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Vlok M, Solis N, Sadasivan J, Mohamud Y, Warsaba R, Kizhakkedathu J, Luo H, Overall CM, Jan E. Identification of the proteolytic signature in CVB3-infected cells. J Virol 2024; 98:e0049824. [PMID: 38953667 PMCID: PMC11265341 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00498-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) encodes proteinases that are essential for processing of the translated viral polyprotein. Viral proteinases also target host proteins to manipulate cellular processes and evade innate antiviral responses to promote replication and infection. While some host protein substrates of the CVB3 3C and 2A cysteine proteinases have been identified, the full repertoire of targets is not known. Here, we utilize an unbiased quantitative proteomics-based approach termed terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS) to conduct a global analysis of CVB3 protease-generated N-terminal peptides in both human HeLa and mouse cardiomyocyte (HL-1) cell lines infected with CVB3. We identified >800 proteins that are cleaved in CVB3-infected HeLa and HL-1 cells including the viral polyprotein, known substrates of viral 3C proteinase such as PABP, DDX58, and HNRNPs M, K, and D and novel cellular proteins. Network and GO-term analysis showed an enrichment in biological processes including immune response and activation, RNA processing, and lipid metabolism. We validated a subset of candidate substrates that are cleaved under CVB3 infection and some are direct targets of 3C proteinase in vitro. Moreover, depletion of a subset of TAILS-identified target proteins decreased viral yield. Characterization of two target proteins showed that expression of 3Cpro-targeted cleaved fragments of emerin and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 2 modulated autophagy and the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway, respectively. The comprehensive identification of host proteins targeted during virus infection provides insights into the cellular pathways manipulated to facilitate infection. IMPORTANCE RNA viruses encode proteases that are responsible for processing viral proteins into their mature form. Viral proteases also target and cleave host cellular proteins; however, the full catalog of these target proteins is incomplete. We use a technique called terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS), an N-terminomics to identify host proteins that are cleaved under virus infection. We identify hundreds of cellular proteins that are cleaved under infection, some of which are targeted directly by viral protease. Revealing these target proteins provides insights into the host cellular pathways and antiviral signaling factors that are modulated to promote virus infection and potentially leading to virus-induced pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marli Vlok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nestor Solis
- Department of Oral and Biological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jibin Sadasivan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yasir Mohamud
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Reid Warsaba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jayachandran Kizhakkedathu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher M. Overall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Oral and Biological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eric Jan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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2
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Lu Y, Ran Y, Li H, Wen J, Cui X, Zhang X, Guan X, Cheng M. Micropeptides: origins, identification, and potential role in metabolism-related diseases. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2023; 24:1106-1122. [PMID: 38057268 PMCID: PMC10710913 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2300128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
With the development of modern sequencing techniques and bioinformatics, genomes that were once thought to be noncoding have been found to encode abundant functional micropeptides (miPs), a kind of small polypeptides. Although miPs are difficult to analyze and identify, a number of studies have begun to focus on them. More and more miPs have been revealed as essential for energy metabolism homeostasis, immune regulation, and tumor growth and development. Many reports have shown that miPs are especially essential for regulating glucose and lipid metabolism and regulating mitochondrial function. MiPs are also involved in the progression of related diseases. This paper reviews the sources and identification of miPs, as well as the functional significance of miPs for metabolism-related diseases, with the aim of revealing their potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Min Cheng
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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3
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Mitochondria Dysfunction at the Heart of Viral Myocarditis: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Implications. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020351. [PMID: 36851568 PMCID: PMC9963085 DOI: 10.3390/v15020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The myocardium/heart is the most mitochondria-rich tissue in the human body with mitochondria comprising approximately 30% of total cardiomyocyte volume. As the resident "powerhouse" of cells, mitochondria help to fuel the high energy demands of a continuously beating myocardium. It is no surprise that mitochondrial dysfunction underscores the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular ailments, including those of viral origin such as virus-induced myocarditis. Enteroviruses have been especially linked to injuries of the myocardium and its sequelae dilated cardiomyopathy for which no effective therapies currently exist. Intriguingly, recent mechanistic insights have demonstrated viral infections to directly damage mitochondria, impair the mitochondrial quality control processes of the cell, such as disrupting mitochondrial antiviral innate immune signaling, and promoting mitochondrial-dependent pathological inflammation of the infected myocardium. In this review, we briefly highlight recent insights on the virus-mitochondria crosstalk and discuss the therapeutic implications of targeting mitochondria to preserve heart function and ultimately combat viral myocarditis.
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4
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Liu H, Bahreyni A, Mohamud Y, Xue YC, Jia WW, Luo H. Enhanced genomic stability of new miRNA-regulated oncolytic coxsackievirus B3. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 27:89-99. [PMID: 36321136 PMCID: PMC9593271 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic modification of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) by inserting target sequences (TS) of tumor-suppressive and/or organ-selective microRNAs (miRs) into viral genome can efficiently eliminate viral pathogenesis without significant impacts on its oncolytic activity. Nonetheless, reversion mutants (loss of miR-TS inserts) were identified as early as day 35 post-injection in ∼40% immunodeficient mice. To improve the stability, here we re-engineered CVB3 by (1) replacing the same length of viral genome at the non-coding region with TS of cardiac-selective miR-1/miR-133 and pancreas-enriched miR-216/miR-375 or (2) inserting the above miR-TS into the coding region (i.e., P1 region) of viral genome. Serial passaging of these newly established miR-CVB3s in cultured cells for 20 rounds demonstrated significantly improved stability compared with the first-generation miR-CVB3 with 5'UTR insertion of miR-TS. The safety and stability of these new miR-CVB3s was verified in immunocompetent mice. Moreover, we showed that these new viruses retained the ability to suppress lung tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. Finally, we observed that miR-CVB3 with insertion in P1 region was more stable than miR-CVB3 with preserved length of the 5'UTR, whereas the latter displayed significantly higher oncolytic activity. Overall, we presented here valid strategies to enhance the genomic stability of miR-CVB3 for virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huitao Liu
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Amirhossein Bahreyni
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada,Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Yasir Mohamud
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada,Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Yuan Chao Xue
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada,Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | | | - Honglin Luo
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada,Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada,Corresponding author Honglin Luo, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
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5
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Deshpande A, Shetty PMV, Frey N, Rangrez AY. SRF: a seriously responsible factor in cardiac development and disease. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:38. [PMID: 35681202 PMCID: PMC9185982 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00820-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that regulate embryogenesis and cardiac development are calibrated by multiple signal transduction pathways within or between different cell lineages via autocrine or paracrine mechanisms of action. The heart is the first functional organ to form during development, which highlights the importance of this organ in later stages of growth. Knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms underlying cardiac development and adult cardiac homeostasis paves the way for discovering therapeutic possibilities for cardiac disease treatment. Serum response factor (SRF) is a major transcription factor that controls both embryonic and adult cardiac development. SRF expression is needed through the duration of development, from the first mesodermal cell in a developing embryo to the last cell damaged by infarction in the myocardium. Precise regulation of SRF expression is critical for mesoderm formation and cardiac crescent formation in the embryo, and altered SRF levels lead to cardiomyopathies in the adult heart, suggesting the vital role played by SRF in cardiac development and disease. This review provides a detailed overview of SRF and its partners in their various functions and discusses the future scope and possible therapeutic potential of SRF in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Deshpande
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology and Angiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Kiel, Germany
| | - Prithviraj Manohar Vijaya Shetty
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Frey
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ashraf Yusuf Rangrez
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. .,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
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6
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Real-Hohn A, Blaas D. Rhinovirus Inhibitors: Including a New Target, the Viral RNA. Viruses 2021; 13:1784. [PMID: 34578365 PMCID: PMC8473194 DOI: 10.3390/v13091784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the main cause of recurrent infections with rather mild symptoms characteristic of the common cold. Nevertheless, RVs give rise to enormous numbers of absences from work and school and may become life-threatening in particular settings. Vaccination is jeopardised by the large number of serotypes eliciting only poorly cross-neutralising antibodies. Conversely, antivirals developed over the years failed FDA approval because of a low efficacy and/or side effects. RV species A, B, and C are now included in the fifteen species of the genus Enteroviruses based upon the high similarity of their genome sequences. As a result of their comparably low pathogenicity, RVs have become a handy model for other, more dangerous members of this genus, e.g., poliovirus and enterovirus 71. We provide a short overview of viral proteins that are considered potential drug targets and their corresponding drug candidates. We briefly mention more recently identified cellular enzymes whose inhibition impacts on RVs and comment novel approaches to interfere with infection via aggregation, virus trapping, or preventing viral access to the cell receptor. Finally, we devote a large part of this article to adding the viral RNA genome to the list of potential drug targets by dwelling on its structure, folding, and the still debated way of its exit from the capsid. Finally, we discuss the recent finding that G-quadruplex stabilising compounds impact on RNA egress possibly via obfuscating the unravelling of stable secondary structural elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Real-Hohn
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Vienna Biocenter, Max Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9/3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Blaas
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Vienna Biocenter, Max Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9/3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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7
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Chander Y, Kumar R, Khandelwal N, Singh N, Shringi BN, Barua S, Kumar N. Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling in virus replication and potential for developing broad spectrum antiviral drugs. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:1-16. [PMID: 33450133 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play a key role in complex cellular processes such as proliferation, development, differentiation, transformation and apoptosis. Mammals express at least four distinctly regulated groups of MAPKs which include extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK)-1/2, p38 proteins, Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK1/2/3) and ERK5. p38 MAPK is activated by a wide range of cellular stresses and modulates activity of several downstream kinases and transcription factors which are involved in regulating cytoskeleton remodeling, cell cycle modulation, inflammation, antiviral response and apoptosis. In viral infections, activation of cell signalling pathways is part of the cellular defense mechanism with the basic aim of inducing an antiviral state. However, viruses can exploit enhanced cell signalling activities to support various stages of their replication cycles. Kinase activity can be inhibited by small molecule chemical inhibitors, so one strategy to develop antiviral drugs is to target these cellular signalling pathways. In this review, we provide an overview on the current understanding of various cellular and viral events regulated by the p38 signalling pathway, with a special emphasis on targeting these events for antiviral drug development which might identify candidates with broad spectrum activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Chander
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India.,Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambeshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India.,Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Namita Singh
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambeshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Brij Nandan Shringi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
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8
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Ng CS, Stobart CC, Luo H. Innate immune evasion mediated by picornaviral 3C protease: Possible lessons for coronaviral 3C-like protease? Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:1-22. [PMID: 33624382 PMCID: PMC7883238 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is the etiological agent of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019, a multi-organ disease that has triggered an unprecedented global health and economic crisis. The virally encoded 3C-like protease (3CLpro ), which is named after picornaviral 3C protease (3Cpro ) due to their similarities in substrate recognition and enzymatic activity, is essential for viral replication and has been considered as the primary drug target. However, information regarding the cellular substrates of 3CLpro and its interaction with the host remains scarce, though recent work has begun to shape our understanding more clearly. Here we summarized and compared the mechanisms by which picornaviruses and coronaviruses have evolved to evade innate immune surveillance, with a focus on the established role of 3Cpro in this process. Through this comparison, we hope to highlight the potential action and mechanisms that are conserved and shared between 3Cpro and 3CLpro . In this review, we also briefly discussed current advances in the development of broad-spectrum antivirals targeting both 3Cpro and 3CLpro .
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Seng Ng
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Honglin Luo
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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9
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Liu H, Xue YC, Deng H, Mohamud Y, Ng CS, Chu A, Lim CJ, Lockwood WW, Jia WWG, Luo H. MicroRNA Modification of Coxsackievirus B3 Decreases Its Toxicity, while Retaining Oncolytic Potency against Lung Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 16:207-218. [PMID: 32123721 PMCID: PMC7036525 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We recently discovered that coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a potent oncolytic virus against KRAS mutant lung adenocarcinoma. Nevertheless, the evident toxicity restricts the use of wild-type (WT)-CVB3 for cancer therapy. The current study aims to engineer the CVB3 to decrease its toxicity and to extend our previous research to determine its safety and efficacy in treating TP53/RB1 mutant small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). A microRNA-modified CVB3 (miR-CVB3) was generated via inserting multiple copies of tumor-suppressive miR-145/miR-143 target sequences into the viral genome. In vitro experiments revealed that miR-CVB3 retained the ability to infect and lyse KRAS mutant lung adenocarcinoma and TP53/RB1-mutant SCLC cells, but with a markedly reduced cytotoxicity toward cardiomyocytes. In vivo study using a TP53/RB1-mutant SCLC xenograft model demonstrated that a single dose of miR-CVB3 via systemic administration resulted in a significant tumor regression. Most strikingly, mice treated with miR-CVB3 exhibited greatly attenuated cardiotoxicities and decreased viral titers compared to WT-CVB3-treated mice. Collectively, we generated a recombinant CVB3 that is powerful in destroying both KRAS mutant lung adenocarcinoma and TP53/RB1-mutant SCLC, with a negligible toxicity toward normal tissues. Future investigation is needed to address the issue of genome instability of miR-CVB3, which was observed in ~40% of mice after a prolonged treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huitao Liu
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yuan Chao Xue
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Haoyu Deng
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Vascular Surgery, RenJi Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yasir Mohamud
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chen Seng Ng
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Axel Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chinten James Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William W Lockwood
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William W G Jia
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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10
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SG formation relies on eIF4GI-G3BP interaction which is targeted by picornavirus stress antagonists. Cell Discov 2019; 5:1. [PMID: 30603102 PMCID: PMC6312541 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-018-0068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Typical stress granules (tSGs) are stalled translation pre-initiation complex aggregations in the cytoplasm, and their formation is a common consequence of translation initiation inhibition under stress. We previously found that 2A protease of picornaviruses blocks tSG formation and induces atypical SG formation, but the molecular mechanism by which 2A inhibits tSG formation remains unclear. Here, we found that eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma1 (eIF4GI) is critical for tSG formation by interacting with Ras-GTPase-activating protein SH3-domain-binding protein (G3BP), and this interaction is mediated by aa 182-203 of eIF4GI and the RNA-binding domain of G3BP. Upon eIF4GI-G3BP interaction, eIF4GI can assemble into tSGs and rescue tSG formation. Finally, we found that 2A or L protein of picornaviruses blocks tSG formation by disrupting eIF4GI-G3BP interaction. Our findings provide the first evidence that eIF4GI-G3BP interaction is indispensable for tSG formation, and 2A or L protein of picornaviruses interferes eIF4GI-G3BP interaction, thereby blocking tSG formation.
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11
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Wang C, Fung G, Deng H, Jagdeo J, Mohamud Y, Xue YC, Jan E, Hirota JA, Luo H. NLRP3 deficiency exacerbates enterovirus infection in mice. FASEB J 2019; 33:942-952. [PMID: 30080445 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800301rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The role for the NOD-like receptor (NLR) P3 inflammasome in enterovirus infection remains controversial. Available data suggest that the NLRP3 inflammasome is protective against enterovirus A71 but detrimental to the host during coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection. CVB3 is a common etiologic agent associated with myocarditis and pancreatitis. Previous findings on the role of NLRP3 in CVB3 were based primarily on indirect evidence. Here, we utilized NLRP3 knockout mice as well as immune and cardiac cells to investigate the direct interplay between CVB3 infection and NLRP3 activation. We demonstrated that NLRP3 knockout mice exhibited more severe disease phenotype after CVB3 infection (significantly higher virus titers), increased myocardial, and pancreatic damage, as well as markedly impaired cardiac function compared to nontransgenic control mice. We further showed that NLRP3 activity was enhanced during early stage of CVB3 infection, as evidenced by increased gene expression and/or secretion of IL-1β and caspase-1. Finally, we demonstrated that CVB3 inactivates the NLRP3 inflammasome by degrading NLRP3 and its upstream serine/threonine-protein kinase receptor-interacting protein 1/3 via the proteolytic activity of virus-encoded proteinases. Taken together, our results reveal the functional significance of NLRP3 in host antiviral immunity against CVB3 infection and the mechanisms by which CVB3 has evolved to counteract the host defense response.-Wang, C., Fung, G., Deng, H., Jagdeo, J., Mohamud, Y., Xue, Y. C., Jan, E., Hirota, J. A., Luo, H. NLRP3 deficiency exacerbates enterovirus infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, James Hogg Research Center, Providence Heart and Lung Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute of Basic Theory for Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gabriel Fung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, James Hogg Research Center, Providence Heart and Lung Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Haoyu Deng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, James Hogg Research Center, Providence Heart and Lung Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Vascular Surgery, RenJi Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Julienne Jagdeo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Yasir Mohamud
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, James Hogg Research Center, Providence Heart and Lung Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yuan Chao Xue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, James Hogg Research Center, Providence Heart and Lung Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric Jan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Jeremy A Hirota
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, James Hogg Research Center, Providence Heart and Lung Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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12
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Toll-Like Receptor 3 Is Involved in Detection of Enterovirus A71 Infection and Targeted by Viral 2A Protease. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120689. [PMID: 30563052 PMCID: PMC6315976 DOI: 10.3390/v10120689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) has emerged as a major pathogen causing hand, foot, and mouth disease, as well as neurological disorders. The host immune response affects the outcomes of EV-A71 infection, leading to either resolution or disease progression. However, the mechanisms of how the mammalian innate immune system detects EV-A71 infection to elicit antiviral immunity remain elusive. Here, we report that the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a key viral RNA sensor for sensing EV-A71 infection to trigger antiviral immunity. Expression of TLR3 in HEK293 cells enabled the cells to sense EV-A71 infection, leading to type I, IFN-mediated antiviral immunity. Viral double-stranded RNA derived from EV-A71 infection was a key ligand for TLR3 detection. Silencing of TLR3 in mouse and human primary immune cells impaired the activation of IFN-β upon EV-A71 infection, thus reinforcing the importance of the TLR3 pathway in defending against EV-A71 infection. Our results further demonstrated that TLR3 was a target of EV-A71 infection. EV-A71 protease 2A was implicated in the downregulation of TLR3. Together, our results not only demonstrate the importance of the TLR3 pathway in response to EV-A71 infection, but also reveal the involvement of EV-A71 protease 2A in subverting TLR3-mediated antiviral defenses.
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13
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Bhati KK, Blaakmeer A, Paredes EB, Dolde U, Eguen T, Hong SY, Rodrigues V, Straub D, Sun B, Wenkel S. Approaches to identify and characterize microProteins and their potential uses in biotechnology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2529-2536. [PMID: 29670998 PMCID: PMC6003976 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
MicroProteins are small proteins that contain a single protein domain and are related to larger, often multi-domain proteins. At the molecular level, microProteins act by interfering with the formation of higher order protein complexes. In the past years, several microProteins have been identified in plants and animals that strongly influence biological processes. Due to their ability to act as dominant regulators in a targeted manner, microProteins have a high potential for biotechnological use. In this review, we present different ways in which microProteins are generated and we elaborate on techniques used to identify and characterize them. Finally, we give an outlook on possible applications in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushal Kumar Bhati
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anko Blaakmeer
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Esther Botterweg Paredes
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ulla Dolde
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tenai Eguen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Shin-Young Hong
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Vandasue Rodrigues
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Daniel Straub
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Stephan Wenkel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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14
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Liu XF, Zhou DD, Xie T, Hao JL, Malik TH, Lu CB, Qi J, Pant OP, Lu CW. The Nrf2 Signaling in Retinal Ganglion Cells under Oxidative Stress in Ocular Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1090-1098. [PMID: 29989056 PMCID: PMC6036726 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.25996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are one of the important cell types affected in many ocular neurodegenerative diseases. Oxidative stress is considered to be involved in retinal RGCs death in ocular neurodegenerative diseases. More and more attention has been focused on studying the agents that may have neuroprotective effects. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a key nuclear transcription factor for the systemic antioxidant defense system. This review elucidates the underlying mechanism of the Nrf2-mediated neuroprotective effects on RGCs in ocular neurodegenerative diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy and retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Several Nrf2 inducers that shield RGCs from oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration via regulating Nrf2 signaling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fen Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of . Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Jilin Province, Jilin, China
| | - Ji-Long Hao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Tayyab Hamid Malik
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Cheng-Bo Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jiamusi University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Om Prakash Pant
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
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15
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Laitinen OH, Svedin E, Kapell S, Hankaniemi MM, Larsson PG, Domsgen E, Stone VM, Määttä JAE, Hyöty H, Hytönen VP, Flodström-Tullberg M. New Coxsackievirus 2A pro and 3C pro protease antibodies for virus detection and discovery of pathogenic mechanisms. J Virol Methods 2018; 255:29-37. [PMID: 29425680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs), such as the Coxsackie B-viruses (CVBs), are common human pathogens, which can cause severe diseases including meningitis, myocarditis and neonatal sepsis. EVs encode two proteases (2Apro and 3Cpro), which perform the proteolytic cleavage of the CVB polyprotein and also cleave host cell proteins to facilitate viral replication. The 2Apro cause direct damage to the infected heart and tools to investigate 2Apro and 3Cpro expression may contribute new knowledge on virus-induced pathologies. Here, we developed new antibodies to CVB-encoded 2Apro and 3Cpro; Two monoclonal 2Apro antibodies and one 3Cpro antibody were produced. Using cells infected with selected viruses belonging to the EV A, B and C species and immunocytochemistry, we demonstrate that the 3Cpro antibody detects all of the EV species B (EV-B) viruses tested and that the 2Apro antibody detects all EV-B viruses apart from Echovirus 9. We furthermore show that the new antibodies work in Western blotting, immunocyto- and immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry to detect CVBs. Confocal microscopy demonstrated the expression kinetics of 2Apro and 3Cpro, and revealed a preferential cytosolic localization of the proteases in CVB3 infected cells. In summary, the new antibodies detect proteases that belong to EV species B in cells and tissue using multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli H Laitinen
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Emma Svedin
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Kapell
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Minna M Hankaniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pär G Larsson
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Erna Domsgen
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Virginia M Stone
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Juha A E Määttä
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland.
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16
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Fung G, Wong J, Berhe F, Mohamud Y, Xue YC, Luo H. Phosphorylation and degradation of αB-crystallin during enterovirus infection facilitates viral replication and induces viral pathogenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:74767-74780. [PMID: 29088822 PMCID: PMC5650377 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein quality control (PQC) plays a key role in maintaining cardiomyocyte function and homeostasis, and malfunction in PQC is implicated in various forms of heart diseases. Molecular chaperones serve as the primary checkpoint for PQC; however, their roles in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis, an inflammation of the myocardium caused by viral infection, are largely unknown. AlphaB-crystallin (CryAB) is the most abundant chaperone protein in the heart. It interacts with desmin and cytoplasmic actin to prevent protein misfolding and aggregation and to help maintain cytoskeletal integrity and cardiac function. Here we showed that coxsackievirus infection induced desminopathy-like phenotype of the myocardium, as characterized by the accumulation of protein aggregates and the disruption of desmin organization. We further demonstrated that CryAB was phosphorylated during early and downregulated at later stages of infection. Moreover, we showed that phosphorylated CryAB had a shorter half-life and was targeted to the ubiquitin-proteasome system for degradation. Lastly, we found that overexpression of CryAB significantly attenuated viral protein production and progeny release, indicating an anti-viral function for CryAB. Together, our results suggest a mechanism by which coxsackieviral infection induces CryAB degradation and loss-of-function, resulting in desmin aggregation, ultimately contributing to compromised cytoskeletal integrity and viral cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Fung
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jerry Wong
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Feaven Berhe
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yasir Mohamud
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yuan Chao Xue
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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17
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Yang X, Cheng A, Wang M, Jia R, Sun K, Pan K, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhu D, Chen S, Liu M, Zhao XX, Chen X. Structures and Corresponding Functions of Five Types of Picornaviral 2A Proteins. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1373. [PMID: 28785248 PMCID: PMC5519566 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the few non-structural proteins encoded by the picornaviral genome, the 2A protein is particularly special, irrespective of structure or function. During the evolution of the Picornaviridae family, the 2A protein has been highly non-conserved. We believe that the 2A protein in this family can be classified into at least five distinct types according to previous studies. These five types are (A) chymotrypsin-like 2A, (B) Parechovirus-like 2A, (C) hepatitis-A-virus-like 2A, (D) Aphthovirus-like 2A, and (E) 2A sequence of the genus Cardiovirus. We carried out a phylogenetic analysis and found that there was almost no homology between each type. Subsequently, we aligned the sequences within each type and found that the functional motifs in each type are highly conserved. These different motifs perform different functions. Therefore, in this review, we introduce the structures and functions of these five types of 2As separately. Based on the structures and functions, we provide suggestions to combat picornaviruses. The complexity and diversity of the 2A protein has caused great difficulties in functional and antiviral research. In this review, researchers can find useful information on the 2A protein and thus conduct improved antiviral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Kunfeng Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
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18
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Deng H, Fung G, Qiu Y, Wang C, Zhang J, Jin ZG, Luo H. Cleavage of Grb2-Associated Binding Protein 2 by Viral Proteinase 2A during Coxsackievirus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:85. [PMID: 28361043 PMCID: PMC5352685 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus type B3 (CV-B3), an enterovirus associated with the pathogenesis of several human diseases, subverts, or employs the host intracellular signaling pathways to support effective viral infection. We have previously demonstrated that Grb2-associated binding protein 1 (GAB1), a signaling adaptor protein that serves as a platform for intracellular signaling assembly and transduction, is cleaved upon CV-B3 infection, resulting in a gain-of-pro-viral-function via the modification of GAB1-mediated ERK1/2 pathway. GAB2 is a mammalian homolog of GAB1. In this study, we aim to address whether GAB2 plays a synergistic role with GAB1 in the regulation of CV-B3 replication. Here, we reported that GAB2 is also a target of CV-B3-encoded viral proteinase. We showed that GAB2 is cleaved at G238 during CV-B3 infection by viral proteinase 2A, generating two cleaved fragments of GAB2-N1−237 and GAB2-C238−676. Moreover, knockdown of GAB2 significantly inhibits the synthesis of viral protein and subsequent viral progeny production, accompanied by reduced levels of phosphorylated p38, suggesting a pro-viral function for GAB2 linked to p38 activation. Finally, we examined whether the cleavage of GAB2 can promote viral replication as observed for GAB1 cleavage. We showed that expression of neither GAB2-N1−237 nor GAB2-C238−676 results in enhanced viral infectivity, indicating a loss-of-function, rather than a gain-of-function of GAB2 cleavage in mediating virus replication. Taken together, our findings in this study suggest a novel host defense machinery through which CV-B3 infection is limited by the cleavage of a pro-viral protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Deng
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Vascular Surgery, RenJi Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Gabriel Fung
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ye Qiu
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chen Wang
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada; Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical ScienceBeijing, China
| | - Jingchun Zhang
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zheng-Gen Jin
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Honglin Luo
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
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19
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Abstract
Viral myocarditis remains a prominent infectious-inflammatory disease for patients throughout the lifespan. The condition presents several challenges including varied modes of clinical presentation, a range of timepoints when patients come to attention, a diversity of approaches to diagnosis, a spectrum of clinical courses, and unsettled perspectives on therapeutics in different patient settings and in the face of different viral pathogens. In this review, we examine current knowledge about viral heart disease and especially provide information on evolving understanding of mechanisms of disease and efforts by investigators to identify and evaluate potential therapeutic avenues for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Fung
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF Centre), and Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital (B.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF Centre), and Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital (B.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ye Qiu
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF Centre), and Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital (B.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Decheng Yang
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF Centre), and Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital (B.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce McManus
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF Centre), and Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital (B.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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20
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Laitinen OH, Svedin E, Kapell S, Nurminen A, Hytönen VP, Flodström-Tullberg M. Enteroviral proteases: structure, host interactions and pathogenicity. Rev Med Virol 2016; 26:251-67. [PMID: 27145174 PMCID: PMC7169145 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are common human pathogens, and infections are particularly frequent in children. Severe infections can lead to a variety of diseases, including poliomyelitis, aseptic meningitis, myocarditis and neonatal sepsis. Enterovirus infections have also been implicated in asthmatic exacerbations and type 1 diabetes. The large disease spectrum of the closely related enteroviruses may be partially, but not fully, explained by differences in tissue tropism. The molecular mechanisms by which enteroviruses cause disease are poorly understood, but there is increasing evidence that the two enteroviral proteases, 2Apro and 3Cpro, are important mediators of pathology. These proteases perform the post‐translational proteolytic processing of the viral polyprotein, but they also cleave several host‐cell proteins in order to promote the production of new virus particles, as well as to evade the cellular antiviral immune responses. Enterovirus‐associated processing of cellular proteins may also contribute to pathology, as elegantly demonstrated by the 2Apro‐mediated cleavage of dystrophin in cardiomyocytes contributing to Coxsackievirus‐induced cardiomyopathy. It is likely that improved tools to identify targets for these proteases will reveal additional host protein substrates that can be linked to specific enterovirus‐associated diseases. Here, we discuss the function of the enteroviral proteases in the virus replication cycle and review the current knowledge regarding how these proteases modulate the infected cell in order to favour virus replication, including ways to avoid detection by the immune system. We also highlight new possibilities for the identification of protease‐specific cellular targets and thereby a way to discover novel mechanisms contributing to disease. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli H Laitinen
- BioMediTech, Finland and Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Emma Svedin
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Kapell
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anssi Nurminen
- BioMediTech, Finland and Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- BioMediTech, Finland and Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- BioMediTech, Finland and Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Serum Response Factor Protects Retinal Ganglion Cells Against High-Glucose Damage. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:232-40. [PMID: 26803311 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Serum response factor (SRF), which encodes the MADS-box family of related proteins, is a common transcription factor related to the expression of genes associated with cell survival. However, SRF's role in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after high-glucose injury remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the protective role of SRF after high-glucose injury and its underlying mechanism. The in vitro RGC model subjected to high glucose was established by employing a 50 mmol/L glucose culture environment. As detected by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot, SRF was significantly upregulated in RGCs treated with high glucose. Overexpression of SRF significantly promoted survival among RGCs exposed to high glucose and inhibited RGC apoptosis. Knockdown of SRF exerted an inverse effect. Moreover, SRF upregulation enhanced expression of an antioxidant protein, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), via control of the Fos-related antigen 1 (Fra-1). SRF upregulation also affected RGC survival after high-glucose treatment. Our findings showed that overexpression of SRF promoted survival of RGCs after high-glucose injury by regulating Fra-1 and Nrf2.
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Cleavage of DAP5 by coxsackievirus B3 2A protease facilitates viral replication and enhances apoptosis by altering translation of IRES-containing genes. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:828-40. [PMID: 26586572 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) by enterovirus proteases during infection leads to the shutoff of cellular cap-dependent translation, but does not affect the initiation of cap-independent translation of mRNAs containing an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Death-associated protein 5 (DAP5), a structural homolog of eIF4G, is a translation initiation factor specific for IRES-containing mRNAs. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a positive single-stranded RNA virus and a primary causal agent of human myocarditis. Its RNA genome harbors an IRES within the 5'-untranslated region and is translated by a cap-independent, IRES-driven mechanism. Previously, we have shown that DAP5 is cleaved during CVB3 infection. However, the protease responsible for cleavage, cleavage site and effects on the translation of target genes during CVB3 infection have not been investigated. In the present study, we demonstrated that viral protease 2A but not 3C is responsible for DAP5 cleavage, generating 45- and 52-kDa N- (DAP5-N) and C-terminal (DAP5-C) fragments, respectively. By site-directed mutagenesis, we found that DAP5 is cleaved at amino acid G434. Upon cleavage, DAP5-N largely translocated to the nucleus at the later time points of infection, whereas the DAP5-C largely remained in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of these DAP5 truncates demonstrated that DAP5-N retained the capability of initiating IRES-driven translation of apoptosis-associated p53, but not the prosurvival Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) when compared with the full-length DAP5. Similarly, DAP5-N expression promoted CVB3 replication and progeny release; on the other hand, DAP5-C exerted a dominant-negative effect on cap-dependent translation. Taken together, viral protease 2A-mediated cleavage of DAP5 results in the production of two truncates that exert differential effects on protein translation of the IRES-containing genes, leading to enhanced host cell death.
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Clinical severity of viral myocarditis is not associated with a mutation of dystrophin gene cleavage sites. Int J Cardiol 2015; 194:21-2. [PMID: 26011260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Deng H, Fung G, Shi J, Xu S, Wang C, Yin M, Hou J, Zhang J, Jin ZG, Luo H. Enhanced enteroviral infectivity via viral protease-mediated cleavage of Grb2-associated binder 1. FASEB J 2015; 29:4523-31. [PMID: 26183772 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-274829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), an important human causative pathogen for viral myocarditis, pancreatitis, and meningitis, has evolved different strategies to manipulate the host signaling machinery to ensure successful viral infection. We previously revealed a crucial role for the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in regulating viral infectivity. However, the detail mechanism remains largely unknown. Grb2-associated binder 1 (GAB1) is an important docking protein responsible for intracellular signaling assembly and transduction. In this study, we demonstrated that GAB1 was proteolytically cleaved after CVB3 infection at G175 and G436 by virus-encoded protease 2A(pro), independent of caspase activation. Knockdown of GAB1 resulted in a significant reduction of viral protein expression and virus titers. Moreover, we showed that virus-induced cleavage of GAB1 is beneficial to viral growth as the N-terminal proteolytic product of GAB1 (GAB1-N1-174) further enhances ERK1/2 activation and promotes viral replication. Our results collectively suggest that CVB3 targets host GAB1 to generate a GAB1-N1-174 fragment that enhances viral infectivity, at least in part, via activation of the ERK pathway. The findings in this study suggest a novel mechanism that CVB3 employs to subvert the host signaling and facilitate consequent viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Deng
- *Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Gabriel Fung
- *Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Junyan Shi
- *Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Suowen Xu
- *Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- *Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Meimei Yin
- *Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jun Hou
- *Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jingchun Zhang
- *Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Zheng-Gen Jin
- *Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Honglin Luo
- *Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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Wang C, Wong J, Fung G, Shi J, Deng H, Zhang J, Bernatchez P, Luo H. Dysferlin deficiency confers increased susceptibility to coxsackievirus-induced cardiomyopathy. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1423-30. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation; St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Jerry Wong
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation; St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Gabriel Fung
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation; St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Junyan Shi
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation; St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Haoyu Deng
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation; St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Jingchun Zhang
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation; St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Pascal Bernatchez
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation; St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation; St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
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Jagdeo JM, Dufour A, Fung G, Luo H, Kleifeld O, Overall CM, Jan E. Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein M Facilitates Enterovirus Infection. J Virol 2015; 89:7064-78. [PMID: 25926642 PMCID: PMC4473559 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02977-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Picornavirus infection involves a dynamic interplay of host and viral protein interactions that modulates cellular processes to facilitate virus infection and evade host antiviral defenses. Here, using a proteomics-based approach known as TAILS to identify protease-generated neo-N-terminal peptides, we identify a novel target of the poliovirus 3C proteinase, the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteinM(hnRNP M), a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling RNA-binding protein that is primarily known for its role in pre-mRNA splicing. hnRNPMis cleaved in vitro by poliovirus and coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) 3C proteinases and is targeted in poliovirus- and CVB3-infected HeLa cells and in the hearts of CVB3-infected mice. hnRNPMrelocalizes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during poliovirus infection. Finally, depletion of hnRNPMusing small interfering RNA knockdown approaches decreases poliovirus and CVB3 infections in HeLa cells and does not affect poliovirus internal ribosome entry site translation and viral RNA stability. We propose that cleavage of and subverting the function of hnRNPMis a general strategy utilized by picornaviruses to facilitate viral infection. IMPORTANCE Enteroviruses, a member of the picornavirus family, are RNA viruses that cause a range of diseases, including respiratory ailments, dilated cardiomyopathy, and paralysis. Although enteroviruses have been studied for several decades, the molecular basis of infection and the pathogenic mechanisms leading to disease are still poorly understood. Here, we identify hnRNPMas a novel target of a viral proteinase. We demonstrate that the virus subverts the function of hnRNPMand redirects it to a step in the viral life cycle. We propose that cleavage of hnRNPMis a general strategy that picornaviruses use to facilitate infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julienne M. Jagdeo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gabriel Fung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Oded Kleifeld
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher M. Overall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric Jan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Cytoplasmic translocation, aggregation, and cleavage of TDP-43 by enteroviral proteases modulate viral pathogenesis. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:2087-97. [PMID: 25976304 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that infection by coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a positive-stranded RNA enterovirus, results in the accumulation of insoluble ubiquitin-protein aggregates, which resembles the common feature of neurodegenerative diseases. The importance of protein aggregation in viral pathogenesis has been recognized; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain ill-defined. Transactive response DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) is an RNA-binding protein that has an essential role in regulating RNA metabolism at multiple levels. Cleavage and cytoplasmic aggregation of TDP-43 serves as a major molecular marker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration and contributes significantly to disease progression. In this study, we reported that TDP-43 is translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during CVB3 infection through the activity of viral protease 2A, followed by the cleavage mediated by viral protease 3C. Cytoplasmic translocation of TDP-43 is accompanied by reduced solubility and increased formation of protein aggregates. The cleavage takes place at amino-acid 327 between glutamine and alanine, resulting in the generation of an N- and C-terminal cleavage fragment of ~35 and ~8 kDa, respectively. The C-terminal product of TDP-43 is unstable and quickly degraded through the proteasome degradation pathway, whereas the N-terminal truncation of TDP-43 acts as a dominant-negative mutant that inhibits the function of native TDP-43 in alternative RNA splicing. Lastly, we demonstrated that knockdown of TDP-43 results in an increase in viral titers, suggesting a protective role for TDP-43 in CVB3 infection. Taken together, our findings suggest a novel model by which cytoplasmic redistribution and cleavage of TDP-43 as a consequence of CVB3 infection disrupts the solubility and transcriptional activity of TDP-43. Our results also reveal a mechanism evolved by enteroviruses to support efficient viral infection.
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Shi J, Fung G, Piesik P, Zhang J, Luo H. Dominant-negative function of the C-terminal fragments of NBR1 and SQSTM1 generated during enteroviral infection. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1432-41. [PMID: 24769734 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus infection induces an abnormal accumulation of ubiquitin aggregates that are generally believed to be noxious to the cells and have a key role in viral pathogenesis. Selective autophagy mediated by autophagy adaptor proteins, including sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) and neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1 protein (NBR1), are an important pathway for disposing of misfolded/ubiquitin conjugates. We have recently demonstrated that SQSTM1 is cleaved after coxsackievirus infection, resulting in the disruption of SQSTM1 function in selective autophagy. NBR1 is a functional homolog of SQSTM1. In this study, we propose to test whether NBR1 can compensate for the compromise of SQSTM1 after viral infection. Of interest, we found that NBR1 was also cleaved after coxsackievirus infection. This cleavage took place at two sites mediated by virus-encoded protease 2A(pro) and 3C(pro), respectively. In addition to the loss-of-function, we further investigated whether cleavage of SQSTM1/NBR1 leads to the generation of toxic gain-of-function mutants. We showed that the C-terminal fragments of SQSTM1 and NBR1 exhibited a dominant-negative effect against native SQSTM1/NBR1, probably by competing for LC3 and ubiquitin chain binding. Finally, we demonstrated a positive, mutual regulatory relationship between SQSTM1 and NBR1 during viral infection. We showed that knockdown of SQSTM1 resulted in reduced expression of NBR1, whereas overexpression of SQSTM1 led to increased level of NBR1, and vice versa, further excluding the possible compensation of NBR1 for the loss of SQSTM1. Taken together, the findings in this study suggest a novel mechanism through which coxsackievirus infection induces increased accumulation of ubiquitin conjugates and subsequent viral damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shi
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - G Fung
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - P Piesik
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J Zhang
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - H Luo
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Wong J, Si X, Angeles A, Zhang J, Shi J, Fung G, Jagdeo J, Wang T, Zhong Z, Jan E, Luo H. Cytoplasmic redistribution and cleavage of AUF1 during coxsackievirus infection enhance the stability of its viral genome. FASEB J 2013; 27:2777-87. [PMID: 23572232 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-226498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a causative agent of viral myocarditis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, and meningitis in humans. The adenosine-uridine (AU)-rich element RNA binding factor 1 (AUF1) is an integral component in the regulation of gene expression. AUF1 destabilizes mRNAs and targets them for degradation by binding to AU-rich elements in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs. The 3'-UTR of the CVB3 genome contains canonical AU-rich sequences, raising the possibility that CVB3 RNA may also be subjected to AUF1-mediated degradation. Here, we reported that CVB3 infection led to cytoplasmic redistribution and cleavage of AUF1. These events are independent of CVB3-induced caspase activation but require viral protein production. Overexpression of viral protease 2A reproduced CVB3-induced cytoplasmic redistribution of AUF1, while in vitro cleavage assay revealed that viral protease 3C contributed to AUF1 cleavage. Furthermore, we showed that knockdown of AUF1 facilitated viral RNA, protein, and progeny production, suggesting an antiviral property for AUF1 against CVB3 infection. Finally, an immunoprecipitation study demonstrated the physical interaction between AUF1 and the 3'-UTR of CVB3, potentially targeting CVB3 genome toward degradation. Together, our results suggest that cleavage of AUF1 may be a strategy employed by CVB3 to enhance the stability of its viral genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Wong
- James Hogg Research Center, Providence Heart and Lung Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Touvron M, Escoubet B, Mericskay M, Angelini A, Lamotte L, Santini MP, Rosenthal N, Daegelen D, Tuil D, Decaux JF. Locally expressed IGF1 propeptide improves mouse heart function in induced dilated cardiomyopathy by blocking myocardial fibrosis and SRF-dependent CTGF induction. Dis Model Mech 2012; 5:481-91. [PMID: 22563064 PMCID: PMC3380711 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.009456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is critically involved in the adverse remodeling accompanying dilated cardiomyopathies (DCMs), which leads to cardiac dysfunction and heart failure (HF). Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a profibrotic cytokine, plays a key role in this deleterious process. Some beneficial effects of IGF1 on cardiomyopathy have been described, but its potential role in improving DCM is less well characterized. We investigated the consequences of expressing a cardiac-specific transgene encoding locally acting IGF1 propeptide (muscle-produced IGF1; mIGF1) on disease progression in a mouse model of DCM [cardiac-specific and inducible serum response factor (SRF) gene disruption] that mimics some forms of human DCM. Cardiac-specific mIGF1 expression substantially extended the lifespan of SRF mutant mice, markedly improved cardiac functions, and delayed both DCM and HF. These protective effects were accompanied by an overall improvement in cardiomyocyte architecture and a massive reduction of myocardial fibrosis with a concomitant amelioration of inflammation. At least some of the beneficial effects of mIGF1 transgene expression were due to mIGF1 counteracting the strong increase in CTGF expression within cardiomyocytes caused by SRF deficiency, resulting in the blockade of fibroblast proliferation and related myocardial fibrosis. These findings demonstrate that SRF plays a key role in the modulation of cardiac fibrosis through repression of cardiomyocyte CTGF expression in a paracrine fashion. They also explain how impaired SRF function observed in human HF promotes fibrosis and adverse cardiac remodeling. Locally acting mIGF1 efficiently protects the myocardium from these adverse processes, and might thus represent a therapeutic avenue to counter DCM.
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