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Minikel EV, Vallabh SM, Orseth MC, Brandel JP, Haïk S, Laplanche JL, Zerr I, Parchi P, Capellari S, Safar J, Kenny J, Fong JC, Takada LT, Ponto C, Hermann P, Knipper T, Stehmann C, Kitamoto T, Ae R, Hamaguchi T, Sanjo N, Tsukamoto T, Mizusawa H, Collins SJ, Chiesa R, Roiter I, de Pedro-Cuesta J, Calero M, Geschwind MD, Yamada M, Nakamura Y, Mead S. Age at onset in genetic prion disease and the design of preventive clinical trials. Neurology 2019; 93:e125-e134. [PMID: 31171647 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether preventive trials in genetic prion disease could be designed to follow presymptomatic mutation carriers to onset of disease. METHODS We assembled age at onset or death data from 1,094 individuals with high penetrance mutations in the prion protein gene (PRNP) in order to generate survival and hazard curves and test for genetic modifiers of age at onset. We used formulae and simulations to estimate statistical power for clinical trials. RESULTS Genetic prion disease age at onset varies over several decades for the most common mutations and neither sex, parent's age at onset, nor PRNP codon 129 genotype provided additional explanatory power to stratify trials. Randomized preventive trials would require hundreds or thousands of at-risk individuals in order to be statistically powered for an endpoint of clinical onset, posing prohibitive cost and delay and likely exceeding the number of individuals available for such trials. CONCLUSION The characterization of biomarkers suitable to serve as surrogate endpoints will be essential for the prevention of genetic prion disease. Parameters such as longer trial duration, increased enrollment, and the use of historical controls in a postmarketing study could provide opportunities for subsequent determination of clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Vallabh Minikel
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Sonia M Vallabh
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Margaret C Orseth
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jean-Philippe Brandel
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Stéphane Haïk
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jean-Louis Laplanche
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Inga Zerr
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Piero Parchi
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sabina Capellari
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jiri Safar
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Janna Kenny
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jamie C Fong
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Leonel T Takada
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Claudia Ponto
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Peter Hermann
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tobias Knipper
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Christiane Stehmann
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ryusuke Ae
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamaguchi
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Nobuo Sanjo
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tadashi Tsukamoto
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Hidehiro Mizusawa
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Steven J Collins
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Roberto Chiesa
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ignazio Roiter
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jesús de Pedro-Cuesta
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Miguel Calero
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Michael D Geschwind
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Masahito Yamada
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Yosikazu Nakamura
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- From Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (E.V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Prion Alliance (E.V.M., S.M.V.), Cambridge; Harvard Business School (M.C.O.), Boston, MA; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (J.-P.B., S.H.), ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université; Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (J.-P.B., S.H., J.-L.P.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; National Reference Center for TSE (I.Z., C.P., P.H., T.K.), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; IRCCS-Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (P.P., S.C.); Departments of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (P.P.) and Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (S.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; MRC Prion Unit at UCL (J.K., S.M.), Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, UK; Memory and Aging Center (J.C.F., L.T.T., M.D.G.), University of California San Francisco; Australian National CJD Registry (C.S., S.J.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neurological Science (T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai; Department of Public Health (R.A., Y.N.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging (T.H., M.Y.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science (N.S.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.T., H.M.), Kodaira, Japan; Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology (R.C.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; AULSS2 Ca' Foncello Hospital (I.R.), Treviso, Italy; Spanish National Reference Center for CJD (J.d.P.-C., M.C.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; and NHS National Prion Clinic (S.M.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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