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Ryan CW, Peirent ER, Regan SL, Guxholli A, Bielas SL. H2A monoubiquitination: insights from human genetics and animal models. Hum Genet 2024; 143:511-527. [PMID: 37086328 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Metazoan development arises from spatiotemporal control of gene expression, which depends on epigenetic regulators like the polycomb group proteins (PcG) that govern the chromatin landscape. PcG proteins facilitate the addition and removal of histone 2A monoubiquitination at lysine 119 (H2AK119ub1), which regulates gene expression, cell fate decisions, cell cycle progression, and DNA damage repair. Regulation of these processes by PcG proteins is necessary for proper development, as pathogenic variants in these genes are increasingly recognized to underly developmental disorders. Overlapping features of developmental syndromes associated with pathogenic variants in specific PcG genes suggest disruption of central developmental mechanisms; however, unique clinical features observed in each syndrome suggest additional non-redundant functions for each PcG gene. In this review, we describe the clinical manifestations of pathogenic PcG gene variants, review what is known about the molecular functions of these gene products during development, and interpret the clinical data to summarize the current evidence toward an understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Ryan
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5618, USA
- Medical Science Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, 3703 Med Sci II, 1241 E. Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5618, USA
| | - Emily R Peirent
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5618, USA
| | - Samantha L Regan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, 3703 Med Sci II, 1241 E. Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5618, USA
| | - Alba Guxholli
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, 3703 Med Sci II, 1241 E. Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5618, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48199-5618, USA
| | - Stephanie L Bielas
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5618, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5618, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, 3703 Med Sci II, 1241 E. Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5618, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48199-5618, USA.
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Song Y, Seward CH, Chen CY, LeBlanc A, Leddy AM, Stubbs L. Isolated loss of the AUTS2 long isoform, brain-wide or targeted to Calbindin-lineage cells, generates a specific suite of brain, behavioral, and molecular pathologies. Genetics 2024; 226:iyad182. [PMID: 37816306 PMCID: PMC10763537 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rearrangements within the AUTS2 region are associated with a rare syndromic disorder with intellectual disability, developmental delay, and behavioral abnormalities as core features. In addition, smaller regional variants are linked to wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders, underscoring the gene's essential role in brain development. Like many essential neurodevelopmental genes, AUTS2 is large and complex, generating distinct long (AUTS2-l) and short (AUTS2-s) protein isoforms from alternative promoters. Although evidence suggests unique isoform functions, the contributions of each isoform to specific AUTS2-linked phenotypes have not been clearly resolved. Furthermore, Auts2 is widely expressed across the developing brain, but cell populations most central to disease presentation have not been determined. In this study, we focused on the specific roles of AUTS2-l in brain development, behavior, and postnatal brain gene expression, showing that brain-wide AUTS2-l ablation leads to specific subsets of the recessive pathologies associated with mutations in 3' exons (exons 8-19) that disrupt both major isoforms. We identify downstream genes that could explain expressed phenotypes including hundreds of putative direct AUTS2-l target genes. Furthermore, in contrast to 3' Auts2 mutations which lead to dominant hypoactivity, AUTS2-l loss-of-function is associated with dominant hyperactivity and repetitive behaviors, phenotypes exhibited by many human patients. Finally, we show that AUTS2-l ablation in Calbindin 1-expressing cell lineages is sufficient to yield learning/memory deficits and hyperactivity with abnormal dentate gyrus granule cell maturation, but not other phenotypic effects. These data provide new clues to in vivo AUTS2-l functions and novel information relevant to genotype-phenotype correlations in the human AUTS2 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshu Song
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle WA 98122, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Chih-Ying Chen
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle WA 98122, USA
| | - Amber LeBlanc
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle WA 98122, USA
| | | | - Lisa Stubbs
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle WA 98122, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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3
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Hu Z, Boschiero C, Li CJ, Connor EE, Baldwin RL, Liu GE. Unraveling the Genetic Basis of Feed Efficiency in Cattle through Integrated DNA Methylation and CattleGTEx Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2121. [PMID: 38136943 PMCID: PMC10742843 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Feed costs can amount to 75 percent of the total overhead cost of raising cows for milk production. Meanwhile, the livestock industry is considered a significant contributor to global climate change due to the production of greenhouse gas emissions, such as methane. Indeed, the genetic basis of feed efficiency (FE) is of great interest to the animal research community. Here, we explore the epigenetic basis of FE to provide base knowledge for the development of genomic tools to improve FE in cattle. The methylation level of 37,554 CpG sites was quantified using a mammalian methylation array (HorvathMammalMethylChip40) for 48 Holstein cows with extreme residual feed intake (RFI). We identified 421 CpG sites related to 287 genes that were associated with RFI, several of which were previously associated with feeding or digestion issues. Activator of transcription and developmental regulation (AUTS2) is associated with digestive disorders in humans, while glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (GPD2) encodes a protein on the inner mitochondrial membrane, which can regulate glucose utilization and fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis. The extensive expression and co-expression of these genes across diverse tissues indicate the complex regulation of FE in cattle. Our study provides insight into the epigenetic basis of RFI and gene targets to improve FE in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbin Hu
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Clarissa Boschiero
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Cong-Jun Li
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Erin E. Connor
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Ransom L. Baldwin
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - George E. Liu
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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4
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Song Y, Seward CH, Chen CY, LeBlanc A, Leddy AM, Stubbs L. Isolated loss of the AUTS2 long isoform, brain-wide or targeted to Calbindin -lineage cells, generates a specific suite of brain, behavioral and molecular pathologies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.04.539486. [PMID: 37205596 PMCID: PMC10187298 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.04.539486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rearrangements within the AUTS2 region are associated with a rare syndromic disorder with intellectual disability, developmental delay and behavioral abnormalities as core features. In addition, smaller regional variants are linked to wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders, underscoring the gene's essential role in brain development. Like many essential neurodevelopmental genes, AUTS2 is large and complex, generating distinct long (AUTS2-l) and short (AUTS2-s) protein isoforms from alternative promoters. Although evidence suggests unique isoform functions, the contributions of each isoform to specific AUTS2- linked phenotypes have not been clearly resolved. Furthermore, Auts2 is widely expressed across the developing brain, but cell populations most central to disease presentation have not been determined. In this study, we focused on the specific roles of AUTS2-l in brain development, behavior, and postnatal brain gene expression, showing that brain-wide AUTS2-l ablation leads to specific subsets of the recessive pathologies associated with C-terminal mutations that disrupt both isoforms. We identify downstream genes that could explain expressed phenotypes including hundreds of putative direct AUTS2- l target genes. Furthermore, in contrast to C-terminal Auts2 mutations which lead to dominant hypoactivity, AUTS2-l loss-of-function is associated with dominant hyperactivity, a phenotype exhibited by many human patients. Finally, we show that AUTS2-l ablation in Calbindin 1 -expressing cell lineages is sufficient to yield learning/memory deficits and hyperactivity with abnormal dentate gyrus granule cell maturation, but not other phenotypic effects. These data provide new clues to in vivo AUTS2-l functions and novel information relevant to genotype-phenotype correlations in the human AUTS2 region.
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5
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RINGs, DUBs and Abnormal Brain Growth-Histone H2A Ubiquitination in Brain Development and Disease. EPIGENOMES 2022; 6:epigenomes6040042. [PMID: 36547251 PMCID: PMC9778336 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes6040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During mammalian neurodevelopment, signaling pathways converge upon transcription factors (TFs) to establish appropriate gene expression programmes leading to the production of distinct neural and glial cell types. This process is partially regulated by the dynamic modulation of chromatin states by epigenetic systems, including the polycomb group (PcG) family of co-repressors. PcG proteins form multi-subunit assemblies that sub-divide into distinct, yet functionally related families. Polycomb repressive complexes 1 and 2 (PRC1 and 2) modify the chemical properties of chromatin by covalently modifying histone tails via H2A ubiquitination (H2AK119ub1) and H3 methylation, respectively. In contrast to the PRCs, the Polycomb repressive deubiquitinase (PR-DUB) complex removes H2AK119ub1 from chromatin through the action of the C-terminal hydrolase BAP1. Genetic screening has identified several PcG mutations that are causally associated with a range of congenital neuropathologies associated with both localised and/or systemic growth abnormalities. As PRC1 and PR-DUB hold opposing functions to control H2AK119ub1 levels across the genome, it is plausible that such neurodevelopmental disorders arise through a common mechanism. In this review, we will focus on advancements regarding the composition and opposing molecular functions of mammalian PRC1 and PR-DUB, and explore how their dysfunction contributes to the emergence of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Chen CY, Seward CH, Song Y, Inamdar M, Leddy AM, Zhang H, Yoo J, Kao WC, Pawlowski H, Stubbs LJ. Galnt17 loss-of-function leads to developmental delay and abnormal coordination, activity, and social interactions with cerebellar vermis pathology. Dev Biol 2022; 490:155-171. [PMID: 36002036 PMCID: PMC10671221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
GALNT17 encodes a N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAc-T) protein specifically involved in mucin-type O-linked glycosylation of target proteins, a process important for cell adhesion, cell signaling, neurotransmitter activity, neurite outgrowth, and neurite sensing. GALNT17, also known as WBSCR17, is located at the edge of the Williams-Beuren Syndrome (WBS) critical region and adjacent to the AUTS2 locus, genomic regions associated with neurodevelopmental phenotypes that are thought to be co-regulated. Although previous data have implicated Galnt17 in neurodevelopment, the in vivo functions of this gene have not been investigated. In this study, we have analyzed behavioral, brain pathology, and molecular phenotypes exhibited by Galnt17 knockout (Galnt17-/-) mice. We show that Galnt17-/- mutants exhibit developmental neuropathology within the cerebellar vermis, along with abnormal activity, coordination, and social interaction deficits. Transcriptomic and protein analysis revealed reductions in both mucin type O-glycosylation and heparan sulfate synthesis in the developing mutant cerebellum along with disruption of pathways central to neuron differentiation, axon pathfinding, and synaptic signaling, consistent with the mutant neuropathology. These brain and behavioral phenotypes and molecular data confirm a specific role for Galnt17 in brain development and suggest new clues to factors that could contribute to phenotypes in certain WBS and AUTS2 syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ying Chen
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
| | - Christopher H Seward
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Yunshu Song
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Manasi Inamdar
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Analise M Leddy
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Jennifer Yoo
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Wei-Chun Kao
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Hanna Pawlowski
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Lisa J Stubbs
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
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7
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Gill PS, Dweep H, Rose S, Wickramasinghe PJ, Vyas KK, McCullough S, Porter-Gill PA, Frye RE. Integrated microRNA–mRNA Expression Profiling Identifies Novel Targets and Networks Associated with Autism. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12060920. [PMID: 35743705 PMCID: PMC9225282 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12060920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder, with mutations in hundreds of genes contributing to its risk. Herein, we studied lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from children diagnosed with autistic disorder (n = 10) and controls (n = 7) using RNA and miRNA sequencing profiles. The sequencing analysis identified 1700 genes and 102 miRNAs differentially expressed between the ASD and control LCLs (p ≤ 0.05). The top upregulated genes were GABRA4, AUTS2, and IL27, and the top upregulated miRNAs were hsa-miR-6813-3p, hsa-miR-221-5p, and hsa-miR-21-5p. The RT-qPCR analysis confirmed the sequencing results for randomly selected candidates: AUTS2, FMR1, PTEN, hsa-miR-15a-5p, hsa-miR-92a-3p, and hsa-miR-125b-5p. The functional enrichment analysis showed pathways involved in ASD control proliferation of neuronal cells, cell death of immune cells, epilepsy or neurodevelopmental disorders, WNT and PTEN signaling, apoptosis, and cancer. The integration of mRNA and miRNA sequencing profiles by miRWalk2.0 identified correlated changes in miRNAs and their targets’ expression. The integration analysis found significantly dysregulated miRNA–gene pairs in ASD. Overall, these findings suggest that mRNA and miRNA expression profiles in ASD are greatly altered in LCLs and reveal numerous miRNA–gene interactions that regulate critical pathways involved in the proliferation of neuronal cells, cell death of immune cells, and neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritmohinder S. Gill
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA;
- Arkansas Children′s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (K.K.V.); (S.M.); (P.A.P.-G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-501-364-2743
| | - Harsh Dweep
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.D.); (P.J.W.)
| | - Shannon Rose
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA;
- Arkansas Children′s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (K.K.V.); (S.M.); (P.A.P.-G.)
| | | | - Kanan K. Vyas
- Arkansas Children′s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (K.K.V.); (S.M.); (P.A.P.-G.)
| | - Sandra McCullough
- Arkansas Children′s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (K.K.V.); (S.M.); (P.A.P.-G.)
| | - Patricia A. Porter-Gill
- Arkansas Children′s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (K.K.V.); (S.M.); (P.A.P.-G.)
| | - Richard E. Frye
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children′s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA;
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
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Li J, Sun X, You Y, Li Q, Wei C, Zhao L, Sun M, Meng H, Zhang T, Yue W, Wang L, Zhang D. Auts2 deletion involves in DG hypoplasia and social recognition deficit: The developmental and neural circuit mechanisms. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk1238. [PMID: 35235353 PMCID: PMC8890717 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of genetic risk and the underlying developmental and neural circuit mechanisms in autism-related social deficit are largely unclear. Here, we report that deletion of AUTS2, a high-susceptibility gene of ASDs, caused postnatal dentate gyrus (DG) hypoplasia, which was closely relevant to social recognition deficit. Furthermore, a previously unknown mechanism for neural cell migration in postnatal DG development was identified, in which Auts2-related signaling played a vital role as the transcription repressor. Moreover, the supramammillary nucleus (SuM)-DG-CA3 neural circuit was found to be involved in social recognition and affected in Auts2-deleted mice due to DG hypoplasia. Correction of DG-CA3 synaptic transmission by using a pharmacological approach or chemo/optogenetic activation of the SuM-DG circuit restored the social recognition deficit in Auts2-deleted mice. Our findings demonstrated the vital role of Auts2 in postnatal DG development, and this role was critical for SuM-DG-CA3 neural circuit-mediated social recognition behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Yang You
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Qiongwei Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Chengwen Wei
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Linnan Zhao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Mengwen Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Meng
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lifang Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation (IBRR), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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AUTS2 Gene: Keys to Understanding the Pathogenesis of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010011. [PMID: 35011572 PMCID: PMC8750789 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID), are a large group of neuropsychiatric illnesses that occur during early brain development, resulting in a broad spectrum of syndromes affecting cognition, sociability, and sensory and motor functions. Despite progress in the discovery of various genetic risk factors thanks to the development of novel genomics technologies, the precise pathological mechanisms underlying the onset of NDDs remain elusive owing to the profound genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of these conditions. Autism susceptibility candidate 2 (AUTS2) has emerged as a crucial gene associated with a wide range of neuropsychological disorders, such as ASD, ID, schizophrenia, and epilepsy. AUTS2 has been shown to be involved in multiple neurodevelopmental processes; in cell nuclei, it acts as a key transcriptional regulator in neurodevelopment, whereas in the cytoplasm, it participates in cerebral corticogenesis, including neuronal migration and neuritogenesis, through the control of cytoskeletal rearrangements. Postnatally, AUTS2 regulates the number of excitatory synapses to maintain the balance between excitation and inhibition in neural circuits. In this review, we summarize the knowledge regarding AUTS2, including its molecular and cellular functions in neurodevelopment, its genetics, and its role in behaviors.
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10
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Liu S, Aldinger KA, Cheng CV, Kiyama T, Dave M, McNamara HK, Zhao W, Stafford JM, Descostes N, Lee P, Caraffi SG, Ivanovski I, Errichiello E, Zweier C, Zuffardi O, Schneider M, Papavasiliou AS, Perry MS, Humberson J, Cho MT, Weber A, Swale A, Badea TC, Mao CA, Garavelli L, Dobyns WB, Reinberg D. NRF1 association with AUTS2-Polycomb mediates specific gene activation in the brain. Mol Cell 2021; 81:4663-4676.e8. [PMID: 34637754 PMCID: PMC8604784 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous family of complexes comprising Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) is instrumental for establishing facultative heterochromatin that is repressive to transcription. However, two PRC1 species, ncPRC1.3 and ncPRC1.5, are known to comprise novel components, AUTS2, P300, and CK2, that convert this repressive function to that of transcription activation. Here, we report that individuals harboring mutations in the HX repeat domain of AUTS2 exhibit defects in AUTS2 and P300 interaction as well as a developmental disorder reflective of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, which is mainly associated with a heterozygous pathogenic variant in CREBBP/EP300. Moreover, the absence of AUTS2 or mutation in its HX repeat domain gives rise to misregulation of a subset of developmental genes and curtails motor neuron differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. The transcription factor nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) has a novel and integral role in this neurodevelopmental process, being required for ncPRC1.3 recruitment to chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanxiong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Kimberly A Aldinger
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chi Vicky Cheng
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Takae Kiyama
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mitali Dave
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hanna K McNamara
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wukui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - James M Stafford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Nicolas Descostes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Pedro Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Stefano G Caraffi
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale di Genetica Medica, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Ivan Ivanovski
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale di Genetica Medica, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy; Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Errichiello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Christiane Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Orsetta Zuffardi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Michael Schneider
- Carle Physicians Group, Section of Neurology, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - M Scott Perry
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Jane and John Justin Neuroscience Center, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX 76104, USA
| | - Jennifer Humberson
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Children's Hospital, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew Swale
- Liverpool Women's Hospital, Liverpool, UK; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester, UK
| | - Tudor C Badea
- National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Research and Development Institute, Transilvania University of Brasov, School of Medicine, Brasov, Romania
| | - Chai-An Mao
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Livia Garavelli
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale di Genetica Medica, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - William B Dobyns
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics (Genetic Medicine), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Danny Reinberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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11
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Sanchez-Jimeno C, Blanco-Kelly F, López-Grondona F, Losada-Del Pozo R, Moreno B, Rodrigo-Moreno M, Martinez-Cayuelas E, Riveiro-Alvarez R, Fenollar-Cortés M, Ayuso C, Rodríguez de Alba M, Lorda-Sanchez I, Almoguera B. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity and Autism Spectrum Disorders as the Core Symptoms of AUTS2 Syndrome: Description of Five New Patients and Update of the Frequency of Manifestations and Genotype-Phenotype Correlation. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091360. [PMID: 34573342 PMCID: PMC8471078 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of AUTS2 has been associated with a syndromic form of neurodevelopmental delay characterized by intellectual disability, autistic features, and microcephaly, also known as AUTS2 syndrome. While the phenotype associated with large deletions and duplications of AUTS2 is well established, clinical features of patients harboring AUTS2 sequence variants have not been extensively described. In this study, we describe the phenotype of five new patients with AUTS2 pathogenic variants, three of them harboring loss-of-function sequence variants. The phenotype of the patients was characterized by attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or autistic features and mild global developmental delay (GDD) or intellectual disability (ID), all in 4/5 patients (80%), a frequency higher than previously reported for ADHD and autistic features. Microcephaly and short stature were found in 60% of the patients; and feeding difficulties, generalized hypotonia, and ptosis, were each found in 40%. We also provide the aggregated frequency of the 32 items included in the AUTS2 syndrome severity score (ASSS) in patients currently reported in the literature. The main characteristics of the syndrome are GDD/ID in 98% of patients, microcephaly in 65%, feeding difficulties in 62%, ADHD or hyperactivity in 54%, and autistic traits in 52%. Finally, using the location of 31 variants from the literature together with variants from the five patients, we found significantly higher ASSS values in patients with pathogenic variants affecting the 3′ end of the gene, confirming the genotype-phenotype correlation initially described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Sanchez-Jimeno
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-J.); (F.B.-K.); (F.L.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (C.A.); (M.R.d.A.); (I.L.-S.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fiona Blanco-Kelly
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-J.); (F.B.-K.); (F.L.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (C.A.); (M.R.d.A.); (I.L.-S.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fermina López-Grondona
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-J.); (F.B.-K.); (F.L.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (C.A.); (M.R.d.A.); (I.L.-S.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Losada-Del Pozo
- Department of Pediatrics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-D.P.); (B.M.); (M.R.-M.); (E.M.-C.)
| | - Beatriz Moreno
- Department of Pediatrics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-D.P.); (B.M.); (M.R.-M.); (E.M.-C.)
| | - María Rodrigo-Moreno
- Department of Pediatrics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-D.P.); (B.M.); (M.R.-M.); (E.M.-C.)
| | - Elena Martinez-Cayuelas
- Department of Pediatrics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-D.P.); (B.M.); (M.R.-M.); (E.M.-C.)
| | - Rosa Riveiro-Alvarez
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-J.); (F.B.-K.); (F.L.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (C.A.); (M.R.d.A.); (I.L.-S.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Fenollar-Cortés
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Clinical Analysis, Clínico San Carlos University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- IIS-Clínico San Carlos University Hospital (IsISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Ayuso
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-J.); (F.B.-K.); (F.L.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (C.A.); (M.R.d.A.); (I.L.-S.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez de Alba
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-J.); (F.B.-K.); (F.L.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (C.A.); (M.R.d.A.); (I.L.-S.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Lorda-Sanchez
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-J.); (F.B.-K.); (F.L.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (C.A.); (M.R.d.A.); (I.L.-S.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Almoguera
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-J.); (F.B.-K.); (F.L.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (C.A.); (M.R.d.A.); (I.L.-S.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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12
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Erotomania and phenotypic continuum in a family frameshift variant of AUTS2: a case report and review. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:360. [PMID: 34273950 PMCID: PMC8285776 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic variants of the AUTS2 (Autism Susceptibility candidate 2) gene predispose to intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, facial dysmorphism and short stature. This phenotype is therefore associated with neurocognitive disturbances and social cognition, indicating potential functional maladjustment in the affected subjects, and a potentially significant impact on quality of life. Although many isolated cases have been reported in the literature, to date no families have been described. This case reports on a family (three generations) with a frameshift variant in the AUTS2 gene. CASE PRESENTATION The proband is 13 years old with short stature, dysmorphic features, moderate intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. His mother is 49 years old and also has short stature and similar dysmorphic features. She does not have autism disorder but presents an erotomaniac delusion. Her cognitive performance is heterogeneous. The two aunts are also of short stature. The 50-year-old aunt has isolated social cognition disorders. The 45-year-old aunt has severe cognitive impairment and autism spectrum disorder. The molecular analysis of the three sisters and the proband shows the same AUTS2 heterozygous duplication leading to a frame shift expected to produce a premature stop codon, p.(Met593Tyrfs*85). Previously reported isolated cases revealed phenotypic and cognitive impairment variability. In this case report, these variabilities are present within the same family, presenting the same variant. CONCLUSIONS The possibility of a phenotypic spectrum within the same family highlights the need for joint psychiatry and genetics research.
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13
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Gieldon L, Jauch A, Obeid K, Kaufmann L, Hinderhofer K, Haug U, Moog U. Germ cell mosaicism for AUTS2 exon 6 deletion. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:1261-1265. [PMID: 33577136 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of AUTS2 has been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and dysmorphic features (MIM # 615834). More than 50 patients have been described, mostly carrying de novo deletions of one or more exons, including eight patients with exon 6 deletions. We report on two siblings, a girl and a boy aged 11 and 13 years, in whom the same pathogenic 85 kb deletion on 7q11.22 encompassing exon 6 of AUTS2 by SNP array analysis was identified. Both children had typical symptoms of AUTS2 syndrome such as intellectual impairment and behavioral problems, but with markedly different expression. SNP array analysis excluded the deletion in blood samples of both parents and a healthy brother. Conventional karyotyping of both parents and additional FISH analyses, marking the flanking regions of the deletion, did not show any structural rearrangements involving 7q11.22. A germ cell mosaicism was suggested as the most probable explanation for occurrence of the same deletion in these two siblings. To our knowledge this is the first report of germ cell mosaicism for AUTS2 syndrome. It additionally provides further evidence of intrafamilial phenotypic variability in AUTS2 syndrome and adds clinical information to the phenotypic spectrum of patients with AUTS2 exon 6 deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gieldon
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Jauch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Obeid
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lilian Kaufmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Haug
- Center for Child Neurology and Social Pediatrics Maulbronn, Maulbronn, Germany
| | - Ute Moog
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Martinez-Delgado B, Lopez-Martin E, Lara-Herguedas J, Monzon S, Cuesta I, Juliá M, Aquino V, Rodriguez-Martin C, Damian A, Gonzalo I, Gomez-Mariano G, Baladron B, Cazorla R, Iglesias G, Roman E, Ros P, Tutor P, Mellor S, Jimenez C, Cabrejas MJ, Gonzalez-Vioque E, Alonso J, Bermejo-Sánchez E, Posada M. De novo small deletion affecting transcription start site of short isoform of AUTS2 gene in a patient with syndromic neurodevelopmental defects. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 185:877-883. [PMID: 33346930 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the autism susceptibility candidate 2 (AUTS2) gene through genomic rearrangements, copy number variations (CNVs), and intragenic deletions and mutations, has been recurrently involved in syndromic forms of developmental delay and intellectual disability, known as AUTS2 syndrome. The AUTS2 gene plays an important role in regulation of neuronal migration, and when altered, associates with a variable phenotype from severely to mildly affected patients. The more severe phenotypes significantly correlate with the presence of defects affecting the C-terminus part of the gene. This article reports a new patient with a syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder, who presents a deletion of 30 nucleotides in the exon 9 of the AUTS2 gene. Importantly, this deletion includes the transcription start site for the AUTS2 short transcript isoform, which has an important role in brain development. Gene expression analysis of AUTS2 full-length and short isoforms revealed that the deletion found in this patient causes a remarkable reduction in the expression level, not only of the short isoform, but also of the full AUTS2 transcripts. This report adds more evidence for the role of mutated AUTS2 short transcripts in the development of a severe phenotype in the AUTS2 syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martinez-Delgado
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras/IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBER de Enfermedades Raras/CIBERER) (CB06/07/1009), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Undiagnosed Diseases Network International, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estrella Lopez-Martin
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras/IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBER de Enfermedades Raras/CIBERER) (CB06/07/1009), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Undiagnosed Diseases Network International, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Lara-Herguedas
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Puerta de Hierro University Teaching Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Monzon
- Undiagnosed Diseases Network International, Madrid, Spain.,Bioinformatics Unit, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Cuesta
- Undiagnosed Diseases Network International, Madrid, Spain.,Bioinformatics Unit, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Juliá
- Undiagnosed Diseases Network International, Madrid, Spain.,Bioinformatics Unit, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Aquino
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras/IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Martin
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras/IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Damian
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras/IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Gonzalo
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras/IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Gomez-Mariano
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras/IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Undiagnosed Diseases Network International, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Baladron
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras/IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Undiagnosed Diseases Network International, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Cazorla
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Puerta de Hierro University Teaching Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Iglesias
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Puerta de Hierro University Teaching Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enriqueta Roman
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Puerta de Hierro University Teaching Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Tutor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Puerta de Hierro University Teaching Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Mellor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Puerta de Hierro University Teaching Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Jimenez
- Department of Neurology, Puerta de Hierro University Teaching Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Cabrejas
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Puerta de Hierro University Teaching Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emiliano Gonzalez-Vioque
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Puerta de Hierro University Teaching Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Alonso
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras/IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBER de Enfermedades Raras/CIBERER) (CB06/07/1009), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Undiagnosed Diseases Network International, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Bermejo-Sánchez
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras/IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Undiagnosed Diseases Network International, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Posada
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras/IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBER de Enfermedades Raras/CIBERER) (CB06/07/1009), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Undiagnosed Diseases Network International, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Ufartes R, Berger H, Till K, Salinas G, Sturm M, Altmüller J, Nürnberg P, Thiele H, Funke R, Apeshiotis N, Langen H, Wollnik B, Borchers A, Pauli S. De novo mutations in FBRSL1 cause a novel recognizable malformation and intellectual disability syndrome. Hum Genet 2020; 139:1363-1379. [PMID: 32424618 PMCID: PMC7519918 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We report truncating de novo variants in specific exons of FBRSL1 in three unrelated children with an overlapping syndromic phenotype with respiratory insufficiency, postnatal growth restriction, microcephaly, global developmental delay and other malformations. The function of FBRSL1 is largely unknown. Interestingly, mutations in the FBRSL1 paralogue AUTS2 lead to an intellectual disability syndrome (AUTS2 syndrome). We determined human FBRSL1 transcripts and describe protein-coding forms by Western blot analysis as well as the cellular localization by immunocytochemistry stainings. All detected mutations affect the two short N-terminal isoforms, which show a ubiquitous expression in fetal tissues. Next, we performed a Fbrsl1 knockdown in Xenopus laevis embryos to explore the role of Fbrsl1 during development and detected craniofacial abnormalities and a disturbance in neurite outgrowth. The aberrant phenotype in Xenopus laevis embryos could be rescued with a human N-terminal isoform, while the long isoform and the N-terminal isoform containing the mutation p.Gln163* isolated from a patient could not rescue the craniofacial defects caused by Fbrsl1 depletion. Based on these data, we propose that the disruption of the validated N-terminal isoforms of FBRSL1 at critical timepoints during embryogenesis leads to a hitherto undescribed complex neurodevelopmental syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Ufartes
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hanna Berger
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Till
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS Integrative Genomics Core Unit, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marc Sturm
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Calwerstr. 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Weyertal 115b, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Weyertal 115b, 50931, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch Str. 21, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Weyertal 115b, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rudolf Funke
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, Mönchebergstr. 41-43, 34125, Kassel, Germany
| | | | - Hendrik Langen
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum Hannover, Janusz-Korczak-Allee 8, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines To Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annette Borchers
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany. .,DFG Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, GRK 2213, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Silke Pauli
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
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16
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Weisner PA, Chen CY, Sun Y, Yoo J, Kao WC, Zhang H, Baltz ET, Troy JM, Stubbs L. A Mouse Mutation That Dysregulates Neighboring Galnt17 and Auts2 Genes Is Associated with Phenotypes Related to the Human AUTS2 Syndrome. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2019; 9:3891-3906. [PMID: 31554716 PMCID: PMC6829118 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AUTS2 was originally discovered as the gene disrupted by a translocation in human twins with Autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. Since that initial finding, AUTS2-linked mutations and variants have been associated with a very broad array of neuropsychiatric disorders, sugg esting that AUTS2 is required for fundamental steps of neurodevelopment. However, genotype-phenotype correlations in this region are complicated, because most mutations could also involve neighboring genes. Of particular interest is the nearest downstream neighbor of AUTS2, GALNT17, which encodes a brain-expressed N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase of unknown brain function. Here we describe a mouse (Mus musculus) mutation, T(5G2;8A1)GSO (abbreviated 16Gso), a reciprocal translocation that breaks between Auts2 and Galnt17 and dysregulates both genes. Despite this complex regulatory effect, 16Gso homozygotes model certain human AUTS2-linked phenotypes very well. In addition to abnormalities in growth, craniofacial structure, learning and memory, and behavior, 16Gso homozygotes display distinct pathologies of the cerebellum and hippocampus that are similar to those associated with autism and other types of AUTS2-linked neurological disease. Analyzing mutant cerebellar and hippocampal transcriptomes to explain this pathology, we identified disturbances in pathways related to neuron and synapse maturation, neurotransmitter signaling, and cellular stress, suggesting possible cellular mechanisms. These pathways, coupled with the translocation's selective effects on Auts2 isoforms and coordinated dysregulation of Galnt17, suggest novel hypotheses regarding the etiology of the human "AUTS2 syndrome" and the wide array of neurodevelopmental disorders linked to variance in this genomic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Anne Weisner
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology
- Neuroscience Program
| | - Chih-Ying Chen
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and
| | - Younguk Sun
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and
| | | | | | | | | | - Joseph M Troy
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology
- Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL 61802
| | - Lisa Stubbs
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology,
- Neuroscience Program
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and
- Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL 61802
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17
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Saeki S, Enokizono T, Imagawa K, Fukushima H, Kajikawa D, Sakai A, Tanaka M, Ohto T, Suzuki H, Uehara T, Takenouchi T, Kenjiro K, Takada H. A case of autism spectrum disorder with cleft lip and palate carrying a mutation in exon 8 of AUTS2. Clin Case Rep 2019; 7:2059-2063. [PMID: 31788251 PMCID: PMC6878208 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a patient with autism and cleft lip and palate carrying a de novo heterozygous AUTS2 mutation, c.1464_1467del ACTC (p.Tyr488*). Although the causal relationship between cleft lip and palate and this mutation is unclear, this case report may expand the clinical phenotype of AUTS2 syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Saeki
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Takashi Enokizono
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Kazuo Imagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Hiroko Fukushima
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Daigo Kajikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Aiko Sakai
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Mai Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Tatsuyuki Ohto
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Hisato Suzuki
- Center for Medical GeneticsKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Tomoko Uehara
- Center for Medical GeneticsKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | | | - Kosaki Kenjiro
- Center for Medical GeneticsKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Hidetoshi Takada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
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18
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Nguyen HT, Bryois J, Kim A, Dobbyn A, Huckins LM, Munoz-Manchado AB, Ruderfer DM, Genovese G, Fromer M, Xu X, Pinto D, Linnarsson S, Verhage M, Smit AB, Hjerling-Leffler J, Buxbaum JD, Hultman C, Sklar P, Purcell SM, Lage K, He X, Sullivan PF, Stahl EA. Integrated Bayesian analysis of rare exonic variants to identify risk genes for schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders. Genome Med 2017; 9:114. [PMID: 29262854 PMCID: PMC5738153 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0497-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrating rare variation from trio family and case-control studies has successfully implicated specific genes contributing to risk of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), developmental disorders (DDs), and epilepsy (EPI). For schizophrenia (SCZ), however, while sets of genes have been implicated through the study of rare variation, only two risk genes have been identified. METHODS We used hierarchical Bayesian modeling of rare-variant genetic architecture to estimate mean effect sizes and risk-gene proportions, analyzing the largest available collection of whole exome sequence data for SCZ (1,077 trios, 6,699 cases, and 13,028 controls), and data for four NDDs (ASD, ID, DD, and EPI; total 10,792 trios, and 4,058 cases and controls). RESULTS For SCZ, we estimate there are 1,551 risk genes. There are more risk genes and they have weaker effects than for NDDs. We provide power analyses to predict the number of risk-gene discoveries as more data become available. We confirm and augment prior risk gene and gene set enrichment results for SCZ and NDDs. In particular, we detected 98 new DD risk genes at FDR < 0.05. Correlations of risk-gene posterior probabilities are high across four NDDs (ρ>0.55), but low between SCZ and the NDDs (ρ<0.3). An in-depth analysis of 288 NDD genes shows there is highly significant protein-protein interaction (PPI) network connectivity, and functionally distinct PPI subnetworks based on pathway enrichment, single-cell RNA-seq cell types, and multi-region developmental brain RNA-seq. CONCLUSIONS We have extended a pipeline used in ASD studies and applied it to infer rare genetic parameters for SCZ and four NDDs ( https://github.com/hoangtn/extTADA ). We find many new DD risk genes, supported by gene set enrichment and PPI network connectivity analyses. We find greater similarity among NDDs than between NDDs and SCZ. NDD gene subnetworks are implicated in postnatally expressed presynaptic and postsynaptic genes, and for transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation in prenatal neural progenitor and stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang T. Nguyen
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 NY USA
| | - Julien Bryois
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - April Kim
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114 MA USA
| | - Amanda Dobbyn
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 NY USA
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 NY USA
| | - Laura M. Huckins
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 NY USA
| | - Ana B. Munoz-Manchado
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-17177 Sweden
| | - Douglas M. Ruderfer
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Psychiatry and Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, 37235 TN USA
| | - Giulio Genovese
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA
| | - Menachem Fromer
- Verily Life Sciences, 269 E Grand Ave, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Xinyi Xu
- Seaver Autism Center, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 NY USA
| | - Dalila Pinto
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 NY USA
- Seaver Autism Center, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 NY USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 NY USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 NY USA
| | - Sten Linnarsson
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-17177 Sweden
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Department of Functional Genomics, The Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University and VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - August B. Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, The Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Hjerling-Leffler
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-17177 Sweden
| | - Joseph D. Buxbaum
- Seaver Autism Center, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 NY USA
| | - Christina Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 NY USA
| | - Shaun M. Purcell
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 NY USA
- Sleep Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
| | - Kasper Lage
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114 MA USA
| | - Xin He
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637 IL USA
| | - Patrick F. Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599-7264 North Carolina USA
| | - Eli A. Stahl
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 NY USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA
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Transcriptional Complexity and Distinct Expression Patterns of auts2 Paralogs in Danio rerio. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017. [PMID: 28626003 PMCID: PMC5555464 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.042622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several genes that have been implicated in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have multiple transcripts. Therefore, comprehensive transcript annotation is critical for determining the respective gene function. The autism susceptibility candidate 2 (AUTS2) gene is associated with various neurological disorders, including autism and brain malformation. AUTS2 is important for activation of transcription of neural specific genes, neuronal migration, and neurite outgrowth. Here, we present evidence for significant transcriptional complexity in the auts2 gene locus in the zebrafish genome, as well as in genomic loci of auts2 paralogous genes fbrsl1 and fbrs. Several genes that have been implicated in ASDs are large and have multiple transcripts. Neurons are especially enriched with longer transcripts compared to nonneural cell types. The human autism susceptibility candidate 2 (AUTS2) gene is ∼1.2 Mb long and is implicated in a number of neurological disorders including autism, intellectual disability, addiction, and developmental delay. Recent studies show AUTS2 to be important for activation of transcription of neural specific genes, neuronal migration, and neurite outgrowth. However, much remains to be understood regarding the transcriptional complexity and the functional roles of AUTS2 in neurodevelopment. Zebrafish provide an excellent model system for studying both these questions. We undertook genomic identification and characterization of auts2 and its paralogous genes in zebrafish. There are four auts2 family genes in zebrafish: auts2a, auts2b, fbrsl1, and fbrs. The absence of complete annotation of their structures hampers functional studies. We present evidence for transcriptional complexity of these four genes mediated by alternative splicing and alternative promoter usage. Furthermore, the expression of the various paralogs is tightly regulated both spatially and developmentally. Our findings suggest that auts2 paralogs serve distinct functions in the development and functioning of target tissues.
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Hori K, Hoshino M. Neuronal Migration and AUTS2 Syndrome. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7050054. [PMID: 28505103 PMCID: PMC5447936 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7050054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is one of the pivotal steps to form a functional brain, and disorganization of this process is believed to underlie the pathology of psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and epilepsy. However, it is not clear how abnormal neuronal migration causes mental dysfunction. Recently, a key gene for various psychiatric diseases, the Autism susceptibility candidate 2 (AUTS2), has been shown to regulate neuronal migration, which gives new insight into understanding this question. Interestingly, the AUTS2 protein has dual functions: Cytoplasmic AUTS2 regulates actin cytoskeleton to control neuronal migration and neurite extension, while nuclear AUTS2 controls transcription of various genes as a component of the polycomb complex 1 (PRC1). In this review, we discuss AUTS2 from the viewpoint of human genetics, molecular function, brain development, and behavior in animal models, focusing on its role in neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Hori
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.
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21
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Beunders G, van de Kamp J, Vasudevan P, Morton J, Smets K, Kleefstra T, de Munnik SA, Schuurs-Hoeijmakers J, Ceulemans B, Zollino M, Hoffjan S, Wieczorek S, So J, Mercer L, Walker T, Velsher L, Parker MJ, Magee AC, Elffers B, Kooy RF, Yntema HG, Meijers-Heijboer EJ, Sistermans EA. A detailed clinical analysis of 13 patients with AUTS2 syndrome further delineates the phenotypic spectrum and underscores the behavioural phenotype. J Med Genet 2016; 53:523-32. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Reiner O, Karzbrun E, Kshirsagar A, Kaibuchi K. Regulation of neuronal migration, an emerging topic in autism spectrum disorders. J Neurochem 2015; 136:440-56. [PMID: 26485324 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) encompass a group of neurodevelopmental diseases that demonstrate strong heritability, however, the inheritance is not simple and many genes have been associated with these disorders. ASD is regarded as a neurodevelopmental disorder, and abnormalities at different developmental stages are part of the disease etiology. This review provides a general background on neuronal migration during brain development and discusses recent advancements in the field connecting ASD and aberrant neuronal migration. We propose that neuronal migration impairment may be an important common pathophysiology in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This review provides a general background on neuronal migration during brain development and discusses recent advancements in the field connecting ASD and aberrant neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal Karzbrun
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aditya Kshirsagar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa, Nagoya, Japan
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23
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Fan Y, Qiu W, Wang L, Gu X, Yu Y. Exonic deletions ofAUTS2in Chinese patients with developmental delay and intellectual disability. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170A:515-522. [PMID: 26545289 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Fan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research; Shanghai China
| | - Wenjuan Qiu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research; Shanghai China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research; Shanghai China
| | - Xuefan Gu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research; Shanghai China
| | - Yongguo Yu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research; Shanghai China
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