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Xu X, Chang CW, Li M, Liu C, Liu Y. Molecular Mechanisms of the RECQ4 Pathogenic Mutations. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:791194. [PMID: 34869606 PMCID: PMC8637615 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.791194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The human RECQ4 gene encodes an ATP-dependent DNA helicase that contains a conserved superfamily II helicase domain located at the center of the polypeptide. RECQ4 is one of the five RECQ homologs in human cells, and its helicase domain is flanked by the unique amino and carboxyl termini with sequences distinct from other members of the RECQ helicases. Since the identification of the RECQ4 gene in 1998, multiple RECQ4 mutations have been linked to the pathogenesis of three clinical diseases, which are Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, Baller-Gerold syndrome, and RAPADILINO. Patients with these diseases show various developmental abnormalities. In addition, a subset of RECQ4 mutations are associated with high cancer risks, especially for osteosarcoma and/or lymphoma at early ages. The discovery of clinically relevant RECQ4 mutations leads to intriguing questions: how is the RECQ4 helicase responsible for preventing multiple clinical syndromes? What are the mechanisms by which the RECQ4 disease mutations cause tissue abnormalities and drive cancer formation? Furthermore, RECQ4 is highly overexpressed in many cancer types, raising the question whether RECQ4 acts not only as a tumor suppressor but also an oncogene that can be a potential new therapeutic target. Defining the molecular dysfunctions of different RECQ4 disease mutations is imperative to improving our understanding of the complexity of RECQ4 clinical phenotypes and the dynamic roles of RECQ4 in cancer development and prevention. We will review recent progress in examining the molecular and biochemical properties of the different domains of the RECQ4 protein. We will shed light on how the dynamic roles of RECQ4 in human cells may contribute to the complexity of RECQ4 clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Xu
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Chou-Wei Chang
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Min Li
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Yilun Liu
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
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2
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Schmit M, Bielinsky AK. Congenital Diseases of DNA Replication: Clinical Phenotypes and Molecular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E911. [PMID: 33477564 PMCID: PMC7831139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication can be divided into three major steps: initiation, elongation and termination. Each time a human cell divides, these steps must be reiteratively carried out. Disruption of DNA replication can lead to genomic instability, with the accumulation of point mutations or larger chromosomal anomalies such as rearrangements. While cancer is the most common class of disease associated with genomic instability, several congenital diseases with dysfunctional DNA replication give rise to similar DNA alterations. In this review, we discuss all congenital diseases that arise from pathogenic variants in essential replication genes across the spectrum of aberrant replisome assembly, origin activation and DNA synthesis. For each of these conditions, we describe their clinical phenotypes as well as molecular studies aimed at determining the functional mechanisms of disease, including the assessment of genomic stability. By comparing and contrasting these diseases, we hope to illuminate how the disruption of DNA replication at distinct steps affects human health in a surprisingly cell-type-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anja-Katrin Bielinsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
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3
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Wang T, Chen L, She Q, Dong Y, Deng Y. Four novel RECQL4 mutations in four Chinese patients with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome and analysis of RECQL4 mRNA expression level in one typical patient. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 91:335-337. [PMID: 30007837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingmei Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Luzhu Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qiuyun She
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yingying Dong
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yunhua Deng
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Colombo EA, Locatelli A, Cubells Sánchez L, Romeo S, Elcioglu NH, Maystadt I, Esteve Martínez A, Sironi A, Fontana L, Finelli P, Gervasini C, Pecile V, Larizza L. Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome: Insights from New Patients on the Genetic Variability Underpinning Clinical Presentation and Cancer Outcome. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1103. [PMID: 29642415 PMCID: PMC5979380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biallelic mutations in RECQL4 gene, a caretaker of the genome, cause Rothmund-Thomson type-II syndrome (RTS-II) and confer increased cancer risk if they damage the helicase domain. We describe five families exemplifying clinical and allelic heterogeneity of RTS-II, and report the effect of pathogenic RECQL4 variants by in silico predictions and transcripts analyses. Complete phenotype of patients #39 and #42 whose affected siblings developed osteosarcoma correlates with their c.[1048_1049del], c.[1878+32_1878+55del] and c.[1568G>C;1573delT], c.[3021_3022del] variants which damage the helicase domain. Literature survey highlights enrichment of these variants affecting the helicase domain in patients with cancer outcome raising the issue of strict oncological surveillance. Conversely, patients #29 and #19 have a mild phenotype and carry, respectively, the unreported homozygous c.3265G>T and c.3054A>G variants, both sparing the helicase domain. Finally, despite matching several criteria for RTS clinical diagnosis, patient #38 is heterozygous for c.2412_2414del; no pathogenic CNVs out of those evidenced by high-resolution CGH-array, emerged as contributors to her phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa A Colombo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Locatelli
- UO Dermatologia e Venereologia, Asst Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Laura Cubells Sánchez
- Department of Dermatology, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Sara Romeo
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, UK.
| | - Nursel H Elcioglu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, 34890 Istanbul, Turkey.
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Mediterranean University, Mersin 10 Cyprus, Turkey.
| | - Isabelle Maystadt
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, 6041 Charleroi (Gosselies), Belgium.
| | - Altea Esteve Martínez
- Department of Dermatology, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Alessandra Sironi
- Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Fontana
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Palma Finelli
- Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Cristina Gervasini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Vanna Pecile
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Foundation IRCCS Burlo Garofolo Institute, 34137 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Lidia Larizza
- Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy.
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5
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Salih A, Inoue S, Onwuzurike N. Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) with osteosarcoma due to RECQL4 mutation. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2017-222384. [PMID: 29367366 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-222384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with clinical features consisting of poikiloderma, skeletal abnormalities, sparse hair, absent or scanty eyelashes and eyebrows and short stature. Patients with RTS due to genetic mutations of RECQL4 genes carry a high risk of developing osteosarcoma during childhood. Because of this, early genetic diagnosis is important. Here, we describe a 14-year-old white boy who developed an erythematous rash on both cheeks before the age of 3 months and was noted to have absent eyelashes and scanty eyebrows. He was found to have compound heterozygous mutations of the RECQL4 gene alleles at the age of 6 months and was diagnosed to have RTS type II. He subsequently developed osteosarcoma at age 10 which was successfully treated, and currently he has been tumour free for over 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Salih
- Department of Combined Medicine-Pediatrics Residency Program, Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan, USA
| | - Susumu Inoue
- Department of Pediatics, Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Flint, Michigan, USA
| | - Nkechi Onwuzurike
- Department of Combined Medicine-Pediatrics Residency Program, Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Flint, Michigan, USA
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6
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Yang JY, Sohn YB, Lee JS, Jang JH, Lee ES. Rare presentation of Rothmund-Thomson syndrome with predominantly cutaneous findings. JAAD Case Rep 2017; 3:172-174. [PMID: 28443301 PMCID: PMC5394190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Young Bae Sohn
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin-Sung Lee
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Eun-So Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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7
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Lu L, Jin W, Wang LL. Aging in Rothmund-Thomson syndrome and related RECQL4 genetic disorders. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 33:30-35. [PMID: 27287744 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome (RTS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease which manifests several clinical features of accelerated aging. These findings include atrophic skin and pigment changes, alopecia, osteopenia, cataracts, and an increased incidence of cancer for patients carrying RECQL4 germline mutations. Mutations in RECQL4 are responsible for the majority of cases of RTS. RECQL4 belongs to RECQ DNA helicase family which has been shown to participate in many aspects of DNA metabolism. In the past several years, accumulated evidence indicates that RECQL4 is important not only in cancer development but also in the aging process. In this review, based on recent research data, we summarize the common aging findings in RTS patients and propose possible mechanisms to explain the aging features in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linchao Lu
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Avenue, Suite 1200, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Weidong Jin
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Avenue, Suite 1200, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lisa L Wang
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Avenue, Suite 1200, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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8
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Re-calculating! Navigating through the osteosarcoma treatment roadblock. Pharmacol Res 2016; 117:54-64. [PMID: 27940205 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The survival rates for patients with osteosarcoma have remained almost static for the past three decades. Current standard of care therapy includes chemotherapies such as doxorubicin, cisplatin, and methotrexate along with complete surgical resection and surgery with or without ifosfamide and etoposide for relapse, though outcomes are hoped to be improved through clinical trials. Additionally, increased understanding of the genetics, signaling pathways and microenvironmental factors driving the disease have led to the identification of promising agents and potential paths towards translation of an exciting array of novel targeted therapies. Here, we review the mechanism of action of these emerging therapies and how, with clinical translation, they can potentially improve the survival rates for osteosarcoma patients in the near future.
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9
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Knierim E, Hirata H, Wolf NI, Morales-Gonzalez S, Schottmann G, Tanaka Y, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Orgeur M, Zerres K, Vogt S, van Riesen A, Gill E, Seifert F, Zwirner A, Kirschner J, Goebel HH, Hübner C, Stricker S, Meierhofer D, Stenzel W, Schuelke M. Mutations in Subunits of the Activating Signal Cointegrator 1 Complex Are Associated with Prenatal Spinal Muscular Atrophy and Congenital Bone Fractures. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 98:473-489. [PMID: 26924529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional signal cointegrators associate with transcription factors or nuclear receptors and coregulate tissue-specific gene transcription. We report on recessive loss-of-function mutations in two genes (TRIP4 and ASCC1) that encode subunits of the nuclear activating signal cointegrator 1 (ASC-1) complex. We used autozygosity mapping and whole-exome sequencing to search for pathogenic mutations in four families. Affected individuals presented with prenatal-onset spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), multiple congenital contractures (arthrogryposis multiplex congenita), respiratory distress, and congenital bone fractures. We identified homozygous and compound-heterozygous nonsense and frameshift TRIP4 and ASCC1 mutations that led to a truncation or the entire absence of the respective proteins and cosegregated with the disease phenotype. Trip4 and Ascc1 have identical expression patterns in 17.5-day-old mouse embryos with high expression levels in the spinal cord, brain, paraspinal ganglia, thyroid, and submandibular glands. Antisense morpholino-mediated knockdown of either trip4 or ascc1 in zebrafish disrupted the highly patterned and coordinated process of α-motoneuron outgrowth and formation of myotomes and neuromuscular junctions and led to a swimming defect in the larvae. Immunoprecipitation of the ASC-1 complex consistently copurified cysteine and glycine rich protein 1 (CSRP1), a transcriptional cofactor, which is known to be involved in spinal cord regeneration upon injury in adult zebrafish. ASCC1 mutant fibroblasts downregulated genes associated with neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and pathfinding (SERPINF1, DAB1, SEMA3D, SEMA3A), as well as with bone development (TNFRSF11B, RASSF2, STC1). Our findings indicate that the dysfunction of a transcriptional coactivator complex can result in a clinical syndrome affecting the neuromuscular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Knierim
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hiromi Hirata
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan; Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Mishima 411-8540, Japan.
| | - Nicole I Wolf
- Department of Child Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne Morales-Gonzalez
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gudrun Schottmann
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yu Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan
| | - Sabine Rudnik-Schöneborn
- Institute of Human Genetics and University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Division of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mickael Orgeur
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Free University Berlin, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Zerres
- Institute of Human Genetics and University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Vogt
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Dr. Eberhard & Partner, 44137 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anne van Riesen
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Esther Gill
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Seifert
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelika Zwirner
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janbernd Kirschner
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans Hilmar Goebel
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Hübner
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sigmar Stricker
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Free University Berlin, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Meierhofer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Stenzel
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Schuelke
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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10
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Suter AA, Itin P, Heinimann K, Ahmed M, Ashraf T, Fryssira H, Kini U, Lapunzina P, Miny P, Sommerlund M, Suri M, Vaeth S, Vasudevan P, Gallati S. Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome: novel pathogenic mutations and frequencies of variants in the RECQL4 and USB1 (C16orf57) gene. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2016; 4:359-66. [PMID: 27247962 PMCID: PMC4867568 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Poikiloderma is defined as a chronic skin condition presenting with a combination of punctate atrophy, areas of depigmentation, hyperpigmentation and telangiectasia. In a variety of hereditary syndromes such as Rothmund–Thomson syndrome (RTS), Clericuzio‐type poikiloderma with neutropenia (PN) and Dyskeratosis Congenita (DC), poikiloderma occurs as one of the main symptoms. Here, we report on genotype and phenotype data of a cohort of 44 index patients with RTS or related genodermatoses. Methods DNA samples from 43 patients were screened for variants in the 21 exons of the RECQL4 gene using PCR, SSCP‐PAGE analysis and/or Sanger sequencing. Patients with only one or no detectable mutation in the RECQL4 gene were additionally tested for variants in the 8 exons of the USB1 (C16orf57) gene by Sanger sequencing. The effect of novel variants was evaluated by phylogenic studies, single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) databases and in silico analyses. Results We identified 23 different RECQL4 mutations including 10 novel and one homozygous novel USB1 (C16orf57) mutation in a patient with PN. Moreover, we describe 31 RECQL4 and 8 USB1 sequence variants, four of them being novel intronic RECQL4 sequence changes that may have some deleterious effects on splicing mechanisms and need further evaluation by transcript analyses. Conclusion The current study contributes to the improvement of genetic diagnostic strategies and interpretation in RTS and PN that is relevant in order to assess the patients' cancer risk, to avoid continuous and inconclusive clinical evaluations and to clarify the recurrence risk in the families. Additionally, it shows that the phenotype of more than 50% of the patients with suspected Rothmund–Thomson disease may be due to mutations in other genes raising the need for further extended genetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude-Annick Suter
- Division of Human GeneticsDepartment of PaediatricsInselspitalUniversity of BernCH-3010BernSwitzerland; Department of Clinical ResearchUniversity of BernCH-3010BernSwitzerland
| | - Peter Itin
- Department of Dermatology University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Karl Heinimann
- Medical Genetics University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Munaza Ahmed
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service University Hospital Southampton Southampton UK
| | - Tazeen Ashraf
- Department of Clinical Genetics Guys Hospital London UK
| | - Helen Fryssira
- Department of Clinical Genetics Agia Sophia Children's Hospital Athens Greece
| | - Usha Kini
- Department of Clinical Genetics Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust Oxford UK
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- INGEMM, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics University Hospital La Paz, IdiPAZ-CIBERER Madrid Spain
| | - Peter Miny
- Medical Genetics University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Mette Sommerlund
- Department of Dermatology Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark
| | - Mohnish Suri
- Departement of Clinical Genetics Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust City Hospital Campus Nottingham UK
| | - Signe Vaeth
- Department of Clinical Genetics Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark
| | - Pradeep Vasudevan
- Department of Clinical Genetics University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust Leicester Royal Infirmary Leicester UK
| | - Sabina Gallati
- Division of Human GeneticsDepartment of PaediatricsInselspitalUniversity of BernCH-3010BernSwitzerland; Department of Clinical ResearchUniversity of BernCH-3010BernSwitzerland
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11
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Abstract
For the past 30 years, improvements in the survival of patients with osteosarcoma have been mostly incremental. Despite evidence of genomic instability and a high frequency of chromothripsis and kataegis, osteosarcomas carry few recurrent targetable mutations, and trials of targeted agents have been generally disappointing. Bone has a highly specialized immune environment and many immune signalling pathways are important in bone homeostasis. The success of the innate immune stimulant mifamurtide in the adjuvant treatment of non-metastatic osteosarcoma suggests that newer immune-based treatments, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, may substantially improve disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Kansara
- 1] Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3002, Victoria, Australia. [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michele W Teng
- 1] Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory and Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, 4006, Queensland, Australia. [2] School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, 4006, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- 1] Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory and Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, 4006, Queensland, Australia. [2] School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, 4006, Queensland, Australia
| | - David M Thomas
- 1] Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3002, Victoria, Australia. [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia. [3] The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, 2010, New South Wales, Australia
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