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Immunity orchestrates a bridge in gut-brain axis of neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 85:101857. [PMID: 36669690 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, in particular for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Multiple sclerosis (MS), are a category of diseases with progressive loss of neuronal structure or function (encompassing neuronal death) leading to neuronal dysfunction, whereas the underlying pathogenesis remains to be clarified. As the microbiological ecosystem of the intestinal microbiome serves as the second genome of the human body, it is strongly implicated as an essential element in the initiation and/or progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Nevertheless, the precise underlying principles of how the intestinal microflora impact on neurodegenerative diseases via gut-brain axis by modulating the immune function are still poorly characterized. Consequently, an overview of initiating the development of neurodegenerative diseases and the contribution of intestinal microflora on immune function is discussed in this review.
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2
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Luo Q, Chen J, Qin L, Luo Y, Zhang Y, Yang X, Wang H. Psoriasis may increase the risk of lung cancer: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:2113-2119. [PMID: 35844064 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many studies have indicated that Psoriasis (PsO) could contribute to the risk of lung cancer, no study has reported a clear causal association between them. Our aim was to explore the potential causal association between PsO and the lung cancer risk using Mendelian randomization (MR) design. METHODS To explore a causal association between the PsO and lung cancer, we used large-scale genetic summary data from genome-wide association study (GWAS), including PsO (n = 337 159) and lung cancer (n = 361 586), based on previous observational studies. Our main analyses were conducted by inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method with random-effects model, with a complementary with the other two analyses: weighted median method and MR-Egger approach. RESULTS The results of IVW methods demonstrated that genetically predicted PsO was significantly associated with higher odds of lung cancer, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.06 (95%CI, 1.01-1.12; P = 0.02). Weighted median method and MR-Egger regression also demonstrated directionally similar results (All P < 0.05). In addition, both funnel plots and MR-Egger intercepts indicated no directional pleiotropic effects between PsO and lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our study provided potential evidence between genetically predicted PsO and lung cancer, which suggested that enhanced screening for lung cancer allows early detection of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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3
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Zhou Y, Li X, Shen R, Wang X, Zhang F, Liu S, Li D, Liu J, Li P, Yan Y, Dong P, Zhang Z, Wu H, Zhuang L, Chowdhury R, Miller M, Issa M, Mao Y, Chen H, Feng J, Li J, Bai C, He F, Tao W. Novel Small Molecule Tyrosine Kinase 2 Pseudokinase Ligands Block Cytokine-Induced TYK2-Mediated Signaling Pathways. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884399. [PMID: 35693820 PMCID: PMC9186491 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A member of the Janus kinase (JAK) family, Tyrosine Kinase 2 (TYK2), is crucial in mediating various cytokine-signaling pathways such as interleukin-23 (IL23), interleukin-12 (IL12) and type I Interferons (IFN) which contribute to autoimmune disorders (e.g., psoriasis, lupus, and inflammatory bowel disease). Thus, TYK2 represents an attractive target to develop small-molecule therapeutics for the treatment of cytokine-driven inflammatory diseases. Selective inhibition of TYK2 over other JAK isoforms is critical to achieve a favorable therapeutic index in the development of TYK2 inhibitors. However, designing small molecule inhibitors to target the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding site of TYK2 kinase has been challenging due to the substantial structural homology of the JAK family catalytic domains. Here, we employed an approach to target the JAK homology 2 (JH2) pseudokinase regulatory domain of the TYK2 protein. We developed a series of small-molecule TYK2 pseudokinase ligands, which suppress the TYK2 catalytic activity through allosteric regulation. The TYK2 pseudokinase-binding small molecules in this study simultaneously achieve high affinity-binding for the TYK2 JH2 domain while also affording significantly reduced affinity for the TYK2 JAK homology 1 (JH1) kinase domain. These TYK2 JH2 selective molecules, although possessing little effect on suppressing the catalytic activity of the isolated TYK2 JH1 catalytic domain in the kinase assays, can still significantly block the TYK2-mediated receptor-stimulated pathways by binding to the TYK2 JH2 domain and allosterically regulating the TYK2 JH1 kinase. These compounds are potent towards human T-cell lines and primary immune cells as well as in human whole-blood specimens. Moreover, TYK2 JH2-binding ligands exhibit remarkable selectivity of TYK2 over JAK isoforms not only biochemically but also in a panel of receptor-stimulated JAK1/JAK2/JAK3-driven cellular functional assays. In addition, the TYK2 JH2-targeting ligands also demonstrate high selectivity in a multi-kinase screening panel. The data in the current study underscores that the TYK2 JH2 pseudokinase is a promising therapeutic target for achieving a high degree of biological selectivity. Meanwhile, targeting the JH2 domain represents an appealing strategy for the development of clinically well-tolerated TYK2 inhibitors that would have superior efficacy and a favorable safety profile compared to the existing Janus kinase inhibitors against autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- R & D Center, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Yu Zhou, ; Xin Li,
| | - Xin Li
- R & D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Zhou, ; Xin Li,
| | - Ru Shen
- R & D Center, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, United States
| | - Xiangzhu Wang
- R & D Center, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, United States
| | - Fan Zhang
- R & D Center, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, United States
| | - Suxing Liu
- R & D Center, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, United States
| | - Di Li
- R & D Center, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- R & D Center, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, United States
| | - Puhui Li
- R & D Center, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, United States
| | - Yinfa Yan
- R & D Center, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, United States
| | - Ping Dong
- R & D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigao Zhang
- R & D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Heping Wu
- R & D Center, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, United States
| | - Linghang Zhuang
- R & D Center, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, United States
| | | | - Matthew Miller
- R & D Center, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, United States
| | - Mena Issa
- R & D Center, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, United States
| | - Yuchang Mao
- R & D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Hongli Chen
- R & D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Feng
- R & D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- R & D Center, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, United States
| | - Chang Bai
- R & D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Feng He
- R & D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Weikang Tao
- R & D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
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4
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Sewell GW, Kaser A. Interleukin-23 in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Implications for Therapeutic Intervention. J Crohns Colitis 2022; 16:ii3-ii19. [PMID: 35553667 PMCID: PMC9097674 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin-23 [IL-23] cytokine, derived predominantly from macrophages and dendritic cells in response to microbial stimulation, has emerged as a critical promoter of chronic intestinal inflammation. Genome-wide association studies linking variants in IL23R to disease protection, bolstered by experimental evidence from colitis models, and the successful application of therapies against the IL-12/IL-23 shared p40 subunit in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] all provide compelling evidence of a crucial role for IL-23 in disease pathogenesis. Moreover, targeting the p19 subunit specific for IL-23 has shown considerable promise in recent phase 2 studies in IBD. The relative importance of the diverse immunological pathways downstream of IL-23 in propagating mucosal inflammation in the gut, however, remains contentious. Here we review current understanding of IL-23 biology and explore its pleiotropic effects on T cells, and innate lymphoid, myeloid and intestinal epithelial cells in the context of the pathogenesis of IBD. We furthermore discuss these pathways in the light of recent evidence from clinical trials and indicate emerging targets amenable to therapeutic intervention and translation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin W Sewell
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Corresponding author: Arthur Kaser, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK. Tel: +44 1223 331130;
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Borrelia burgdorferi is a poor inducer of interferon-gamma: amplification induced by interleukin-12. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0055821. [PMID: 35130450 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00558-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laboratory diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis (LB) is mainly based on serology, which has limitations, particularly in the early stages of the disease. In recent years there have been conflicting reports concerning a new diagnostic tool using the cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Previous studies have generally found low concentrations of IFN-γ in early LB infection. The goal of this study is to investigate IFN-γ regulation during early LB and provide insights into the host response to B. burgdorferi. Methods We performed in vitro experiments with whole blood assays and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of LB patients and healthy volunteers exposed to B. burgdorferi and evaluated the IFN-γ response using ELISA and related interindividual variation in IFN-γ production to the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms. Results IFN-γ production of B. burgdorferi-exposed PBMCs and whole blood was amplified by the addition of IL-12 to the stimulation system. This effect was observed after 24 hours of B. burgdorferi stimulation in both healthy individuals and LB patients. The effect was highly variable between individuals, but was significantly higher in LB patients six weeks since the start of antibiotic treatment compared to healthy individuals. IL-12 p40 and IL-18 mRNA was upregulated upon exposure to B. burgdorferi, whereas IL-12 p35 and IFN-γ mRNA expression remained relatively unchanged. SNP Rs280520 in the downstream IL-12 pathway, Tyrosine Kinase 2, was associated with increased IFN-γ production. Conclusions This study shows that IL-12 evokes an IFN-γ response in B. burgdorferi exposed cells, and LB patients and healthy controls respond differently to this stimulation.
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6
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Ll Wilkinson MG, Deakin CT, Papadopoulou C, Eleftheriou D, Wedderburn LR. JAK inhibitors: a potential treatment for JDM in the context of the role of interferon-driven pathology. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2021; 19:146. [PMID: 34563217 PMCID: PMC8466894 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-021-00637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies (IIM) are a group of rare diseases that are heterogeneous in terms of pathology that can include proximal muscle weakness, associated skin changes and systemic involvement. Despite options for treatment, many patients continue to suffer resistant disease and lasting side-effects. Advances in the understanding of the immunopathology and genetics underlying IIM may specify new therapeutic targets, particularly where conventional treatment has not achieved a clinical response. An upregulated type I interferon signature is strongly associated with disease and could be a prime target for developing more specific therapeutics. There are multiple components of the IFN pathway that could be targeted for blockade therapy.Downstream of the cytokine receptor complexes are the Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway, which consists of JAK1-3, TYK2, and STAT1-6. Therapeutic inhibitors have been developed to target components of this pathway. Promising results have been observed in case studies reporting the use of the JAK inhibitors, Baricitinib, Tofacitinib and Ruxolitinib in the treatment of refractory Juvenile Dermatomyositis (JDM). There is still the question of safety and efficacy for the use of JAK inhibitors in JDM that need to be addressed by clinical trials. Here we review the future for the use of JAK inhibitors as a treatment for JDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredyth G Ll Wilkinson
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
- Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at UCL UCLH and GOSH, University College London, London, UK.
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at GOSH, London, UK.
| | - Claire T Deakin
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at UCL UCLH and GOSH, University College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at GOSH, London, UK
| | - Charalampia Papadopoulou
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Rheumatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, UK
| | - Despina Eleftheriou
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Rheumatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, UK
| | - Lucy R Wedderburn
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at UCL UCLH and GOSH, University College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at GOSH, London, UK
- Rheumatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, UK
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7
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Papadopoulos VE, Skarlis C, Evangelopoulos ME, Mavragani CP. Type I interferon detection in autoimmune diseases: challenges and clinical applications. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:883-903. [PMID: 34096436 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1939686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accumulating data highlights that the dysregulation of type I interferon (IFN) pathways plays a central role in the pathogenesis of several systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Advances in understanding the role of type I IFNs in these disorders can lead to targeted drug development as well as establishing potential disease biomarkers. AREAS COVERED Here, we summarize current knowledge regarding the role of type I IFNs in the major systemic, as well as organ-specific, autoimmune disorders, including prominent inflammatory CNS disorders like multiple sclerosis. EXPERT OPINION Type I IFN involvement and its clinical associations in a wide spectrum of autoimmune diseases represents a promising area for research aiming to unveil common pathogenetic pathways in systemic and organ-specific autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis E Papadopoulos
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, First Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Skarlis
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleftheria Evangelopoulos
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, First Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Clio P Mavragani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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8
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Liu C, Yan S, Chen H, Wu Z, Li L, Cheng L, Li H, Li Y. Association of GTF2I, NFKB1, and TYK2 Regional Polymorphisms With Systemic Sclerosis in a Chinese Han Population. Front Immunol 2021; 12:640083. [PMID: 34248934 PMCID: PMC8261294 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.640083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an uncommon autoimmune disease that varies with ethnicity. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the GTFSI, NFKB1, and TYK2 genes have been reported to be associated with SSc in other populations and in individuals with various autoimmune diseases. This study aimed to investigate the association between these SNPs and susceptibility to SSc in a Chinese Han population. Method A case-control study was performed in 343 patients with SSc and 694 ethnically matched healthy controls. SNPs in GTF2I, NFKB1, and TYK2 were genotyped using a Sequenom MassArray iPLEX system. Association analyses were performed using PLINK v1.90 software. Result Our study demonstrated that the GTF2I rs117026326 T allele and the GTF2I rs73366469 C allele were strongly associated with patients with SSc (P = 6.97E-10 and P = 1.33E-08, respectively). Patients carrying the GTF2I rs117026326 TT genotype and the GTF2I rs73366469 CC genotype had a strongly increased risk of SSc (P = 6.25E-09 and P = 1.67E-08, respectively), and those carrying the NFKB1 rs1599961 AA genotype had a suggestively significantly increased risk of SSc (P = 0.014). Moreover, rs117026326 and rs73366469 were associated with SSc in different genetic models (additive model, dominant model, and recessive model) (P < 0.05) whereas rs1599961 was associated with SSc in the dominant genetic model but not in the addictive and recessive models (P = 0.0026). TYK2 rs2304256 was not significantly associated with SSc in this study. Conclusion GTF2I rs117026326 and rs73366469 SNPs were strongly associated with SSc in this Chinese Han population. NFKB1 rs1599961 showed a suggestive association with SSc, and no significant association was found between TYK2 rs2304256 and SSc in this Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Songxin Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haizhen Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Ziyan Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liubing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haolong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhe Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Pellenz FM, Dieter C, Lemos NE, Bauer AC, Souza BMD, Crispim D. Association of TYK2 polymorphisms with autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive and updated systematic review with meta-analysis. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20200425. [PMID: 33949620 PMCID: PMC8097517 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by the loss of self-tolerance, leading to
immune-mediated tissue destruction and chronic inflammation. Tyrosine kinase 2
(TYK2) protein plays a key role in immunity and apoptosis pathways. Studies have
reported associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the
TYK2 gene and autoimmune diseases; however, results are
still inconclusive. Thus, we conducted a systematic review followed by
meta-analysis. A literature search was performed to find studies that
investigated associations between TYK2 SNPs and autoimmune
diseases (multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Crohn’s disease,
ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and
inflammatory bowel disease). Pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95 % CI were
calculated using random (REM) or fixed (FEM) effects models in the Stata 11.0
Software. Thirty-four articles were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analyses,
comprising 9 different SNPs: rs280496, rs280500, rs280523, rs280519, rs2304256,
rs12720270, rs12720356, rs34536443, and rs35018800. Meta-analysis results showed
the minor alleles of rs2304256, rs12720270, rs12720356, rs34536443, and
rs35018800 SNPs were associated with protection against autoimmune diseases.
Moreover, the A allele of the rs280519 SNP was associated with risk for systemic
lupus erythematosus. Our meta-analyses demonstrated that the rs2304256,
rs12720270, rs12720356, rs34536443, rs35018800, and rs280519 SNPs in the
TYK2 gene are associated with different autoimmune
diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Mateus Pellenz
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristine Dieter
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natália Emerim Lemos
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andrea Carla Bauer
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Serviço de Nefrologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bianca Marmontel de Souza
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daisy Crispim
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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10
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Alves-Leon SV, Ferreira CDS, Herlinger AL, Fontes-Dantas FL, Rueda-Lopes FC, Francisco RDS, Gonçalves JPDC, de Araújo AD, Rêgo CCDS, Higa LM, Gerber AL, Guimarães APDC, de Menezes MT, de Paula Tôrres MC, Maia RA, Nogueira BMG, França LC, da Silva MM, Naurath C, Correia ASDS, Vasconcelos CCF, Tanuri A, Ferreira OC, Cardoso CC, Aguiar RS, de Vasconcelos ATR. Exome-Wide Search for Genes Associated With Central Nervous System Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases Following CHIKV Infection: The Tip of the Iceberg. Front Genet 2021; 12:639364. [PMID: 33815474 PMCID: PMC8010313 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.639364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emergent arbovirus that causes a disease characterized primarily by fever, rash and severe persistent polyarthralgia, although <1% of cases develop severe neurological manifestations such as inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IDD) of the central nervous system (CNS) like acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and extensive transverse myelitis. Genetic factors associated with host response and disease severity are still poorly understood. In this study, we performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) to identify HLA alleles, genes and cellular pathways associated with CNS IDD clinical phenotype outcomes following CHIKV infection. The cohort includes 345 patients of which 160 were confirmed for CHIKV. Six cases presented neurological manifestation mimetizing CNS IDD. WES data analysis was performed for 12 patients, including the CNS IDD cases and 6 CHIKV patients without any neurological manifestation. We identified 29 candidate genes harboring rare, pathogenic, or probably pathogenic variants in all exomes analyzed. HLA alleles were also determined and patients who developed CNS IDD shared a common signature with diseases such as Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD). When these genes were included in Gene Ontology analyses, pathways associated with CNS IDD syndromes were retrieved, suggesting that CHIKV-induced CNS outcomesmay share a genetic background with other neurological disorders. To our knowledge, this study was the first genome-wide investigation of genetic risk factors for CNS phenotypes in CHIKV infection. Our data suggest that HLA-DRB1 alleles associated with demyelinating diseases may also confer risk of CNS IDD outcomes in patients with CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soniza Vieira Alves-Leon
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro State Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Neurology/Reference and Research Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Other Central Nervous System Idiopathic Demyelinating Inflammatory Diseases, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - João Paulo da Costa Gonçalves
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro State Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Neurology/Reference and Research Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Other Central Nervous System Idiopathic Demyelinating Inflammatory Diseases, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda Dutra de Araújo
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro State Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Neurology/Reference and Research Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Other Central Nervous System Idiopathic Demyelinating Inflammatory Diseases, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Cecília da Silva Rêgo
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro State Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Neurology/Reference and Research Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Other Central Nervous System Idiopathic Demyelinating Inflammatory Diseases, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiza Mendonça Higa
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard Araújo Maia
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Laise Carolina França
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro State Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Martins da Silva
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christian Naurath
- Federal Hospital Cardoso Fontes, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Orlando Costa Ferreira
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Santana Aguiar
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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11
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Armitage LH, Stimpson SE, Santostefano KE, Sui L, Ogundare S, Newby BN, Castro-Gutierrez R, Huber MK, Taylor JP, Sharma P, Radichev IA, Perry DJ, Fredette NC, Savinov AY, Wallet MA, Terada N, Brusko TM, Russ HA, Chen J, Egli D, Mathews CE. Use of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Build Isogenic Systems and Investigate Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:737276. [PMID: 34858326 PMCID: PMC8630743 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.737276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a disease that arises due to complex immunogenetic mechanisms. Key cell-cell interactions involved in the pathogenesis of T1D are activation of autoreactive T cells by dendritic cells (DC), migration of T cells across endothelial cells (EC) lining capillary walls into the islets of Langerhans, interaction of T cells with macrophages in the islets, and killing of β-cells by autoreactive CD8+ T cells. Overall, pathogenic cell-cell interactions are likely regulated by the individual's collection of genetic T1D-risk variants. To accurately model the role of genetics, it is essential to build systems to interrogate single candidate genes in isolation during the interactions of cells that are essential for disease development. However, obtaining single-donor matched cells relevant to T1D is a challenge. Sourcing these genetic variants from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) avoids this limitation. Herein, we have differentiated iPSC from one donor into DC, macrophages, EC, and β-cells. Additionally, we also engineered T cell avatars from the same donor to provide an in vitro platform to study genetic influences on these critical cellular interactions. This proof of concept demonstrates the ability to derive an isogenic system from a single donor to study these relevant cell-cell interactions. Our system constitutes an interdisciplinary approach with a controlled environment that provides a proof-of-concept for future studies to determine the role of disease alleles (e.g. IFIH1, PTPN22, SH2B3, TYK2) in regulating cell-cell interactions and cell-specific contributions to the pathogenesis of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas H. Armitage
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Scott E. Stimpson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Katherine E. Santostefano
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for Cellular Reprogramming, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Century Therapeutics, iPSC Biology, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lina Sui
- Department of Pediatrics, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Similoluwa Ogundare
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Brittney N. Newby
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Roberto Castro-Gutierrez
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mollie K. Huber
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jared P. Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Prerana Sharma
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Ilian A. Radichev
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Daniel J. Perry
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Natalie C. Fredette
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for Cellular Reprogramming, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alexei Y. Savinov
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Mark A. Wallet
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Century Therapeutics, Immunology, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Naohiro Terada
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for Cellular Reprogramming, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Todd M. Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Holger A. Russ
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Dieter Egli
- Department of Pediatrics, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Clayton E. Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for Cellular Reprogramming, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Clayton E. Mathews,
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12
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Shademan B, Biray Avci C, Nikanfar M, Nourazarian A. Application of Next-Generation Sequencing in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Opportunities and Challenges. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 23:225-235. [PMID: 32399804 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08601-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors (gene mutations) lead to various rare and prevalent neurological diseases. Identification of underlying mutations in neurodegenerative diseases is of paramount importance due to the heterogeneous nature of the genome and different clinical manifestations. An early and accurate molecular diagnosis are cardinal for neurodegenerative patients to undergo proper therapeutic regimens. The next-generation sequencing (NGS) method examines up to millions of sequences at a time. As a result, the rare molecular diagnoses, previously presented with "unknown causes", are now possible in a short time. This method generates a large amount of data that can be utilized in patient management. Since each person has a unique genome, the NGS has transformed diagnostic and therapeutic strategies into sequencing and individual genomic mapping. However, this method has disadvantages like other diagnostic methods. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to briefly summarize the NGS method and correlated studies to unravel the genetic causes of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and MS. Finally, we discuss the NGS challenges and opportunities in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Shademan
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cigir Biray Avci
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Masoud Nikanfar
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Nourazarian
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St., 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran. .,Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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13
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Catalytically Impaired TYK2 Variants are Protective Against Childhood- and Adult-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Mexicans. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12165. [PMID: 31434951 PMCID: PMC6704113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) pathway plays a central role in the systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis. Recent data suggest that SLE is associated with variants in IFN-I genes, such as tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2), which is crucial in anti-viral immunity. Here, five TYK2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 368 childhood-onset SLE Mexican patients and 516 sex-matched healthy controls. Allele frequencies were also estimated in four indigenous groups. SLE protection was associated with TYK2 risk infection variants affecting residually its catalytic domain, rs12720356 (OR = 0.308; p = 0.041) and rs34536443 (OR = 0.370; p = 0.034), but not with rs2304256, rs12720270, and rs280500. This association was replicated in a 506 adult-onset SLE patients sample (OR = 0.250; p = 0.005, and OR = 0.277; p = 0.008, respectively). The minor alleles of both associated SNPs had a lower frequency in Mestizos than in Spaniards and were absent or rare in indigenous, suggesting that the presence of these alleles in the Mexican Mestizo population was derived from the Spaniards. For the first time, we report genetic variants with a protective effect in childhood- and adult-onset SLE Mexican population. Our results suggest that the frequency of IFN-I alleles associated with SLE, may have been shaped in populations exposed to infectious diseases for long periods, and this could be an explanation why Native American ancestry is associated with a higher SLE prevalence and an earlier onset.
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14
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Chen Z, Chen S, Liu J. The role of T cells in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 169:1-23. [PMID: 30114440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, different components of the brain's immune system may exert diverse effects on neuroinflammatory events in PD. The adaptive immune response, especially the T cell response, can trigger type 1 pro-inflammatory activities and suppress type 2 anti-inflammatory activities, eventually resulting in deregulated neuroinflammation and subsequent dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Additionally, studies have increasingly shown that therapies targeting T cells can alleviate neurodegeneration and motor behavior impairment in animal models of PD. Therefore, we conclude that abnormal T cell-mediated immunity is a fundamental pathological process that may be a promising translational therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichun Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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15
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Enerbäck C, Sandin C, Lambert S, Zawistowski M, Stuart PE, Verma D, Tsoi LC, Nair RP, Johnston A, Elder JT. The psoriasis-protective TYK2 I684S variant impairs IL-12 stimulated pSTAT4 response in skin-homing CD4+ and CD8+ memory T-cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7043. [PMID: 29728633 PMCID: PMC5935702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) belongs to the Janus kinase (JAK) family of tyrosine kinases, which transmit signals from activated cytokine receptors. GWAS have consistently implicated TYK2 in psoriasis susceptibility. We performed an in-depth association analysis of TYK2 using GWAS and resequencing data. Strong genetic association of three nonsynonymous variants in the exonic regions of the TYK2 gene (rs34536443, rs12720356, and rs2304256) were found. rs12720356 encoding I684S is predicted to be deleterious based on its location in the pseudokinase domain. We analyzed PBMCs from 29 individuals representing the haplotypes containing each of the significantly associated signals. STAT4 phosphorylation was evaluated by phospho-flow cytometry after CD3/CD28 activation of cells followed by IL-12 stimulation. Individuals carrying the protective I684S variant manifested significantly reduced p-STAT4 levels in CD4 + CD25 + CD45RO+ (mean Stimulation Index (S.I.) 48.08, n = 10) and CD8 + CD25 + CD45RO + cells (S.I. 55.71, n = 10), compared to controls homozygous for the ancestral haplotype (S.I. 68.19, n = 10 (p = 0.002) and 76.76 n = 10 (p = 0.0008) respectively). Reduced p-STAT4 levels were also observed in skin-homing, cutaneous lymphocyte associated antigen (CLA)-positive CD4 and CD8 cells from I684S carriers. No significant changes in p-STAT4 for the psoriasis-associated variant rs34536443 was found. These data establish the functional significance of the TYK2 I684S variant in psoriasis susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Enerbäck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Ingrid Asp Psoriasis Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - C Sandin
- Ingrid Asp Psoriasis Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - S Lambert
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M Zawistowski
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - P E Stuart
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D Verma
- Ingrid Asp Psoriasis Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - L C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R P Nair
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A Johnston
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J T Elder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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16
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Down-regulation of TYK2, CBLB and LMP7 genes expression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferon-beta. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 314:24-29. [PMID: 29157944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the expression of TYK2, CBLB and LMP7 genes at both mRNA and protein levels in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients in compare with healthy controls. Seventy-eight RRMS patients treated with IFNβ-1a and 79 age- and ethnic-matched healthy subjects were studied. The mRNA expression levels of TYK2, CBLB and LMP7 in PBMCs were quantified by real-time PCR and plasma concentrations of three molecules were measured by ELISA. Results were compared between patients and controls, IFNβ-responders and non-responders. Forty-nine of 78 patients were classified as IFNβ-responders and 29 cases were non-responders. Significantly down-regulated expression of TYK2, CBLB and LMP7 genes was found in the patients group versus controls (P<0.001). Decreased plasma levels of three molecules were observed in patients compared to controls (P<0.001). IFNβ-responders had significantly higher expressions for CBLB (P=0.001) and LMP7 (P=0.02) than non-responders. Also, we observed increased expressions of LMP7 (P=0.39) and CBLB (P=0.02) genes in patients under 30y and increased expression of TYK2 in patients >40years (P=0.002). Our results suggest that expression analysis of TYK2, CBLB and LMP7 genes could be useful for evaluation of T cells immunity and clinical response to IFNβ-therapy in RRMS patients.
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17
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Fourteen sequence variants that associate with multiple sclerosis discovered by meta-analysis informed by genetic correlations. NPJ Genom Med 2017; 2:24. [PMID: 29263835 PMCID: PMC5677966 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-017-0027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis of publicly available summary statistics on multiple sclerosis combined with three Nordic multiple sclerosis cohorts (21,079 cases, 371,198 controls) revealed seven sequence variants associating with multiple sclerosis, not reported previously. Using polygenic risk scores based on public summary statistics of variants outside the major histocompatibility complex region we quantified genetic overlap between common autoimmune diseases in Icelanders and identified disease clusters characterized by autoantibody presence/absence. As multiple sclerosis-polygenic risk scores captures the risk of primary biliary cirrhosis and vice versa (P = 1.6 × 10−7, 4.3 × 10−9) we used primary biliary cirrhosis as a proxy-phenotype for multiple sclerosis, the idea being that variants conferring risk of primary biliary cirrhosis have a prior probability of conferring risk of multiple sclerosis. We tested 255 variants forming the primary biliary cirrhosis-polygenic risk score and found seven multiple sclerosis-associating variants not correlated with any previously established multiple sclerosis variants. Most of the variants discovered are close to or within immune-related genes. One is a low-frequency missense variant in TYK2, another is a missense variant in MTHFR that reduces the function of the encoded enzyme affecting methionine metabolism, reported to be dysregulated in multiple sclerosis brain. Combining studies and comparing across diseases turned up 14 novel gene variants linked to multiple sclerosis (MS). A team led by Kári Stefánsson and Ingileif Jónsdóttir from deCODE genetics in Reykjavík, Iceland, amalgamated data from a large international study of MS with three smaller ones from Sweden, Norway and Iceland. They conducted a meta-analysis on the combined data set — which encompassed around 21,000 MS patients and 372,000 population controls — and uncovered seven new genetic risk variants linked to MS. The researchers then compared the genetic overlap between various autoimmune diseases in the Icelandic cohort, and documented a close relationship between MS and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). They looked more closely at variants linked to PBC, and found that seven also increased the risk for MS, bringing the tally of novel gene variants up to fourteen.
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18
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Wiberg RAW, Gaggiotti OE, Morrissey MB, Ritchie MG. Identifying consistent allele frequency differences in studies of stratified populations. Methods Ecol Evol 2017; 8:1899-1909. [PMID: 29263778 PMCID: PMC5726381 DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
With increasing application of pooled‐sequencing approaches to population genomics robust methods are needed to accurately quantify allele frequency differences between populations. Identifying consistent differences across stratified populations can allow us to detect genomic regions under selection and that differ between populations with different histories or attributes. Current popular statistical tests are easily implemented in widely available software tools which make them simple for researchers to apply. However, there are potential problems with the way such tests are used, which means that underlying assumptions about the data are frequently violated. These problems are highlighted by simulation of simple but realistic population genetic models of neutral evolution and the performance of different tests are assessed. We present alternative tests (including Generalised Linear Models [GLMs] with quasibinomial error structure) with attractive properties for the analysis of allele frequency differences and re‐analyse a published dataset. The simulations show that common statistical tests for consistent allele frequency differences perform poorly, with high false positive rates. Applying tests that do not confound heterogeneity and main effects significantly improves inference. Variation in sequencing coverage likely produces many false positives and re‐scaling allele frequencies to counts out of a common value or an effective sample size reduces this effect. Many researchers are interested in identifying allele frequencies that vary consistently across replicates to identify loci underlying phenotypic responses to selection or natural variation in phenotypes. Popular methods that have been suggested for this task perform poorly in simulations. Overall, quasibinomial GLMs perform better and also have the attractive feature of allowing correction for multiple testing by standard procedures and are easily extended to other designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Axel W Wiberg
- Centre for Biological Diversity Sir Harold Mitchell Building University of St Andrews St Andrews, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Oscar E Gaggiotti
- Scottish Oceans Institute Gatty Marine Laboratory University of St Andrews East Sands St Andrews, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Michael B Morrissey
- Centre for Biological Diversity Sir Harold Mitchell Building University of St Andrews St Andrews, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Michael G Ritchie
- Centre for Biological Diversity Sir Harold Mitchell Building University of St Andrews St Andrews, Scotland United Kingdom
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19
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Majoros A, Platanitis E, Kernbauer-Hölzl E, Rosebrock F, Müller M, Decker T. Canonical and Non-Canonical Aspects of JAK-STAT Signaling: Lessons from Interferons for Cytokine Responses. Front Immunol 2017; 8:29. [PMID: 28184222 PMCID: PMC5266721 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signal transduction mediates cytokine responses. Canonical signaling is based on STAT tyrosine phosphorylation by activated JAKs. Downstream of interferon (IFN) receptors, activated JAKs cause the formation of the transcription factors IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3), a heterotrimer of STAT1, STAT2 and interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) subunits, and gamma interferon-activated factor (GAF), a STAT1 homodimer. In recent years, several deviations from this paradigm were reported. These include kinase-independent JAK functions as well as extra- and intranuclear activities of U-STATs without phosphotyrosines. Additionally, transcriptional control by STAT complexes resembling neither GAF nor ISGF3 contributes to transcriptome changes in IFN-treated cells. Our review summarizes the contribution of non-canonical JAK-STAT signaling to the innate antimicrobial immunity imparted by IFN. Moreover, we touch upon functions of IFN pathway proteins beyond the IFN response. These include metabolic functions of IRF9 as well as the regulation of natural killer cell activity by kinase-dead TYK2 and different phosphorylation isoforms of STAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Majoros
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ekaterini Platanitis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Kernbauer-Hölzl
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Rosebrock
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Decker
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Myhr KM, Grytten N, Torkildsen Ø, Wergeland S, Bø L, Aarseth JH. The Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Registry and Biobank. Acta Neurol Scand 2016; 132:24-8. [PMID: 26046555 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system with unknown cause and various benefits from disease modifying therapies. Systematic recording of data into national MS registries is therefore needed to optimize treatment and define the pathogenesis of the disease. The Norwegian MS Registry and Biobank was established for systematic collection of clinical and epidemiological data, as well as biological samples. Data collection is based on informed consent from the individual patients and recordings by treating neurologists. All researchers have, by application, access to data and biological samples from the Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Registry and Biobank. By this combined effort from both patients and healthcare personnel, the Registry and Biobank aims to facilitate research for improved understanding of disease mechanisms and improved health care in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.-M. Myhr
- Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Registry and Biobank; Department of Neurology; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
- KG Jebsen MS Research Centre; Department of Clinical Medicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - N. Grytten
- KG Jebsen MS Research Centre; Department of Clinical Medicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Competence Centre; Department of Neurology; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
| | - Ø. Torkildsen
- KG Jebsen MS Research Centre; Department of Clinical Medicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Competence Centre; Department of Neurology; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
| | - S. Wergeland
- KG Jebsen MS Research Centre; Department of Clinical Medicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Competence Centre; Department of Neurology; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
| | - L. Bø
- KG Jebsen MS Research Centre; Department of Clinical Medicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Competence Centre; Department of Neurology; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
| | - J. H. Aarseth
- Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Registry and Biobank; Department of Neurology; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
- KG Jebsen MS Research Centre; Department of Clinical Medicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
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D'Cunha MA, Pandit L, Malli C. CD6 gene polymorphism rs17824933 is associated with multiple sclerosis in Indian population. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2016; 19:491-494. [PMID: 27994359 PMCID: PMC5144471 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.192384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence has increased worldwide. The known genetic association for MS in the west has not been studied in detail in nonwhite populations and particularly Indians. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate some known genetic variations outside the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region associated with MS in patients of Indian origin. Materials and Methods: We investigated 10 gene-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP's) outside the MHC region in 300 patients and 720 unrelated controls. Genotyping was performed on an ABI7500 real-time polymerase chain reaction genotyping platform using predesigned TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. Results: CD6 gene associated SNP (rs17824933) showed significant association with MS (P = 4.2 × 10−5, odds ratio [OR] = 2.24, confidence interval (CI) = 1.51–3.33). A modest association was also noted for TMEM39A rs1132200 (P = 0.023, OR = 1.41, CI = 1.05–1.91) and IL2RA rs2104286 (P = 0.04, OR = 1.3, CI = 1.006–1.67). In the remaining SNPs, the allele frequencies were overexpressed in patients when compared to healthy controls. Conclusion: Our data illustrate the similarity in risk association between Indian and European populations for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Anitha D'Cunha
- Center for Advanced Neurological Research, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Lekha Pandit
- Center for Advanced Neurological Research, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Chaithra Malli
- Center for Advanced Neurological Research, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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22
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Aslibekyan S, Laufer VA, Arnett DK, Bridges SL. Editorial: A Novel Genetic Association With Systemic Sclerosis: The Utility of Whole-Exome Sequencing in Autoimmune Disease. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:27-30. [DOI: 10.1002/art.39451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Can G, Tezel A, Gürkan H, Can H, Yılmaz B, Ünsal G, Soylu AR, Ümit HC. Tyrosine kinase-2 gene polymorphisms are associated with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in Turkish Population. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2015; 39:489-98. [PMID: 25744728 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Inflammatory bowel disease is a group of chronic inflammatory conditions affecting gastrointestinal tract. Lots of genes have been identified resulting in susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease. Any polymorphism leading to functional modifications in tyrosine kinase-2 may precipitate excessive immune response in the intestinal mucosa. The aim of our study is to investigate the involvement of tyrosine kinase-2 polymorphisms in the patients with inflammatory bowel disease in Turkish population. METHODS Four single nucleotide polymorphisms in tyrosine kinase-2 (rs280523, rs2304256, rs280519 and rs280496) were genotyped in 60 Crohn's disease, 151 ulcerative colitis patients and 89 unrelated healthy controls. These polymorphisms were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The presence of genotype (CC) in rs2304256 and (AA) in rs280519 were found to increase the susceptibility to ulcerative colitis (P=0.024, 0.025, respectively). rs2304256 (CA) and rs280519 (AG) have provided protection against ulcerative colitis (P=0.021, 0.012, respectively). rs280519 (AG) was protective against Crohn's disease (P=0.045). rs2304256 (CC) increased the susceptibility to inflammatory Crohn's disease (P=0.014). The presence of rs2304256 (A) increased the susceptibility to perianal Crohn's disease (P=0.03). Both rs280519 and rs2304256 polymorphisms were associated with the requirement of corticosteroid and immunosuppressive therapy in ulcerative colitis. CONCLUSION This study is the first demonstration of the single marker association of tyrosine kinase-2 polymorphisms with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in Turkish population. They may be effective in the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease in our population. Disparity between our study and others may be related to ethnic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güray Can
- Department of Gastroenterology, Abant İzzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine, Gölköy, 14280 Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Tezel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey.
| | - Hakan Gürkan
- Department of Genetics, Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey.
| | - Hatice Can
- Department of Internal Medicine, Abant İzzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Bülent Yılmaz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bolu İzzet Baysal State Hospital, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Gülbin Ünsal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey.
| | - Ali Rıza Soylu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey.
| | - Hasan Celalettin Ümit
- Department of Gastroenterology, Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey.
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24
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Overby CL, Maloney KA, Alestock TD, Chavez J, Berman D, Sharaf RM, Fitzgerald T, Kim EY, Palmer K, Shuldiner AR, Mitchell BD. Prioritizing Approaches to Engage Community Members and Build Trust in Biobanks: A Survey of Attitudes and Opinions of Adults within Outpatient Practices at the University of Maryland. J Pers Med 2015. [PMID: 26226006 PMCID: PMC4600147 DOI: 10.3390/jpm5030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Achieving high participation of communities representative of all sub-populations is needed in order to ensure broad applicability of biobank study findings. This study aimed to understand potentially mutable attitudes and opinions commonly correlated with biobank participation in order to inform approaches to promote participation in biobanks. Methods: Adults from two University of Maryland (UMD) Faculty Physicians, Inc. outpatient practices were invited to watch a video and complete a survey about a new biobank initiative. We used: Chi-square to assess the relationship between willingness to join the biobank and participant characteristics, other potentially mutable attitudes and opinions, and trust in the UMD. We also used t-test to assess the relationship with trust in medical research. We also prioritize proposed actions to improve attitudes and opinions about joining biobanks according to perceived responsiveness. Results: 169 participants completed the study, 51% of whom indicated a willingness to join the biobank. Willingness to join the biobank was not associated with age, gender, race, or education but was associated with respondent comfort sharing samples and clinical information, concerns related to confidentiality, potential for misuse of information, trust in UMD, and perceived health benefit. In ranked order, potential actions we surveyed that might alleviate some of these concerns include: increase chances to learn more about the biobank, increase opportunities to be updated, striving to put community concerns first, including involving community members as leaders of biobank research, and involving community members in decision making. Conclusions: This study identified several attitudes and opinions that influence decisions to join a biobank, including many concerns that could potentially be addressed by engaging community members. We also demonstrate our method of prioritizing ways to improve attitudes and opinions about joining a biobank according to perceived responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Lynnette Overby
- Program in Personalized & Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Center for Health-related Informatics and Bioimaging, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Kristin A Maloney
- Program in Personalized & Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Tameka DeShawn Alestock
- Program in Personalized & Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Justin Chavez
- Program in Personalized & Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| | - David Berman
- Program in Personalized & Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK.
| | - Reem Maged Sharaf
- Program in Personalized & Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Tom Fitzgerald
- Program in Personalized & Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Program in Personalized & Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Korea.
| | - Kathleen Palmer
- Program in Personalized & Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- Program in Personalized & Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- Program in Personalized & Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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25
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Fortune MD, Guo H, Burren O, Schofield E, Walker NM, Ban M, Sawcer SJ, Bowes J, Worthington J, Barton A, Eyre S, Todd JA, Wallace C. Statistical colocalization of genetic risk variants for related autoimmune diseases in the context of common controls. Nat Genet 2015; 47:839-46. [PMID: 26053495 PMCID: PMC4754941 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Determining whether potential causal variants for related diseases are shared can identify overlapping etiologies of multifactorial disorders. Colocalization methods disentangle shared and distinct causal variants. However, existing approaches require independent data sets. Here we extend two colocalization methods to allow for the shared-control design commonly used in comparison of genome-wide association study results across diseases. Our analysis of four autoimmune diseases--type 1 diabetes (T1D), rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease and multiple sclerosis--identified 90 regions that were associated with at least one disease, 33 (37%) of which were associated with 2 or more disorders. Nevertheless, for 14 of these 33 shared regions, there was evidence that the causal variants differed. We identified new disease associations in 11 regions previously associated with one or more of the other 3 disorders. Four of eight T1D-specific regions contained known type 2 diabetes (T2D) candidate genes (COBL, GLIS3, RNLS and BCAR1), suggesting a shared cellular etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary D. Fortune
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Hui Guo
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
- Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Burren
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Schofield
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Neil M. Walker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Ban
- University Neurology Unit, Level 5, Block A, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Sawcer
- University Neurology Unit, Level 5, Block A, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom
| | - John Bowes
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- National Institute of Health Research Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Worthington
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- National Institute of Health Research Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Barton
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- National Institute of Health Research Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Eyre
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- National Institute of Health Research Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Wallace
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, United Kingdom
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26
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Diogo D, Bastarache L, Liao KP, Graham RR, Fulton RS, Greenberg JD, Eyre S, Bowes J, Cui J, Lee A, Pappas DA, Kremer JM, Barton A, Coenen MJH, Franke B, Kiemeney LA, Mariette X, Richard-Miceli C, Canhão H, Fonseca JE, de Vries N, Tak PP, Crusius JBA, Nurmohamed MT, Kurreeman F, Mikuls TR, Okada Y, Stahl EA, Larson DE, Deluca TL, O'Laughlin M, Fronick CC, Fulton LL, Kosoy R, Ransom M, Bhangale TR, Ortmann W, Cagan A, Gainer V, Karlson EW, Kohane I, Murphy SN, Martin J, Zhernakova A, Klareskog L, Padyukov L, Worthington J, Mardis ER, Seldin MF, Gregersen PK, Behrens T, Raychaudhuri S, Denny JC, Plenge RM. TYK2 protein-coding variants protect against rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmunity, with no evidence of major pleiotropic effects on non-autoimmune complex traits. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122271. [PMID: 25849893 PMCID: PMC4388675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in detecting a large number of loci for complex phenotypes such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) susceptibility, the lack of information on the causal genes leaves important challenges to interpret GWAS results in the context of the disease biology. Here, we genetically fine-map the RA risk locus at 19p13 to define causal variants, and explore the pleiotropic effects of these same variants in other complex traits. First, we combined Immunochip dense genotyping (n = 23,092 case/control samples), Exomechip genotyping (n = 18,409 case/control samples) and targeted exon-sequencing (n = 2,236 case/controls samples) to demonstrate that three protein-coding variants in TYK2 (tyrosine kinase 2) independently protect against RA: P1104A (rs34536443, OR = 0.66, P = 2.3x10-21), A928V (rs35018800, OR = 0.53, P = 1.2x10-9), and I684S (rs12720356, OR = 0.86, P = 4.6x10-7). Second, we show that the same three TYK2 variants protect against systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, Pomnibus = 6x10-18), and provide suggestive evidence that two of the TYK2 variants (P1104A and A928V) may also protect against inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; Pomnibus = 0.005). Finally, in a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) assessing >500 phenotypes using electronic medical records (EMR) in >29,000 subjects, we found no convincing evidence for association of P1104A and A928V with complex phenotypes other than autoimmune diseases such as RA, SLE and IBD. Together, our results demonstrate the role of TYK2 in the pathogenesis of RA, SLE and IBD, and provide supporting evidence for TYK2 as a promising drug target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothée Diogo
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Partners HealthCare Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lisa Bastarache
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Katherine P. Liao
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert R. Graham
- ITGR Human Genetics Group, Genentech Inc, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Fulton
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Greenberg
- New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Steve Eyre
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - John Bowes
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Cui
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Annette Lee
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Dimitrios A. Pappas
- Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joel M. Kremer
- The Albany Medical College and The Center for Rheumatology, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Anne Barton
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Marieke J. H. Coenen
- Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Centre for Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus A. Kiemeney
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier Mariette
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
- APHP–Hôpital Bicêtre, INSERM U1012, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Corrine Richard-Miceli
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
- APHP–Hôpital Bicêtre, INSERM U1012, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Helena Canhão
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Rheumatology Department, Santa Maria Hospital–CHLN, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João E. Fonseca
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Rheumatology Department, Santa Maria Hospital–CHLN, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Niek de Vries
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center /University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul P. Tak
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center /University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. Bart A. Crusius
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael T. Nurmohamed
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Department of Rheumatology, Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fina Kurreeman
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ted R. Mikuls
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Omaha VA and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eli A. Stahl
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David E. Larson
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tracie L. Deluca
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michelle O'Laughlin
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Catrina C. Fronick
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lucinda L. Fulton
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Roman Kosoy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Ransom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Tushar R. Bhangale
- ITGR Human Genetics Group, Genentech Inc, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ward Ortmann
- ITGR Human Genetics Group, Genentech Inc, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Cagan
- Information Systems, Partners Healthcare, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vivian Gainer
- Information Systems, Partners Healthcare, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth W. Karlson
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Isaac Kohane
- Information Systems, Partners Healthcare, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shawn N. Murphy
- Information Systems, Partners Healthcare, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Javier Martin
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina Lopez-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, 18100, Spain
| | - Alexandra Zhernakova
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Genetics Department, University Medical Center and Groningen University, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leonid Padyukov
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jane Worthington
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine R. Mardis
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Seldin
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Omaha VA and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Peter K. Gregersen
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Timothy Behrens
- ITGR Human Genetics Group, Genentech Inc, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Partners HealthCare Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua C. Denny
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Plenge
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Jani M, Massey J, Wedderburn LR, Vencovský J, Danko K, Lundberg IE, Padyukov L, Selva-O'Callaghan A, Radstake T, Platt H, Warren RB, Griffiths CE, Lee A, Gregersen PK, Miller FW, Ollier WE, Cooper RG, Chinoy H, Lamb JA. Genotyping of immune-related genetic variants identifies TYK2 as a novel associated locus for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 73:1750-2. [PMID: 24812289 PMCID: PMC4471138 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Jani
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Musculoskeletal Research Group, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J Massey
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Musculoskeletal Research Group, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - L R Wedderburn
- Rheumatology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Vencovský
- Institute of Rheumatology, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - K Danko
- University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - I E Lundberg
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Padyukov
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - T Radstake
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H Platt
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R B Warren
- The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - C E Griffiths
- The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - A Lee
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - P K Gregersen
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - F W Miller
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - W E Ollier
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R G Cooper
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - H Chinoy
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Musculoskeletal Research Group, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J A Lamb
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Liang Y, Zhu Y, Xia Y, Peng H, Yang XK, Liu YY, Xu WD, Pan HF, Ye DQ. Therapeutic potential of tyrosine kinase 2 in autoimmunity. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:571-80. [PMID: 24654603 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.892925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2) is a Janus kinase family member that is crucial for signaling transduction in response to a wide variety of cytokines, including type I IFNs, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and IL-23. An appropriate expression of Tyk2-mediated signaling might be essential for maintaining normal immune responses. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes that Tyk2 is essential for the differentiation and function of a wide variety of immune cells, including natural killer cells, B cells, as well as T helper cells. In addition, Tyk2-mediated signaling promoted the production of autoimmune-associated components, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis. Aberrant expression of Tyk2 was observed in many autoimmune conditions. EXPERT OPINION Until recently, no patent filings had claimed selective inhibitors of Tyk2. Both CP-690,500 and CMP6 failed to be used in clinical treatment due to the difficulties of finding suitable selective leads or due to detrimental toxicities. Although the result of Cmpd1 is promising, it remains to be seen how specific the Tyk2 inhibitor is and how they are working. Currently, structure-based drug design (SBDD) technology has provided us with a quite useful window for SBDD of Tyk2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Anhui Medical University, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032 , PR China +86 551 65167726 ; +86 551 65161171 ;
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Abstract
Familial aggregation and the studies of twins indicate that heredity contributes to multiple sclerosis (MS) risk. Immunologic studies of leukocyte antigens subsequently followed by gene-mapping techniques identified the primary MS susceptibility locus to be within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The primary risk allele is HLA-DRB1*15, although other alleles of this gene also influence MS susceptibility. Other genes within the MHC also contribute to MS susceptibility. Genome-wide association studies have identified over 50 additional common variants of genes across the genome. Estimates suggest that there may be as many as 200 genes involved in MS susceptibility. In addition to these common polymorphisms, studies have identified several rare risk alleles in some families. Interestingly, the majority of the genes identified have known immunologic functions and many contribute to the risk of inheriting other autoimmune diseases. Genetic variants in the vitamin D metabolic pathway have also been identified. That vitamin D contributes to MS susceptibility as both an environmental as well as genetic risk factor underscores the importance of this metabolic pathway in disease pathogenesis. Current efforts are focused on understanding how the myriad of genetic risk alleles interact within networks to influence MS risk at family level as well as within populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A C Cree
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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30
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Owens T, Khorooshi R, Wlodarczyk A, Asgari N. Interferons in the central nervous system: A few instruments play many tunes. Glia 2013; 62:339-55. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Owens
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Reza Khorooshi
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Agnieszka Wlodarczyk
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Nasrin Asgari
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
- Department of Neurology; Vejle Hospital; Denmark
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31
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Genetic insights into common pathways and complex relationships among immune-mediated diseases. Nat Rev Genet 2013; 14:661-73. [PMID: 23917628 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Shared aetiopathogenic factors among immune-mediated diseases have long been suggested by their co-familiality and co-occurrence, and molecular support has been provided by analysis of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes and genome-wide association studies. The interrelationships can now be better appreciated following the genotyping of large immune disease sample sets on a shared SNP array: the 'Immunochip'. Here, we systematically analyse loci shared among major immune-mediated diseases. This reveals that several diseases share multiple susceptibility loci, but there are many nuances. The most associated variant at a given locus frequently differs and, even when shared, the same allele often has opposite associations. Interestingly, risk alleles conferring the largest effect sizes are usually disease-specific. These factors help to explain why early evidence of extensive 'sharing' is not always reflected in epidemiological overlap.
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Qiu W, Pham K, James I, Nolan D, Castley A, Christiansen FT, Czarniak P, Luo Y, Wu J, Garlepp M, Wilton S, Carroll WM, Mastaglia FL, Kermode AG. The influence of non-HLA gene polymorphisms and interactions on disease risk in a Western Australian multiple sclerosis cohort. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 261:92-7. [PMID: 23726763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) genes have concomitant, although modest, effects on multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility; however findings have varied in different populations. Here we present the results of an association study of 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 10 non-HLA genes (IL7R, IL2RA, CLEC-16A, TYK2, CD58, IRF5, STAT3, CTLA-4, APOE, ICAM-1) in a Western Australian cohort of 350 MS patients and 498 population control subjects. Our results indicate that in this population, SNPs in IL7R, TYK2, IRF5 and APOE have modifying effects on MS susceptibility. We also found evidence of interactive protective effects between polymorphisms in the IL7R/CD58, CLEC-16A/CTLA-4, and TYK2/IRF5 genes, which in some instances are restricted within HLA- or gender-defined groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Li Z, Gakovic M, Ragimbeau J, Eloranta ML, Rönnblom L, Michel F, Pellegrini S. Two rare disease-associated Tyk2 variants are catalytically impaired but signaling competent. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2335-44. [PMID: 23359498 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tyk2 belongs to the Janus protein tyrosine kinase family and is involved in signaling of immunoregulatory cytokines (type I and III IFNs, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 families) via its interaction with shared receptor subunits. Depending on the receptor complex, Tyk2 is coactivated with either Jak1 or Jak2, but a detailed molecular characterization of the interplay between the two enzymes is missing. In human populations, the Tyk2 gene presents high levels of genetic diversity with >100 nonsynonymous variants being detected. In this study, we characterized two rare Tyk2 variants, I684S and P1104A, which have been associated with susceptibility to autoimmune disease. Specifically, we measured their in vitro catalytic activity and their ability to mediate Stat activation in fibroblasts and genotyped B cell lines. Both variants were found to be catalytically impaired but rescued signaling in response to IFN-α/β, IL-6, and IL-10. These data, coupled with functional study of an engineered Jak1 P1084A, support a model of nonhierarchical activation of Janus kinases in which one catalytically competent Jak is sufficient for signaling provided that its partner behaves as proper scaffold, even if inactive. Through the analysis of IFN-α and IFN-γ signaling in cells with different Jak1 P1084A levels, we also illustrate a context in which a hypomorphic Jak can hamper signaling in a cytokine-specific manner. Given the multitude of Tyk2-activating cytokines, the cell context-dependent requirement for Tyk2 and the catalytic defect of the two disease-associated variants studied in this paper, we predict that these alleles are functionally significant in complex immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Unit of Cytokine Signaling, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France
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34
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Chung SA, Xie G, Roshandel D, Sherva R, Edberg JC, Kravitz M, Dellaripa PF, Hoffman GS, Mahr AD, Seo P, Specks U, Spiera RF, St Clair EW, Stone JH, Plenge RM, Siminovitch KA, Merkel PA, Monach PA. Meta-analysis of genetic polymorphisms in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) reveals shared susceptibility loci with rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 64:3463-71. [PMID: 22508400 DOI: 10.1002/art.34496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of previously identified autoimmune disease susceptibility loci with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) (GPA), and to determine whether the genetic susceptibility profiles of other autoimmune diseases are associated with those of GPA. METHODS Genetic data from 2 cohorts were meta-analyzed. Genotypes for 168 previously identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with susceptibility to different autoimmune diseases were ascertained in a total of 880 patients with GPA and 1,969 control subjects of European descent. Single-marker associations were identified using additive logistic regression models. Associations of multiple SNPs with GPA were assessed using genetic risk scores based on susceptibility loci for Crohn's disease, type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), celiac disease, and ulcerative colitis. Adjustment for population substructure was performed in all analyses, using ancestry-informative markers and principal components analysis. RESULTS Genetic polymorphisms in CTLA4 were significantly associated with GPA in the single-marker meta-analysis (odds ratio [OR] 0.79, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.70-0.89, P = 9.8 × 10(-5) ). The genetic risk score for RA susceptibility markers was significantly associated with GPA (OR 1.05 per 1-unit increase in genetic risk score, 95% CI 1.02-1.08, P = 5.1 × 10(-5) ). CONCLUSION RA and GPA may arise from a similar genetic predisposition. Aside from CTLA4, other loci previously found to be associated with common autoimmune diseases were not statistically significantly associated with GPA in this study.
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35
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Harbo HF, Mero IL. From genes to characteristics of multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2012:76-83. [PMID: 23278661 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating heterogeneous disease of the central nervous system, probably caused by an interaction of common genetic and environmental factors. Much progress has been made through the last few years in genetic studies of MS, and a growing list of genetic risk factors is now available. Biobanking and large collaborations have been prerequisites for this research, and detailed genetic and molecular characterizations are underway, with hopes for to translating new knowledge about MS pathogenesis and characteristics of the disease to personalized, better treatment options for each patient with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Harbo
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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36
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Peluso C, Christofolini DM, Goldman CS, Mafra FA, Cavalcanti V, Barbosa CP, Bianco B. TYK2 rs34536443 polymorphism is associated with a decreased susceptibility to endometriosis-related infertility. Hum Immunol 2012; 74:93-7. [PMID: 23000200 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tyrosine kinase 2 gene (TYK2) is part of the janus kinase (JAK) that binds to the type I interferon-α receptor (IFNAR) on the cell surface of IFN-producing cells, and have crucial importance in the etiology of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Many polymorphisms of the TYK2 gene have been identified, and recently, a number of case-control studies were conducted to investigate the association of these polymorphisms with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, with conflicting results. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that the TYK2 polymorphisms (rs34536443, rs2304256, rs280523, rs12720270 and rs12720356) might be involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis and/or infertility. METHODS Genetic association study comprising 275 infertile women with endometriosis, 92 women with idiopathic infertility and 307 fertile women as controls. TYK2 polymorphisms were identified by TaqMan PCR. Genotype distribution, allele frequency and haplotype analysis of the TYK2 polymorphisms were performed. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Single-marker analysis revealed that TYK2 rs34536443 was significantly associated with protection against endometriosis-related infertility, especially in moderate/severe disease (p = 0.002; OR = 0.24, 95% IC = 0.09-0.62). No difference was found considering the infertile group without endometriosis. No associations were found considering rs2304256, rs280523, rs12720270 and rs12720356 either for endometriosis-related infertility group or idiopathic infertility group. Haplotype analysis of five TYK2 polymorphisms identified a haplotype "CTATG" associated with protection against endometriosis-related infertility, especially in moderate/severe disease (p = 0.027). CONCLUSION This is the first study to report an association between TYK2 polymorphisms and endometriosis and/or infertility. These findings require replication in other populations but suggest the TYK2 rs34536443 polymorphisms and "CTATG" haplotype can be associated with a decreased susceptibility to endometriosis-related infertility in Brazilian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Peluso
- Human Reproduction and Genetics Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculdade de Medicina do Santo Andre, Sao Bernardo do Campo and Sao Caetano do Sul County, Santo Andre, Brazil
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Dyment DA, Cader MZ, Chao MJ, Lincoln MR, Morrison KM, Disanto G, Morahan JM, De Luca GC, Sadovnick AD, Lepage P, Montpetit A, Ebers GC, Ramagopalan SV. Exome sequencing identifies a novel multiple sclerosis susceptibility variant in the TYK2 gene. Neurology 2012; 79:406-11. [PMID: 22744673 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182616fc4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify rare variants contributing to multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility in a family we have previously reported with up to 15 individuals affected across 4 generations. METHODS We performed exome sequencing in a subset of affected individuals to identify novel variants contributing to MS risk within this unique family. The candidate variant was genotyped in a validation cohort of 2,104 MS trio families. RESULTS Four family members with MS were sequenced and 21,583 variants were found to be shared among these individuals. Refining the variants to those with 1) a predicted loss of function and 2) present within regions of modest haplotype sharing identified 1 novel mutation (rs55762744) in the tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) gene. A different polymorphism within this gene has been shown to be protective in genome-wide association studies. In contrast, the TYK2 variant identified here is a novel, missense mutation and was found to be present in 10/14 (72%) cases and 28/60 (47%) of the unaffected family members. Genotyping additional 2,104 trio families showed the variant to be transmitted preferentially from heterozygous parents (transmitted 16: not transmitted 5; χ(2) = 5.76, p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS Rs55762744 is a rare variant of modest effect on MS risk affecting a subset of patients (0.8%). Within this pedigree, rs55762744 is common and appears to be a modifier of modest risk effect. Exome sequencing is a quick and cost-effective method and we show here the utility of sequencing a few cases from a single, unique family to identify a novel variant. The sequencing of additional family members or other families may help identify other variants important in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Dyment
- The Department of Medical Genetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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38
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Sex differences and genomics in autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2012; 38:J254-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Seavey MM, Dobrzanski P. The many faces of Janus kinase. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 83:1136-45. [PMID: 22209716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Janus kinases have proved to be essential for many immunological processes but there is growing evidence that they also play a critical role in pathogenesis of many diseases including inflammatory diseases and cancer where they promote multiple steps of tumorigenesis. Several companies are in late stage clinical programs for the development of JAK kinase inhibitors and the first small molecule JAK inhibitor, Jakafi® (ruxolitinib) has been just approved for treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms. Several other molecules are on the rise to treat arthritis, psoriasis and multiple types of cancer. This commentary will provide a review of the JAK kinase field as it pertains to small molecule inhibition for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases with an emphasis on JAK2. The use of experimental and clinical inhibitors of JAK will be discussed for solid tumor and hematological malignancies, lupus, arthritis, colitis, neurological disorders, pain, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In addition, it will review current paradigms in the field and treatment programs which could be complemented by small molecule inhibitors of Janus kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Seavey
- Cephalon, Inc., Drug Discovery Research, 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, PA 19380, USA.
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40
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Harbo HF, Lorentzen AR, Lie BA, Celius EG, Spurkland A. [New gene map for multiple sclerosis]. TIDSSKRIFT FOR DEN NORSKE LEGEFORENING 2011; 131:2126-30. [PMID: 22048209 DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.10.0823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating, inflammatory disease of the central nervous system which affects young adults with a relapsing or progressive disease course. The etiology of the disease is unknown, but both environmental and genetic factors contribute to the risk of developing MS. MATERIAL AND METHODS We give an overview of new knowledge of the genetic risk factors for MS, based on our own work as well as on literature in this field. RESULTS Through genome-wide association studies and subsequent replication studies a series of novel MS genes have recently been identified, in addition to the HLA association previously described. The International MS Genetics Consortium in collaboration with the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium recently published a genome-wide study of 9,722 MS patients and 17,376 controls. Genome-wide significant association (p < 10-8) was observed for 29 new as well as 23 previously identified gene regions, in addition to the HLA-DRB1 and -A loci .The majority of these MS-associated regions encode immune-related molecules. CONCLUSION Genetic studies of large patient and control samples obtained through international and national collaborations have identified a list of more than 50 MS risk-gene regions, in addition to HLA-DRB1 and -A loci. The risk associated with each of these loci is low, however, they collectively point to the importance of immune-related pathways in the etiology of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne F Harbo
- Nevrologisk avdeling, Oslo universitetssykehus, Ullevål, Norway.
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41
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Brynedal B, Hillert J. Entering a new phase of multiple sclerosis genetic epidemiology. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.11.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease, where multiple genetic variants have been found to influence the risk of development. The evidence for environmental-attributable risk is also strong, indicating an interaction of risk factors leading to the development of disease in the individual. An importance of genetic variation within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region has been known for almost 40 years, but the search for additional variants connected to susceptibility has been long and largely fruitless. Joint efforts of the MS research community in collecting and sharing results from genetic case control cohorts, together with the technical development, eventually lead to the identification of multiple risk factors for MS as in other complex diseases. The list of identified genetic variants associated with disease is increasingly growing and some leads for functional mechanisms are emerging. Many of the identified regions also harbor associations with other immune-mediated diseases, suggesting common etiology across these various diseases. The great challenge in front of us now is to translate these point-wise indications of genetic effects to functional understanding of how disease develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boel Brynedal
- Department of Neurology, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
- Medical & Population Genetics, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jan Hillert
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Couturier N, Bucciarelli F, Nurtdinov RN, Debouverie M, Lebrun-Frenay C, Defer G, Moreau T, Confavreux C, Vukusic S, Cournu-Rebeix I, Goertsches RH, Zettl UK, Comabella M, Montalban X, Rieckmann P, Weber F, Müller-Myhsok B, Edan G, Fontaine B, Mars LT, Saoudi A, Oksenberg JR, Clanet M, Liblau RS, Brassat D. Tyrosine kinase 2 variant influences T lymphocyte polarization and multiple sclerosis susceptibility. Brain 2011; 134:693-703. [PMID: 21354972 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase 2 variant rs34536443 has been established as a genetic risk factor for multiple sclerosis in a variety of populations. However, the functional effect of this variant on disease pathogenesis remains unclear. This study replicated the genetic association of tyrosine kinase 2 with multiple sclerosis in a cohort of 1366 French patients and 1802 controls. Furthermore, we assessed the functional consequences of this polymorphism on human T lymphocytes by comparing the reactivity and cytokine profile of T lymphocytes isolated from individuals expressing the protective TYK2(GC) genotype with the disease-associated TYK2(GG) genotype. Our results demonstrate that the protective C allele infers decreased tyrosine kinase 2 activity, and this reduction of activity is associated with a shift in the cytokine profile favouring the secretion of Th2 cytokines. These findings suggest that the rs34536443 variant effect on multiple sclerosis susceptibility might be mediated by deviating T lymphocyte differentiation toward a Th2 phenotype. This impact of tyrosine kinase 2 on effector differentiation is likely to be of wider importance because other autoimmune diseases also have been associated with polymorphisms within tyrosine kinase 2. The modulation of tyrosine kinase 2 activity might therefore represent a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Couturier
- INSERM U563 and Pôle des neurosciences, University of Toulouse 3, 31000 Toulouse, France
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Risk conferring genes in multiple sclerosis. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3789-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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45
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Alammar L, Gama L, Clements JE. Simian immunodeficiency virus infection in the brain and lung leads to differential type I IFN signaling during acute infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4008-18. [PMID: 21368232 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Using an accelerated and consistent SIV pigtailed macaque model of HIV-associated neurologic disorders, we have demonstrated that virus enters the brain during acute infection. However, neurologic symptoms do not manifest until late stages of infection, suggesting that immunological mechanisms exist within the CNS that control viral replication and associated inflammation. We have shown that IFN-β, a type I IFN central to viral innate immunity, is a major cytokine present in the brain during acute infection and is responsible for limiting virus infection and inflammatory cytokine expression. However, the induction and role of IFN-α in the CNS during acute SIV infection has never been examined in this model. In the classical model of IFN signaling, IFN-β signals through the IFN-α/β receptor, leading to expression of IFN-α. Surprisingly, although IFN-β is upregulated during acute SIV infection, we found that IFN-α is downregulated. We demonstrate that this downregulation is coupled with a suppression of signaling molecules downstream of the IFN receptor, namely tyrosine kinase 2, STAT1, and IFN regulatory factor 7, as indicated by either lack of protein phosphorylation, lack of nuclear accumulation, or transcriptional and/or translational repression. In contrast to brain, IFN-α is upregulated in lung and accompanied by activation of tyrosine kinase 2 and STAT1. These data provide a novel observation that during acute SIV infection in the brain, there is differential signaling through the IFN-α/β receptor that fails to activate expression of IFN-α in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Alammar
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Kemppinen A, Sawcer S, Compston A. Genome-wide association studies in multiple sclerosis: lessons and future prospects. Brief Funct Genomics 2011; 10:61-70. [PMID: 21310812 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elr004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease with complex aetiology. A haplotype within the major histocompatibility region is the major risk factor for MS, but despite clear evidence for a genetic component additional risk variants were not identified until the recent advent of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). At present, 10 GWAS have been conducted in MS, and together with follow-up studies these have confirmed 16 loci with genome-wide significance. Many of these common risk variants are located at or near genes with central immunological functions and the majority are associated with other autoimmune diseases. However, evidence from pathway analyses on more modestly associated variants also supports the involvement of neurological genes. Although the mechanisms by which the associated variants exert their effects are still poorly understood, some have been shown to correlate with expression of nearby genes. Further studies are required to define the functionally relevant variants in the identified regions and to investigate their effects at the molecular and cellular level. Finally, many genetic risk variants for MS remain to be identified. In order to expose some of the loci with more modest effects, a GWAS in nearly 10,000 MS patients has recently been completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Kemppinen
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK.
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Jadidi-Niaragh F, Mirshafiey A. Regulatory T-cell as orchestra leader in immunosuppression process of multiple sclerosis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2011; 33:545-67. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2010.513391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Hoppenbrouwers IA, Hintzen RQ. Genetics of multiple sclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tao JH, Zou YF, Feng XL, Li J, Wang F, Pan FM, Ye DQ. Meta-analysis of TYK2 gene polymorphisms association with susceptibility to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:4663-72. [PMID: 21140222 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of our meta-analysis was to quantitatively summarize the association of TYK2 gene polymorphisms with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. 11 studies that included data from 21497 cases and 22647 controls were identified. OR was used as a measure of the effect of the association in a fixed/random effect model. Meta-analysis was performed for six TYK2 gene polymorphisms (rs34536443, rs2304256, rs280523, rs280519, rs12720270 and rs12720356). Significant association was found in rs34536443 (C versus G: OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.69-0.84, P < 0.00001; GC + CC versus GG: OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.68-0.90, P = 0.0005; CC versus GG + GC: OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.28-2.05, P = 0.58; CC versus GG: OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.27-2.02, P = 0.56; GC versus GG: OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.68-0.90, P = 0.0006) and rs2304256 (A versus C: OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.70-0.87, P < 0.0001; CA + AA versus CC: OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.59-0.81, P < 0.0001; AA versus CC + CA: OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.66-1.00, P = 0.05; AA versus CC: OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.47-0.86, P = 0.003; CA versus CC: OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.60-0.83, P < 0.0001) in TYK2 gene, but not for the other polymorphisms (rs280523, rs280519, rs12720270, and rs12720356). This meta-analysis demonstrates that autoimmune and inflammatory diseases is associated with TYK2 gene rs34536443 and rs2304256 polymorphisms, but not rs280523, rs280519, rs12720270 and rs12720356.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hui Tao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
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Mix E, Meyer-Rienecker H, Hartung HP, Zettl UK. Animal models of multiple sclerosis--potentials and limitations. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 92:386-404. [PMID: 20558237 PMCID: PMC7117060 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is still the most widely accepted animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Different types of EAE have been developed in order to investigate pathogenetic, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the heterogenic human disease. Generally, investigations in EAE are more suitable for the analysis of immunogenetic elements (major histocompatibility complex restriction and candidate risk genes) and for the study of histopathological features (inflammation, demyelination and degeneration) of the disease than for screening of new treatments. Recent studies in new EAE models, especially in transgenic ones, have in connection with new analytical techniques such as microarray assays provided a deeper insight into the pathogenic cellular and molecular mechanisms of EAE and potentially of MS. For example, it was possible to better delineate the role of soluble pro-inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ and interleukins 1, 12 and 23), anti-inflammatory (transforming growth factor-β and interleukins 4, 10, 27 and 35) and neurotrophic factors (ciliary neurotrophic factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor). Also, the regulatory and effector functions of distinct immune cell subpopulations such as CD4+ Th1, Th2, Th3 and Th17 cells, CD4+FoxP3+ Treg cells, CD8+ Tc1 and Tc2, B cells and γδ+ T cells have been disclosed in more detail. The new insights may help to identify novel targets for the treatment of MS. However, translation of the experimental results into the clinical practice requires prudence and great caution.
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Key Words
- apc, antigen-presenting cell
- at-eae, adoptive transfer eae
- bbb, blood–brain barrier
- bdnf, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- cd, cluster of differentiation
- cns, central nervous system
- cntf, ciliary neurotrophic factor
- eae, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
- hla, human leukocyte antigen
- ig, immunoglobulin
- il, interleukin
- ifn, interferon
- ivig, intravenous immunoglobulin
- mab, monoclonal antibody
- mbp, myelin basic protein
- mhc, major histocompatibility complex
- mog, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
- mp, methylprednisolone
- mri, magnetic resonance imaging
- ms, multiple sclerosis
- nk, natural killer
- odc, oligodendrocyte
- qtl, quantitative trait locus
- plp, proteolipid protein
- tc, cytotoxic t cell
- tcr, t cell receptor
- tgf, transforming growth factor
- th cell, helper t cell
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- animal model
- autoimmunity
- experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
- immunogenetics
- immunomodulatory therapy
- multiple sclerosis
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Gene Expression Profiling
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Microarray Analysis
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilhard Mix
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Uwe K. Zettl
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany
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