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Näslund-Koch C, Nordestgaard BG, Bojesen SE. Common breast cancer risk alleles and risk assessment: a study on 35 441 individuals from the Danish general population. Ann Oncol 2018; 28:175-181. [PMID: 28177461 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We hypothesized that common breast cancer risk alleles are associated with incidences of breast cancer and other cancers in the general population, and identify low risk women among those invited for screening mammography. Participants and Methods About 35 441 individuals from the Danish general population were followed in Danish health registries for up to 21 years after blood sampling. After genotyping 72 breast cancer risk loci, each with 0–2 alleles, the sum for each individual was calculated. We used the simple allele sum instead of the conventional polygenic risk score, as it is likely more sensitive in detecting associations with risks of other endpoints than breast cancer. Results Breast cancer incidence in the 19 010 women was increased across allele sum quintiles (log-rank trend test; P = 1×10 − 12), but not incidence of other cancers (P = 0.41). Age- and study-adjusted hazard ratio for the fifth versus the first allele sum quintile was 1.82 (95% confidence interval; 1.53–2.18). Corresponding hazard ratios per allele were 1.04 (1.03–1.05) and 1.05 (1.02–1.08) for breast cancer incidence and mortality, similar across risk factors. In 50-year-old women, the starting age for screening mammography in Denmark, the average 5-year breast cancer risk was 1.5%, overall and 1.1%, 1.4%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 2.1%, for the first through fifth quintile, respectively. Based on age, nulliparity, familial history, and allele sum, 25% of women aged 50–69 years, and 94% of women aged 40–49 years, had absolute 5-year breast cancer risks ≤ 1.5%. Using polygenic risk score led to similar results. Conclusion Common breast cancer risk alleles are associated with incidence and mortality of breast cancer in the general population, but not with other cancers. After including breast cancer allele sum in risk assessment, 25% of women currently being offered screening mammography had an absolute 5-year risk below the cutoff of average risk for a 50-year-old woman.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Näslund-Koch
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev,The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen
| | - B G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev,The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen,The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S E Bojesen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev,The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen,The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Smith CJ, Minas TZ, Ambs S. Analysis of Tumor Biology to Advance Cancer Health Disparity Research. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:304-316. [PMID: 29137948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer mortality rates in the United States continue to decline. Reductions in tobacco use, uptake of preventive measures, adoption of early detection methods, and better treatments have resulted in improved cancer outcomes for men and women. Despite this progress, some population groups continue to experience an excessive cancer burden when compared with other population groups. One of the most prominent cancer health disparities exists in prostate cancer. Prostate cancer mortality rates are highest among men of African ancestry when compared with other men, both in the United States and globally. This disparity and other cancer health disparities are largely explained by differences in access to health care, diet, lifestyle, cultural barriers, and disparate exposures to carcinogens and pathogens. Dietary and lifestyle factors, pathogens, and ancestry-related factors can modify tumor biology and induce a more aggressive disease. There are numerous examples of how environmental exposures, like tobacco, chronic stress, or dietary factors, induce an adverse tumor biology, leading to a more aggressive disease and decreased patient survival. Because of population differences in the exposure to these risk factors, they can be the cause of cancer disparities. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in our understanding of prostate and breast cancer disparities in the United States and discuss how the analysis of tumor biology can advance health disparity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl J Smith
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tsion Z Minas
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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3
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Qian F, Feng Y, Zheng Y, Ogundiran TO, Ojengbede O, Zheng W, Blot W, Ambrosone CB, John EM, Bernstein L, Hu JJ, Ziegler RG, Nyante S, Bandera EV, Ingles SA, Press MF, Nathanson KL, Hennis A, Nemesure B, Ambs S, Kolonel LN, Olopade OI, Haiman CA, Huo D. Genetic variants in microRNA and microRNA biogenesis pathway genes and breast cancer risk among women of African ancestry. Hum Genet 2016; 135:1145-59. [PMID: 27380242 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1707-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) regulate breast biology by binding to specific RNA sequences, leading to RNA degradation and inhibition of translation of their target genes. While germline genetic variations may disrupt some of these interactions between miRNAs and their targets, studies assessing the relationship between genetic variations in the miRNA network and breast cancer risk are still limited, particularly among women of African ancestry. We systematically put together a list of 822 and 10,468 genetic variants among primary miRNA sequences and 38 genes in the miRNA biogenesis pathway, respectively; and examined their association with breast cancer risk in the ROOT consortium which includes women of African ancestry. Findings were replicated in an independent consortium. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI). For overall breast cancer risk, three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNA biogenesis genes DROSHA rs78393591 (OR = 0.69, 95 % CI: 0.55-0.88, P = 0.003), ESR1 rs523736 (OR = 0.88, 95 % CI: 0.82-0.95, P = 3.99 × 10(-4)), and ZCCHC11 rs114101502 (OR = 1.33, 95 % CI: 1.11-1.59, P = 0.002), and one SNP in primary miRNA sequence (rs116159732 in miR-6826, OR = 0.74, 95 % CI: 0.63-0.89, P = 0.001) were found to have significant associations in both discovery and validation phases. In a subgroup analysis, two SNPs were associated with risk of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer, and three SNPs were associated with risk of ER-positive breast cancer. Several variants in miRNA and miRNA biogenesis pathway genes were associated with breast cancer risk. Risk associations varied by ER status, suggesting potential new mechanisms in etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Qian
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ye Feng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yonglan Zheng
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Temidayo O Ogundiran
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oladosu Ojengbede
- Center for Population and Reproductive Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Esther M John
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA, USA.,Department of Health Research and Policy (Epidemiology) and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Leslie Bernstein
- Division of Cancer Etiology, Department of Population Science, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer J Hu
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Regina G Ziegler
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, DC, USA
| | - Sarah Nyante
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elisa V Bandera
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sue A Ingles
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael F Press
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Anselm Hennis
- Chronic Disease Research Centre and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Barbara Nemesure
- Department of Preventive Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laurence N Kolonel
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dezheng Huo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., MC 2007, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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4
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Llera AS, Podhajcer OL, Breitenbach MM, Santini L, Muller B, Daneri-Navarro A, Velázquez CA, Artagaveytia N, Gómez J, Frech MS, Brown T, Gross T. Translational cancer research comes of age in Latin America. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:319fs50. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad5859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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5
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Mensah-Ablorh A, Lindstrom S, Haiman CA, Henderson BE, Marchand LL, Lee S, Stram DO, Eliassen AH, Price A, Kraft P. Meta-Analysis of Rare Variant Association Tests in Multiethnic Populations. Genet Epidemiol 2015; 40:57-65. [PMID: 26639010 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.21939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Several methods have been proposed to increase power in rare variant association testing by aggregating information from individual rare variants (MAF < 0.005). However, how to best combine rare variants across multiple ethnicities and the relative performance of designs using different ethnic sampling fractions remains unknown. In this study, we compare the performance of several statistical approaches for assessing rare variant associations across multiple ethnicities. We also explore how different ethnic sampling fractions perform, including single-ethnicity studies and studies that sample up to four ethnicities. We conducted simulations based on targeted sequencing data from 4,611 women in four ethnicities (African, European, Japanese American, and Latina). As with single-ethnicity studies, burden tests had greater power when all causal rare variants were deleterious, and variance component-based tests had greater power when some causal rare variants were deleterious and some were protective. Multiethnic studies had greater power than single-ethnicity studies at many loci, with inclusion of African Americans providing the largest impact. On average, studies including African Americans had as much as 20% greater power than equivalently sized studies without African Americans. This suggests that association studies between rare variants and complex disease should consider including subjects from multiple ethnicities, with preference given to genetically diverse groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akweley Mensah-Ablorh
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sara Lindstrom
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Brian E Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Research Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Seunngeun Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - A Heather Eliassen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alkes Price
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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6
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Oei L, Estrada K, Duncan EL, Christiansen C, Liu CT, Langdahl BL, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Riancho JA, Prince RL, van Schoor NM, McCloskey E, Hsu YH, Evangelou E, Ntzani E, Evans DM, Alonso N, Husted LB, Valero C, Hernandez JL, Lewis JR, Kaptoge SK, Zhu K, Cupples LA, Medina-Gómez C, Vandenput L, Kim GS, Lee SH, Castaño-Betancourt MC, Oei EH, Martinez J, Daroszewska A, van der Klift M, Mellström D, Herrera L, Karlsson MK, Hofman A, Ljunggren Ö, Pols HA, Stolk L, van Meurs JB, Ioannidis JP, Zillikens MC, Lips P, Karasik D, Uitterlinden AG, Styrkarsdottir U, Brown MA, Koh JM, Richards JB, Reeve J, Ohlsson C, Ralston SH, Kiel DP, Rivadeneira F. Genome-wide association study for radiographic vertebral fractures: a potential role for the 16q24 BMD locus. Bone 2014; 59:20-7. [PMID: 24516880 PMCID: PMC4102322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Vertebral fracture risk is a heritable complex trait. The aim of this study was to identify genetic susceptibility factors for osteoporotic vertebral fractures applying a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach. The GWAS discovery was based on the Rotterdam Study, a population-based study of elderly Dutch individuals aged > 55 years; and comprising 329 cases and 2666 controls with radiographic scoring (McCloskey–Kanis) and genetic data. Replication of one top-associated SNP was pursued by de-novo genotyping of 15 independent studies across Europe, the United States, and Australia and one Asian study. Radiographic vertebral fracture assessment was performed using McCloskey–Kanis or Genant semi-quantitative definitions. SNPs were analyzed in relation to vertebral fracture using logistic regression models corrected for age and sex. Fixed effects inverse variance and Han–Eskin alternative random effects meta-analyses were applied. Genome-wide significance was set at p < 5 × 10− 8. In the discovery, a SNP (rs11645938) on chromosome 16q24 was associated with the risk for vertebral fractures at p = 4.6 × 10− 8. However, the association was not significant across 5720 cases and 21,791 controls from 14 studies. Fixed-effects meta-analysis summary estimate was 1.06 (95% CI: 0.98–1.14; p = 0.17), displaying high degree of heterogeneity (I2 = 57%; Qhet p = 0.0006). Under Han–Eskin alternative random effects model the summary effect was significant (p = 0.0005). The SNP maps to a region previously found associated with lumbar spine bone mineral density (LS-BMD) in two large meta-analyses from the GEFOS consortium. A false positive association in the GWAS discovery cannot be excluded, yet, the low-powered setting of the discovery and replication settings (appropriate to identify risk effect size > 1.25) may still be consistent with an effect size < 1.10, more of the type expected in complex traits. Larger effort in studies with standardized phenotype definitions is needed to confirm or reject the involvement of this locus on the risk for vertebral fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Oei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
| | - Karol Estrada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
| | - Emma L. Duncan
- Human Genetics Group, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bente L. Langdahl
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - José A. Riancho
- Department of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla and Instituto de Formación e Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IFIMAV), Santander, Spain
| | - Richard L. Prince
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Natasja M. van Schoor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Extramuraal Geneeskundig Onderzoek (EMGO) Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eugene McCloskey
- National Institute for Health and Research (NIHR), Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Academic Unit of Bone Metabolism, Metabolic Bone Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Evangelia Ntzani
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - David M. Evans
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nerea Alonso
- Rheumatic Diseases Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lise B. Husted
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Carmen Valero
- Department of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla and Instituto de Formación e Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IFIMAV), Santander, Spain
| | - Jose L. Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla and Instituto de Formación e Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IFIMAV), Santander, Spain
| | - Joshua R. Lewis
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephen K. Kaptoge
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kun Zhu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Carolina Medina-Gómez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ghi Su Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hun Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Martha C. Castaño-Betancourt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
| | - Edwin H.G. Oei
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anna Daroszewska
- Rheumatic Diseases Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Dan Mellström
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lizbeth Herrera
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Magnus K. Karlsson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Orthopaedics, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Östen Ljunggren
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Huibert A.P. Pols
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette Stolk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
| | - Joyce B.J. van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
| | - John P.A. Ioannidis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - M. Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
| | - Paul Lips
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Extramuraal Geneeskundig Onderzoek (EMGO) Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Karasik
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
| | | | - Matthew A. Brown
- Human Genetics Group, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jung-Min Koh
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J. Brent Richards
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Medicine, Human Genetics and Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jonathan Reeve
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stuart H. Ralston
- Rheumatic Diseases Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Douglas P. Kiel
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
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7
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Zheng Y, Ogundiran TO, Falusi AG, Nathanson KL, John EM, Hennis AJM, Ambs S, Domchek SM, Rebbeck TR, Simon MS, Nemesure B, Wu SY, Leske MC, Odetunde A, Niu Q, Zhang J, Afolabi C, Gamazon ER, Cox NJ, Olopade CO, Olopade OI, Huo D. Fine mapping of breast cancer genome-wide association studies loci in women of African ancestry identifies novel susceptibility markers. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1520-8. [PMID: 23475944 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with breast cancer susceptibility have been identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, these SNPs were primarily discovered and validated in women of European and Asian ancestry. Because linkage disequilibrium is ancestry-dependent and heterogeneous among racial/ethnic populations, we evaluated common genetic variants at 22 GWAS-identified breast cancer susceptibility loci in a pooled sample of 1502 breast cancer cases and 1378 controls of African ancestry. None of the 22 GWAS index SNPs could be validated, challenging the direct generalizability of breast cancer risk variants identified in Caucasians or Asians to other populations. Novel breast cancer risk variants for women of African ancestry were identified in regions including 5p12 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11-1.76; P = 0.004), 5q11.2 (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.09-1.36; P = 0.00053) and 10p15.1 (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.08-1.38; P = 0.0015). We also found positive association signals in three regions (6q25.1, 10q26.13 and 16q12.1-q12.2) previously confirmed by fine mapping in women of African ancestry. In addition, polygenic model indicated that eight best markers in this study, compared with 22 GWAS-identified SNPs, could better predict breast cancer risk in women of African ancestry (per-allele OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.16-1.27; P = 9.7 × 10(-16)). Our results demonstrate that fine mapping is a powerful approach to better characterize the breast cancer risk alleles in diverse populations. Future studies and new GWAS in women of African ancestry hold promise to discover additional variants for breast cancer susceptibility with clinical implications throughout the African diaspora.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Alleles
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Black People/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Case-Control Studies
- Chromosome Mapping/methods
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/metabolism
- Confidence Intervals
- Female
- Genetic Loci
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genome-Wide Association Study/methods
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Odds Ratio
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglan Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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8
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Haiman CA, Han Y, Feng Y, Xia L, Hsu C, Sheng X, Pooler LC, Patel Y, Kolonel LN, Carter E, Park K, Le Marchand L, Van Den Berg D, Henderson BE, Stram DO. Genome-wide testing of putative functional exonic variants in relationship with breast and prostate cancer risk in a multiethnic population. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003419. [PMID: 23555315 PMCID: PMC3610631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare variation in protein coding sequence is poorly captured by GWAS arrays and has been hypothesized to contribute to disease heritability. Using the Illumina HumanExome SNP array, we successfully genotyped 191,032 common and rare non-synonymous, splice site, or nonsense variants in a multiethnic sample of 2,984 breast cancer cases, 4,376 prostate cancer cases, and 7,545 controls. In breast cancer, the strongest associations included either SNPs in or gene burden scores for genes LDLRAD1, SLC19A1, FGFBP3, CASP5, MMAB, SLC16A6, and INS-IGF2. In prostate cancer, one of the most associated SNPs was in the gene GPRC6A (rs2274911, Pro91Ser, OR = 0.88, P = 1.3 × 10(-5)) near to a known risk locus for prostate cancer; other suggestive associations were noted in genes such as F13A1, ANXA4, MANSC1, and GP6. For both breast and prostate cancer, several of the most significant associations involving SNPs or gene burden scores (sum of minor alleles) were noted in genes previously reported to be associated with a cancer-related phenotype. However, only one of the associations (rs145889899 in LDLRAD1, p = 2.5 × 10(-7) only seen in African Americans) for overall breast or prostate cancer risk was statistically significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. In addition to breast and prostate cancer, other cancer-related traits were examined (body mass index, PSA level, and alcohol drinking) with a number of known and potentially novel associations described. In general, these findings do not support there being many protein coding variants of moderate to high risk for breast and prostate cancer with odds ratios over a range that is probably required for protein coding variation to play a truly outstanding role in risk heritability. Very large sample sizes will be required to better define the role of rare and less penetrant coding variation in prostate and breast cancer disease genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ye Feng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lucy Xia
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chris Hsu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xin Sheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Loreall C. Pooler
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yesha Patel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Laurence N. Kolonel
- Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Erin Carter
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Karen Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - David Van Den Berg
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Brian E. Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel O. Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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9
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Song C, Chen GK, Millikan RC, Ambrosone CB, John EM, Bernstein L, Zheng W, Hu JJ, Ziegler RG, Nyante S, Bandera EV, Ingles SA, Press MF, Deming SL, Rodriguez-Gil JL, Chanock SJ, Wan P, Sheng X, Pooler LC, Van Den Berg DJ, Le Marchand L, Kolonel LN, Henderson BE, Haiman CA, Stram DO. A genome-wide scan for breast cancer risk haplotypes among African American women. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57298. [PMID: 23468962 PMCID: PMC3585353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) simultaneously investigating hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have become a powerful tool in the investigation of new disease susceptibility loci. Haplotypes are sometimes thought to be superior to SNPs and are promising in genetic association analyses. The application of genome-wide haplotype analysis, however, is hindered by the complexity of haplotypes themselves and sophistication in computation. We systematically analyzed the haplotype effects for breast cancer risk among 5,761 African American women (3,016 cases and 2,745 controls) using a sliding window approach on the genome-wide scale. Three regions on chromosomes 1, 4 and 18 exhibited moderate haplotype effects. Furthermore, among 21 breast cancer susceptibility loci previously established in European populations, 10p15 and 14q24 are likely to harbor novel haplotype effects. We also proposed a heuristic of determining the significance level and the effective number of independent tests by the permutation analysis on chromosome 22 data. It suggests that the effective number was approximately half of the total (7,794 out of 15,645), thus the half number could serve as a quick reference to evaluating genome-wide significance if a similar sliding window approach of haplotype analysis is adopted in similar populations using similar genotype density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Song
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Gary K. Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Millikan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christine B. Ambrosone
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Esther M. John
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, California, United States of America
- Stanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Leslie Bernstein
- Division of Cancer Etiology, Department of Population Science, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jennifer J. Hu
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Regina G. Ziegler
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah Nyante
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elisa V. Bandera
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sue A. Ingles
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Press
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sandra L. Deming
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jorge L. Rodriguez-Gil
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peggy Wan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xin Sheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Loreall C. Pooler
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David J. Van Den Berg
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Epigenome Center, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Laurence N. Kolonel
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Brian E. Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chris A. Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel O. Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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10
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Chen F, Chen GK, Stram DO, Millikan RC, Ambrosone CB, John EM, Bernstein L, Zheng W, Palmer JR, Hu JJ, Rebbeck TR, Ziegler RG, Nyante S, Bandera EV, Ingles SA, Press MF, Ruiz-Narvaez EA, Deming SL, Rodriguez-Gil JL, Demichele A, Chanock SJ, Blot W, Signorello L, Cai Q, Li G, Long J, Huo D, Zheng Y, Cox NJ, Olopade OI, Ogundiran TO, Adebamowo C, Nathanson KL, Domchek SM, Simon MS, Hennis A, Nemesure B, Wu SY, Leske MC, Ambs S, Hutter CM, Young A, Kooperberg C, Peters U, Rhie SK, Wan P, Sheng X, Pooler LC, Van Den Berg DJ, Le Marchand L, Kolonel LN, Henderson BE, Haiman CA. A genome-wide association study of breast cancer in women of African ancestry. Hum Genet 2013; 132:39-48. [PMID: 22923054 PMCID: PMC3749077 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1214-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in diverse populations are needed to reveal variants that are more common and/or limited to defined populations. We conducted a GWAS of breast cancer in women of African ancestry, with genotyping of >1,000,000 SNPs in 3,153 African American cases and 2,831 controls, and replication testing of the top 66 associations in an additional 3,607 breast cancer cases and 11,330 controls of African ancestry. Two of the 66 SNPs replicated (p < 0.05) in stage 2, which reached statistical significance levels of 10(-6) and 10(-5) in the stage 1 and 2 combined analysis (rs4322600 at chromosome 14q31: OR = 1.18, p = 4.3 × 10(-6); rs10510333 at chromosome 3p26: OR = 1.15, p = 1.5 × 10(-5)). These suggestive risk loci have not been identified in previous GWAS in other populations and will need to be examined in additional samples. Identification of novel risk variants for breast cancer in women of African ancestry will demand testing of a substantially larger set of markers from stage 1 in a larger replication sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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11
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Chen W, Zhong R, Ming J, Zou L, Zhu B, Lu X, Ke J, Zhang Y, Liu L, Miao X, Huang T. The SLC4A7 variant rs4973768 is associated with breast cancer risk: evidence from a case-control study and a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 136:847-57. [PMID: 23117855 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association study has identified a genetic variant rs4973768, located in 3'-UTR of solute carrier family 4, sodium bicarbonate cotransporter, member 7 (SLC4A7), was associated with increased risk of breast cancer (BC). However, several following replication studies cannot yield consistent results. We thus conducted a hospital-based case-control study including 485 patients and 514 controls, combined a meta-analysis including 108,632 cases and 135,818 controls to explore the relationship between this variant and BC risk. Our case-control study showed that rs4973768 was significantly associated with increased BC risk with the odds ratio (OR) of 1.29 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-1.60) under the allelic model. In addition, the meta-analysis also indicated that the variant slightly increased the risk of BC with the pooled OR of the per-allele effect being 1.08 (95 % CI: 1.04-1.11) although with significant heterogeneity between studies. Stratified analyses showed that ethnicity, sample size, and study design may explain part of the heterogeneity. Moreover, the bioinformatics analysis suggested that this variant may influence the transcriptional capacity of SLC4A7. In summary, our results showed that the SLC4A7 variant, rs4973768, is associated with risk of BC although the underlying biologic mechanism warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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12
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Hurlimann T, Stenne R, Menuz V, Godard B. Inclusion and exclusion in nutrigenetics clinical research: ethical and scientific challenges. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2012; 4:322-43. [PMID: 22301706 DOI: 10.1159/000334853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS There are compelling reasons to ensure the participation of ethnic minorities and populations of all ages worldwide in nutrigenetics clinical research. If findings in such research are valid for some individuals, groups, or communities, and not for others, then ethical questions of justice--and not only issues of methodology and external validity--arise. This paper aims to examine inclusion in nutrigenetics clinical research and its scientific and ethical challenges. METHODS In total, 173 publications were identified through a systematic review of clinical studies in nutrigenetics published between 1998 and 2007. Data such as participants' demographics as well as eligibility criteria were extracted. RESULTS There is no consistency in the way participants' origins (ancestry, ethnicity, or race) and ages are described in publications. A vast majority of the studies identified was conducted in North America and Europe and focused on 'white' participants. Our results show that pregnant women (and fetuses), minors, and the elderly (≥ 75 years old) remain underrepresented. CONCLUSION Representativeness in nutrigenetics research is a challenging ethical and scientific issue. Yet, if nutrigenetics is to benefit whole populations and be used in public and global health agendas, fair representation as well as clear descriptions of participants in publications are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hurlimann
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Bioethics Programmes, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Que., Canada
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13
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Hutter CM, Young AM, Ochs-Balcom HM, Carty CL, Wang T, Chen CTL, Rohan TE, Kooperberg C, Peters U. Replication of breast cancer GWAS susceptibility loci in the Women's Health Initiative African American SHARe Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:1950-9. [PMID: 21795501 PMCID: PMC3202611 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified loci associated with risk of breast cancer. These studies have primarily been conducted in populations of European descent. To fully understand the impact of these loci, it is important to study groups with other genetic ancestries, including African American women. METHODS We examined 22 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), previously identified in GWAS of breast cancer risk in European and Asian descent women (index SNPs), and SNPs in the surrounding regions in a study of 7,800 African American women (including 316 women with incident invasive breast cancer) from the Women's Health Initiative SNP Health Association Resource. RESULTS Two index SNPs were associated with breast cancer: rs3803662 at 16q12.2/TOX3 (Hazard ratio [HR] for the T allele = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.67-0.92, P = 0.003) and rs10941679 at 5p12 (HR for the G allele = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.06-1.63, P = 0.014). When we expanded to regions, the 3p24.1 region showed an association with breast cancer risk (permutation based P = 0.027) and three regions (10p15.1, 10q26.13/FGFR2, and 16q12.2/TOX3) showed a trend toward association. CONCLUSION Our findings provide evidence that some breast cancer GWAS regions may be associated with breast cancer in African American women. Larger, more comprehensive studies are needed to fully assess generalizability of published GWAS findings and to identify potential novel associations in African American populations. IMPACT Both replication and lack of replication of published GWAS findings in other ancestral groups provides important information of the genetic etiology of this disease and may impact translation of GWAS findings to clinical and public health settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Hutter
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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14
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Chen F, Chen GK, Millikan RC, John EM, Ambrosone CB, Bernstein L, Zheng W, Hu JJ, Ziegler RG, Deming SL, Bandera EV, Nyante S, Palmer JR, Rebbeck TR, Ingles SA, Press MF, Rodriguez-Gil JL, Chanock SJ, Le Marchand L, Kolonel LN, Henderson BE, Stram DO, Haiman CA. Fine-mapping of breast cancer susceptibility loci characterizes genetic risk in African Americans. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:4491-503. [PMID: 21852243 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed 19 common genetic variants that are associated with breast cancer risk. Testing of the index signals found through GWAS and fine-mapping of each locus in diverse populations will be necessary for characterizing the role of these risk regions in contributing to inherited susceptibility. In this large study of breast cancer in African-American women (3016 cases and 2745 controls), we tested the 19 known risk variants identified by GWAS and replicated associations (P < 0.05) with only 4 variants. Through fine-mapping, we identified markers in four regions that better capture the association with breast cancer risk in African Americans as defined by the index signal (2q35, 5q11, 10q26 and 19p13). We also identified statistically significant associations with markers in four separate regions (8q24, 10q22, 11q13 and 16q12) that are independent of the index signals and may represent putative novel risk variants. In aggregate, the more informative markers found in the study enhance the association of these risk regions with breast cancer in African Americans [per allele odds ratio (OR) = 1.18, P = 2.8 × 10(-24) versus OR = 1.04, P = 6.1 × 10(-5)]. In this detailed analysis of the known breast cancer risk loci, we have validated and improved upon markers of risk that better characterize their association with breast cancer in women of African ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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15
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Wallace TA, Martin DN, Ambs S. Interactions among genes, tumor biology and the environment in cancer health disparities: examining the evidence on a national and global scale. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1107-21. [PMID: 21464040 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer incidence and mortality rates show great variations across nations and between population groups. These variations are largely explained by differences in age distribution, diet and lifestyle, access to health care, cultural barriers and exposure to carcinogens and pathogens. Cancers caused by infections are significantly more common in developing than developed countries, and they overproportionally affect immigrant populations in the USA and other countries. The global pattern of cancer is not stagnant. Instead, it is dynamic because of fluctuations in the age distribution of populations, improvements in cancer prevention and early detection in affluent countries and rapid changes in diet and lifestyle in parts of the world. For example, increased smoking rates have caused tobacco-induced cancers to rise in various Asian countries, whereas reduced smoking rates have caused these cancers to plateau or even begin to decline in Western Europe and North America. Some population groups experience a disproportionally high cancer burden. In the USA and the Caribbean, cancer incidence and mortality rates are excessively high in populations of African ancestry when compared with other population groups. The causes of this disparity are multifaceted and may include tumor biological and genetic factors and their interaction with the environment. In this review, we will discuss the magnitude and causes of global cancer health disparities and will, with a focus on African-Americans and selected cancer sites, evaluate the evidence that genetic and tumor biological factors contribute to existing cancer incidence and outcome differences among population groups in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Wallace
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4258, USA
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