441 Iran
| | - Soheila Rahgozar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib Ave., Azadi Square, Isfahan, 81746-73441 Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib Ave., Azadi Square, Isfahan, 81746-73441 Iran
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Baksi S, Tripathi AK, Singh N. Alpha-synuclein modulates retinal iron homeostasis by facilitating the uptake of transferrin-bound iron: Implications for visual manifestations of Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:292-306. [PMID: 27343690 PMCID: PMC4996775 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in neurons of the substantia nigra is diagnostic of Parkinson's disease (PD), a neuro-motor disorder with prominent visual symptoms. Here, we demonstrate that α-syn, the principal protein involved in the pathogenesis of PD, is expressed widely in the neuroretina, and facilitates the uptake of transferrin-bound iron (Tf-Fe) by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells that form the outer blood-retinal barrier. Absence of α-syn in knock-out mice (α-syn(-/-)) resulted in down-regulation of ferritin in the neuroretina, indicating depletion of cellular iron stores. A similar phenotype of iron deficiency was observed in the spleen, femur, and brain tissue of α-syn(-)(/-) mice, organs that utilize mainly Tf-Fe for their metabolic needs. The liver and kidney, organs that take up significant amounts of non-Tf-bound iron (NTBI), showed minimal change. Evaluation of the underlying mechanism in the human RPE47 cell line suggested a prominent role of α-syn in the uptake of Tf-Fe by modulating the endocytosis and recycling of transferrin (Tf)/transferrin-receptor (TfR) complex. Down-regulation of α-syn in RPE cells by RNAi resulted in the accumulation of Tf/TfR complex in common recycling endosomes (CREs), indicating disruption of recycling to the plasma membrane. Over-expression of exogenous α-syn in RPE cells, on the other hand, up-regulated ferritin and TfR expression. Interestingly, exposure to exogenous iron increased membrane association and co-localization of α-syn with TfR, supporting its role in iron uptake by the Tf/TfR complex. Together with our observations indicating basolateral expression of α-syn and TfR on RPE cells in vivo, this study reveals a novel function of α-syn in the uptake of Tf-Fe by the neuroretina. It is likely that retinal iron dyshomeostasis due to impaired or altered function of α-syn contributes to the visual symptoms associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shounak Baksi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ajai K Tripathi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Neena Singh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Dietary intake of iron, zinc, copper, and risk of Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis. Neurol Sci 2015; 36:2269-75. [PMID: 26265293 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2349-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although some studies have reported the associations between specific metal element intake and risk of Parkinson's disease (PD), the associations between specific metal element intake such as iron intake and PD are still conflicted. We aimed to determine whether intake of iron, zinc, and copper increases/decreases the risk of PD. PubMed, Embase, Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar were searched. We pooled the multivariate-adjusted relative risks (RRs) or odds ratios using random effects. Study quality was evaluated by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Five studies including 126,507 individuals remained for inclusion, pooled RRs of Parkinson's disease for moderate dietary iron intake was 1.08 (95 % CI 0.61-1.93, P = 0.787), and for high dietary iron intake was (1.03, 95 % CI 0.83-1.30, P = 0.766), respectively. The pooled RRs of Parkinson's disease for the highest compared with the lowest dietary iron intake were 1.47 (95 % CI 1.17-1.85, P = 0.001) in western population and in males (RR = 1.43, 95 % CI 1.01-2.01, P = 0.041). The pooled RRs of Parkinson's disease for moderate or high intake of zinc, and copper were not statistically different (P > 0.05). PD increased by 18 % (RR 1.18, 95 % CI 1.02-1.37) for western population by every 10-mg/day increment in iron intake. Higher iron intake appears to be not associated with overall PD risk, but may be associated with risk of PD in western population. Sex may be a factor influencing PD risk for higher iron intake. However, further studies are still needed to confirm the sex-selective effects.
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Is the 1254T>C polymorphism in the DMT1 gene associated with Parkinson’s disease? Neurosci Lett 2015; 594:51-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Martinez-Vivot R, Copello G, Leal C, Piñero G, Usach V, Rozenszajn M, Morelli L, Setton-Avruj CP. DMT1 iron uptake in the PNS: bridging the gap between injury and regeneration. Metallomics 2015; 7:1381-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00156k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work supports DMT1 involvement in iron regulation in SCs, its role as a sensor of iron necessity and its ability to guarantee iron supply during myelination and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Martinez-Vivot
- Departamento de Química Biológica
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bíoquímica
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Instituto de Química y Físicoquímica Biológica (IQUIFIB)
- UBA-CONICET
| | - Guillermo Copello
- Cátedra de Química Analítica Instrumental
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- , Argentina
| | - Celeste Leal
- Laboratorio de Terapias Regenerativas y Protectoras del Sistema Nervioso Central
- Fundación Instituto Leloir
- IIBBA-CONICET
- , Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Piñero
- Departamento de Química Biológica
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bíoquímica
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Instituto de Química y Físicoquímica Biológica (IQUIFIB)
- UBA-CONICET
| | - Vanina Usach
- Departamento de Química Biológica
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bíoquímica
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Instituto de Química y Físicoquímica Biológica (IQUIFIB)
- UBA-CONICET
| | - Mijael Rozenszajn
- Departamento de Química Biológica
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bíoquímica
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Instituto de Química y Físicoquímica Biológica (IQUIFIB)
- UBA-CONICET
| | - Laura Morelli
- Laboratorio de Amiloidosis y Neurodegeneración
- Fundación Instituto Leloir
- IIBBA- CONICET
- , Argentina
| | - Clara Patricia Setton-Avruj
- Departamento de Química Biológica
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bíoquímica
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Instituto de Química y Físicoquímica Biológica (IQUIFIB)
- UBA-CONICET
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New perspectives on oxidized genome damage and repair inhibition by pro-oxidant metals in neurological diseases. Biomolecules 2014; 4:678-703. [PMID: 25036887 PMCID: PMC4192668 DOI: 10.3390/biom4030678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cause(s) of neuronal death in most cases of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, are still unknown. However, the association of certain etiological factors, e.g., oxidative stress, protein misfolding/aggregation, redox metal accumulation and various types of damage to the genome, to pathological changes in the affected brain region(s) have been consistently observed. While redox metal toxicity received major attention in the last decade, its potential as a therapeutic target is still at a cross-roads, mostly because of the lack of mechanistic understanding of metal dyshomeostasis in affected neurons. Furthermore, previous studies have established the role of metals in causing genome damage, both directly and via the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but little was known about their impact on genome repair. Our recent studies demonstrated that excess levels of iron and copper observed in neurodegenerative disease-affected brain neurons could not only induce genome damage in neurons, but also affect their repair by oxidatively inhibiting NEIL DNA glycosylases, which initiate the repair of oxidized DNA bases. The inhibitory effect was reversed by a combination of metal chelators and reducing agents, which underscore the need for elucidating the molecular basis for the neuronal toxicity of metals in order to develop effective therapeutic approaches. In this review, we have focused on the oxidative genome damage repair pathway as a potential target for reducing pro-oxidant metal toxicity in neurological diseases.
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Out of balance--systemic iron homeostasis in iron-related disorders. Nutrients 2013; 5:3034-61. [PMID: 23917168 PMCID: PMC3775241 DOI: 10.3390/nu5083034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element in our daily diet. Most iron is required for the de novo synthesis of red blood cells, where it plays a critical role in oxygen binding to hemoglobin. Thus, iron deficiency causes anemia, a major public health burden worldwide. On the other extreme, iron accumulation in critical organs such as liver, heart, and pancreas causes organ dysfunction due to the generation of oxidative stress. Therefore, systemic iron levels must be tightly balanced. Here we focus on the regulatory role of the hepcidin/ferroportin circuitry as the major regulator of systemic iron homeostasis. We discuss how regulatory cues (e.g., iron, inflammation, or hypoxia) affect the hepcidin response and how impairment of the hepcidin/ferroportin regulatory system causes disorders of iron metabolism.
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Dwivedi AK, Iyer PK. Therapeutic Strategies to Prevent Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis Using A Fluorescent Conjugated Polyelectrolyte. Macromol Biosci 2013; 14:508-14. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atul K. Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; Guwahati 781 039 Assam India
| | - Parameswar K. Iyer
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; Guwahati 781 039 Assam India
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Prasanthi JRP, Schrag M, Dasari B, Marwarha G, Dickson A, Kirsch WM, Ghribi O. Deferiprone reduces amyloid-β and tau phosphorylation levels but not reactive oxygen species generation in hippocampus of rabbits fed a cholesterol-enriched diet. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 30:167-82. [PMID: 22406440 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-111346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein are major hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The causes of AD are not well known but a number of environmental and dietary factors are suggested to increase the risk of developing AD. Additionally, altered metabolism of iron may have a role in the pathogenesis of AD. We have previously demonstrated that cholesterol-enriched diet causes AD-like pathology with iron deposition in rabbit brain. However, the extent to which chelation of iron protects against this pathology has not been determined. In this study, we administered the iron chelator deferiprone in drinking water to rabbits fed with a 2% cholesterol diet for 12 weeks. We found that deferiprone (both at 10 and 50 mg/kg/day) significantly decreased levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 as well as BACE1, the enzyme that initiates cleavage of amyloid-β protein precursor to yield Aβ. Deferiprone also reduced the cholesterol diet-induced increase in phosphorylation of tau but failed to reduce reactive oxygen species generation. While deferiprone treatment was not associated with any change in brain iron levels, it was associated with a significant reduction in plasma iron and cholesterol levels. These results demonstrate that deferiprone confers important protection against hypercholesterolemia-induced AD pathology but the mechanism(s) may involve reduction in plasma iron and cholesterol levels rather than chelation of brain iron. We propose that adding an antioxidant therapy to deferiprone may be necessary to fully protect against cholesterol-enriched diet-induced AD-like pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya R P Prasanthi
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper P Kepp
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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