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Pagnamenta AT, Yu J, Walker S, Noble AJ, Lord J, Dutta P, Hashim M, Camps C, Green H, Devaiah S, Nashef L, Parr J, Fratter C, Ibnouf Hussein R, Lindsay SJ, Lalloo F, Banos-Pinero B, Evans D, Mallin L, Waite A, Evans J, Newman A, Allen Z, Perez-Becerril C, Ryan G, Hart R, Taylor J, Bedenham T, Clement E, Blair E, Hay E, Forzano F, Higgs J, Canham N, Majumdar A, McEntagart M, Lahiri N, Stewart H, Smithson S, Calpena E, Jackson A, Banka S, Titheradge H, McGowan R, Rankin J, Shaw-Smith C, Evans DG, Burghel GJ, Smith MJ, Anderson E, Madhu R, Firth H, Ellard S, Brennan P, Anderson C, Taupin D, Rogers MT, Cook JA, Durkie M, East JE, Fowler D, Wilson L, Igbokwe R, Gardham A, Tomlinson I, Baralle D, Uhlig HH, Taylor JC. The impact of inversions across 33,924 families with rare disease from a national genome sequencing project. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:1140-1164. [PMID: 38776926 PMCID: PMC11179413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Detection of structural variants (SVs) is currently biased toward those that alter copy number. The relative contribution of inversions toward genetic disease is unclear. In this study, we analyzed genome sequencing data for 33,924 families with rare disease from the 100,000 Genomes Project. From a database hosting >500 million SVs, we focused on 351 genes where haploinsufficiency is a confirmed disease mechanism and identified 47 ultra-rare rearrangements that included an inversion (24 bp to 36.4 Mb, 20/47 de novo). Validation utilized a number of orthogonal approaches, including retrospective exome analysis. RNA-seq data supported the respective diagnoses for six participants. Phenotypic blending was apparent in four probands. Diagnostic odysseys were a common theme (>50 years for one individual), and targeted analysis for the specific gene had already been performed for 30% of these individuals but with no findings. We provide formal confirmation of a European founder origin for an intragenic MSH2 inversion. For two individuals with complex SVs involving the MECP2 mutational hotspot, ambiguous SV structures were resolved using long-read sequencing, influencing clinical interpretation. A de novo inversion of HOXD11-13 was uncovered in a family with Kantaputra-type mesomelic dysplasia. Lastly, a complex translocation disrupting APC and involving nine rearranged segments confirmed a clinical diagnosis for three family members and resolved a conundrum for a sibling with a single polyp. Overall, inversions play a small but notable role in rare disease, likely explaining the etiology in around 1/750 families across heterogeneous clinical cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair T Pagnamenta
- Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Jing Yu
- Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Novo Nordisk Oxford Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Alexandra J Noble
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jenny Lord
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Prasun Dutta
- Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mona Hashim
- Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carme Camps
- Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hannah Green
- Oxford Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Smrithi Devaiah
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Lina Nashef
- Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jason Parr
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Carl Fratter
- Oxford Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Rana Ibnouf Hussein
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sarah J Lindsay
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Fiona Lalloo
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Benito Banos-Pinero
- Oxford Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - David Evans
- Exeter Genomics Laboratory, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Lucy Mallin
- Exeter Genomics Laboratory, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Adrian Waite
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Julie Evans
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew Newman
- The All Wales Medical Genomics Service, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Zoe Allen
- North Thames Rare and Inherited Disease Laboratory, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Cristina Perez-Becerril
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Gavin Ryan
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Central and South Genomic Laboratory Hub, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rachel Hart
- Liverpool Centre for Genomic Medicine, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - John Taylor
- Oxford Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Tina Bedenham
- Oxford Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma Clement
- North East Thames Regional Genetic Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ed Blair
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Hay
- North East Thames Regional Genetic Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Francesca Forzano
- Clinical Genetics Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jenny Higgs
- Liverpool Centre for Genomic Medicine, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Natalie Canham
- Liverpool Centre for Genomic Medicine, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anirban Majumdar
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Bristol Children's Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Meriel McEntagart
- SW Thames Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of London & St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, St George's, London, UK
| | - Nayana Lahiri
- SW Thames Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of London & St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, St George's, London, UK
| | - Helen Stewart
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Smithson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Eduardo Calpena
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Grupo de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular, Celular y Genómica, Unidad CIBERER (CB06/07/1030), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Adam Jackson
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK; Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Siddharth Banka
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK; Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hannah Titheradge
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ruth McGowan
- West of Scotland Centre for Genomic Medicine, Glasgow, UK
| | - Julia Rankin
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Charles Shaw-Smith
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK; Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - George J Burghel
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Miriam J Smith
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Emily Anderson
- Liverpool Centre for Genomic Medicine, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rajesh Madhu
- Paediatric Neurosciences Department, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Helen Firth
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Sian Ellard
- Exeter Genomics Laboratory, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul Brennan
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Claire Anderson
- Canberra Clinical Genomics, Canberra Health Services and The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Doug Taupin
- Cancer Research, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Mark T Rogers
- The All Wales Medical Genomics Service, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jackie A Cook
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Miranda Durkie
- Sheffield Diagnostic Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, North East and Yorkshire Genomic Laboratory Hub, Sheffield, UK
| | - James E East
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Darren Fowler
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Louise Wilson
- North East Thames Regional Genetic Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Igbokwe
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alice Gardham
- North East Thames Regional Genetic Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Diana Baralle
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jenny C Taylor
- Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Lacarrubba-Flores MDJ, da Costa Silveira K, Silveira C, Carvalho BS, Cavalcanti DP. A mesomelic skeletal dysplasia, Kantaputra-like, not related to HOXD cluster region, and with phenotypic gender differences. Am J Med Genet A 2024; 194:328-336. [PMID: 37846940 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Mesomelic skeletal dysplasia is a heterogeneous group of skeletal disorders that has grown since the molecular basis of these conditions is in the process of research and discovery. Here, we report a Brazilian family with eight affected members over three generations with a phenotype similar to mesomelic Kantaputra dysplasia. This family presents marked shortening of the upper limbs with hypotrophy of the lower limbs and clubfeet without synostosis. Array-based CNV analysis and exome sequencing of four family members failed to show any region or gene candidate. Interestingly, males were more severely affected than females in this family, suggesting that gender differences could play a role in the phenotypic expressivity of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dora Jazmin Lacarrubba-Flores
- Skeletal Dysplasias Group, Department of Translational Medicine-Area of Medical Genetics, Medical Sciences Faculty, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina da Costa Silveira
- Skeletal Dysplasias Group, Department of Translational Medicine-Area of Medical Genetics, Medical Sciences Faculty, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Silveira
- Skeletal Dysplasias Group, Department of Translational Medicine-Area of Medical Genetics, Medical Sciences Faculty, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benilton S Carvalho
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Scientific Computing, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Pontes Cavalcanti
- Skeletal Dysplasias Group, Department of Translational Medicine-Area of Medical Genetics, Medical Sciences Faculty, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Yeter Doğan B, Günay N, Ada Y, Doğan ME. A novel MTX2 gene splice site variant resulting in exon skipping, causing the recently described mandibuloacral dysplasia progeroid syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:173-182. [PMID: 36269149 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, mandibuloacral dysplasia (MAD) with type A and type B lipodystrophy was the first to come to mind in the association of mandibular hypoplasia, lipodystrophy, and acro-osteolysis. However, it has recently been added to the differential diagnosis of MAD, a newly defined syndrome, called MDPS. MDPS is a skeletal dysplasia characterized by postnatal growth retardation, hypotonia, generalized lipodystrophy, skin changes, progeroid traits, and dysmorphic facial features, including prominent eyes, long pinched nose, mandibular hypoplasia, and a small mouth. Biallelic null variants of the MTX2 gene are responsible for this syndrome. We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) in a 6-year-old patient with skeletal dysplasia. WES revealed a novel homozygous c.543+1G>T splice site variant in the MTX2 gene. We also extracted total RNA from peripheral blood and used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to generate cDNA. Sanger sequencing from cDNA showed that exon 8 of MTX2 was skipped. This study adds to the genetics and phenotype of MDPS and underlines the importance of comprehensive clinical and molecular research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Yeter Doğan
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Kayseri City Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Günay
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Kayseri City Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Yasin Ada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kayseri City Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Ensar Doğan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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4
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Sezer A, Perçin FE, Kazan HH, Kayhan G, Akturk M. A de novo heterozygous HOXA11 variant in a patient with mesomelic dysplasia with urogenital abnormalities. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:1890-1895. [PMID: 35253374 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mesomelic dysplasias are a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of diseases with more than 10 types defined. This article presents an 18-year-old female patient with normal intelligence and a multisystem phenotype including disproportionate short stature, scoliosis, mesomelic limb shortening, radial bowing, short fourth to fifth metacarpals and metatarsals, fusions in the carpal/tarsal bones, operated pes equinovarus, primary amenorrhea, uterine hypoplasia, vesicoureteral reflux, and chronic kidney disease. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a de novo heterozygous c.881T>G (p.Met294Arg) variant in HOXA11 (NM_005523.6) gene. The variant was located in the homeodomain of HOXA11 and predicted to alter DNA-binding ability of the protein. In silico analyses indicated that the variant could promote the alterations in the protein-protein interaction. The possible functional effect of the variant was supposed as dominant-negative. Hoxa11-mutant mice have been reported to exhibit homeotic transformations in the thoracic and sacral vertebrae, zeugopodal phenotype in forelimb and hindlimb, and urogenital abnormalities. Although mice models were reported as mesomelic dysplasia and urogenital abnormalities (MDUGA), this phenotype has not yet been reported in humans. This was the first case with MDUGA putatively related to a de novo variant in HOXA11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Sezer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ferda Emriye Perçin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hasan Huseyin Kazan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gulsum Kayhan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mujde Akturk
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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5
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Bolt CC, Lopez-Delisle L, Mascrez B, Duboule D. Mesomelic dysplasias associated with the HOXD locus are caused by regulatory reallocations. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5013. [PMID: 34408147 PMCID: PMC8373931 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human families with chromosomal rearrangements at 2q31, where the human HOXD locus maps, display mesomelic dysplasia, a severe shortening and bending of the limb. In mice, the dominant Ulnaless inversion of the HoxD cluster produces a similar phenotype suggesting the same origin for these malformations in humans and mice. Here we engineer 1 Mb inversion including the HoxD gene cluster, which positioned Hoxd13 close to proximal limb enhancers. Using this model, we show that these enhancers contact and activate Hoxd13 in proximal cells, inducing the formation of mesomelic dysplasia. We show that a secondary Hoxd13 null mutation in-cis with the inversion completely rescues the alterations, demonstrating that ectopic HOXD13 is directly responsible for this bone anomaly. Single-cell expression analysis and evaluation of HOXD13 binding sites suggests that the phenotype arises primarily by acting through genes normally controlled by HOXD13 in distal limb cells. Altogether, these results provide a conceptual and mechanistic framework to understand and unify the molecular origins of human mesomelic dysplasia associated with 2q31.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/embryology
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Abnormalities, Multiple/metabolism
- Animals
- Bone Diseases, Developmental/embryology
- Bone Diseases, Developmental/genetics
- Bone Diseases, Developmental/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Limb Deformities, Congenital/embryology
- Limb Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Limb Deformities, Congenital/metabolism
- Loss of Function Mutation
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Multigene Family
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Chase Bolt
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Lucille Lopez-Delisle
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bénédicte Mascrez
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Denis Duboule
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Collège de France, Paris, France.
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6
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Mortier GR, Cohn DH, Cormier-Daire V, Hall C, Krakow D, Mundlos S, Nishimura G, Robertson S, Sangiorgi L, Savarirayan R, Sillence D, Superti-Furga A, Unger S, Warman ML. Nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders: 2019 revision. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:2393-2419. [PMID: 31633310 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The application of massively parallel sequencing technology to the field of skeletal disorders has boosted the discovery of the underlying genetic defect for many of these diseases. It has also resulted in the delineation of new clinical entities and the identification of genes and pathways that had not previously been associated with skeletal disorders. These rapid advances have prompted the Nosology Committee of the International Skeletal Dysplasia Society to revise and update the last (2015) version of the Nosology and Classification of Genetic Skeletal Disorders. This newest and tenth version of the Nosology comprises 461 different diseases that are classified into 42 groups based on their clinical, radiographic, and/or molecular phenotypes. Remarkably, pathogenic variants affecting 437 different genes have been found in 425/461 (92%) of these disorders. By providing a reference list of recognized entities and their causal genes, the Nosology should help clinicians achieve accurate diagnoses for their patients and help scientists advance research in skeletal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert R Mortier
- Department of Medical Genetics, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Daniel H Cohn
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Christine Hall
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Deborah Krakow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Human Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stefan Mundlos
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gen Nishimura
- Department of Radiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stephen Robertson
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Luca Sangiorgi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Skeletal Rare Diseases, IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ravi Savarirayan
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Sillence
- Discipline of Genomic Medicine, the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Sheila Unger
- Medical Genetics Service, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew L Warman
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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7
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Le Caignec C, Pichon O, Briand A, de Courtivron B, Bonnard C, Lindenbaum P, Redon R, Schluth-Bolard C, Diguet F, Rollat-Farnier PA, Sanchez-Castro M, Vuillaume ML, Sanlaville D, Duboule D, Mégarbané A, Toutain A. Fryns type mesomelic dysplasia of the upper limbs caused by inverted duplications of the HOXD gene cluster. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 28:324-332. [PMID: 31591517 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The HoxD cluster is critical for vertebrate limb development. Enhancers located in both the telomeric and centromeric gene deserts flanking the cluster regulate the transcription of HoxD genes. In rare patients, duplications, balanced translocations or inversions misregulating HOXD genes are responsible for mesomelic dysplasia of the upper and lower limbs. By aCGH, whole-genome mate-pair sequencing, long-range PCR and fiber fluorescent in situ hybridization, we studied patients from two families displaying mesomelic dysplasia limited to the upper limbs. We identified microduplications including the HOXD cluster and showed that microduplications were in an inverted orientation and inserted between the HOXD cluster and the telomeric enhancers. Our results highlight the existence of an autosomal dominant condition consisting of isolated ulnar dysplasia caused by microduplications inserted between the HOXD cluster and the telomeric enhancers. The duplications likely disconnect the HOXD9 to HOXD11 genes from their regulatory sequences. This presumptive loss-of-function may have contributed to the phenotype. In both cases, however, these rearrangements brought HOXD13 closer to telomeric enhancers, suggesting that the alterations derive from the dominant-negative effect of this digit-specific protein when ectopically expressed during the early development of forearms, through the disruption of topologically associating domain structure at the HOXD locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Le Caignec
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France. .,Universite de Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | - Olivier Pichon
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
| | - Annaig Briand
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
| | | | - Christian Bonnard
- Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique Pédiatrique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,Université François-Rabelais de Tours, PRES Centre-Val de Loire Université, Tours, France
| | - Pierre Lindenbaum
- INSERM, UMR_S1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France.,CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France
| | - Richard Redon
- INSERM, UMR_S1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France.,CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France
| | - Caroline Schluth-Bolard
- Department of Genetics, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France.,Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Lyon, France.,CRNL, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Lyon, France
| | - Flavie Diguet
- Department of Genetics, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Marie-Laure Vuillaume
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU, Tours, France.,UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Damien Sanlaville
- Department of Genetics, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France.,Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Lyon, France.,CRNL, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Lyon, France
| | - Denis Duboule
- University of Geneva and Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Annick Toutain
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU, Tours, France.,UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
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8
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Brommage R, Ohlsson C. High Fidelity of Mouse Models Mimicking Human Genetic Skeletal Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:934. [PMID: 32117046 PMCID: PMC7010808 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The 2019 International Skeletal Dysplasia Society nosology update lists 441 genes for which mutations result in rare human skeletal disorders. These genes code for enzymes (33%), scaffolding proteins (18%), signal transduction proteins (16%), transcription factors (14%), cilia proteins (8%), extracellular matrix proteins (5%), and membrane transporters (4%). Skeletal disorders include aggrecanopathies, channelopathies, ciliopathies, cohesinopathies, laminopathies, linkeropathies, lysosomal storage diseases, protein-folding and RNA splicing defects, and ribosomopathies. With the goal of evaluating the ability of mouse models to mimic these human genetic skeletal disorders, a PubMed literature search identified 260 genes for which mutant mice were examined for skeletal phenotypes. These mouse models included spontaneous and ENU-induced mutants, global and conditional gene knockouts, and transgenic mice with gene over-expression or specific base-pair substitutions. The human X-linked gene ARSE and small nuclear RNA U4ATAC, a component of the minor spliceosome, do not have mouse homologs. Mouse skeletal phenotypes mimicking human skeletal disorders were observed in 249 of the 260 genes (96%) for which comparisons are possible. A supplemental table in spreadsheet format provides PubMed weblinks to representative publications of mutant mouse skeletal phenotypes. Mutations in 11 mouse genes (Ccn6, Cyp2r1, Flna, Galns, Gna13, Lemd3, Manba, Mnx1, Nsd1, Plod1, Smarcal1) do not result in similar skeletal phenotypes observed with mutations of the homologous human genes. These discrepancies can result from failure of mouse models to mimic the exact human gene mutations. There are no obvious commonalities among these 11 genes. Body BMD and/or radiologic dysmorphology phenotypes were successfully identified for 28 genes by the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC). Forward genetics using ENU mouse mutagenesis successfully identified 37 nosology gene phenotypes. Since many human genetic disorders involve hypomorphic, gain-of-function, dominant-negative and intronic mutations, future studies will undoubtedly utilize CRISPR/Cas9 technology to examine transgenic mice having genes modified to exactly mimic variant human sequences. Mutant mice will increasingly be employed for drug development studies designed to treat human genetic skeletal disorders. SIGNIFICANCE Great progress is being made identifying mutant genes responsible for human rare genetic skeletal disorders and mouse models for genes affecting bone mass, architecture, mineralization and strength. This review organizes data for 441 human genetic bone disorders with regard to heredity, gene function, molecular pathways, and fidelity of relevant mouse models to mimic the human skeletal disorders. PubMed weblinks to citations of 249 successful mouse models are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brommage
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Robert Brommage
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Al-Qattan MM, Abou Al-Shaar H, Alkattan WM. The pathogenesis of congenital radial head dislocation/subluxation. Gene 2016; 586:69-76. [PMID: 27050104 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of congenital radial head dislocation/subluxation is unknown and has not been previously investigated. In this review, we explore the pathogenesis and define five different primary insults: collagen abnormalities, abnormal endochondral ossification of the developing growth plate, abnormalities of forearm ossification outside the growth plate, disproportionate growth of the radius and ulna, and altered HOX D expression/activity. Finally, the clinical relevance of our review is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Al-Qattan
- Division of Plastic and Hand Surgery at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hussam Abou Al-Shaar
- Division of Plastic and Hand Surgery at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael M Alkattan
- Division of Plastic and Hand Surgery at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Comparison of sequencing based CNV discovery methods using monozygotic twin quartets. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122287. [PMID: 25812131 PMCID: PMC4374778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advent of high throughput sequencing methods breeds an important amount of technical challenges. Among those is the one raised by the discovery of copy-number variations (CNVs) using whole-genome sequencing data. CNVs are genomic structural variations defined as a variation in the number of copies of a large genomic fragment, usually more than one kilobase. Here, we aim to compare different CNV calling methods in order to assess their ability to consistently identify CNVs by comparison of the calls in 9 quartets of identical twin pairs. The use of monozygotic twins provides a means of estimating the error rate of each algorithm by observing CNVs that are inconsistently called when considering the rules of Mendelian inheritance and the assumption of an identical genome between twins. The similarity between the calls from the different tools and the advantage of combining call sets were also considered. RESULTS ERDS and CNVnator obtained the best performance when considering the inherited CNV rate with a mean of 0.74 and 0.70, respectively. Venn diagrams were generated to show the agreement between the different algorithms, before and after filtering out familial inconsistencies. This filtering revealed a high number of false positives for CNVer and Breakdancer. A low overall agreement between the methods suggested a high complementarity of the different tools when calling CNVs. The breakpoint sensitivity analysis indicated that CNVnator and ERDS achieved better resolution of CNV borders than the other tools. The highest inherited CNV rate was achieved through the intersection of these two tools (81%). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that ERDS and CNVnator provide good performance on whole genome sequencing data with respect to CNV consistency across families, CNV breakpoint resolution and CNV call specificity. The intersection of the calls from the two tools would be valuable for CNV genotyping pipelines.
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Schwarzer W, Spitz F. The architecture of gene expression: integrating dispersed cis-regulatory modules into coherent regulatory domains. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2014; 27:74-82. [PMID: 24907448 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Specificity and precision of expression are essential for the genes that regulate developmental processes. The specialized cis-acting modules, such as enhancers, that define gene expression patterns can be distributed across large regions, raising questions about the nature of the mechanisms that underline their action. Recent data has exposed the structural 3D context in which these long-range enhancers are operating. Here, we present how these studies shed new light on principles driving long-distance regulatory relationships. We discuss the molecular mechanisms that enable and accompany the action of long-range acting elements and the integration of multiple distributed regulatory inputs into the coherent and specific regulatory programs that are key to embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wibke Schwarzer
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - François Spitz
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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12
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Symmons O, Uslu VV, Tsujimura T, Ruf S, Nassari S, Schwarzer W, Ettwiller L, Spitz F. Functional and topological characteristics of mammalian regulatory domains. Genome Res 2014; 24:390-400. [PMID: 24398455 PMCID: PMC3941104 DOI: 10.1101/gr.163519.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Long-range regulatory interactions play an important role in shaping gene-expression programs. However, the genomic features that organize these activities are still poorly characterized. We conducted a large operational analysis to chart the distribution of gene regulatory activities along the mouse genome, using hundreds of insertions of a regulatory sensor. We found that enhancers distribute their activities along broad regions and not in a gene-centric manner, defining large regulatory domains. Remarkably, these domains correlate strongly with the recently described TADs, which partition the genome into distinct self-interacting blocks. Different features, including specific repeats and CTCF-binding sites, correlate with the transition zones separating regulatory domains, and may help to further organize promiscuously distributed regulatory influences within large domains. These findings support a model of genomic organization where TADs confine regulatory activities to specific but large regulatory domains, contributing to the establishment of specific gene expression profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Symmons
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veli Vural Uslu
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Taro Tsujimura
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Ruf
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonya Nassari
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wibke Schwarzer
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laurence Ettwiller
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69111 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - François Spitz
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Bhatia S, Kleinjan DA. Disruption of long-range gene regulation in human genetic disease: a kaleidoscope of general principles, diverse mechanisms and unique phenotypic consequences. Hum Genet 2014; 133:815-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Lim BC, Min BJ, Park WY, Oh SK, Woo MJ, Choi JS, Kim KJ, Hwang YS, Chae JH. A unique phenotype of 2q24.3-2q32.1 duplication: early infantile epileptic encephalopathy without mesomelic dysplasia. J Child Neurol 2014; 29:260-4. [PMID: 23456534 DOI: 10.1177/0883073813478659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The voltage-gated sodium channel genes and HOXD genes are clustered on chromosome 2q, and duplication of this region is associated with 2 clinical phenotypes: early-onset epilepsy and mesomelic dysplasia Kantaputra type, respectively. We report a case involving 2q24.3-2q32.1 duplication encompassing both the voltage-gated sodium channel and HOXD gene clusters, which were detected by a comparative genomic hybridization array. The associated clinical features were early-infantile-onset epilepsy, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and global developmental delay. However, no features of mesomelic dysplasia were found. A fluorescent in situ hybridization study showed that the noncontiguous insertion of the duplicated chromosome 2q segment into chromosome 6q was inherited from the father, who has a balanced insertional translocation. The unique genotype-phenotype correlation in the present case suggests that dosage-sensitive effects might apply only to the voltage-gated sodium channel genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Chan Lim
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Banka S, Cain SA, Carim S, Daly SB, Urquhart JE, Erdem G, Harris J, Bottomley M, Donnai D, Kerr B, Kingston H, Superti-Furga A, Unger S, Ennis H, Worthington J, Herrick AL, Merry CLR, Yue WW, Kielty CM, Newman WG. Leri's pleonosteosis, a congenital rheumatic disease, results from microduplication at 8q22.1 encompassing GDF6 and SDC2 and provides insight into systemic sclerosis pathogenesis. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 74:1249-56. [PMID: 24442880 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leri's pleonosteosis (LP) is an autosomal dominant rheumatic condition characterised by flexion contractures of the interphalangeal joints, limited motion of multiple joints, and short broad metacarpals, metatarsals and phalanges. Scleroderma-like skin thickening can be seen in some individuals with LP. We undertook a study to characterise the phenotype of LP and identify its genetic basis. METHODS AND RESULTS Whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping in two families with LP defined microduplications of chromosome 8q22.1 as the cause of this condition. Expression analysis of dermal fibroblasts from affected individuals showed overexpression of two genes, GDF6 and SDC2, within the duplicated region, leading to dysregulation of genes that encode proteins of the extracellular matrix and downstream players in the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β pathway. Western blot analysis revealed markedly decreased inhibitory SMAD6 levels in patients with LP. Furthermore, in a cohort of 330 systemic sclerosis cases, we show that the minor allele of a missense SDC2 variant, p.Ser71Thr, could confer protection against disease (p<1×10(-5)). CONCLUSIONS Our work identifies the genetic cause of LP in these two families, demonstrates the phenotypic range of the condition, implicates dysregulation of extracellular matrix homoeostasis genes in its pathogenesis, and highlights the link between TGF-β/SMAD signalling, growth/differentiation factor 6 and syndecan-2. We propose that LP is an additional member of the growing 'TGF-β-pathies' group of musculoskeletal disorders, which includes Myhre syndrome, acromicric dysplasia, geleophysic dysplasias, Weill-Marchesani syndromes and stiff skin syndrome. Identification of a systemic sclerosis-protective SDC2 variant lays the foundation for exploration of the role of syndecan-2 in systemic sclerosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Banka
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, MAHSC, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart A Cain
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sabrya Carim
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
| | - Sarah B Daly
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
| | - Jill E Urquhart
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
| | - Günhan Erdem
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK Department of Environmental Health and Biosafety, Health College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Jade Harris
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, MAHSC, Manchester, UK
| | - Michelle Bottomley
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, MAHSC, Manchester, UK
| | - Dian Donnai
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, MAHSC, Manchester, UK
| | - Bronwyn Kerr
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, MAHSC, Manchester, UK
| | - Helen Kingston
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, MAHSC, Manchester, UK
| | - Andreas Superti-Furga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sheila Unger
- Department of Genetics, University of Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Holly Ennis
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, MAHSC, Manchester, UK
| | - Jane Worthington
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, MAHSC, Manchester, UK NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Manchester Academy of Health Sciences, Manchester, UK
| | - Ariane L Herrick
- NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Manchester Academy of Health Sciences, Manchester, UK
| | - Catherine L R Merry
- Stem Cell Glycobiology Group, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Wyatt W Yue
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cay M Kielty
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - William G Newman
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, MAHSC, Manchester, UK
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16
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Spielmann M, Mundlos S. Structural variations, the regulatory landscape of the genome and their alteration in human disease. Bioessays 2013; 35:533-43. [PMID: 23625790 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput genomic technologies are revolutionizing human genetics. So far the focus has been on the 1.5% of the genome, which is coding, in spite of the fact that the great majority of genomic variants fall outside the coding regions. Recent efforts to annotate the non-coding sequence show that over 80% of the genome is biochemically active. The genome is divided into regulatory domains consisting of sequence regions that enhance and/or silence the expression of nearby genes and are, in some cases, separated by boundaries with insulator activity. In this paper, we review the recent advances in the identification of variations that influence gene regulation and their consequences for human disease. We hypothesize that structural variations outside of the coding genome can interfere with normal gene regulation by disrupting the regulatory landscape. Therefore, the regulatory landscape of the genome has also to be taken into consideration when investigating the pathology of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Spielmann
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Liu J, Zhang L, Xu L, Ren H, Lu J, Zhang X, Zhang S, Zhou X, Wei C, Zhao F, Du L. Analysis of copy number variations in the sheep genome using 50K SNP BeadChip array. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:229. [PMID: 23565757 PMCID: PMC3626776 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, genome-wide association studies have successfully uncovered single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with complex traits such as diseases and quantitative phenotypes. These variations account for a small proportion of heritability. With the development of high throughput techniques, abundant submicroscopic structural variations have been found in organisms, of which the main variations are copy number variations (CNVs). Therefore, CNVs are increasingly recognized as an important and abundant source of genetic variation and phenotypic diversity. Results Analyses of CNVs in the genomes of three sheep breeds were performed using the Ovine SNP50 BeadChip array. A total of 238 CNV regions (CNVRs) were identified, including 219 losses, 13 gains, and six with both events (losses and gains), which cover 60.35 Mb of the sheep genomic sequence and correspond to 2.27% of the autosomal genome sequence. The length of the CNVRs on autosomes range from 13.66 kb to 1.30 Mb with a mean size of 253.57 kb, and 75 CNVRs events had a frequency > 3%. Among these CNVRs, 47 CNVRs identified by the PennCNV overlapped with the CNVpartition. Functional analysis indicated that most genes in the CNVRs were significantly enriched for involvement in the environmental response. Furthermore, 10 CNVRs were selected for validation and 6 CNVRs were further experimentally confirmed by qPCR. In addition, there were 57 CNVRs overlapped in our new dataset and other published ruminant CNV studies. Conclusions In this study, we firstly constructed a sheep CNV map based on the Ovine SNP50 array. Our results demonstrated the differences of two detection tools and integration of multiple algorithms can enhance the detection of sheep genomic structure variations. Furthermore, our findings would be of help for understanding the sheep genome and provide preliminary foundation for carrying out the CNVs association studies with economically important phenotypes of sheep in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasen Liu
- National Center for Molecular Genetics and Breeding of Animal, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Impact of copy number variations (CNVs) on long-range gene regulation at the HoxD locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:20204-11. [PMID: 23134724 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1217659109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number variations are genomic structural variants that are frequently associated with human diseases. Among these copy number variations, duplications of DNA segments are often assumed to lead to dosage effects by increasing the copy number of either genes or their regulatory elements. We produced a series of large targeted duplications within a conserved gene desert upstream of the murine HoxD locus. This DNA region, syntenic to human 2q31-32, contains a range of regulatory elements required for Hoxd gene transcription, and it is often disrupted and/or reorganized in human genetic conditions collectively known as the 2q31 syndrome. Unexpectedly, one such duplication led to a transcriptional down-regulation in developing digits by impairing physical interactions between the target genes and their upstream regulatory elements, thus phenocopying the effect obtained when these enhancer sequences are deleted. These results illustrate the detrimental consequences of interrupting highly conserved regulatory landscapes and reveal a mechanism where genomic duplications lead to partial loss of function of nearby located genes.
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Tschopp P, Duboule D. A genetic approach to the transcriptional regulation of Hox gene clusters. Annu Rev Genet 2012; 45:145-66. [PMID: 22060042 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-102209-163429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of vertebrate genomes was accompanied by an astounding increase in the complexity of their regulatory modalities. Genetic redundancy resulting from large-scale genome duplications at the base of the chordate tree was repeatedly exploited by the functional redeployment of paralogous genes via innovations in their regulatory circuits. As a paradigm of such regulatory evolution, we have extensively studied those control mechanisms at work in-cis over vertebrate Hox gene clusters. Here, we review the portfolio of genetic strategies that have been developed to tackle the intricate relationship between genomic topography and the transcriptional activities in this gene family, and we describe some of the mechanistic insights we gained by using the HoxD cluster as an example. We discuss the high heuristic value of this system in our general understanding of how changes in transcriptional regulation can diversify gene function and thereby fuel morphological evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Tschopp
- National Center of Competence in Research, Frontiers in Genetics, Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Klopocki E, Mundlos S. Copy-number variations, noncoding sequences, and human phenotypes. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2011; 12:53-72. [PMID: 21756107 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-082410-101404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Whereas single-nucleotide polymorphisms and their role in predisposition to disease have been studied extensively, the analysis of structural variants--genomic changes such as insertions, deletions, inversions, duplications, and translocations--is still in its infancy. Changes in copy number, also known as copy-number variations (CNVs), constitute one such group of these structural variants. CNVs are structural genomic variants that arise from deletions (loss) or duplications (gain), and as a consequence result in a copy-number change of the respective genomic region. CNVs may include entire genes or regions of transcribed sequence, or, indeed, comprise only nontranscribed sequences. Whereas the duplication or deletion of a gene can be expected to have an effect on gene dosage, the consequences of CNVs in nontranscribed sequences are less obvious. Here we review CNVs that involve regulatory nontranscribed regions of the genome, describe the associated human phenotypes, and discuss possible disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Klopocki
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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21
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Duplication at chromosome 2q31.1-q31.2 in a family presenting syndactyly and nystagmus. Eur J Hum Genet 2011; 19:1198-201. [PMID: 21654727 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
HOXD genes encode transcription factors involved in the antero-posterior patterning of the limb bud and in the specification of fingers. During the embryo development, HOXD genes are expressed, following a spatio-temporal colinearity that involves at least three regions, centrometric and telomeric to this cluster. Here, we describe a father and a daughter presenting a 3-4 hand bilateral syndactyly associated with a nystagmus. Array-comparative genomic hybridisation showed a 3.8 Mb duplication at 2q31.1-q31.2, comprising 27 genes including the entire HOXD cluster. We performed expression studies in lymphoblasts by reverse transcription-PCR and observed an HOXD13 and HOXD10 overexpression, whereas the HOXD12 expression was decreased. HOXD13 and HOXD10 overexpression, associated with a misregulation of at least HOXD12, may therefore induce the syndactyly. Deletions of the HOXD cluster and its regulatory sequences induce hand malformations and, particularly, finger anomalies. Recently, smaller duplications of the same region have been reported in association with a mesomelic dysplasia, type Kantaputra. We discuss the variable phenotypes associated with such 2q duplications.
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Klopocki E, Lohan S, Brancati F, Koll R, Brehm A, Seemann P, Dathe K, Stricker S, Hecht J, Bosse K, Betz RC, Garaci FG, Dallapiccola B, Jain M, Muenke M, Ng VC, Chan W, Chan D, Mundlos S. Copy-number variations involving the IHH locus are associated with syndactyly and craniosynostosis. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 88:70-5. [PMID: 21167467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Indian hedgehog (IHH) is a secreted signaling molecule of the hedgehog family known to play important roles in the regulation of chondrocyte differentiation, cortical bone formation, and the development of joints. Here, we describe that copy-number variations of the IHH locus involving conserved noncoding elements (CNEs) are associated with syndactyly and craniosynostosis. These CNEs are able to drive reporter gene expression in a pattern highly similar to wild-type Ihh expression. We postulate that the observed duplications lead to a misexpression and/or overexpression of IHH and by this affect the complex regulatory signaling network during digit and skull development.
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Tschopp P, Duboule D. A regulatory 'landscape effect' over the HoxD cluster. Dev Biol 2010; 351:288-96. [PMID: 21195707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Faithful expression of Hox genes in both time and space is essential for proper patterning of the primary body axis. Transgenic approaches in vertebrates have suggested that this collinear activation process is regulated in a largely gene cluster-autonomous manner. In contrast, more recently co-opted expression specificities, required in other embryonic structures, depend upon long-range enhancer sequences acting from outside the gene clusters. This regulatory dichotomy was recently questioned, since gene activation along the trunk seems to be partially regulated by signals located outside of the cluster. We investigated these alternative regulatory strategies by engineering a large inversion that precisely separates the murine HoxD complex from its centromeric neighborhood. Mutant animals displayed posterior transformations along with subtle deregulations of Hoxd genes, indicating an impact of the centromeric landscape on the fine-tuning of Hoxd gene expression. Proximal limbs were also affected, suggesting that this 'landscape effect' is generic and impacts upon regulatory mechanisms of various qualities and evolutionary origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Tschopp
- National Research Centre-Frontiers in Genetics, Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, Geneva, Switzerland
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