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Branch MC, Weber M, Li MY, Flora P, Ezhkova E. Overview of chromatin regulatory processes during surface ectodermal development and homeostasis. Dev Biol 2024; 515:30-45. [PMID: 38971398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The ectoderm is the outermost of the three germ layers of the early embryo that arise during gastrulation. Once the germ layers are established, the complex interplay of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and migration results in organogenesis. The ectoderm is the progenitor of both the surface ectoderm and the neural ectoderm. Notably, the surface ectoderm develops into the epidermis and its associated appendages, nails, external exocrine glands, olfactory epithelium, and the anterior pituitary. Specification, development, and homeostasis of these organs demand a tightly orchestrated gene expression program that is often dictated by epigenetic regulation. In this review, we discuss the recent discoveries that have highlighted the importance of chromatin regulatory mechanisms mediated by transcription factors, histone and DNA modifications that aid in the development of surface ectodermal organs and maintain their homeostasis post-development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan C Branch
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Madison Weber
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meng-Yen Li
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pooja Flora
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Elena Ezhkova
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Leśniak W. Dynamics and Epigenetics of the Epidermal Differentiation Complex. EPIGENOMES 2024; 8:9. [PMID: 38534793 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes8010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidermis is the outer skin layer built of specialized cells called keratinocytes. Keratinocytes undergo a unique differentiation process, also known as cornification, during which their gene expression pattern, morphology and other properties change remarkably to the effect that the terminally differentiated, cornified cells can form a physical barrier, which separates the underlying tissues from the environment. Many genes encoding proteins that are important for epidermal barrier formation are located in a gene cluster called epidermal differentiation complex (EDC). Recent data provided valuable information on the dynamics of the EDC locus and the network of interactions between EDC gene promoters, enhancers and other regions, during keratinocytes differentiation. These data, together with results concerning changes in epigenetic modifications, provide a valuable insight into the mode of regulation of EDC gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiesława Leśniak
- Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Bharti H, Han S, Chang HW, Reinberg D. Polycomb repressive complex 2 accessory factors: rheostats for cell fate decision? Curr Opin Genet Dev 2024; 84:102137. [PMID: 38091876 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2023.102137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Epigenetic reprogramming during development is key to cell identity and the activities of the Polycomb repressive complexes are vital for this process. We focus on polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which catalyzes H3K27me1/2/3 and safeguards cellular integrity by ensuring proper gene repression. Notably, various accessory factors associate with PRC2, strongly influencing cell fate decisions, and their deregulation contributes to various illnesses. Yet, the exact role of these factors during development and carcinogenesis is not fully understood. Here, we present recent progress toward addressing these points and an analysis of the expression levels of PRC2 accessory factors in various tissues and developmental stages to highlight their abundance and roles. Last, we evaluate their contribution to cancer-specific phenotypes, providing insight into novel anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Bharti
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sungwook Han
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Han-Wen Chang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Danny Reinberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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4
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Cui Z, Wei H, Goding C, Cui R. Stem cell heterogeneity, plasticity, and regulation. Life Sci 2023; 334:122240. [PMID: 37925141 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
As a population of homogeneous cells with both self-renewal and differentiation potential, stem cell pools are highly compartmentalized and contain distinct subsets that exhibit stable but limited heterogeneity during homeostasis. However, their striking plasticity is showcased under natural or artificial stress, such as injury, transplantation, cancer, and aging, leading to changes in their phenotype, constitution, metabolism, and function. The complex and diverse network of cell-extrinsic niches and signaling pathways, together with cell-intrinsic genetic and epigenetic regulators, tightly regulate both the heterogeneity during homeostasis and the plasticity under perturbation. Manipulating these factors offers better control of stem cell behavior and a potential revolution in the current state of regenerative medicine. However, disruptions of normal regulation by genetic mutation or excessive plasticity acquisition may contribute to the formation of tumors. By harnessing innovative techniques that enhance our understanding of stem cell heterogeneity and employing novel approaches to maximize the utilization of stem cell plasticity, stem cell therapy holds immense promise for revolutionizing the future of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Cui
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Hope Wei
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Colin Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX37DQ, UK
| | - Rutao Cui
- Skin Disease Research Institute, The 2nd Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
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5
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Ko T, Choi R, Issa K, Gupta R, Llinas E, Morey L, Finlay JB, Goldstein BJ. Polycomb repressive complex 2 regulates basal cell fate during adult olfactory neurogenesis. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:2283-2296. [PMID: 37832538 PMCID: PMC10679661 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis occurs in the mammalian olfactory epithelium to maintain populations of neurons that are vulnerable to injury yet essential for olfaction. Multipotent olfactory basal stem cells are activated by damage, although mechanisms regulating lineage decisions are not understood. Using mouse lesion models, we focused on defining the role of Polycomb repressive complexes (PRCs) in olfactory neurogenesis. PRC2 has a well-established role in developing tissues, orchestrating transcriptional programs via chromatin modification. PRC2 proteins are expressed in olfactory globose basal cells (GBCs) and nascent neurons. Conditional PRC2 loss perturbs lesion-induced neuron production, accompanied by altered histone modifications and misexpression of lineage-specific transcription factors in GBCs. De-repression of Sox9 in PRC2-mutant GBCs is accompanied by increased Bowman's gland production, defining an unrecognized role for PRC2 in regulating gland versus neuron cell fate. Our findings support a model for PRC2-dependent mechanisms promoting sensory neuronal differentiation in an adult neurogenic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Ko
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rhea Choi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Khalil Issa
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Edward Llinas
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lluis Morey
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - John B Finlay
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bradley J Goldstein
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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6
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Gu Y, Ding Z, Zhou Q, Li J, Qian W. JARID2 regulates epithelial mesenchymal transition through the PTEN/AKT signalling pathways in ovarian endometriosis. Reprod Biol 2023; 23:100729. [PMID: 36640627 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2023.100729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently, it has been proposed that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a key role in the development of endometriosis (EMs). Although EMs is a benign disease, it has the characteristics of malignant tumors, such as invasion and migration. JARID2 (Jumonji, AT rich interaction domain) can induce EMT in cancer cells to increase their invasion and migration abilities. However, whether JARID2 has the same function in EMs is not yet known. In this study, A retrospective immunohistochemistry(IHC) was used to measure the expression of JARID2, E-cadherin, PTEN, and p-AKT in ovarian endometriosis (OE) tissues. JARID2, EMT and PTEN/AKT signaling pathway related indicators were assessed by RT-PCR and western blotting in vitro. Furthermore, functional assays were applied to evaluate the involvement of JARID2 in the invasion and migration of Ishikawa cells. Here,we conclude that JARID2 could be involved in the PTEN/AKT signalling pathway and contribute to the development of ovarian endometriosis. The expression of JARID2 was negatively correlated with PTEN, but positively correlated with p-AKT in the ectopic endometrial tissues of OE cases. JARID2 overexpression increased the expression of N-cadherin, vimentin and AKT, but inhibited the expression of E-cadherin and PTEN. Accordingly, the opposite results were obtainedwhen JARID2 was downregulated. Furthermore, JARID2 promoted the invasion and migration ability of Ishikawa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Gu
- Department of Gyanecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shang hai 201620, PR China
| | - Zhiyun Ding
- Department of Gynaecology, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, PR China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Gynaecology, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, PR China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Gynaecology, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, PR China
| | - Wenyan Qian
- Department of Gynaecology, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, PR China.
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7
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Epigenetic Mechanisms of Epidermal Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094874. [PMID: 35563264 PMCID: PMC9102508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte differentiation is an essential process for epidermal stratification and stratum corneum formation. Keratinocytes proliferate in the basal layer of the epidermis and start their differentiation by changing their functional or phenotypical type; this process is regulated via induction or repression of epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) genes that play a pivotal role in epidermal development. Epidermal development and the keratinocyte differentiation program are orchestrated by several transcription factors, signaling pathways, and epigenetic regulators. The latter exhibits both activating and repressive effects on chromatin in keratinocytes via the ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers, histone demethylases, and genome organizers that promote terminal keratinocyte differentiation, and the DNA methyltransferases, histone deacetylases, and Polycomb components that stimulate proliferation of progenitor cells and inhibit premature activation of terminal differentiation-associated genes. In addition, microRNAs are involved in different processes between proliferation and differentiation during the program of epidermal development. Here, we bring together current knowledge of the mechanisms controlling gene expression during keratinocyte differentiation. An awareness of epigenetic mechanisms and their alterations in health and disease will help to bridge the gap between our current knowledge and potential applications for epigenetic regulators in clinical practice to pave the way for promising target therapies.
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8
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Polycomb repressive complex 2 in adult hair follicle stem cells is dispensable for hair regeneration. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009948. [PMID: 34905545 PMCID: PMC8670713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) are multipotent cells that cycle through quiescence and activation to continuously fuel the production of hair follicles. Prior genome mapping studies had shown that tri-methylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3), the chromatin mark mediated by Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), is dynamic between quiescent and activated HFSCs, suggesting that transcriptional changes associated with H3K27me3 might be critical for proper HFSC function. However, functional in vivo studies elucidating the role of PRC2 in adult HFSCs are lacking. In this study, by using in vivo loss-of-function studies we show that, surprisingly, PRC2 plays a non-instructive role in adult HFSCs and loss of PRC2 in HFSCs does not lead to loss of HFSC quiescence or changes in cell identity. Interestingly, RNA-seq and immunofluorescence analyses of PRC2-null quiescent HFSCs revealed upregulation of genes associated with activated state of HFSCs. Altogether, our findings show that transcriptional program under PRC2 regulation is dispensable for maintaining HFSC quiescence and hair regeneration.
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9
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Yao B, Ye L, Chen J, Zhuo S, Lin H. LINC00473 protects against cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury via sponging miR-15b-5p and miR-15a-5p to regulate SRPK1 expression. Brain Inj 2021; 35:1462-1471. [PMID: 34752173 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2021.1972156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral ischemia is associated with a high burden of neurological disability. Recently, emerging evidence has demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial regulators in cerebral ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. Herein, we investigated the function and potential mechanism of long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 473 (LINC00473) in cerebral I/R injury. METHODS We established oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model in Neuro-2a (N2a) cells to mimic the cerebral I/R injury in vitro. RT-qPCR and Western blot assays were conducted to detect target gene expression. Functional assays measured the effects of LINC00473 on cell viability, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. A series of mechanism assays were carried out to detect the potential mechanism of LINC00473 in cerebral I/R injury. RESULTS LINC00473 was significantly down-regulated in OGD/R-induced injury model. LINC00473 overexpression reversed the reduced cell viability as well as the enhanced apoptosis and ROS level induced by OGD/R. Moreover, LINC00473 functioned as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to sponge miR-15b-5p and miR-15a-5p and thereby regulated SRSF protein kinase 1 (SRPK1) expression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirmed the protective role of LINC00473 in cerebral I/R injury, which might provide a novel target for treating ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxin Yao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lichao Ye
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jixing Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shitu Zhuo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Huasong Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
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10
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Flora P, Dalal G, Cohen I, Ezhkova E. Polycomb Repressive Complex(es) and Their Role in Adult Stem Cells. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1485. [PMID: 34680880 PMCID: PMC8535826 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations of resident stem cells (SCs) are responsible for maintaining, repairing, and regenerating adult tissues. In addition to having the capacity to generate all the differentiated cell types of the tissue, adult SCs undergo long periods of quiescence within the niche to maintain themselves. The process of SC renewal and differentiation is tightly regulated for proper tissue regeneration throughout an organisms' lifetime. Epigenetic regulators, such as the polycomb group (PcG) of proteins have been implicated in modulating gene expression in adult SCs to maintain homeostatic and regenerative balances in adult tissues. In this review, we summarize the recent findings that elucidate the composition and function of the polycomb repressive complex machinery and highlight their role in diverse adult stem cell compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Flora
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Gil Dalal
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel;
| | - Idan Cohen
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel;
| | - Elena Ezhkova
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA;
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11
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Proteomic analysis of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles from healthy donors: implications for proliferation, angiogenesis, Wnt signaling, and the basement membrane. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:328. [PMID: 34090527 PMCID: PMC8180068 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have shown therapeutic potential in various in vitro and in vivo studies in cutaneous wound healing. Furthermore, there are ubiquitous studies highlighting the pro-regenerative effects of BM-MSC extracellular vesicles (BM-MSC EVs). The similarities and differences in BM-MSC EV cargo among potential healthy donors are not well understood. Variation in EV protein cargo is important to understand, as it may be useful in identifying potential therapeutic applications in clinical trials. We hypothesized that the donors would share both important similarities and differences in cargo relating to cell proliferation, angiogenesis, Wnt signaling, and basement membrane formation—processes shown to be critical for effective cutaneous wound healing. Methods We harvested BM-MSC EVs from four healthy human donors who underwent strict screening for whole bone marrow donation and further Good Manufacturing Practices-grade cell culture expansion for candidate usage in clinical trials. BM-MSC EV protein cargo was determined via mass spectrometry and Proteome Discoverer software. Corresponding proteomic networks were analyzed via the UniProt Consortium and STRING consortium databases. Results More than 3000 proteins were identified in each of the donors, sharing > 600 proteins among all donors. Despite inter-donor variation in protein identities, there were striking similarities in numbers of proteins per biological functional category. In terms of biologic function, the proteins were most associated with transport of ions and proteins, transcription, and the cell cycle, relating to cell proliferation. The donors shared essential cargo relating to angiogenesis, Wnt signaling, and basement membrane formation—essential processes in modulating cutaneous wound repair. Conclusions Healthy donors of BM-MSC EVs contain important similarities and differences among protein cargo that may play important roles in their pro-regenerative functions. Further studies are needed to correlate proteomic signatures to functional outcomes in cutaneous repair.
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12
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Dube CT, Jahan FRS, Lim CY. Key changes in chromatin mark mammalian epidermal differentiation and ageing. Epigenetics 2021; 17:444-459. [PMID: 33890553 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2021.1917812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic shifts in chromatin states occur during embryonic epidermal development to support diverse epigenetic pathways that regulate skin formation and differentiation. However, it is not known whether the epigenomes established during embryonic development are maintained into adulthood or how these epigenetic mechanisms may be altered upon physiological ageing of the tissue. Here, we systematically profiled the nuclear enrichment of five key histone modifications in young and aged mouse epidermis and identified distinct chromatin states that are tightly correlated with cellular differentiation, as well as chromatin alterations that accompanied epidermal ageing. Our data showed that histone modifications, which become differentially enriched in undifferentiated basal or differentiated suprabasal cells during embryonic development, retained their distinct cell-type specific enrichment patterns in both young and aged adult tissues. Specifically, high levels of H3K4me3, H4K20me1 and H4K16ac marked the proliferative basal cells, while differentiated suprabasal cells accumulated H3K27me3 and H4K20me3 heterochromatin with a concomitant deacetylation of H4K16. We further identified shifts in the chromatin in the aged basal epidermis, which exhibited markedly reduced levels of H4K16ac, absence of high H4K20me1 staining and increased cell-to-cell variability in total histone H3 and H4 content. Changes in the chromatin profiles in aged tissues paralleled the altered expression of their corresponding histone modifiers in the basal keratinocytes. These results thus reveal the key histone signatures of epidermal differentiation that are conserved from embryonic development to adult homoeostasis, and provide insights into the epigenetic pathways underlying physiological skin ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christabel Thembela Dube
- Epithelial Epigenetics and Development Laboratory, Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Singapore.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Chin Yan Lim
- Epithelial Epigenetics and Development Laboratory, Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Al-Raawi D, Kanhere A. Autoregulation of JARID2 through PRC2 interaction with its antisense ncRNA. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:501. [PMID: 33126912 PMCID: PMC7602346 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05348-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective JARID2 is a member of chromatin-modifying Polycomb Repressive Complex-2 or PRC2. It plays a role in recruiting PRC2 to developmental genes and regulating its activity. JARID2 along with PRC2 is indispensable for normal development. However, it remains unclear how JARID2 expression itself is regulated. Recently a number of non-protein-coding RNAs or ncRNAs are shown to regulate transcription. An antisense ncRNA, JARID2-AS1, is expressed from the first intron of JARID2 isoform-1 but its role in regulation of JARID2 expression has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to explore the role of JARID2-AS1 in regulating JARID2 and consequently PRC2. Results We found that JARID2-AS1 is localised in the nucleus and shows anti-correlated expression pattern to that of JARID2 isoform-1 mRNA. More interestingly, data mining approach strongly indicates that JARID2-AS1 binds to PRC2. These are important observations that provide insights into transcriptional regulation of JARID2, especially because they indicate that JARID2-AS1 by interacting and probably recruiting PRC2 participates in an auto-regulatory loop that controls levels of JARID2. This holds importance in regulation of developmental and differentiation processes. However, to support this hypothesis, further in-depth studies are needed which can verify JARID2-AS1-PRC2 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diaa Al-Raawi
- Tumour Biology Research Program, 57357 Children's Cancer Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.,School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Aditi Kanhere
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom. .,Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom.
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14
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Marruecos L, Bertran J, Guillén Y, González J, Batlle R, López-Arribillaga E, Garrido M, Ruiz-Herguido C, Lisiero D, González-Farré M, Arce-Gallego S, Iglesias M, Nebreda AR, Miyamoto S, Bigas A, Espinosa L. IκBα deficiency imposes a fetal phenotype to intestinal stem cells. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49708. [PMID: 32270911 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a paradigm of adult tissue in constant regeneration that is supported by intestinal stem cells (ISCs). The mechanisms regulating ISC homeostasis after injury are poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that IκBα, the main regulator of NF-κB, exerts alternative nuclear functions as cytokine sensor in a subset of PRC2-regulated genes. Here, we show that nuclear IκBα is present in the ISC compartment. Mice deficient for IκBα show altered intestinal cell differentiation with persistence of a fetal-like ISC phenotype, associated with aberrant PRC2 activity at specific loci. Moreover, IκBα-deficient intestinal cells produce morphologically aberrant organoids carrying a PRC2-dependent fetal-like transcriptional signature. DSS treatment, which induces acute damage in the colonic epithelium of mice, results in a temporary loss of nuclear P-IκBα and its subsequent accumulation in early CD44-positive regenerating areas. Importantly, IκBα-deficient mice show higher resistance to damage, likely due to the persistent fetal-like ISC phenotype. These results highlight intestinal IκBα as a chromatin sensor of inflammation in the ISC compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marruecos
- Cancer Research Program, CIBERONC, Institut Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Bertran
- Cancer Research Program, CIBERONC, Institut Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Science and Technology, Bioinformatics and Medical Statistics Group, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain
| | - Yolanda Guillén
- Cancer Research Program, CIBERONC, Institut Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jéssica González
- Cancer Research Program, CIBERONC, Institut Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Batlle
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erika López-Arribillaga
- Cancer Research Program, CIBERONC, Institut Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Garrido
- Cancer Research Program, CIBERONC, Institut Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Ruiz-Herguido
- Cancer Research Program, CIBERONC, Institut Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dominique Lisiero
- The McArdle Laboratory of Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mónica González-Farré
- Department of Pathology, CIBERONC, University Autonomous of Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Arce-Gallego
- Cancer Research Program, CIBERONC, Institut Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Iglesias
- Department of Pathology, CIBERONC, University Autonomous of Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel R Nebreda
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shigeki Miyamoto
- The McArdle Laboratory of Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anna Bigas
- Cancer Research Program, CIBERONC, Institut Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Espinosa
- Cancer Research Program, CIBERONC, Institut Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Bing XL, Lu YJ, Xia CB, Xia X, Hong XY. Transcriptome of Tetranychus urticae embryos reveals insights into Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 29:193-204. [PMID: 31596027 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The endosymbiont Wolbachia is known for manipulating host reproduction in selfish ways. However, the molecular mechanisms have not yet been investigated in embryos. Here, we found that Wolbachia had no effect on the number of deposited eggs in Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) but caused two types of reproductive manipulation: killing uninfected female embryos via cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) and increasing the hatching ratio of infected female embryos. RNA sequencing analyses showed that 145 genes were differentially expressed between Wolbachia-infected (WI) and Wolbachia-uninfected (WU) embryos. Wolbachia infection down-regulated messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of glutathione S-transferase that could buffer oxidative stress. In addition, 1613 and 294 genes were identified as CI-specific up-/down-regulated genes. Compared to WU and WI embryos, embryos of CI cross strongly expressed genes involved in transcription, translation, tissue morphogenesis, DNA damage and mRNA surveillance. In contrast, most of the genes associated with energy production and metabolism were down-regulated in the CI embryos compared to the WU and WI embryos, which provides some clues as to the cause of death of CI embryos. These results identify several genes that could be candidates for explaining Wolbachia-induced CI. Our data form a basis to help elucidate the molecular consequences of CI in embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-L Bing
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y-J Lu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - C-B Xia
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - X Xia
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - X-Y Hong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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16
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Shue YT, Lee KT, Walters BW, Ong HB, Silvaraju S, Lam WJ, Lim CY. Dynamic shifts in chromatin states differentially mark the proliferative basal cells and terminally differentiated cells of the developing epidermis. Epigenetics 2020; 15:932-948. [PMID: 32175801 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1738028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications on nucleosomal histones represent a key epigenetic regulatory mechanism to mediate the complex gene expression, DNA replication, and cell cycle changes that occur in embryonic cells undergoing lineage specification, maturation, and differentiation during development. Here, we investigated the dynamics of 13 key histone marks in epidermal cells at three distinct stages of embryonic skin development and identified significant changes that corresponded with the maturation of the proliferative basal epidermal cells and terminally differentiated cells in the stratified layers. In particular, H3K4me3 and H3K27ac were accumulated and became more prominent in the basal cells at later stages of epidermal development, while H3K27me3 was found to be low in the basal cells but highly enriched in the differentiated suprabasal cell types. Constitutive heterochromatin marked by H4K20me3 was also significantly elevated in differentiated epidermal cells at late gestation stages, which exhibited a concomitant loss of H4K16 acetylation. These differential chromatin profiles were established in the embryonic skin by gestation day 15 and further amplified at E18 and in postnatal skin. Our results reveal the dynamic chromatin states that occur as epidermal progenitor cells commit to the lineage and differentiate into the different cells of the stratified epidermis and provide insight to the underlying epigenetic pathways that support normal epidermal development and homoeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ting Shue
- Epithelial Epigenetics and Development Laboratory, Skin Research Institute of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Kang Ting Lee
- Epithelial Epigenetics and Development Laboratory, Skin Research Institute of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Benjamin William Walters
- Epithelial Epigenetics and Development Laboratory, Skin Research Institute of Singapore , Singapore.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester, UK
| | - Hui Binn Ong
- Epithelial Epigenetics and Development Laboratory, Skin Research Institute of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Shaktheeshwari Silvaraju
- Epithelial Epigenetics and Development Laboratory, Skin Research Institute of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Wei Jun Lam
- Epithelial Epigenetics and Development Laboratory, Skin Research Institute of Singapore , Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Chin Yan Lim
- Epithelial Epigenetics and Development Laboratory, Skin Research Institute of Singapore , Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
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17
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Ali A, Syed SM, Jamaluddin MFB, Colino-Sanguino Y, Gallego-Ortega D, Tanwar PS. Cell Lineage Tracing Identifies Hormone-Regulated and Wnt-Responsive Vaginal Epithelial Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 30:1463-1477.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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18
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Todorova K, Mandinova A. Novel approaches for managing aged skin and nonmelanoma skin cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 153:18-27. [PMID: 32526451 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The process of aging influences every bodily organ and tissue, and those with rapid epithelial cell turnover, are particularly affected. The most visible of these, however, is the skin (including the epidermis), the largest human organ that provides a barrier to external insults, structure to the body and its movements, facilitates thermoregulation, harbors immune cells, and incorporates sensory neurons (including mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, and thermoreceptors). Skin aging has traditionally been categorized into intrinsic and extrinsic, with the latter nearly exclusively restricted to "photoaging," (i.e., aging due to exposure to solar or artificial ultraviolet radiation). However, both intrinsic and extrinsic aging share similar causes, including oxidative damage, telomere shortening, and mitochondrial senescence. Also, like other malignancies, the risk of malignant and nonmalignant lesions increases with age. Herein, we review the most recent findings in skin aging and nonmelanoma skin cancer, including addition to traditional and developing therapies.
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19
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Brumbaugh J, Di Stefano B, Hochedlinger K. Reprogramming: identifying the mechanisms that safeguard cell identity. Development 2019; 146:146/23/dev182170. [PMID: 31792064 DOI: 10.1242/dev.182170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Development and homeostasis rely upon concerted regulatory pathways to establish the specialized cell types needed for tissue function. Once a cell type is specified, the processes that restrict and maintain cell fate are equally important in ensuring tissue integrity. Over the past decade, several approaches to experimentally reprogram cell fate have emerged. Importantly, efforts to improve and understand these approaches have uncovered novel molecular determinants that reinforce lineage commitment and help resist cell fate changes. In this Review, we summarize recent studies that have provided insights into the various chromatin factors, post-transcriptional processes and features of genomic organization that safeguard cell identity in the context of reprogramming to pluripotency. We also highlight how these factors function in other experimental, physiological and pathological cell fate transitions, including direct lineage conversion, pluripotency-to-totipotency reversion and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Brumbaugh
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Bruno Di Stefano
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Konrad Hochedlinger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA .,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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20
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Kang S, Chovatiya G, Tumbar T. Epigenetic control in skin development, homeostasis and injury repair. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:453-463. [PMID: 30624812 PMCID: PMC6488370 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell-type- and cell-state-specific patterns of covalent modifications on DNA and histone tails form global epigenetic profiles that enable spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression. These epigenetic profiles arise from coordinated activities of transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers, which result in cell-type-specific outputs in response to dynamic environmental conditions and signalling pathways. Recent mouse genetic and functional studies have highlighted the physiological significance of global DNA and histone epigenetic modifications in skin. Importantly, specific epigenetic profiles are emerging for adult skin stem cells that are associated with their cell fate plasticity and proper activity in tissue regeneration. We can now begin to draw a more comprehensive picture of how epigenetic modifiers orchestrate their cell-intrinsic role with microenvironmental cues for proper skin development, homeostasis and wound repair. The field is ripe to begin to implement these findings from the laboratory into skin therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjo Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Gopal Chovatiya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Tudorita Tumbar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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21
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Al-Raawi D, Jones R, Wijesinghe S, Halsall J, Petric M, Roberts S, Hotchin NA, Kanhere A. A novel form of JARID2 is required for differentiation in lineage-committed cells. EMBO J 2018; 38:embj.201798449. [PMID: 30573669 PMCID: PMC6356158 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex‐2 (PRC2) is a group of proteins that play an important role during development and in cell differentiation. PRC2 is a histone‐modifying complex that catalyses methylation of lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3) at differentiation genes leading to their transcriptional repression. JARID2 is a co‐factor of PRC2 and is important for targeting PRC2 to chromatin. Here, we show that, unlike in embryonic stem cells, in lineage‐committed human cells, including human epidermal keratinocytes, JARID2 predominantly exists as a novel low molecular weight form, which lacks the N‐terminal PRC2‐interacting domain (ΔN‐JARID2). We show that ΔN‐JARID2 is a cleaved product of full‐length JARID2 spanning the C‐terminal conserved jumonji domains. JARID2 knockout in keratinocytes results in up‐regulation of cell cycle genes and repression of many epidermal differentiation genes. Surprisingly, repression of epidermal differentiation genes in JARID2‐null keratinocytes can be rescued by expression of ΔN‐JARID2 suggesting that, in contrast to PRC2, ΔN‐JARID2 promotes activation of differentiation genes. We propose that a switch from expression of full‐length JARID2 to ΔN‐JARID2 is important for the up‐regulation differentiation genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diaa Al-Raawi
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rhian Jones
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - John Halsall
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marija Petric
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sally Roberts
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Neil A Hotchin
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Aditi Kanhere
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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22
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Bao X, Siprashvili Z, Zarnegar BJ, Shenoy RM, Rios EJ, Nady N, Qu K, Mah A, Webster DE, Rubin AJ, Wozniak GG, Tao S, Wysocka J, Khavari PA. CSNK1a1 Regulates PRMT1 to Maintain the Progenitor State in Self-Renewing Somatic Tissue. Dev Cell 2017; 43:227-239.e5. [PMID: 28943242 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Somatic progenitors sustain tissue self-renewal while suppressing premature differentiation. Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) affect many processes; however, their role in progenitor function is incompletely understood. PRMT1 was found to be the most highly expressed PRMT in epidermal progenitors and the most downregulated PRMT during differentiation. In targeted mouse knockouts and in long-term regenerated human mosaic epidermis in vivo, epidermal PRMT1 loss abolished progenitor self-renewal and led to premature differentiation. Mass spectrometry of the PRMT1 protein interactome identified the CSNK1a1 kinase, which also proved essential for progenitor maintenance. CSNK1a1 directly bound and phosphorylated PRMT1 to control its genomic targeting to PRMT1-sustained proliferation genes as well as PRMT1-suppressed differentiation genes. Among the latter were GRHL3, whose derepression was required for the premature differentiation seen with PRMT1 and CSNK1a1 loss. Maintenance of the progenitors thus requires cooperation by PRMT1 and CSNK1a1 to sustain proliferation gene expression and suppress premature differentiation driven by GRHL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Bao
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Room 2145, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Departments of Molecular Biosciences and Dermatology, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Hogan 2-100, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Zurab Siprashvili
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Room 2145, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brian J Zarnegar
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Room 2145, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rajani M Shenoy
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Room 2145, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eon J Rios
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Room 2145, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Natalie Nady
- Chemical and Systems Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kun Qu
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Room 2145, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Angela Mah
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Room 2145, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel E Webster
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Room 2145, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adam J Rubin
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Room 2145, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Glenn G Wozniak
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Room 2145, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shiying Tao
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Room 2145, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joanna Wysocka
- Chemical and Systems Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul A Khavari
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Room 2145, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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23
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Late-stage differentiation of embryonic pancreatic β-cells requires Jarid2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11643. [PMID: 28912479 PMCID: PMC5599523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11691-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Jarid2 is a component of the Polycomb Repressor complex 2 (PRC2), which is responsible for genome-wide H3K27me3 deposition, in embryonic stem cells. However, Jarid2 has also been shown to exert pleiotropic PRC2-independent actions during embryogenesis. Here, we have investigated the role of Jarid2 during pancreas development. Conditional ablation of Jarid2 in pancreatic progenitors results in reduced endocrine cell area at birth due to impaired endocrine cell differentiation and reduced prenatal proliferation. Inactivation of Jarid2 in endocrine progenitors demonstrates that Jarid2 functions after endocrine specification. Furthermore, genome-wide expression analysis reveals that Jarid2 is required for the complete activation of the insulin-producing β-cell differentiation program. Jarid2-deficient pancreases exhibit impaired deposition of RNAPII-Ser5P, the initiating form of RNAPII, but no changes in H3K27me3, at the promoters of affected endocrine genes. Thus, our study identifies Jarid2 as a fine-tuner of gene expression during late stages of pancreatic endocrine cell development. These findings are relevant for generation of transplantable stem cell-derived β-cells.
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24
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D'Arcangelo D, Tinaburri L, Dellambra E. The Role of p16 INK4a Pathway in Human Epidermal Stem Cell Self-Renewal, Aging and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071591. [PMID: 28737694 PMCID: PMC5536078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermis is a self-renewing tissue. The balance between proliferation and differentiation processes is tightly regulated to ensure the maintenance of the stem cell (SC) population in the epidermis during life. Aging and cancer may be considered related endpoints of accumulating damages within epidermal self-renewing compartment. p16INK4a is a potent inhibitor of the G1/S-phase transition of the cell cycle. p16INK4a governs the processes of SC self-renewal in several tissues and its deregulation may result in aging or tumor development. Keratinocytes are equipped with several epigenetic enzymes and transcription factors that shape the gene expression signatures of different epidermal layers and allow dynamic and coordinated expression changes to finely balance keratinocyte self-renewal and differentiation. These factors converge their activity in the basal layer to repress p16INK4a expression, protecting cells from senescence, and preserving epidermal homeostasis and regeneration. Several stress stimuli may activate p16INK4a expression that orchestrates cell cycle exit and senescence response. In the present review, we discuss the role of p16INK4a regulators in human epidermal SC self-renewal, aging and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela D'Arcangelo
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), Fondazione Luigi Maria Monti (FLMM), via Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy.
| | - Lavinia Tinaburri
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), Fondazione Luigi Maria Monti (FLMM), via Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elena Dellambra
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), Fondazione Luigi Maria Monti (FLMM), via Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy.
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25
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Jiang Y, Chen Y, Chen Y. Knockdown of JARID2 inhibits the viability and migration of placenta trophoblast cells in preeclampsia. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3594-3599. [PMID: 28714012 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein Jumonji (JARID2) is a member of the Jumonji family of proteins and has been demonstrated to regulate cell proliferation and invasion. However, little is known about the role of JARID2 in the metastasis of placenta trophoblast cells. In the present study, the effect and the underlying molecular mechanism of JARID2 on trophoblast cell viability and invasion was investigated. The expression of JARID2 in placental tissues was analyzed by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. HTR8/SVneo cells were transfected with si‑JARID2 or scramble for 24 h. Cell viability, migration and invasion in HTR8/SVneo cells were then evaluated. The expression levels of matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2), MMP9, phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase (p‑PI3K), PI3K, phosphorylated AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (p‑Akt) and Akt in HTR8/SVneo cells were also detected using western blotting. The results of the present study demonstrated that JARID2 is underexpressed in human preeclamptic placentas. The knockdown of JARID2 significantly inhibited the viability, migration and invasion of HTR8/SVneo cells. In addition, the knockdown of JARID2 significantly decreased the levels of phosphorylated PI3K and Akt in HTR8/SVneo cells. The results of the present study demonstrated that JARID2 may serve a role in the progression of preeclampsia. The knockdown of JARID2 inhibited the viability and invasion of trophoblast cells in preeclampsia by suppressing the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Therefore, JARID2 may serve as a novel potential target for treating preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatao Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
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26
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Abstract
Mammalian embryonic development is a tightly regulated process that, from a single zygote, produces a large number of cell types with hugely divergent functions. Distinct cellular differentiation programmes are facilitated by tight transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. However, the contribution of epigenetic regulation to tissue homeostasis after the completion of development is less well understood. In this Review, we explore the effects of epigenetic dysregulation on adult stem cell function. We conclude that, depending on the tissue type and the epigenetic regulator affected, the consequences range from negligible to stem cell malfunction and disruption of tissue homeostasis, which may predispose to diseases such as cancer.
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27
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Sarate RM, Chovatiya GL, Ravi V, Khade B, Gupta S, Waghmare SK. sPLA2 -IIA Overexpression in Mice Epidermis Depletes Hair Follicle Stem Cells and Induces Differentiation Mediated Through Enhanced JNK/c-Jun Activation. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2407-17. [PMID: 27299855 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A2 Group-IIA (sPLA2 -IIA) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids. sPLA2 -IIA is deregulated in various cancers; however, its role in hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) regulation is obscure. Here we report a transgenic mice overexpressing sPLA2 -IIA (K14-sPLA2 -IIA) showed depletion of HFSC pool. This was accompanied with increased differentiation, loss of ortho-parakeratotic organization and enlargement of sebaceous gland, infundibulum and junctional zone. The colony forming efficiency of keratinocytes was significantly reduced. Microarray profiling of HFSCs revealed enhanced level of epithelial mitogens and transcription factors, c-Jun and FosB that may be involved in proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, K14-sPLA2 -IIA keratinocytes showed enhanced activation of EGFR and JNK1/2 that led to c-Jun activation, which co-related with enhanced differentiation. Further, depletion of stem cells in bulge is associated with high levels of chromatin silencing mark, H3K27me3 and low levels of an activator mark, H3K9ac suggestive of alteration in gene expression contributing toward stem cells differentiation. Our results, first time uncovered that overexpression of sPLA2 -IIA lead to depletion of HFSCs and differentiation associated with altered histone modification. Thus involvement of sPLA2 -IIA in stem cells regulation and disease pathogenesis suggest its prospective clinical implications. Stem Cells 2016;34:2407-2417.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bharat Khade
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Biology Group, Gupta Lab, Cancer Research Institute, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Biology Group, Gupta Lab, Cancer Research Institute, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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28
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Abhishek S, Palamadai Krishnan S. Epidermal Differentiation Complex: A Review on Its Epigenetic Regulation and Potential Drug Targets. CELL JOURNAL 2016; 18:1-6. [PMID: 27054112 PMCID: PMC4819378 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.3980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The primary feature of the mammalian skin includes the hair follicle, inter-follicular epidermis and the sebaceous glands, all of which form pilo-sebaceous units. The epidermal
protective layer undergoes an ordered/programmed process of proliferation and differentiation, ultimately culminating in the formation of a cornified envelope consisting of enucleated corneocytes. These terminally differentiated cells slough off in a cyclic manner and
this process is regulated via induction or repression of epidermal differentiation complex
(EDC) genes. These genes, spanning 2 Mb region of human chromosome 1q21, play a
crucial role in epidermal development, through various mechanisms. Each of these mechanisms employs a unique chromatin re-modelling factor or an epigenetic modifier. These
factors act to regulate epidermal differentiation singly and/or in combination. Diseases like
psoriasis and cancer exhibit aberrations in proliferation and differentiation through, in part,
dysregulation in these epigenetic mechanisms. Knowledge of the existing mechanisms
in the physiological and the aforesaid pathological contexts may not only facilitate drug
development, it also can make refinements to the existing drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinha Abhishek
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
Epithelia cover the surfaces and line the cavities of the body. Recent studies have highlighted the existence of multiple stem cell compartments within individual epithelia that exhibit striking plasticity in response to tissue damage, transplantation, or tumor development. New knowledge about the composition of the epithelial niche and the transcription factor networks that maintain cell identity has provided new insights into the extrinsic and intrinsic regulation of stem cell behavior. In addition new in vitro tissue substitutes allow better integration of data from human and mouse models.
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30
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Cohen I, Ezhkova E. Cbx4: A new guardian of p63's domain of epidermal control. J Cell Biol 2015; 212:9-11. [PMID: 26711501 PMCID: PMC4700485 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201512032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulators are essential for cell lineage choices during development. In this issue, Mardaryev et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol.http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201506065) show that Polycomb subunit Cbx4 acts downstream of transcriptional regulator p63 to maintain epidermal progenitor identity and proliferation in the developing epidermis via Polycomb-dependent and -independent SUMO E3 ligase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idan Cohen
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Elena Ezhkova
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
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31
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Mardaryev AN, Liu B, Rapisarda V, Poterlowicz K, Malashchuk I, Rudolf J, Sharov AA, Jahoda CA, Fessing MY, Benitah SA, Xu GL, Botchkarev VA. Cbx4 maintains the epithelial lineage identity and cell proliferation in the developing stratified epithelium. J Cell Biol 2015; 212:77-89. [PMID: 26711500 PMCID: PMC4700479 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201506065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb complex member Cbx4 represses nonepidermal lineage and cell cycle inhibitor genes in the epidermal keratinocytes and operates as a direct p63 target, maintaining epithelial identity and proliferative activity in the developing epidermis. During development, multipotent progenitor cells establish lineage-specific programmers of gene activation and silencing underlying their differentiation into specialized cell types. We show that the Polycomb component Cbx4 serves as a critical determinant that maintains the epithelial identity in the developing epidermis by repressing nonepidermal gene expression programs. Cbx4 ablation in mice results in a marked decrease of the epidermal thickness and keratinocyte (KC) proliferation associated with activation of numerous neuronal genes and genes encoding cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (p16/p19 and p57). Furthermore, the chromodomain- and SUMO E3 ligase–dependent Cbx4 activities differentially regulate proliferation, differentiation, and expression of nonepidermal genes in KCs. Finally, Cbx4 expression in KCs is directly regulated by p63 transcription factor, whereas Cbx4 overexpression is capable of partially rescuing the effects of p63 ablation on epidermal development. These data demonstrate that Cbx4 plays a crucial role in the p63-regulated program of epidermal differentiation, maintaining the epithelial identity and proliferative activity in KCs via repression of the selected nonepidermal lineage and cell cycle inhibitor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei N Mardaryev
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Yorkshire BD7 1DP, England, UK
| | - Bo Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Valentina Rapisarda
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Yorkshire BD7 1DP, England, UK
| | - Krzysztof Poterlowicz
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Yorkshire BD7 1DP, England, UK
| | - Igor Malashchuk
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Yorkshire BD7 1DP, England, UK
| | - Jana Rudolf
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Yorkshire BD7 1DP, England, UK
| | - Andrey A Sharov
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Colin A Jahoda
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, England, UK
| | - Michael Y Fessing
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Yorkshire BD7 1DP, England, UK
| | - Salvador A Benitah
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 08028 Barcelona, Spain Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guo-Liang Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Vladimir A Botchkarev
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Yorkshire BD7 1DP, England, UK Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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32
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Veazey KJ, Parnell SE, Miranda RC, Golding MC. Dose-dependent alcohol-induced alterations in chromatin structure persist beyond the window of exposure and correlate with fetal alcohol syndrome birth defects. Epigenetics Chromatin 2015; 8:39. [PMID: 26421061 PMCID: PMC4587584 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-015-0031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, we have come to recognize that a multitude of in utero exposures have the capacity to induce the development of congenital and metabolic defects. As most of these encounters manifest their effects beyond the window of exposure, deciphering the mechanisms of teratogenesis is incredibly difficult. For many agents, altered epigenetic programming has become suspect in transmitting the lasting signature of exposure leading to dysgenesis. However, while several chemicals can perturb chromatin structure acutely, for many agents (particularly alcohol) it remains unclear if these modifications represent transient responses to exposure or heritable lesions leading to pathology. Results Here, we report that mice encountering an acute exposure to alcohol on gestational Day-7 exhibit significant alterations in chromatin structure (histone 3 lysine 9 dimethylation, lysine 9 acetylation, and lysine 27 trimethylation) at Day-17, and that these changes strongly correlate with the development of craniofacial and central nervous system defects. Using a neural cortical stem cell model, we find that the epigenetic changes arising as a consequence of alcohol exposure are heavily dependent on the gene under investigation, the dose of alcohol encountered, and that the signatures arising acutely differ significantly from those observed after a 4-day recovery period. Importantly, the changes observed post-recovery are consistent with those modeled in vivo, and associate with alterations in transcripts encoding multiple homeobox genes directing neurogenesis. Unexpectedly, we do not observe a correlation between alcohol-induced changes in chromatin structure and alterations in transcription. Interestingly, the majority of epigenetic changes observed occur in marks associated with repressive chromatin structure, and we identify correlative disruptions in transcripts encoding Dnmt1, Eed, Ehmt2 (G9a), EzH2, Kdm1a, Kdm4c, Setdb1, Sod3, Tet1 and Uhrf1. Conclusions These observations suggest that the immediate and long-term impacts of alcohol exposure on chromatin structure are distinct, and hint at the existence of a possible coordinated
epigenetic response to ethanol during development. Collectively, our results indicate that alcohol-induced modifications to chromatin structure persist beyond the window of exposure, and likely contribute to the development of fetal alcohol syndrome-associated congenital abnormalities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13072-015-0031-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylee J Veazey
- Room 338 VMA, 4466 TAMU, Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466 USA
| | - Scott E Parnell
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, CB# 7178, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Rajesh C Miranda
- Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Texas A&M University, 8441 State Highway 47, Clinical Building 1, Suite 3100, Bryan, TX 77807 USA
| | - Michael C Golding
- Room 338 VMA, 4466 TAMU, Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466 USA
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Landeira D, Bagci H, Malinowski AR, Brown KE, Soza-Ried J, Feytout A, Webster Z, Ndjetehe E, Cantone I, Asenjo HG, Brockdorff N, Carroll T, Merkenschlager M, Fisher AG. Jarid2 Coordinates Nanog Expression and PCP/Wnt Signaling Required for Efficient ESC Differentiation and Early Embryo Development. Cell Rep 2015; 12:573-86. [PMID: 26190104 PMCID: PMC4534826 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Jarid2 is part of the Polycomb Repressor complex 2 (PRC2) responsible for genome-wide H3K27me3 deposition. Unlike other PRC2-deficient embryonic stem cells (ESCs), however, Jarid2-deficient ESCs show a severe differentiation block, altered colony morphology, and distinctive patterns of deregulated gene expression. Here, we show that Jarid2−/− ESCs express constitutively high levels of Nanog but reduced PCP signaling components Wnt9a, Prickle1, and Fzd2 and lowered β-catenin activity. Depletion of Wnt9a/Prickle1/Fzd2 from wild-type ESCs or overexpression of Nanog largely phenocopies these cellular defects. Co-culture of Jarid2−/− with wild-type ESCs restores variable Nanog expression and β-catenin activity and can partially rescue the differentiation block of mutant cells. In addition, we show that ESCs lacking Jarid2 or Wnt9a/Prickle1/Fzd2 or overexpressing Nanog induce multiple ICM formation when injected into normal E3.5 blastocysts. These data describe a previously unrecognized role for Jarid2 in regulating a core pluripotency and Wnt/PCP signaling circuit that is important for ESC differentiation and for pre-implantation development. ESCs lacking Jarid2 show constitutive Nanog expression ESCs lacking Jarid2 have reduced PCP/Wnt signaling Co-culture of Jarid2-null and WT ESCs restores differentiation capability Jarid2-null ESCs form more than one ICM upon injection to E3.5 mouse blastocysts
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Affiliation(s)
- David Landeira
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Department of Computer Science and A. I., University of Granada, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Avenue de la Ilustracion 114, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Hakan Bagci
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Andrzej R Malinowski
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Karen E Brown
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jorge Soza-Ried
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Amelie Feytout
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Zoe Webster
- Transgenics and Embryonic Stem Cell Laboratory, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Elodie Ndjetehe
- Transgenics and Embryonic Stem Cell Laboratory, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Irene Cantone
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Helena G Asenjo
- Department of Computer Science and A. I., University of Granada, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Avenue de la Ilustracion 114, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Neil Brockdorff
- Developmental Epigenetics Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford 1 3QU, UK
| | - Thomas Carroll
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Matthias Merkenschlager
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Amanda G Fisher
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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34
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Wurm S, Zhang J, Guinea-Viniegra J, García F, Muñoz J, Bakiri L, Ezhkova E, Wagner EF. Terminal epidermal differentiation is regulated by the interaction of Fra-2/AP-1 with Ezh2 and ERK1/2. Genes Dev 2014; 29:144-56. [PMID: 25547114 PMCID: PMC4298134 DOI: 10.1101/gad.249748.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Wurm et al. identified Fra-2/AP-1 as a key regulator of terminal epidermal differentiation. Loss of Fra-2 in suprabasal keratinocytes is sufficient to cause skin barrier defects due to reduced expression of differentiation genes. The induction of epidermal differentiation by Fra-2 is controlled by a dual mechanism involving Ezh2-dependent methylation and activation by ERK1/2-dependent phosphorylation. Altered epidermal differentiation characterizes numerous skin diseases affecting >25% of the human population. Here we identified Fra-2/AP-1 as a key regulator of terminal epidermal differentiation. Epithelial-restricted, ectopic expression of Fra-2 induced expression of epidermal differentiation genes located within the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC). Moreover, in a papilloma-prone background, a reduced tumor burden was observed due to precocious keratinocyte differentiation by Fra-2 expression. Importantly, loss of Fra-2 in suprabasal keratinocytes is sufficient to cause skin barrier defects due to reduced expression of differentiation genes. Mechanistically, Fra-2 binds and transcriptionally regulates EDC gene promoters, which are co-occupied by the transcriptional repressor Ezh2. Fra-2 remains transcriptionally inactive in nondifferentiated keratinocytes, where it was found monomethylated and dimethylated on Lys104 and interacted with Ezh2. Upon keratinocyte differentiation, Fra-2 is C-terminally phosphorylated on Ser320 and Thr322 by ERK1/2, leading to transcriptional activation. Thus, the induction of epidermal differentiation by Fra-2 is controlled by a dual mechanism involving Ezh2-dependent methylation and activation by ERK1/2-dependent phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Wurm
- BBVA Foundation-CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid E28029, Spain
| | - Jisheng Zhang
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266500, China
| | - Juan Guinea-Viniegra
- BBVA Foundation-CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid E28029, Spain
| | - Fernando García
- Proteomics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid E28029, Spain
| | - Javier Muñoz
- Proteomics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid E28029, Spain
| | - Latifa Bakiri
- BBVA Foundation-CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid E28029, Spain
| | - Elena Ezhkova
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- BBVA Foundation-CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid E28029, Spain;
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35
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Roberts N, Horsley V. Developing stratified epithelia: lessons from the epidermis and thymus. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 3:389-402. [PMID: 25176390 PMCID: PMC4283209 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stratified squamous epithelial cells are found in a number of organs, including the skin epidermis and the thymus. The progenitor cells of the developing epidermis form a multi-layered epithelium and appendages, like the hair follicle, to generate an essential barrier to protect against water loss and invasion of foreign pathogens. In contrast, the thymic epithelium forms a three-dimensional mesh of keratinocytes that are essential for positive and negative selection of self-restricted T cells. While these distinct stratified epithelial tissues derive from distinct embryonic germ layers, both tissues instruct immunity, and the epithelial differentiation programs and molecular mechanisms that control their development are remarkably similar. In this review, we aim to highlight some of the similarities between the thymus and the skin epidermis and its appendages during developmental specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Roberts
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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36
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Vizán P, Beringer M, Ballaré C, Di Croce L. Role of PRC2-associated factors in stem cells and disease. FEBS J 2014; 282:1723-35. [PMID: 25271128 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Polycomb group (PcG) of proteins form chromatin-binding complexes with histone-modifying activity. The two main PcG repressive complexes studied (PRC1 and PRC2) are generally associated with chromatin in its repressed state. PRC2 is responsible for methylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3), an epigenetic mark that is linked with numerous biological processes, including development, adult homeostasis and cancer. The core canonical complex PRC2, which contains the EZH1/2, SUZ12 and EED proteins, may be extended and functionally manipulated through interactions with several other proteins. In this review, we focus on these PRC2-associated proteins. As PRC2 functions are diverse, the variability conferred by these sub-stoichiometrically associated members may help to understand specific changes in PRC2 activity, chromatin recruitment and distribution required for gene repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Vizán
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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37
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Kaneko S, Son J, Bonasio R, Shen SS, Reinberg D. Nascent RNA interaction keeps PRC2 activity poised and in check. Genes Dev 2014; 28:1983-8. [PMID: 25170018 PMCID: PMC4173153 DOI: 10.1101/gad.247940.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Polycomb-repressive complex 2 (PRC2) facilitates the maintenance and inheritance of chromatin domains repressive to transcription through catalysis of methylation of histone H3 at Lys27 (H3K27me2/3). However, through its EZH2 subunit, PRC2 also binds to nascent transcripts from active genes that are devoid of H3K27me2/3 in embryonic stem cells. Here, biochemical analyses indicated that RNA interaction inhibits SET domain-containing proteins, such as PRC2, nonspecifically in vitro. However, CRISPR-mediated truncation of a PRC2-interacting nascent RNA rescued PRC2-mediated deposition of H3K27me2/3. That PRC2 activity is inhibited by interactions with nascent transcripts supports a model in which PRC2 can only mark for repression those genes silenced by transcriptional repressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syuzo Kaneko
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York 10016, USA
| | - Jinsook Son
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York 10016, USA
| | - Roberto Bonasio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Epigenetics Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Steven S Shen
- Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Danny Reinberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York 10016, USA
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38
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Rinaldi L, Benitah SA. Epigenetic regulation of adult stem cell function. FEBS J 2014; 282:1589-604. [PMID: 25060320 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that specify cell lineages throughout development, and that maintain tissue homeostasis during adulthood, is paramount towards our understanding of why we age or develop pathologies such as cancer. Epigenetic mechanisms ensure that genetically identical cells acquire different fates during embryonic development and are therefore essential for the proper progression of development. How they do so is still a matter of intense investigation, but there is sufficient evidence indicating that they act in a concerted manner with inductive signals and tissue-specific transcription factors to promote and stabilize fate changes along the three germ layers during development. In consequence, it is generally hypothesized that epigenetic mechanisms are also required for the continuous maintenance of cell fate during adulthood. However, in vivo models in which different epigenetic factors have been depleted in different tissues do not show overt changes in cell lineage, thus not strongly supporting this view. Instead, the function of some of these factors appears to be primarily associated with tissue functionality, and a strong causal relationship has been established between their misregulation and a diseased state. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the role of epigenetic factors in adult stem cell function and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Rinaldi
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
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39
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Hsu YC, Li L, Fuchs E. Emerging interactions between skin stem cells and their niches. Nat Med 2014; 20:847-56. [PMID: 25100530 PMCID: PMC4358898 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The skin protects mammals from insults, infection and dehydration and enables thermoregulation and sensory perception. Various skin-resident cells carry out these diverse functions. Constant turnover of cells and healing upon injury necessitate multiple reservoirs of stem cells. Thus, the skin provides a model for studying interactions between stem cells and their microenvironments, or niches. Advances in genetic and imaging tools have brought new findings about the lineage relationships between skin stem cells and their progeny and about the mutual influences between skin stem cells and their niches. Such knowledge may offer novel avenues for therapeutics and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chieh Hsu
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA. [2]
| | - Lishi Li
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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40
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Pygo2 regulates β-catenin-induced activation of hair follicle stem/progenitor cells and skin hyperplasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:10215-20. [PMID: 24982158 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1311395111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the epigenetic mechanisms that control the activation of adult stem cells holds the promise of tissue and organ regeneration. Hair follicle stem cells have emerged as a prime model to study stem cell activation. Wnt/β-catenin signaling controls multiple aspects of skin epithelial regeneration, with its excessive activity promoting the hyperactivation of hair follicle stem/progenitor cells and tumorigenesis. The contribution of chromatin factors in regulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway function in these processes is unknown. Here, we show that chromatin effector Pygopus homolog 2 (Pygo2) produced by the epithelial cells facilitates depilation-induced hair regeneration, as well as β-catenin-induced activation of hair follicle stem/early progenitor cells and trichofolliculoma-like skin hyperplasia. Pygo2 maximizes the expression of Wnt/β-catenin targets, but is dispensable for β-catenin-mediated expansion of LIM/homeobox protein Lhx2(+) cells, in the stem/early progenitor cell compartment of the hair follicle. Moreover, β-catenin and Pygo2 converge to induce the accumulation and acetylation of tumor suppressor protein p53 upon the cell cycle entry of hair follicle early progenitor cells and in cultured keratinocytes. These findings identify Pygo2 as an important regulator of Wnt/β-catenin function in skin epithelia and p53 activation as a prominent downstream event of β-catenin/Pygo2 action in stem cell activation.
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41
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Mardaryev AN, Gdula MR, Yarker JL, Emelianov VU, Emelianov VN, Poterlowicz K, Sharov AA, Sharova TY, Scarpa JA, Joffe B, Solovei I, Chambon P, Botchkarev VA, Fessing MY. p63 and Brg1 control developmentally regulated higher-order chromatin remodelling at the epidermal differentiation complex locus in epidermal progenitor cells. Development 2014; 141:101-11. [PMID: 24346698 DOI: 10.1242/dev.103200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin structural states and their remodelling, including higher-order chromatin folding and three-dimensional (3D) genome organisation, play an important role in the control of gene expression. The role of 3D genome organisation in the control and execution of lineage-specific transcription programmes during the development and differentiation of multipotent stem cells into specialised cell types remains poorly understood. Here, we show that substantial remodelling of the higher-order chromatin structure of the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC), a keratinocyte lineage-specific gene locus on mouse chromosome 3, occurs during epidermal morphogenesis. During epidermal development, the locus relocates away from the nuclear periphery towards the nuclear interior into a compartment enriched in SC35-positive nuclear speckles. Relocation of the EDC locus occurs prior to the full activation of EDC genes involved in controlling terminal keratinocyte differentiation and is a lineage-specific, developmentally regulated event controlled by transcription factor p63, a master regulator of epidermal development. We also show that, in epidermal progenitor cells, p63 directly regulates the expression of the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeller Brg1, which binds to distinct domains within the EDC and is required for relocation of the EDC towards the nuclear interior. Furthermore, Brg1 also regulates gene expression within the EDC locus during epidermal morphogenesis. Thus, p63 and its direct target Brg1 play an essential role in remodelling the higher-order chromatin structure of the EDC and in the specific positioning of this locus within the landscape of the 3D nuclear space, as required for the efficient expression of EDC genes in epidermal progenitor cells during skin development.
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Abstract
The skin is the first line of defense against dehydration and external environmental aggressions. It constantly renews itself throughout adult life mainly due to the activity of tissue-specific stem cells. In this review, we discuss fundamental characteristics of different stem cell populations within the skin and how they are able to contribute to normal skin homeostasis. We also examine the most recent results regarding the cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic components of the stem cell niche within the adult skin epithelium. Finally, we address the recent efforts to understand how abnormal regulation of stem cell activity contributes to the initiation and progression of skin-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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First International Symposium "Epigenetic Control of Skin Development and Regeneration": how chromatin regulators orchestrate skin functions. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1918-21. [PMID: 23856928 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Tarayrah L, Chen X. Epigenetic regulation in adult stem cells and cancers. Cell Biosci 2013; 3:41. [PMID: 24172544 PMCID: PMC3852361 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-3-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells maintain tissue homeostasis by their ability to both self-renew and differentiate to distinct cell types. Multiple signaling pathways have been shown to play essential roles as extrinsic cues in maintaining adult stem cell identity and activity. Recent studies also show dynamic regulation by epigenetic mechanisms as intrinsic factors in multiple adult stem cell lineages. Emerging evidence demonstrates intimate crosstalk between these two mechanisms. Misregulation of adult stem cell activity could lead to tumorigenesis, and it has been proposed that cancer stem cells may be responsible for tumor growth and metastasis. However, it is unclear whether cancer stem cells share commonalities with normal adult stem cells. In this review, we will focus on recent discoveries of epigenetic regulation in multiple adult stem cell lineages. We will also discuss how epigenetic mechanisms regulate cancer stem cell activity and probe the common and different features between cancer stem cells and normal adult stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Tarayrah
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Bao X, Tang J, Lopez-Pajares V, Tao S, Qu K, Crabtree GR, Khavari PA. ACTL6a enforces the epidermal progenitor state by suppressing SWI/SNF-dependent induction of KLF4. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 12:193-203. [PMID: 23395444 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Somatic progenitors suppress differentiation to maintain tissue self-renewal. The mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex regulates nucleosome packaging to control differentiation in embryonic and adult stem cells. Catalytic Brg1 and Brm subunits are required for these processes; however, the roles of SWI/SNF regulatory subunits are not fully understood. Here, we show that ACTL6a/BAF53A modulates the SWI/SNF complex to suppress differentiation in epidermis. Conditional loss of ACTL6a resulted in terminal differentiation, cell-cycle exit, and hypoplasia, whereas ectopic expression of ACTL6a promoted the progenitor state. A significant portion of genes regulated by ACTL6a were found to also be targets of KLF4, a known activator of epidermal differentiation. Mechanistically, we show that ACTL6a prevents SWI/SNF complex binding to promoters of KLF4 and other differentiation genes and that SWI/SNF catalytic subunits are required for full induction of KLF4 targets. Thus, ACTL6a controls the epidermal progenitor state by sequestering SWI/SNF to prevent activation of differentiation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Bao
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Mulero MC, Ferres-Marco D, Islam A, Margalef P, Pecoraro M, Toll A, Drechsel N, Charneco C, Davis S, Bellora N, Gallardo F, López-Arribillaga E, Asensio-Juan E, Rodilla V, González J, Iglesias M, Shih V, Albà MM, Di Croce L, Hoffmann A, Miyamoto S, Villà-Freixa J, López-Bigas N, Keyes WM, Domínguez M, Bigas A, Espinosa L. Chromatin-bound IκBα regulates a subset of polycomb target genes in differentiation and cancer. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:151-66. [PMID: 23850221 PMCID: PMC3962677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
IκB proteins are the primary inhibitors of NF-κB. Here, we demonstrate that sumoylated and phosphorylated IκBα accumulates in the nucleus of keratinocytes and interacts with histones H2A and H4 at the regulatory region of HOX and IRX genes. Chromatin-bound IκBα modulates Polycomb recruitment and imparts their competence to be activated by TNFα. Mutations in the Drosophila IκBα gene cactus enhance the homeotic phenotype of Polycomb mutants, which is not counteracted by mutations in dorsal/NF-κB. Oncogenic transformation of keratinocytes results in cytoplasmic IκBα translocation associated with a massive activation of Hox. Accumulation of cytoplasmic IκBα was found in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) associated with IKK activation and HOX upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carmen Mulero
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Dolors Ferres-Marco
- Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, CSIC-UMH, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Abul Islam
- Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Pol Margalef
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Matteo Pecoraro
- Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Cancer, Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Agustí Toll
- Dermatology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Nils Drechsel
- Computational Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratory, IMIM-Hospital del Mar and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Cristina Charneco
- Computational Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratory, IMIM-Hospital del Mar and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Shelly Davis
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6159 Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Nicolás Bellora
- Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | | | - Erika López-Arribillaga
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Elena Asensio-Juan
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Verónica Rodilla
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Jessica González
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Mar Iglesias
- Pathology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Vincent Shih
- Signaling Systems Laboratory, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093-0375, USA
| | - M. Mar Albà
- Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Luciano Di Croce
- Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Cancer, Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | | | - Shigeki Miyamoto
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6159 Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jordi Villà-Freixa
- Computational Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratory, IMIM-Hospital del Mar and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Escola Politècnica Superior (EPS), Universitat de Vic, Barcelona 08500, Spain
| | - Nuria López-Bigas
- Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - William M. Keyes
- Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Cancer, Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - María Domínguez
- Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, CSIC-UMH, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Anna Bigas
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Lluís Espinosa
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Aloia L, Di Stefano B, Di Croce L. Polycomb complexes in stem cells and embryonic development. Development 2013; 140:2525-34. [PMID: 23715546 DOI: 10.1242/dev.091553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are epigenetic modifiers involved in controlling gene repression. Organized within multiprotein complexes, they regulate developmental genes in multiple cell types and tissue contexts, including embryonic and adult stem cells, and are essential for cell fate transitions and proper development. Here, we summarize recent breakthroughs that have revealed the diversity of PcG complexes acting in different cell types and genomic contexts. Intriguingly, it appears that particular PcG proteins have specific functions in embryonic development, in pluripotent stem cells and in reprogramming somatic cells into a pluripotent-like state. Finally, we highlight recent results from analyzing PcG protein functions in multipotent stem cells, such as neural, hematopoietic and epidermal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Aloia
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), and UPF, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona,Spain
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Gautam M, Mathur A, Khan MA, Majumdar SS, Rai U. Transcriptome analysis of spermatogenically regressed, recrudescent and active phase testis of seasonally breeding wall lizards Hemidactylus flaviviridis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58276. [PMID: 23536792 PMCID: PMC3594293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reptiles are phylogenically important group of organisms as mammals have evolved from them. Wall lizard testis exhibits clearly distinct morphology during various phases of a reproductive cycle making them an interesting model to study regulation of spermatogenesis. Studies on reptile spermatogenesis are negligible hence this study will prove to be an important resource. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Histological analyses show complete regression of seminiferous tubules during regressed phase with retracted Sertoli cells and spermatognia. In the recrudescent phase, regressed testis regain cellular activity showing presence of normal Sertoli cells and developing germ cells. In the active phase, testis reaches up to its maximum size with enlarged seminiferous tubules and presence of sperm in seminiferous lumen. Total RNA extracted from whole testis of regressed, recrudescent and active phase of wall lizard was hybridized on Mouse Whole Genome 8×60 K format gene chip. Microarray data from regressed phase was deemed as control group. Microarray data were validated by assessing the expression of some selected genes using Quantitative Real-Time PCR. The genes prominently expressed in recrudescent and active phase testis are cytoskeleton organization GO 0005856, cell growth GO 0045927, GTpase regulator activity GO: 0030695, transcription GO: 0006352, apoptosis GO: 0006915 and many other biological processes. The genes showing higher expression in regressed phase belonged to functional categories such as negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process GO: 0010605, negative regulation of gene expression GO: 0010629 and maintenance of stem cell niche GO: 0045165. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE This is the first exploratory study profiling transcriptome of three drastically different conditions of any reptilian testis. The genes expressed in the testis during regressed, recrudescent and active phase of reproductive cycle are in concordance with the testis morphology during these phases. This study will pave the way for deeper insight into regulation and evolution of gene regulatory mechanisms in spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Gautam
- Comparative Immuno-Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Amitabh Mathur
- Comparative Immuno-Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Meraj Alam Khan
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Subeer S. Majumdar
- Cellular Endocrinology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Umesh Rai
- Comparative Immuno-Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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Iglesias-Bartolome R, Callejas-Valera JL, Gutkind JS. Control of the epithelial stem cell epigenome: the shaping of epithelial stem cell identity. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 25:162-9. [PMID: 23434069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The squamous epithelium covering the skin and oral mucosa relies on epithelial stem cells for tissue renewal. Dynamic changes in DNA methylation, histone methylation and acetylation, and higher order chromatin structure are required to preserve their self-renewal capacity while orchestrating the timely execution of cell differentiation programs. This complex network of epigenetic modifications shapes the epithelial stem cell identity and fate. Pathological alterations can be perceived by aberrant chromatin sensors, such as the INK4/ARF locus, which initiate tumor suppressive cell senescence programs, and can often result in epithelial stem cell exhaustion. Unveiling the mechanisms controlling the epigenome in epithelial stem cells may help protect against the loss of their tissue regenerative capacity, thereby preventing premature aging without increasing cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Iglesias-Bartolome
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Barøy T, Misceo D, Strømme P, Stray-Pedersen A, Holmgren A, Rødningen OK, Blomhoff A, Helle JR, Stormyr A, Tvedt B, Fannemel M, Frengen E. Haploinsufficiency of two histone modifier genes on 6p22.3, ATXN1 and JARID2, is associated with intellectual disability. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:3. [PMID: 23294540 PMCID: PMC3675438 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nineteen patients with deletions in chromosome 6p22-p24 have been published so far. The syndromic phenotype is varied, and includes intellectual disability, behavioural abnormalities, dysmorphic features and structural organ defects. Heterogeneous deletion breakpoints and sizes (1-17 Mb) and overlapping phenotypes have made the identification of the disease causing genes challenging. We suggest JARID2 and ATXN1, both harbored in 6p22.3, as disease causing genes. METHODS AND RESULTS We describe five unrelated patients with de novo deletions (0.1-4.8 Mb in size) in chromosome 6p22.3-p24.1 detected by aCGH in a cohort of approximately 3600 patients ascertained for neurodevelopmental disorders. Two patients (Patients 4 and 5) carried non-overlapping deletions that were encompassed by the deletions of the remaining three patients (Patients 1-3), indicating the existence of two distinct dosage sensitive genes responsible for impaired cognitive function in 6p22.3 deletion-patients. The smallest region of overlap (SRO I) in Patients 1-4 (189 kb) included the genes JARID2 and DTNBP1, while SRO II in Patients 1-3 and 5 (116 kb) contained GMPR and ATXN1. Patients with deletion of SRO I manifested variable degrees of cognitive impairment, gait disturbance and distinct, similar facial dysmorphic features (prominent supraorbital ridges, deep set eyes, dark infraorbital circles and midface hypoplasia) that might be ascribed to the haploinsufficiency of JARID2. Patients with deletion of SRO II showed intellectual disability and behavioural abnormalities, likely to be caused by the deletion of ATXN1. Patients 1-3 presented with lower cognitive function than Patients 4 and 5, possibly due to the concomitant haploinsufficiency of both ATXN1 and JARID2. The chromatin modifier genes ATXN1 and JARID2 are likely candidates contributing to the clinical phenotype in 6p22-p24 deletion-patients. Both genes exert their effect on the Notch signalling pathway, which plays an important role in several developmental processes. CONCLUSIONS Patients carrying JARID2 deletion manifested with cognitive impairment, gait disturbance and a characteristic facial appearance, whereas patients with deletion of ATXN1 seemed to be characterized by intellectual disability and behavioural abnormalities. Due to the characteristic facial appearance, JARID2 haploinsufficiency might represent a clinically recognizable neurodevelopmental syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuva Barøy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo, P,O, Box 1036, Blindern, Oslo N-0315, Norway
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