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Yehui L, Zhihong L, Fang T, Zixuan Z, Mengyuan Z, Zhifang Y, Jiuhong Z. Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research on Circular RNA: Current Status and Future Directions. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:2064-2077. [PMID: 37587318 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00830-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have gained significant attention in recent years. This bibliometric analysis aimed to provide insights into the current state and future trends of global circRNA research. The scientific output on circRNAs from 2010 to 2022 was retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection with circRNA-related terms as the subjects. Key bibliometric indicators were calculated and evaluated using CiteSpace. A total of 7385 studies on circRNAs were identified. The output and citation number have increased rapidly after 2015. China, the USA, and Germany were top three publishing countries. Currently, circCDR1as, circHIPK3, circPVT1, circSHPRH, and circZNF609 are the most studied circRNAs; and all are related to cancer. The theme of research have shifted from transcript, exon circularization and miRNA sponge topics to the transcriptome, tumor suppressor, and biomarkers, indicating that research interests have evolved from basic to applied research. CircRNAs will continue to be a highly active research area in the near future. From the current understanding of circRNA characterization and regulatory mechanisms as miRNA sponges in cancer, future directions may examine potential diagnostic and therapeutic roles of circRNAs in cancers or the function and mechanism of circRNAs in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv Yehui
- Institute of Wound Prevention and Treatment, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, School of Fundamental Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhihong
- Institute of Wound Prevention and Treatment, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, School of Fundamental Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Fang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, School of Fundamental Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Fundamental Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng Zixuan
- Institute of Wound Prevention and Treatment, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhang Mengyuan
- Institute of Wound Prevention and Treatment, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhifang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, School of Fundamental Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Fundamental Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao Jiuhong
- Institute of Wound Prevention and Treatment, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, School of Fundamental Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Yang S, Hu C, Chen X, Tang Y, Li J, Yang H, Yang Y, Ying B, Xiao X, Li SZ, Gu L, Zhu Y. Crosstalk between metabolism and cell death in tumorigenesis. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:71. [PMID: 38575922 PMCID: PMC10993426 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-01977-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
It is generally recognized that tumor cells proliferate more rapidly than normal cells. Due to such an abnormally rapid proliferation rate, cancer cells constantly encounter the limits of insufficient oxygen and nutrient supplies. To satisfy their growth needs and resist adverse environmental events, tumor cells modify the metabolic pathways to produce both extra energies and substances required for rapid growth. Realizing the metabolic characters special for tumor cells will be helpful for eliminating them during therapy. Cell death is a hot topic of long-term study and targeting cell death is one of the most effective ways to repress tumor growth. Many studies have successfully demonstrated that metabolism is inextricably linked to cell death of cancer cells. Here we summarize the recently identified metabolic characters that specifically impact on different types of cell deaths and discuss their roles in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Yang
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, P. R. China
| | - Caden Hu
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, P. R. China
| | - Yi Tang
- Molecular Medicine Diagnostic and Testing Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Department of breast and thyroid surgery, Renmin hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, P. R. China
| | - Hanqing Yang
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, P. R. China
| | - Binwu Ying
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Clinical Laboratory Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.
| | - Shang-Ze Li
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, P. R. China.
| | - Li Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Clinical Laboratory Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Yahui Zhu
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, P. R. China.
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Wang J, Tao L, Liu Y, Liu H, Shen X, Tao L. Identification and validation of DLX4 as a prognostic and diagnostic biomarker for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2023; 25:146. [PMID: 36936018 PMCID: PMC10018244 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a lethal cancer, and biomarkers for exact diagnosis and predicting prognosis are urgently needed. The present study aimed to determine the roles of distal-less homeobox (DLX) family genes in ccRCC. The clinicopathological and mRNA expression data of patients with ccRCC were derived from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Kaplan-Meier curves, univariate and multivariate Cox hazard analyses, in addition to receiver operator characteristic curves were used to evaluate the prognostic and diagnostic values. A single-sample gene set enrichment analysis was used to quantify the infiltration levels of immune cells. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry were conducted to examine the expression levels of DLX4 in tumor and adjacent tissue; the results demonstrated that DLX4 was highly expressed in ccRCC tissues compared with normal renal tissues. Furthermore, DLX4 expression was associated with tumor stage and grade. High proportions of males, advanced pathological stage, higher tumor grade and T, N and M stage were also observed in the high DLX4 expression group. Patients with the high DLX4 expression levels tended to have lower overall survival and disease-free survival rates compared with those with low DLX4 expression. DLX4 expression also showed favorable diagnostic efficiency in ccRCC patients. Based on functional enrichment analysis, cell cycle related pathways, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, glycolysis and inflammatory response were associated with the expression levels of DLX4. Furthermore, DLX4 expression was revealed to be associated with tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. Overall, the expression level of DLX4 may be considered a novel prognostic indicator in ccRCC and a specific diagnostic biomarker for patients with ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Liangjun Tao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Yingqing Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Heqian Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Shen
- Department of Urology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Lingsong Tao
- Department of Urology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Lingsong Tao, Department of Urology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, 259 JiuHuaShan Avenue, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China, E-mail:
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Sahu A, Wang X, Munson P, Klomp JP, Wang X, Gu SS, Han Y, Qian G, Nicol P, Zeng Z, Wang C, Tokheim C, Zhang W, Fu J, Wang J, Nair NU, Rens JA, Bourajjaj M, Jansen B, Leenders I, Lemmers J, Musters M, van Zanten S, van Zelst L, Worthington J, Liu JS, Juric D, Meyer CA, Oubrie A, Liu XS, Fisher DE, Flaherty KT. Discovery of Targets for Immune-Metabolic Antitumor Drugs Identifies Estrogen-Related Receptor Alpha. Cancer Discov 2023; 13:672-701. [PMID: 36745048 PMCID: PMC9975674 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drugs that kill tumors through multiple mechanisms have the potential for broad clinical benefits. Here, we first developed an in silico multiomics approach (BipotentR) to find cancer cell-specific regulators that simultaneously modulate tumor immunity and another oncogenic pathway and then used it to identify 38 candidate immune-metabolic regulators. We show the tumor activities of these regulators stratify patients with melanoma by their response to anti-PD-1 using machine learning and deep neural approaches, which improve the predictive power of current biomarkers. The topmost identified regulator, ESRRA, is activated in immunotherapy-resistant tumors. Its inhibition killed tumors by suppressing energy metabolism and activating two immune mechanisms: (i) cytokine induction, causing proinflammatory macrophage polarization, and (ii) antigen-presentation stimulation, recruiting CD8+ T cells into tumors. We also demonstrate a wide utility of BipotentR by applying it to angiogenesis and growth suppressor evasion pathways. BipotentR (http://bipotentr.dfci.harvard.edu/) provides a resource for evaluating patient response and discovering drug targets that act simultaneously through multiple mechanisms. SIGNIFICANCE BipotentR presents resources for evaluating patient response and identifying targets for drugs that can kill tumors through multiple mechanisms concurrently. Inhibition of the topmost candidate target killed tumors by suppressing energy metabolism and effects on two immune mechanisms. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 517.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Sahu
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Xiaoman Wang
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Phillip Munson
- Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengqing Stan Gu
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ya Han
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gege Qian
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Phillip Nicol
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zexian Zeng
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chenfei Wang
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Collin Tokheim
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wubing Zhang
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jingxin Fu
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nishanth Ulhas Nair
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Bas Jansen
- Lead Pharma, Kloosterstraat, Oss, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jaap Lemmers
- Lead Pharma, Kloosterstraat, Oss, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Musters
- Lead Pharma, Kloosterstraat, Oss, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Jun S. Liu
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Dejan Juric
- Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Clifford A. Meyer
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - X. Shirley Liu
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David E. Fisher
- Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Keith T. Flaherty
- Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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Xie L, Zeng J, He M. Identification and verification of a BMPs-related gene signature for osteosarcoma prognosis prediction. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:181. [PMID: 36814224 PMCID: PMC9945650 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to get a deeper insight into new osteosarcoma (OS) signature based on bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)-related genes and to confirm the prognostic pattern to speculate on the overall survival among OS patients. METHODS Firstly, pathway analyses using Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were managed to search for possible prognostic mechanisms attached to the OS-specific differentially expressed BMPs-related genes (DEBRGs). Secondly, univariate and multivariate Cox analysis was executed to filter the prognostic DEBRGs and establish the polygenic model for risk prediction in OS patients with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve weighed the model's accuracy. Thirdly, the GEO database (GSE21257) was operated for independent validation. The nomogram was initiated using multivariable Cox regression. Immune infiltration of the OS sample was calculated. Finally, the three discovered hallmark genes' mRNA and protein expressions were verified. RESULTS A total of 46 DEBRGs were found in the OS and control samples, and three prognostic DEBRGs (DLX2, TERT, and EVX1) were screened under the LASSO regression analyses. Multivariate and univariate Cox regression analysis were devised to forge the OS risk model. Both the TARGET training and validation sets indicated that the prognostic biomarker-based risk score model performed well based on ROC curves. In high- and low-risk groups, immune cells, including memory B, activated mast, resting mast, plasma, and activated memory CD4 + T cells, and the immune, stromal, and ESTIMATE scores showed significant differences. The nomogram that predicts survival was established with good performance according to clinical features of OS patients and risk scores. Finally, the expression of three crucial BMP-related genes in OS cell lines was investigated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting (WB). CONCLUSION The new BMP-related prognostic signature linked to OS can be a new tool to identify biomarkers to detect the disease early and a potential candidate to better treat OS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Xie
- Division of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Trauma Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Yuebei People's Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiaxing Zeng
- Trauma Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Maolin He
- Division of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
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Dong W, Wang G, Bai Y, Li Y, Huo X, Zhao J, Lu W, Lu H, Wang C, Wang X, Chen H, Tan C. Analysis of the noncoding RNA regulatory networks of H37Rv- and H37Rv△1759c-infected macrophages. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1106643. [PMID: 36992931 PMCID: PMC10042141 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1106643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs regulate the process of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infecting the host, but there is no simultaneous transcriptional information of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) and the global regulatory networks of non-coding RNA. Rv1759c, a virulence factor, is a member of protein family containing the proline-glutamic acid (PE) in M. tb, which can increase M. tb survival. To reveal the noncoding RNA regulatory networks and the effect of Rv1759c on non-coding RNA expression during M. tb infection, we collected samples of H37Rv- and H37Rv△1759c-infected macrophages and explored the full transcriptome expression profile. We found 356 mRNAs, 433 lncRNAs, 168 circRNAs, and 12 miRNAs differentially expressed during H37Rv infection, 356 mRNAs, 433 lncRNAs, 168 circRNAs, and 12 miRNAs differentially expressed during H37Rv△1759c infection. We constructed lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks during H37Rv and H37Rv△1759c infection. We demonstrated the role of one of the hubs of the networks, hsa-miR-181b-3p, for H37Rv survival in macrophages. We discovered that the expression changes of 68 mRNAs, 92 lncRNAs, 26 circRNAs, and 3 miRNAs were only related to the deletion of Rv1759c by comparing the transcription profiles of H37Rv and H37Rv△1759c. Here, our study comprehensively characterizes the transcriptional profiles in THP1-derived-macrophages infected with H37Rv and H37Rv△1759c, which provides support and new directions for in-depth exploration of noncoding RNA and PE/PPE family functions during the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yajuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyu Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- WuHan Animal Disease Control Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenjia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Tan,
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Islam R, Mishra J, Bodas S, Bhattacharya S, Batra SK, Dutta S, Datta K. Role of Neuropilin-2-mediated signaling axis in cancer progression and therapy resistance. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:771-787. [PMID: 35776228 PMCID: PMC9247951 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuropilins (NRPs) are transmembrane proteins involved in vascular and nervous system development by regulating angiogenesis and axon guidance cues. Several published reports have established their role in tumorigenesis. NRPs are detectable in tumor cells of several cancer types and participate in cancer progression. NRP2 is also expressed in endothelial and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and promotes functions such as lymphangiogenesis and immune suppression important for cancer progression. In this review, we have taken a comprehensive approach to discussing various aspects of NRP2-signaling in cancer, including its regulation, functional significance in cancer progression, and how we could utilize our current knowledge to advance the studies and target NRP2 to develop effective cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridwan Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Juhi Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sanika Bodas
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Sreyashi Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Samikshan Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Kaustubh Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Chava S, Bugide S, Zhang X, Gupta R, Wajapeyee N. Betacellulin promotes tumor development and EGFR mutant lung cancer growth by stimulating the EGFR pathway and suppressing apoptosis. iScience 2022; 25:104211. [PMID: 35494243 PMCID: PMC9048069 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in the EGFR gene account for 15-20% of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cases. However, the mechanism for EGFR driven tumor development and growth is not fully understood. Here, using an mRNA expression profiling-based approach we identified betacellulin (BTC) as one the gene upregulated by oncogenic EGFR in an MAP kinase-dependent manner. BTC protein expression was markedly increased in LUAD patient samples compared to normal lung tissue, with higher expression in EGFR-mutant LUAD. BTC was sufficient to transform immortalized mouse cells, initiate tumor development in mice, and promote the survival of immortalized human lung epithelial cells. Conversely, knockdown of BTC inhibited the growth of EGFR-mutant human LUAD cells in culture and their tumor-forming ability in mice. Mechanistically, BTC knockdown resulted in attenuated EGFR signaling and apoptosis induction. Collectively, these results demonstrate a key role of BTC in EGFR-mutant LUAD, with potential therapeutic implications in LUAD and other EGFR-mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Chava
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Suresh Bugide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Xuchen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Romi Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Narendra Wajapeyee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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Yao H, Li C, Tan X. An age stratified analysis of the biomarkers in patients with colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22464. [PMID: 34789836 PMCID: PMC8599678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract, has a high incidence and mortality rate. Several recent studies have found that aging is associated with the increasing risk of cancer. Nevertheless, the expression status and function of age-related genes in CRC is still not well understood. In the study, we comprehensively analyzed the gene expression data of CRC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Age-related differential expression genes (age-related DEGs) in tumor tissues compared with normal tissues of CRC were further identified. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of age-related DEGs were performed by clusterProfiler of R. Afterwards, we used the STRING database to map the protein-protein interaction network of DEGs. We constructed prognostic model through univariate and multivariate COX regression analyses, and further evaluated their predictive power. The prognostic gene signature-related functional pathways were explored by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). The weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify key module associated with two prognostic gene signatures. Finally, we used the Metascape to perform functional enrichment analysis of genes in the key module. A total of 279 age-related DEGs were identified from the TCGA database. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the age-related DEGs were enriched in the Modulation of chemical synaptic transmission and Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. Moreover, we established a novel age-related gene signature (DLX2 and PCOLCE2) for overall survival in CRC, which was further predicted in both the training and validation sets. The results of GSEA demonstrated that numerous disease-related pathways were enriched in the high-risk group. We identified 43 genes related to the DLX2 and PCOLCE2 by the WGCNA co-expression network. We also found that these 43 genes were enriched in the cancer-related pathways. To sum up, the study identified an age-related gene signature for predicting the prognosis of CRC patients, which is conducive to the identification of novel prognostic molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yao
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, No. 115 of Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Chengjie Li
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Xiaodong Tan
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, No. 115 of Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430000, China.
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10
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Tseng HH, Chen YZ, Chou NH, Chen YC, Wu CC, Liu LF, Yang YF, Yeh CY, Kung ML, Tu YT, Tsai KW. Metformin inhibits gastric cancer cell proliferation by regulation of a novel Loc100506691-CHAC1 axis. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 22:180-194. [PMID: 34514098 PMCID: PMC8416970 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of nonprotein coding transcripts that play a critical role in cancer progression. However, the role of lncRNA in metformin-induced inhibition of cell growth and its biological function in gastric cancer remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified an oncogenic lncRNA, Loc100506691, the expression of which was decreased in gastric cancer cells with metformin treatment. Moreover, Loc100506691 was significantly overexpressed in gastric cancer compared with adjacent normal tissues (p < 0.001), and high Loc100506691 expression was significantly correlated with poor survival of patients with gastric cancer. Additionally, Loc100506691 knockdown could significantly suppress gastric cancer cell growth in vitro, and ectopic Loc100506691 expression accelerated tumor growth in an in vivo mouse model. Analysis of the cell cycle revealed that Loc100506691 knockdown induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase by impairing cell entry from the G2/M to G1 phase. Loc100506691 negatively regulated CHAC1 expression by modulating miR-26a-5p/miR-330-5p expression, and CHAC1 knockdown markedly attenuated Loc100506691 knockdown-induced gastric cancer cell growth and motility suppression. We concluded that anti-proliferative effects of metformin in gastric cancer may be partially caused by suppression of the Loc100506691-miR-26a-5p/miR-330-5p-CHAC1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hwa Tseng
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23124, Taiwan
| | - You-Zuo Chen
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Hua Chou
- Department of Surgery Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chih Chen
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical of Foundation, New Taipei City 23124, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chuan Wu
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical of Foundation, New Taipei City 23124, Taiwan
| | - Li-Feng Liu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Yang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Yeh
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lang Kung
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Tu
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23124, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wang Tsai
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23124, Taiwan
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11
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ACE2 protein expression within isogenic cell lines is heterogeneous and associated with distinct transcriptomes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15900. [PMID: 34354120 PMCID: PMC8342525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95308-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane protein angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a physiologic regulator of the renin-angiotensin system and the cellular receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Prior studies of ACE2 expression have primarily focused on mRNA abundance, with investigation at the protein level limited by uncertain specificity of commercial ACE2 antibodies. Here, we report our development of a sensitive and specific flow cytometry-based assay for cellular ACE2 protein abundance. Application of this approach to multiple cell lines revealed an unexpected degree of cellular heterogeneity, with detectable ACE2 protein in only a subset of cells in each isogenic population. This heterogeneity was mediated at the mRNA level by transcripts predominantly initiated from the ACE2 proximal promoter. ACE2 expression was heritable but not fixed over multiple generations of daughter cells, with gradual drift toward the original heterogeneous background. RNA-seq profiling identified distinct transcriptomes of ACE2-expressing relative cells to non-expressing cells, with enrichment in functionally related genes and transcription factor target sets. Our findings provide a validated approach for the specific detection of ACE2 protein at the surface of single cells, support an epigenetic mechanism of ACE2 gene regulation, and identify specific pathways associated with ACE2 expression in HuH7 cells.
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12
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DLX Genes: Roles in Development and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13123005. [PMID: 34203994 PMCID: PMC8232755 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary DLX homeobox family genes encode transcription factors that have indispensable roles in embryonic and postnatal development. These genes are critically linked to the morphogenesis of craniofacial structures, branchial arches, forebrain, and sensory organs. DLX genes are also involved in postnatal homeostasis, particularly hematopoiesis and, when dysregulated, oncogenesis. DLX1/2, DLX3/4, and DLX5/6 exist as bigenes on different chromosomes, sharing intergenic enhancers between gene pairs, which allows orchestrated spatiotemporal expression. Genomic alterations of human DLX gene enhancers or coding sequences result in congenital disorders such as split-hand/foot malformation. Aberrant postnatal expression of DLX genes is associated with hematological malignancies, including leukemias and lymphomas. In several mouse models of T-cell lymphoma, Dlx5 has been shown to act as an oncogene by cooperating with activated Akt, Notch1/3, and/or Wnt to drive tumor formation. In humans, DLX5 is aberrantly expressed in lung and ovarian carcinomas and holds promise as a therapeutic target. Abstract Homeobox genes control body patterning and cell-fate decisions during development. The homeobox genes consist of many families, only some of which have been investigated regarding a possible role in tumorigenesis. Dysregulation of HOX family genes have been widely implicated in cancer etiology. DLX homeobox genes, which belong to the NK-like family, exert dual roles in development and cancer. The DLX genes are the key transcription factors involved in regulating the development of craniofacial structures in vertebrates. The three DLX bigenes have overlapping expression in the branchial arches. Disruption of DLX function has destructive consequences in organogenesis and is associated with certain congenital disorders in humans. The role of DLX genes in oncogenesis is only beginning to emerge. DLX2 diminishes cellular senescence by regulating p53 function, whereas DLX4 has been associated with metastasis in breast cancer. In human ovarian cancer cells, DLX5 is essential for regulating AKT signaling, thereby promoting cell proliferation and survival. We previously implicated Dlx5 as an oncogene in murine T-cell lymphoma driven by a constitutively active form of Akt2. In this mouse model, overexpression of Dlx5 was caused by a chromosomal rearrangement that juxtaposed the Tcr-beta promoter region near the Dlx5 locus. Moreover, transgenic mice overexpressing Dlx5, specifically in immature T-cells, develop spontaneous thymic lymphomas. Oncogenesis in this mouse model involves binding of Dlx5 to the Notch1 and Notch3 gene loci to activate their transcription. Dlx5 also cooperates with Akt signaling to accelerate lymphomagenesis by activating Wnt signaling. We also discuss the fact that human DLX5 is aberrantly expressed in several human malignancies.
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13
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Park HR, Choi YJ, Kim JY, Kim IG, Jung U. Repeated Irradiation with γ-Ray Induces Cancer Stemness through TGF-β-DLX2 Signaling in the A549 Human Lung Cancer Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084284. [PMID: 33924205 PMCID: PMC8074596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an important role in cancer recurrence and metastasis. It is suggested that the CSC properties in heterogeneous cancer cells can be induced by ionizing radiation (IR). This study investigated the role of DLX2 in the radioresistance and CSC properties induced by IR in NSCLC cancer cells. Here, A549 cells were exposed to fractionated irradiation at a cumulative dose of 52 Gy (4 Gy × 13 times) for a generation of radioresistant cells. After fractionated irradiation, surviving A549 cells exhibited resistance to IR and enhanced expression of various cancer stem cell markers. They also showed upregulation of mesenchymal molecular markers and downregulation of epithelial molecular markers, correlating with an increase in the migration and invasion. Fractionated irradiation triggered the secretion of TGF-β1 and DLX2 expression. Interestingly, the increased DLX2 following fractionated irradiation seemed to induce the expression of the gene for the EGFR-ligand betacellulin via Smad2/3 signaling. To contrast, DLX2 knockdown dramatically decreased the expression of CSC markers, migration, and proliferation. Moreover, A549 cells expressing DLX2 shRNA formed tumors with a significantly smaller volume compared to those expressing control shDNA in a mouse xenograft assay. These results suggest that DLX2 overexpression in surviving NSCLC cancer cells after fractionated IR exposure is involved in the cancer stemness, radioresistance, EMT, tumor survival, and tumorigenic capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Ran Park
- Biotechnology Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea; (Y.-J.C.); (J.-Y.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.-R.P.); (U.J.); Tel.: +82-63-570-3222 (H.-R.P.); +82-42-868-8038 (U.J.)
| | - Yeo-Jin Choi
- Biotechnology Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea; (Y.-J.C.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Jee-Young Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea; (Y.-J.C.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Environmental Safety Evaluation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Korea;
| | - Uhee Jung
- Environmental Safety Evaluation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.-R.P.); (U.J.); Tel.: +82-63-570-3222 (H.-R.P.); +82-42-868-8038 (U.J.)
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14
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Sherman EJ, Emmer BT. ACE2 protein expression within isogenic cell lines is heterogeneous and associated with distinct transcriptomes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33791703 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.26.437218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The membrane protein angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a physiologic regulator of the renin-angiotensin system and the cellular receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Prior studies of ACE2 expression have primarily focused on mRNA abundance, with investigation at the protein level limited by uncertain specificity of commercial ACE2 antibodies. Here, we report our development of a sensitive and specific flow cytometry-based assay for cellular ACE2 protein abundance. Application of this approach to multiple cell lines revealed an unexpected degree of cellular heterogeneity, with detectable ACE2 protein in only a subset of cells in each isogenic population. This heterogeneity was mediated at the mRNA level by transcripts predominantly initiated from the ACE2 proximal promoter. ACE2 expression was heritable but not fixed over multiple generations of daughter cells, with gradual drift toward the original heterogeneous background. RNA-seq profiling identified distinct transcriptomes of ACE2-expressing relative cells to non-expressing cells, with enrichment in functionally related genes and transcription factor target sets. Our findings provide a validated approach for the specific detection of ACE2 protein at the surface of single cells, support an epigenetic mechanism ACE2 gene regulation, and identify specific pathways associated with ACE2 expression in HuH7 cells.
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15
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Son HK, Kim D, Lim Y, Kim J, Park I. A novel TGF-β receptor II mutation (I227T/N236D) promotes aggressive phenotype of oral squamous cell carcinoma via enhanced EGFR signaling. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:1163. [PMID: 33246423 PMCID: PMC7694911 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is a double-edged sword in cancer development and progression. TGF-β signaling plays a tumor suppressive role during the early stages of tumor development but promotes tumor progression in later stages. We have previously identified various mutations of TGF-β receptor II (TβRII) in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) samples. In the present study we analyzed I227T/N236D mutation of TβRII, which was detected in the metastatic lymph node of an OSCC patient. Methods The effect of I227T/N236D TβRII mutation on transcriptional activities was measured using DR26 cells, which lack functional TβRII. HSC2 human OSCC cells stably expressing wild-type and I227T/N236D mutant TβRII were generated and used to examine the effect of I227T/N236D TβRII mutation on xenograft tumor growth, in vitro cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Results The I227T/N236D mutation of TβRII upregulated TGF-β signaling and promoted xenograft tumor growth when compared with the wild-type, without affecting the in vitro proliferative capacities. To delineate the differences in proliferative capacities in vivo and in vitro, the apoptotic and survival signals were analyzed following curcumin treatment. Concomitant with apoptotic induction, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation was observed upon curcumin treatment, which was further activated in I227T/N236D mutant transfectant cells when compared with wild-type cells. Enhanced EGFR activation correlated with cell survival and apoptotic resistance. Enhanced migratory and invasive capabilities of I227T/N236D mutant cells also depended on EGFR signaling. Conclusions These results suggest that enhanced EGFR signaling via upregulated TGF-β signaling shifted the balance toward survival and promoted cell migration and invasion in I227T/N236D mutant cells, elucidating the role of I227T/N236D mutation of TβRII in OSCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Kyung Son
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Yeungnam University College, Daegu, 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyeong Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Jeonju Kijeon College, Jeonju, 54989, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongwoon Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Iha Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Center for Aging and Geriatrics, Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Xue VW, Chung JYF, Córdoba CAG, Cheung AHK, Kang W, Lam EWF, Leung KT, To KF, Lan HY, Tang PMK. Transforming Growth Factor-β: A Multifunctional Regulator of Cancer Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2020. [PMID: 33114183 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113099.pmid:33114183;pmcid:pmc7690808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) was originally identified as an anti-tumour cytokine. However, there is increasing evidence that it has important roles in the tumour microenvironment (TME) in facilitating cancer progression. TGF-β actively shapes the TME via modulating the host immunity. These actions are highly cell-type specific and complicated, involving both canonical and non-canonical pathways. In this review, we systemically update how TGF-β signalling acts as a checkpoint regulator for cancer immunomodulation. A better appreciation of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms at the molecular level can lead to the discovery of novel and more effective therapeutic strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Weiwen Xue
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jeff Yat-Fai Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Cristina Alexandra García Córdoba
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Alvin Ho-Kwan Cheung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Eric W-F Lam
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Kam-Tong Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
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17
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Transforming Growth Factor-β: A Multifunctional Regulator of Cancer Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113099. [PMID: 33114183 PMCID: PMC7690808 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine that can restrict cancer onset but also promote cancer progression at late stages of cancer. The ability of TGF-β in producing diverse and sometimes opposing effects relies on its potential to control different cellular signalling and gene expression in distinct cell types, and environmental settings. The tumour promoting role of TGF-β is primarily mediated through its effects on the local tumour microenvironment (TME) of the cancer cells. In this review, we discuss the most recent research on the role and regulation of TGF-β, with a specific focus on its functions on promoting cancer progression through targeting different immune cells in the TME as well as its therapeutic perspectives. Abstract Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) was originally identified as an anti-tumour cytokine. However, there is increasing evidence that it has important roles in the tumour microenvironment (TME) in facilitating cancer progression. TGF-β actively shapes the TME via modulating the host immunity. These actions are highly cell-type specific and complicated, involving both canonical and non-canonical pathways. In this review, we systemically update how TGF-β signalling acts as a checkpoint regulator for cancer immunomodulation. A better appreciation of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms at the molecular level can lead to the discovery of novel and more effective therapeutic strategies for cancer.
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18
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Knockdown of circ_HIPK3 inhibits tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma via the miR-582-3p/DLX2 axis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:501-509. [PMID: 32977948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type in the sub-classification of liver cancer. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a fundamental role in tumor occurrence and progression. This research aimed to investigate the role and molecular basis of circRNA homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 3 (circ_HIPK3) in HCC. Circ_HIPK3 and DLX2 levels were enhanced, and miR-582-3p level was reduced in HCC tissues and cells. Silencing of circ_HIPK3 impeded proliferation, migration and invasion and expedited apoptosis in HCC cells. Furthermore, circ_HIPK3 modulated HCC progression via sponging miR-582-3p, and miR-582-3p suppressed HCC progression via targeting DLX2. Moreover, circ_HIPK3 knockdown inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Circ_HIPK3 facilitated HCC progression by mediating miR-582-3p/DLX2 pathway, suggesting a new potential biomarker for HCC treatment.
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19
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Sathasivam HP, Casement J, Bates T, Sloan P, Thomson P, Robinson M, Kist R. Gene expression changes associated with malignant transformation of oral potentially malignant disorders. J Oral Pathol Med 2020; 50:60-67. [PMID: 32740996 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) are believed to be preceded by oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) that have an increased likelihood of malignant transformation compared to clinically normal mucosa. This study was performed to identify differentially expressed genes between OPMDs that underwent malignant transformation (MT) and those that did not, termed "non-transforming" (NT) cases. METHODS Total RNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue biopsies of 20 OPMD cases with known clinical outcomes (10 MT vs. 10 NT). Samples were assessed for quantity, quality and integrity of RNA prior to sequencing. Analysis for differential gene expression between MT and NT was performed using statistical packages in R. Genes were considered to be significantly differentially expressed if the False Discovery Rate corrected P-value was < 0.05. RESULTS RNA yield was variable but RNA purity was good (A260/A280 > 1.90). Analysis of RNA-Sequencing outputs revealed 41 genes (34 protein-coding; 7 non-coding) that were significantly differentially expressed between MT and NT cases. The log2 fold change for the statistically significant differentially expressed genes ranged from -2.63 to 2.48, with 23 protein-coding genes being downregulated and 11 protein-coding genes being upregulated in MT cases compared to NT cases. CONCLUSION Several candidate genes that may play a role in malignant transformation of OPMD have been identified. Experiments to validate these candidates are underway. It is anticipated that this work will contribute to better understanding of the etiopathogenesis of OPMD and development of novel biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans P Sathasivam
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Setia Alam, Malaysia
| | - John Casement
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Philip Sloan
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Newcastle upon Tyne Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Peter Thomson
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Max Robinson
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Newcastle upon Tyne Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ralf Kist
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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20
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Zeng X, Wang Y, Dong Q, Ma MX, Liu XD. DLX2 activates Wnt1 transcription and mediates Wnt/β-catenin signal to promote osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. Gene 2020; 744:144564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Lee SY, Ju MK, Jeon HM, Lee YJ, Kim CH, Park HG, Han SI, Kang HS. Reactive oxygen species induce epithelial‑mesenchymal transition, glycolytic switch, and mitochondrial repression through the Dlx‑2/Snail signaling pathways in MCF‑7 cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2339-2346. [PMID: 31322179 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important cellular second messengers involved in various aspects of cell signaling. ROS are elevated in multiple types of cancer cells, and this elevation is known to be involved in pathological processes of cancer. Although high levels of ROS exert cytotoxic effects on cancer cells, low levels of ROS stimulate cell proliferation and survival by inducing several pro‑survival signaling pathways. In addition, ROS have been shown to induce epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is essential for the initiation of metastasis. However, the precise mechanism of ROS‑induced EMT remains to be elucidated. In the present study, it was indicated that ROS induce EMT by activating Snail expression, which then represses E‑cadherin expression in MCF‑7 cells. It was further indicated that distal‑less homeobox‑2 (Dlx‑2), one of the human Dlx gene family proteins involved in embryonic development, acts as an upstream regulator of ROS‑induced Snail expression. It was also revealed that ROS treatment induces the glycolytic switch, a phenomenon whereby cancer cells primarily rely on glycolysis instead of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production, even in the presence of oxygen. In addition, ROS inhibited oxidative phosphorylation and caused cytochrome c oxidase inhibition via the Dlx‑2/Snail cascade. These results suggest that ROS induce EMT, the glycolytic switch and mitochondrial repression by activating the Dlx‑2/Snail axis, thereby playing crucial roles in MCF‑7 cancer cell progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeon Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Ju
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Min Jeon
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yig Ji Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho Hee Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Gyeong Park
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Iy Han
- Division of Natural Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, Gyeonggi 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Sung Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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22
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Oncogenic Metabolism Acts as a Prerequisite Step for Induction of Cancer Metastasis and Cancer Stem Cell Phenotype. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1027453. [PMID: 30671168 PMCID: PMC6323533 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1027453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is a major obstacle to the efficient and successful treatment of cancer. Initiation of metastasis requires epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that is regulated by several transcription factors, including Snail and ZEB1/2. EMT is closely linked to the acquisition of cancer stem cell (CSC) properties and chemoresistance, which contribute to tumor malignancy. Tumor suppressor p53 inhibits EMT and metastasis by negatively regulating several EMT-inducing transcription factors and regulatory molecules; thus, its inhibition is crucial in EMT, invasion, metastasis, and stemness. Metabolic alterations are another hallmark of cancer. Most cancer cells are more dependent on glycolysis than on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for their energy production, even in the presence of oxygen. Cancer cells enhance other oncogenic metabolic pathways, such as glutamine metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, and the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol. Metabolic reprogramming in cancer is regulated by the activation of oncogenes or loss of tumor suppressors that contribute to tumor progression. Oncogenic metabolism has been recently linked closely with the induction of EMT or CSC phenotypes by the induction of several metabolic enzyme genes. In addition, several transcription factors and molecules involved in EMT or CSCs, including Snail, Dlx-2, HIF-1α, STAT3, TGF-β, Wnt, and Akt, regulate oncogenic metabolism. Moreover, p53 induces metabolic change by directly regulating several metabolic enzymes. The collective data indicate the importance of oncogenic metabolism in the regulation of EMT, cell invasion and metastasis, and adoption of the CSC phenotype, which all contribute to malignant transformation and tumor development. In this review, we highlight the oncogenic metabolism as a key regulator of EMT and CSC, which is related with tumor progression involving metastasis and chemoresistance. Targeting oncometabolism might be a promising strategy for the development of effective anticancer therapy.
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Krishnaswamy S, Zivanovic N, Sharma R, Pe’er D, Bodenmiller B. Learning time-varying information flow from single-cell epithelial to mesenchymal transition data. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203389. [PMID: 30372433 PMCID: PMC6205587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular regulatory networks are not static, but continuously reconfigure in response to stimuli via alterations in protein abundance and confirmation. However, typical computational approaches treat them as static interaction networks derived from a single time point. Here, we provide methods for learning the dynamic modulation of relationships between proteins from static single-cell data. We demonstrate our approach using TGFß induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in murine breast cancer cell line, profiled with mass cytometry. We take advantage of the asynchronous rate of transition to EMT in the data and derive a pseudotime EMT trajectory. We propose methods for visualizing and quantifying time-varying edge behavior over the trajectory, and a metric of edge dynamism to predict the effect of drug perturbations on EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Krishnaswamy
- Department of Genetics, Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Nevena Zivanovic
- Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roshan Sharma
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Math, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Dana Pe’er
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bernd Bodenmiller
- Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Meyer-Schaller N, Heck C, Tiede S, Yilmaz M, Christofori G. Foxf2 plays a dual role during transforming growth factor beta-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition by promoting apoptosis yet enabling cell junction dissolution and migration. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:118. [PMID: 30285803 PMCID: PMC6167826 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-1043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The most life-threatening step during malignant tumor progression is reached when cancer cells leave the primary tumor mass and seed metastasis in distant organs. To infiltrate the surrounding tissue and disseminate throughout the body, single motile tumor cells leave the tumor mass by breaking down cell-cell contacts in a process called epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). An EMT is a complex molecular and cellular program enabling epithelial cells to abandon their differentiated phenotype, including cell-cell adhesion and cell polarity, and to acquire mesenchymal features and invasive properties. Methods We employed gene expression profiling and functional experiments to study transcriptional control of transforming growth factor (TGF)β-induced EMT in normal murine mammary gland epithelial (NMuMG) cells. Results We identified that expression of the transcription factor forkhead box protein F2 (Foxf2) is upregulated during the EMT process. Although it is not required to gain mesenchymal markers, Foxf2 is essential for the disruption of cell junctions and the downregulation of epithelial markers in NMuMG cells treated with TGFβ. Foxf2 is critical for the downregulation of E-cadherin by promoting the expression of the transcriptional repressors of E-cadherin, Zeb1 and Zeb2, while repressing expression of the epithelial maintenance factor Id2 and miRNA 200 family members. Moreover, Foxf2 is required for TGFβ-mediated apoptosis during EMT by the transcriptional activation of the proapoptotic BH3-only protein Noxa and by the negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mediated survival signaling through direct repression of its ligands betacellulin and amphiregulin. The dual function of Foxf2 during EMT is underscored by the finding that high Foxf2 expression correlates with good prognosis in patients with early noninvasive stages of breast cancer, but with poor prognosis in advanced breast cancer. Conclusions Our data identify the transcription factor Foxf2 as one of the important regulators of EMT, displaying a dual function in promoting tumor cell apoptosis as well as tumor cell migration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13058-018-1043-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Meyer-Schaller
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.,Present address: Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Heck
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.,Present address: Integra Biosciences AG, Zizers, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Tiede
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mahmut Yilmaz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.,Present address: Roche Pharma, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Christofori
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
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25
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Regulation of Tumor Progression by Programmed Necrosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:3537471. [PMID: 29636841 PMCID: PMC5831895 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3537471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly growing malignant tumors frequently encounter hypoxia and nutrient (e.g., glucose) deprivation, which occurs because of insufficient blood supply. This results in necrotic cell death in the core region of solid tumors. Necrotic cells release their cellular cytoplasmic contents into the extracellular space, such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which is a nonhistone nuclear protein, but acts as a proinflammatory and tumor-promoting cytokine when released by necrotic cells. These released molecules recruit immune and inflammatory cells, which exert tumor-promoting activity by inducing angiogenesis, proliferation, and invasion. Development of a necrotic core in cancer patients is also associated with poor prognosis. Conventionally, necrosis has been thought of as an unregulated process, unlike programmed cell death processes like apoptosis and autophagy. Recently, necrosis has been recognized as a programmed cell death, encompassing processes such as oncosis, necroptosis, and others. Metabolic stress-induced necrosis and its regulatory mechanisms have been poorly investigated until recently. Snail and Dlx-2, EMT-inducing transcription factors, are responsible for metabolic stress-induced necrosis in tumors. Snail and Dlx-2 contribute to tumor progression by promoting necrosis and inducing EMT and oncogenic metabolism. Oncogenic metabolism has been shown to play a role(s) in initiating necrosis. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying metabolic stress-induced programmed necrosis that promote tumor progression and aggressiveness.
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Song J, Shi W. The concomitant apoptosis and EMT underlie the fundamental functions of TGF-β. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:91-97. [PMID: 29069287 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-β's multipotent cellular effects and their relations are critical for TGF-β's pathophysiological functions. However, these effects may appear to be paradoxical in understanding TGF-β's functions. Apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are two fundamental events that are deeply linked to various physiological and disease-related processes. These two major cellular fates are subtly regulated and can be potently stimulated by TGF-β, which profoundly contribute to the biological roles of TGF-β. Moreover, these two events are also indirectly and directly correlated with TGF-β-mediated growth inhibition and are relevant to the current understanding of the roles of TGF-β in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Although TGF-β-induced apoptosis and EMT can be singly independent cellular events, they can also be mutually exclusive but interrelated concomitant events in various cases. Thus, the modulation of apoptosis and EMT is essential for the seemingly paradoxical functions of TGF-β. However, the concomitant effect of TGF-β on apoptosis and EMT, the balance and regulated alterations of them are still been ignored or underestimated. This review focuses on the TGF-β-induced concomitant apoptosis and EMT. We aim to provide an insight in understanding their significance, balance, and modulation in TGF-β-mediated biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Weiwei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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27
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A triad of NRP2, DLX and p53 proteins in lung cancer metastasis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:96464-96465. [PMID: 29228538 PMCID: PMC5722490 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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28
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p53-R273H upregulates neuropilin-2 to promote cell mobility and tumor metastasis. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2995. [PMID: 28796261 PMCID: PMC5596564 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that hotspot p53 mutant proteins often possess gain-of-function property in promoting cell mobility and tumor metastasis. However, the molecular mechanisms are not totally understood. In this study, we demonstrate that the hotspot mutation, p53-R273H, promotes cell migration, invasion in vitro and tumor metastasis in vivo. p53-R273H significantly represses expression of DLX2, a homeobox protein involved in cell proliferation and pattern formation. We show that p53-R273H-mediated DLX2 repression leads to upregulation of Neuropilin-2 (NRP2), a multifunctional co-receptor involved in tumor initiation, growth, survival and metastasis. p53-R273H-induced cell mobility is effectively suppressed by DLX2 expression. Furthermore, knockdown of NRP2 significantly inhibits p53-R273H-induced tumor metastasis in xenograft mouse model. Together, these results reveal an important role for DLX2-NRP2 in p53-R273H-induced cell mobility and tumor metastasis.
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29
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Wang C, Qiao YY. Synergistic effect of siRNA-mediated silencing of TGF-β R1 and TGF-β R2 genes on the proliferation and apoptosis of penile urethral epithelial cells in hypospadiac male rats. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:1646-1658. [PMID: 28776725 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The study elucidated the effects associated with silencing growth factor-β R1 (TGF-β R1) and TGF-β R2 genes on the proliferation and apoptosis of penile urethral epithelial cells (UECs) in hypospadiac male rats. Seventy-five male rats were distributed into the normal, model, TGF-β R1/2-siRNA, TGF-β R1-siRNA and TGF-β R2-siRNA groups. The UECs of the rats included in the study were cultured in vitro and subsequently divided into the control, blank, TGF-β R1/2-siRNA, TGF-β R1-siRNA and TGF-β R2-siRNA groups. The mRNA and protein expressions of TGF-β R1/R2 were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay as well as by flow cytometry. Compared with the normal group, the apoptotic rate of the UECs in the model, TGF-β R1/2-siRNA, TGF-β R1-siRNA and TGF-β R2-siRNA groups displayed remarkable increases; compared with the model group, the apoptotic rate of the UECs in the TGF-β R1/2-siRNA, TGF-β R1-siRNA and TGF-β R2-siRNA groups displayed significant decreases, similar observations were made regarding mRNA and protein expressions of TGF-β R1 and TGF-β R2. Compared with the TGF-β R1/2-siRNA group, the apoptotic rates of the UECs in the TGF-β R1-siRNA and TGF-β R2-siRNA groups were up regulated, while cell proliferation in the TGF-β R1-siRNA and TGF-β R2-siRNA groups decreased accompanied by an increased rate of apoptosis. This study ultimately demonstrated that the silencing of TGF-β R1 and TGF-β R2 genes could promote cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of penile UECs in hypospadiac male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Urology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Yan Qiao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, P.R. China
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Liu Y, He K, Hu Y, Guo X, Wang D, Shi W, Li J, Song J. YAP modulates TGF-β1-induced simultaneous apoptosis and EMT through upregulation of the EGF receptor. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45523. [PMID: 28425446 PMCID: PMC5397873 DOI: 10.1038/srep45523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
YAP is a transcriptional co-regulator that plays important roles in various patho-physiological processes, including the survival and death of cells. However, the effect of YAP on apoptosis and EMT, simultaneously mediated by TGF-β1, is not known. In this study, we demonstrate that YAP can modulate cell fate of apoptosis versus EMT by acting as a surviving factor. Overexpression of YAP in mouse mammary epithelial (NMuMG) cells suppressed TGF-β1-induced apoptosis, which shifted the cellular response predominantly toward EMT. In contrast, knockdown of YAP induced spontaneous apoptosis and enhanced TGF-β1-induced apoptosis, leading to a sharp decrease in the proportion of surviving cells that underwent EMT. These data suggest that YAP is an essential factor for modulating cellular responses to TGF-β1. Further investigation showed that YAP could regulate the expression level and activation of EGFR. Knockdown or inhibition of EGFR abolished the suppressive effect of YAP on apoptosis, whereas activation of EGFR by EGF significantly reduced apoptosis caused by the knockdown of YAP. The results indicate that EGFR and its activation are critical for YAP-mediated suppression of TGF-β1-induced apoptosis. This study provides a new understanding of the regulatory mechanism underlying the determination of cell fate in response to TGF-β1-mediated simultaneous apoptosis and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Kai He
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Ying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiaojie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Weiwei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jingsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jianguo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
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31
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Lee SY, Jeong EK, Ju MK, Jeon HM, Kim MY, Kim CH, Park HG, Han SI, Kang HS. Induction of metastasis, cancer stem cell phenotype, and oncogenic metabolism in cancer cells by ionizing radiation. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:10. [PMID: 28137309 PMCID: PMC5282724 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the major tools of cancer treatment, and is widely used for a variety of malignant tumours. Radiotherapy causes DNA damage directly by ionization or indirectly via the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby destroying cancer cells. However, ionizing radiation (IR) paradoxically promotes metastasis and invasion of cancer cells by inducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Metastasis is a major obstacle to successful cancer therapy, and is closely linked to the rates of morbidity and mortality of many cancers. ROS have been shown to play important roles in mediating the biological effects of IR. ROS have been implicated in IR-induced EMT, via activation of several EMT transcription factors—including Snail, HIF-1, ZEB1, and STAT3—that are activated by signalling pathways, including those of TGF-β, Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch, G-CSF, EGFR/PI3K/Akt, and MAPK. Cancer cells that undergo EMT have been shown to acquire stemness and undergo metabolic changes, although these points are debated. IR is known to induce cancer stem cell (CSC) properties, including dedifferentiation and self-renewal, and to promote oncogenic metabolism by activating these EMT-inducing pathways. Much accumulated evidence has shown that metabolic alterations in cancer cells are closely associated with the EMT and CSC phenotypes; specifically, the IR-induced oncogenic metabolism seems to be required for acquisition of the EMT and CSC phenotypes. IR can also elicit various changes in the tumour microenvironment (TME) that may affect invasion and metastasis. EMT, CSC, and oncogenic metabolism are involved in radioresistance; targeting them may improve the efficacy of radiotherapy, preventing tumour recurrence and metastasis. This study focuses on the molecular mechanisms of IR-induced EMT, CSCs, oncogenic metabolism, and alterations in the TME. We discuss how IR-induced EMT/CSC/oncogenic metabolism may promote resistance to radiotherapy; we also review efforts to develop therapeutic approaches to eliminate these IR-induced adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeon Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Eui Kyong Jeong
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Ju
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Hyun Min Jeon
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Min Young Kim
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Science (DIRAMS), Pusan, 619-953, Korea
| | - Cho Hee Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea.,DNA Identification Center, National Forensic Service, Seoul, 158-707, Korea
| | - Hye Gyeong Park
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Song Iy Han
- The Division of Natural Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, Korea
| | - Ho Sung Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea.
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Lee SY, Jeon HM, Ju MK, Jeong EK, Kim CH, Park HG, Han SI, Kang HS. Dlx-2 and glutaminase upregulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition and glycolytic switch. Oncotarget 2016; 7:7925-39. [PMID: 26771232 PMCID: PMC4884964 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cancer cells depend on enhanced glucose and glutamine (Gln) metabolism for growth and survival. Oncogenic metabolism provides biosynthetic precursors for nucleotides, lipids, and amino acids; however, its specific roles in tumor progression are largely unknown. We previously showed that distal-less homeobox-2 (Dlx-2), a homeodomain transcription factor involved in embryonic and tumor development, induces glycolytic switch and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by inducing Snail expression. Here we show that Dlx-2 also induces the expression of the crucial Gln metabolism enzyme glutaminase (GLS1), which converts Gln to glutamate. TGF-β and Wnt induced GLS1 expression in a Dlx-2-dependent manner. GLS1 shRNA (shGLS1) suppressed in vivo tumor metastasis and growth. Inhibition of Gln metabolism by shGLS1, Gln deprivation, and Gln metabolism inhibitors (DON, 968 and BPTES) prevented Dlx-2-, TGF-β-, Wnt-, and Snail-induced EMT and glycolytic switch. Finally, shDlx-2 and Gln metabolism inhibition decreased Snail mRNA levels through p53-dependent upregulation of Snail-targeting microRNAs. These results demonstrate that the Dlx-2/GLS1/Gln metabolism axis is an important regulator of TGF-β/Wnt-induced, Snail-dependent EMT, metastasis, and glycolytic switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeon Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan 609-735, Korea
| | - Hyun Min Jeon
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan 609-735, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Ju
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan 609-735, Korea
| | - Eui Kyong Jeong
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan 609-735, Korea
| | - Cho Hee Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan 609-735, Korea
| | - Hye Gyeong Park
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea
| | - Song Iy Han
- The Division of Natural Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
| | - Ho Sung Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan 609-735, Korea
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He T, Surdez D, Rantala JK, Haapa-Paananen S, Ban J, Kauer M, Tomazou E, Fey V, Alonso J, Kovar H, Delattre O, Iljin K. High-throughput RNAi screen in Ewing sarcoma cells identifies leucine rich repeats and WD repeat domain containing 1 (LRWD1) as a regulator of EWS-FLI1 driven cell viability. Gene 2016; 596:137-146. [PMID: 27760381 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A translocation leading to the formation of an oncogenic EWS-ETS fusion protein defines Ewing sarcoma. The most frequent gene fusion, present in 85 percent of Ewing sarcomas, is EWS-FLI1. Here, a high-throughput RNA interference screen was performed to identify genes whose function is critical for EWS-FLI1 driven cell viability. In total, 6781 genes were targeted by siRNA molecules and the screen was performed both in presence and absence of doxycycline-inducible expression of the EWS-FLI1 shRNA in A673/TR/shEF Ewing sarcoma cells. The Leucine rich repeats and WD repeat Domain containing 1 (LRWD1) targeting siRNA pool was the strongest hit reducing cell viability only in EWS-FLI1 expressing Ewing sarcoma cells. LRWD1 had been previously described as a testis specific gene with only limited information on its function. Analysis of LRWD1 mRNA levels in patient samples indicated that high expression associated with poor overall survival in Ewing sarcoma. Gene ontology analysis of LRWD1 co-expressed genes in Ewing tumors revealed association with DNA replication and analysis of differentially expressed genes in LRWD1 depleted Ewing sarcoma cells indicated a role in connective tissue development and cellular morphogenesis. Moreover, EWS-FLI1 repressed genes with repressive H3K27me3 chromatin marks were highly enriched among LRWD1 target genes in A673/TR/shEF Ewing sarcoma cells, suggesting that LRWD1 contributes to EWS-FLI1 driven transcriptional regulation. Taken together, we have identified LRWD1 as a novel regulator of EWS-FLI1 driven cell viability in A673/TR/shEF Ewing sarcoma cells, shown association between high LRWD1 mRNA expression and aggressive disease and identified processes by which LRWD1 may promote oncogenesis in Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao He
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
| | - Didier Surdez
- Institut Curie, Unité de génétique somatique, Paris, France; Genetics and Biology of Cancers Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France; INSERM U830, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Jozef Ban
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Kauer
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eleni Tomazou
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vidal Fey
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
| | - Javier Alonso
- Unidad de Tumores Sólidos Infantiles, Área de Genética Humana, Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Heinrich Kovar
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Medical University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olivier Delattre
- Institut Curie, Unité de génétique somatique, Paris, France; Genetics and Biology of Cancers Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France; INSERM U830, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France; Institut Curie Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
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Green WJF, Ball G, Powe D. Does the molecular classification of breast cancer point the way for biomarker identification in prostate cancer? World J Clin Urol 2016; 5:80-89. [DOI: 10.5410/wjcu.v5.i2.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is significant variation in clinical outcome between patients diagnosed with prostate cancer (CaP). Although useful, statistical nomograms and risk stratification tools alone do not always accurately predict an individual’s need for and response to treatment. The factors that determine this variation are not fully elucidated. In particular, cellular response to androgen ablation and subsequent paracrine/autocrine adaptation is poorly understood and despite best therapies, median survival in castrate resistant patients is only approximately 35 mo. We propose that one way of understanding this is to look for correlates in other comparable malignancies, such as breast cancer, where markers of at least 4 distinct gene clusters coding for 4 different phenotypic subtypes have been identified. These subtypes have been shown to demonstrate prognostic significance and successfully guide appropriate treatment regimens. In this paper we assess and review the evidence demonstrating parallels in the biology and treatment approach between breast and CaP, and consider the feasibility of patients with CaP being stratified into different molecular classes that could be used to complement prostate specific antigen and histological grading for clinical decision making. We show that there are significant correlations between the molecular classification of breast and CaP and explain how techniques used successfully to predict response to treatment in breast cancer can be applied to the prostate. Molecular phenotyping is possible in CaP and identification of distinct subtypes may allow personalised risk stratification way beyond that currently available.
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KI67 and DLX2 predict increased risk of metastasis formation in prostate cancer-a targeted molecular approach. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:236-42. [PMID: 27336609 PMCID: PMC4947696 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There remains a need to identify and validate biomarkers for predicting prostate cancer (CaP) outcomes using robust and routinely available pathology techniques to identify men at most risk of premature death due to prostate cancer. Previous immunohistochemical studies suggest the proliferation marker Ki67 might be a predictor of survival, independently of PSA and Gleason score. We performed a validation study of Ki67 as a marker of survival and disease progression and compared its performance against another candidate biomarker, DLX2, selected using artificial neural network analysis. Methods: A tissue microarray (TMA) was constructed from transurethral resected prostatectomy histology samples (n=192). Artificial neural network analysis was used to identify candidate markers conferring increased risk of death and metastasis in a public cDNA array. Immunohistochemical analysis of the TMA was carried out and univariate and multivariate tests performed to explore the association of tumour protein levels of Ki67 and DLX2 with time to death and metastasis. Results: Univariate analysis demonstrated Ki67 as predictive of CaP-specific survival (DSS; P=0.022), and both Ki67 (P=0.025) and DLX2 (P=0.001) as predictive of future metastases. Multivariate analysis demonstrated Ki67 as independent of PSA, Gleason score and D'Amico risk category for DSS (HR=2.436, P=0.029) and both Ki67 (HR=3.296, P=0.023) and DLX2 (HR=3.051, P=0.003) as independent for future metastases. Conclusions: High Ki67 expression is only present in 6.8% of CaP patients and is predictive of reduced survival and increased risk of metastasis, independent of PSA, Gleason score and D'Amico risk category. DLX2 is a novel marker of increased metastasis risk found in 73% patients and 8.2% showed co-expression with a high Ki67 score. Two cancer cell proliferation markers, Ki67 and DLX2, may be able to inform clinical decision-making when identifying patients for active surveillance.
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Wang Y, Xu Q, Sack L, Kang C, Elledge SJ. A gain-of-function senescence bypass screen identifies the homeobox transcription factor DLX2 as a regulator of ATM-p53 signaling. Genes Dev 2016; 30:293-306. [PMID: 26833729 PMCID: PMC4743059 DOI: 10.1101/gad.271445.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Wang et al. performed a two-stage, gain-of function screen to select for the genes whose enhanced expression can bypass replicative senescence. Among the new genes that they identified, DLX2 reduces the protein components of the TTI1/TTI2/TEL2 complex, a key complex required for the proper folding and stabilization of ATM and other members of the PIKK family kinase, leading to reduced ATM–p53 signaling and senescence bypass. Senescence stimuli activate multiple tumor suppressor pathways to initiate cycle arrest and a differentiation program characteristic of senescent cells. We performed a two-stage, gain-of-function screen to select for the genes whose enhanced expression can bypass replicative senescence. We uncovered multiple genes known to be involved in p53 and Rb regulation and ATM regulation, two components of the CST (CTC1–STN1–TEN1) complex involved in preventing telomere erosion, and genes such as REST and FOXO4 that have been implicated in aging. Among the new genes now implicated in senescence, we identified DLX2, a homeobox transcription factor that has been shown to be required for tumor growth and metastasis and is associated with poor cancer prognosis. Growth analysis showed that DLX2 expression led to increased cellular replicative life span. Our data suggest that DLX2 expression reduces the protein components of the TTI1/TTI2/TEL2 complex, a key complex required for the proper folding and stabilization of ATM and other members of the PIKK (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase) family kinase, leading to reduced ATM–p53 signaling and senescence bypass. We also found that the overexpression of DLX2 exhibited a mutually exclusive relationship with p53 alterations in cancer patients. Our functional screen identified novel players that may promote tumorigenesis by regulating the ATM–p53 pathway and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Qikai Xu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Laura Sack
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Chanhee Kang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
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Liu J, Cui X, Qu L, Hua L, Wu M, Shen Z, Lu C, Ni R. Overexpression of DLX2 is associated with poor prognosis and sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 101:58-65. [PMID: 27302463 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying poor prognosis and sorafenib resistance in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unknown and, to date, no useful predictive biomarkers of sorafenib resistance have been identified. Distal-less homeobox 2 (DLX2) is a transcription factor involved in cell cycle regulation that is closely correlated with cancer prognosis. In this study, we showed that DLX2 is overexpressed in HCC tissues and cell lines and that the level of DLX2 overexpression is positively correlated with histological grade, metastasis and Ki67 expression, which are indicators of poor prognosis. We also found that DLX2 accumulates in proliferating HCC cells, where it is associated with the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Cyclin D1 and Cyclin A. Flow cytometry and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays indicated that DLX2 depletion causes cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and hinders cell proliferation. Moreover, the sensitivity of HCC cells to sorafenib is restored when the DLX2 gene is knocked down using a short interfering RNA. We demonstrated that DLX2 facilitates sorafenib resistance by promoting the expression of markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and by activating the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase pathway. Our findings reveal that DLX2 plays a regulatory role in HCC cell proliferation and suggests that targeting DLX2 represents a novel strategy to increase sorafenib efficacy in the management of HCC. In conclusion, DLX2 is a novel marker of poor prognosis and sorafenib resistance in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaopeng Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lishuai Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Hua
- Grade 14, Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Wu
- Grade 14, Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyi Shen
- Grade 15, Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuihua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Runzhou Ni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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Choi YJ, Baek GY, Park HR, Jo SK, Jung U. Smad2/3-Regulated Expression of DLX2 Is Associated with Radiation-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Radioresistance of A549 and MDA-MB-231 Human Cancer Cell Lines. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147343. [PMID: 26799321 PMCID: PMC4723265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of radioresistance and metastatic potential of surviving cancer cells is important for improving cancer eradication by radiotheraphy. The distal-less homeobox2 (DLX2) gene encodes for a homeobox transcription factor involved in morphogenesis and its deregulation was found in human solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Here we investigated the role of DLX2 in association with radiation-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stem cell-like properties and its regulation by Smad2/3 signaling in irradiated A549 and MDA-MB-231 human cancer cell lines. In irradiated A549 and MDA-MB-231 cells, EMT was induced as demonstrated by EMT marker expression, phosphorylation of Smad2/3, and migratory and invasive ability. Also, irradiated A549 and MDA-MB-231 cells showed increased cancer stem cells (CSCs) marker. Interestingly, DLX2 was overexpressed upon irradiation. Therefore, we examined the role of DLX2 in radiation-induced EMT and radioresistance. The overexpression of DLX2 alone induced EMT, migration and invasion, and CSC marker expression. The reduced colony-forming ability in irradiated cells was partially restored by DLX2 overexpression. On the other hand, the depletion of DLX2 using si-RNA abolished radiation-induced EMT, CSC marker expression, and phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in irradiated A549 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Also, depletion of DLX2 increased the radiation sensitivity in both cell lines. Moreover, knockdown of Smad2/3, a key activator of TGF-β1 pathway, abrogated the radiation-induced DLX2 expression, indicating that radiation-induced DLX2 expression is dependent on Smad2/3 signaling. These results demonstrated that DLX2 plays a crucial role in radioresistance, radiation-induced EMT and CSC marker expression, and the expression of DLX2 is regulated by Smad2/3 signaling in A549 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeo-Jin Choi
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Young Baek
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Ran Park
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Kee Jo
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Uhee Jung
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Liu TT, Arango-Argoty G, Li Z, Lin Y, Kim SW, Dueck A, Ozsolak F, Monaghan AP, Meister G, DeFranco DB, John B. Noncoding RNAs that associate with YB-1 alter proliferation in prostate cancer cells. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 21:1159-72. [PMID: 25904138 PMCID: PMC4436668 DOI: 10.1261/rna.045559.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The highly conserved, multifunctional YB-1 is a powerful breast cancer prognostic indicator. We report on a pervasive role for YB-1 in which it associates with thousands of nonpolyadenylated short RNAs (shyRNAs) that are further processed into small RNAs (smyRNAs). Many of these RNAs have previously been identified as functional noncoding RNAs (http://www.johnlab.org/YB1). We identified a novel, abundant, 3'-modified short RNA antisense to Dicer1 (Shad1) that colocalizes with YB-1 to P-bodies and stress granules. The expression of Shad1 was shown to correlate with that of YB-1 and whose inhibition leads to an increase in cell proliferation. Additionally, Shad1 influences the expression of additional prognostic markers of cancer progression such as DLX2 and IGFBP2. We propose that the examination of these noncoding RNAs could lead to better understanding of prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa T Liu
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Gustavo Arango-Argoty
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Zhihua Li
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Yuefeng Lin
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Sang Woo Kim
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Anne Dueck
- University of Regensburg, Biochemistry I, 93053 Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Fatih Ozsolak
- Helicos BioSciences Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Paula Monaghan
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Gunter Meister
- University of Regensburg, Biochemistry I, 93053 Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Donald B DeFranco
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Bino John
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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Lee SY, Jeon HM, Ju MK, Jeong EK, Kim CH, Yoo MA, Park HG, Han SI, Kang HS. Dlx-2 is implicated in TGF-β- and Wnt-induced epithelial-mesenchymal, glycolytic switch, and mitochondrial repression by Snail activation. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1768-80. [PMID: 25651912 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and oncogenic metabolism (including glycolytic switch) are important for tumor development and progression. Here, we show that Dlx-2, one of distal-less (Dlx) homeobox genes, induces EMT and glycolytic switch by activation of Snail. In addition, it was induced by TGF-β and Wnt and regulates TGF-β- and Wnt-induced EMT and glycolytic switch by activating Snail. We also found that TGF-β/Wnt suppressed cytochrome c oxidase (COX), the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, in a Dlx-2/Snail-dependent manner. TGF-β/Wnt appeared to downregulate the expression of various COX subunits including COXVIc, COXVIIa and COXVIIc; among these COX subunits, COXVIc was a common target of TGF-β, Wnt, Dlx-2 and Snail, indicating that COXVIc downregulation plays an important role(s) in TGF-β/Wnt-induced COX inhibition. Taken together, our results showed that Dlx-2 is involved in TGF-β- and Wnt-induced EMT, glycolytic switch, and mitochondrial repression by Snail activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeon Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Min Jeon
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Ju
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Kyong Jeong
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho Hee Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Yoo
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Gyeong Park
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Iy Han
- The Division of Natural Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Sung Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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Efficient induction of apoptosis by wee1 kinase inhibition in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100495. [PMID: 24960176 PMCID: PMC4069002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) potently inhibits human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell growth. Here we demonstrated that TGF-β1-induced apoptosis is mediated by decreased phosphorylation of cdc2 at Tyr15 accompanied by down-regulation of Wee1 kinase expression. As expected from these results, a Wee1 kinase inhibitor efficiently induced apoptosis in HCC cells in the absence of TGF-β1 treatment. In surgically resected samples, Wee1 kinase was expressed in moderately to poorly differentiated HCC, whereas no Wee1 kinase expression was observed in non-cancerous tissue, including cirrhotic tissue. Our results suggest that Wee1 kinase inhibitors may be a practical novel therapeutic option against advanced HCC.
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Kuzmanov A, Hopfer U, Marti P, Meyer-Schaller N, Yilmaz M, Christofori G. LIM-homeobox gene 2 promotes tumor growth and metastasis by inducing autocrine and paracrine PDGF-B signaling. Mol Oncol 2013; 8:401-16. [PMID: 24423492 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical process during embryonic development and the progression of epithelial tumors to metastatic cancers. Gene expression profiling has uncovered the transcription factor LIM homeobox gene 2 (Lhx2) with up-regulated expression during TGFβ-induced EMT in normal and cancerous breast epithelial cells. Loss and gain of function experiments in transgenic mouse models of breast cancer and of insulinoma in vivo and in breast cancer cells in vitro indicate that Lhx2 plays a critical role in primary tumor growth and metastasis. Notably, the transgenic expression of Lhx2 during breast carcinogenesis promotes vessel maturation, primary tumor growth, tumor cell intravasation and metastasis by directly inducing the expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B in tumor cells and by indirectly increasing the expression of PDGF receptor-β (PDGFRβ) on tumor cells and pericytes. Pharmacological inhibition of PDGF-B/PDGFRβ signaling reduces vessel functionality and tumor growth and Lhx2-induced cell migration and cell invasion. The data indicate a dual role of Lhx2 during EMT and tumor progression: by inducing the expression of PDGF-B, Lhx2 provokes an autocrine PDGF-B/PDGFRβ loop required for cell migration, invasion and metastatic dissemination and paracrine PDGF-B/PDGFRβ signaling to support blood vessel functionality and, thus, primary tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Kuzmanov
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Hopfer
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Marti
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Mahmut Yilmaz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Christofori
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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Park MA, Choi KC. Effects of 4-nonylphenol and bisphenol A on stimulation of cell growth via disruption of the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway in ovarian cancer models. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 27:119-28. [PMID: 24308608 DOI: 10.1021/tx400365z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway is a major pathway in cellular processes such as cell growth, apoptosis, and cellular homeostasis. The signaling pathway activated by 17β-estadiol (E2) appeared to inhibit the TGF-β signaling pathway by cross-talk with the TGF-β components in estrogen receptor (ER) positive cells. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including 4-nonylphenol (NP), 4-otylphenol (OP), bisphenol A (BPA), and benzophenon-1 (BP-1), in the TGF-β signaling pathway in BG-1 ovarian cancer cells expressing estrogen receptors (ERs). The transcriptional and translational levels of TGF-β related genes were examined by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), Western blot analysis, and xenograft mouse models of ovarian cancer cells. As a result, treatment with NP, OP, and BPA induced the expressions of SnoN, a TGF-β pathway inhibitor, and c-Fos, a TGF-β target transcription factor. Treatment with NP, BPA, and BP-1 resulted in decreased phosphorylation of Smad3, a downstream target of TGF-β. These results indicate that NP and BPA may stimulate the proliferation of BG-1 cells via inhibition of the TGF-β signaling pathway. In a xenograft mouse model, transplanted BG-1 ovarian cancer cells showed significantly decreased phosphorylation of Smad3 and increased expression of SnoN in the ovarian tumor masses following treatment with E2, NP, or BPA. In parallel with an in vitro model, the expressions of these TGF-β signaling pathway were similarly regulated by NP or BPA in a xenograft mouse model. These results support the fact that the existence of an unproven relationship between EDCs/ER-α and TGF-β signaling pathway and a further study are required in order to verify more profound and distinct mechanism(s) for the disturbance of the TGF-β signaling pathway by diverse EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ah Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University , Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Park MA, Hwang KA, Lee HR, Yi BR, Choi KC. Cell Growth of BG-1 Ovarian Cancer Cells was Promoted by 4-Tert-octylphenol and 4-Nonylphenol via Downregulation of TGF-β Receptor 2 and Upregulation of c-myc. Toxicol Res 2013; 27:253-9. [PMID: 24278580 PMCID: PMC3834391 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2011.27.4.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is involved in cellular processes including growth, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and homeostasis. Generally, TGF-β is the inhibitor of cell cycle progression and plays a role in enhancing the antagonistic effects of many growth factors. Unlike the antiproliferative effect of TGF-β, E2, an endogeneous estrogen, is stimulating cell proliferation in the estrogen-dependent organs, which are mediated via the estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, and may be considered as a critical risk factor in tumorigenesis of hormone-responsive cancers. Previous researches reported the cross-talk between estrogen/ERα and TGF-β pathway. Especially, based on the E2-mediated inhibition of TGF-β signaling, we examined the inhibition effect of 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) and 4-nonylphenol (NP), which are well known xenoestrogens in endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), on TGF-β signaling via semi-quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. The treatment of E2, OP, or NP resulted in the downregulation of TGF- β receptor2 (TGF-β R2) in TGF-β signaling pathway. However, the expression level of TGF-β1 and TGF- β receptor1 (TGF-β R1) genes was not altered. On the other hand, E2, OP, or NP upregulated the expression of a cell-cycle regulating gene, c-myc, which is a oncogene and a downstream target gene of TGF-β signaling pathway. As a result of downregulation of TGF-β R2 and the upregulation of c-myc, E2, OP, or NP increased cell proliferation of BG-1 ovarian cancer cells. Taken together, these results suggest that E2 and these two EDCs may mediate cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting TGF-β signaling via the downregulation of TGF-β R2 and the upregulation of c-myc oncogene. In addition, it can be inferred that these EDCs have the possibility of tumorigenesis in estrogen-responsive organs by certainly representing estrogenic effect in inhibiting TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ah Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763 Korea
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Abstract
Homeobox genes comprise a super-family of evolutionarily conserved genes that play essential roles in controlling body plan specification and cell fate determination. Substantial evidence indicates that leukemogenesis is driven by abnormal expression of homeobox genes that control hematopoiesis. In solid tumors, aberrant expression of homeobox genes has been increasingly found to modulate diverse processes such as cell proliferation, cell death, metastasis, angiogenesis and DNA repair. This review discusses how homeobox genes are deregulated in solid tumors and the functional significance of this deregulation in the hallmarks of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhwani Haria
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, U.S.A
| | - Honami Naora
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, U.S.A
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Arora H, Qureshi R, Park WY. miR-506 regulates epithelial mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64273. [PMID: 23717581 PMCID: PMC3661463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important parameter related to breast cancer survival. Among several microRNAs predicted to target EMT-related genes, miR-506 is a novel miRNA found to be significantly related to breast cancer patient survival in a meta-analysis. miR-506 suppressed the expression of mesenchymal genes such as Vimentin, Snai2, and CD151 in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line. Moreover, NF-κB bound to the upstream promoter region of miR-506 to suppress transcription. Overexpression of miR-506 inhibited TGFβ-induced EMT and suppressed adhesion, invasion, and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. From these results, we concluded that miR-506 plays a key role in the process of EMT through posttranslational control of EMT-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Arora
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Rehana Qureshi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Tang P, Huang H, Chang J, Zhao GF, Lu ML, Wang Y. Increased expression of DLX2 correlates with advanced stage of gastric adenocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:2697-2703. [PMID: 23674878 PMCID: PMC3645389 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i17.2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of distal-less homeobox 2 (DLX2) in gastric adenocarcinoma and its clinicopathological significance.
METHODS: Gastric adenocarcinoma tissues were obtained from gastrectomy specimens of 129 patients from the Department of Surgery and Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University. Sixty cases of normal gastric tissues were collected from gastrectomy specimens of adjacent gastric cancer margins greater than 5 cm. Patient diagnosis was established pathologically, and no patient had received chemotherapy or radiotherapy before surgery. All tissue specimens were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded. Immunohistochemistry was carried out to investigate the expression of DLX2 in 129 gastric adenocarcinoma tissues and 60 adjacent normal tissues. The immunostaining reaction was semiquantitatively evaluated based on the proportion of positive cells and the median staining intensity in normal gastric epithelial cells or tumor cells. All patients had follow-up records for more than 5 years. Correlations of DLX2 expression with clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma were analyzed. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 17.0 software.
RESULTS: The positive expression of DLX2 was detected in 68 (52.7%) cases of 129 gastric adenocarcinoma tissues and 14 (23.3%) cases of 60 adjacent normal tissues. The difference in DLX2 expression between gastric adenocarcinoma tissues and adjacent normal tissues was statistically significant (χ2 = 14.391, P < 0.001). Moreover, high expression of DLX2 was detected in 48 (37.2%) cases of 129 human gastric cancer tissues, but not in adjacent normal tissues. The expression of DLX2 correlated with the size of tumor (P = 0.001), depth of invasion (P = 0.008), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.023) and tumor-node-metastasis stages (P = 0.020), but was not correlated with age, gender, histological differentiation and distant metastasis. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that survival time of patients with high DLX2 expression was significantly shorter than that with low DLX2 expression. However, the multivariate analysis showed that invasion depth (P < 0.001), lymph nodes metastasis (P = 0.001) and distant metastasis (P < 0.001) were independent prognostic factors for patients with gastric adenocarcinoma, but DLX2 expression, tumor location and tumor size were not.
CONCLUSION: These results suggest that increased expression of DLX2 may correlate with the advanced stage of gastric adenocarcinoma, and it may contribute to tumor development.
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Perrot CY, Javelaud D, Mauviel A. Insights into the Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling Pathway in Cutaneous Melanoma. Ann Dermatol 2013; 25:135-44. [PMID: 23717002 PMCID: PMC3662904 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2013.25.2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic growth factor with broad tissue distribution that plays critical roles during embryonic development, normal tissue homeostasis, and cancer. While its cytostatic activity on normal epithelial cells initially defined TGF-β signaling as a tumor suppressor pathway, there is ample evidence indicating that TGF-β is a potent pro-tumorigenic agent, acting via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms to promote peri-tumoral angiogenesis, together with tumor cell migration, immune escape, and dissemination to metastatic sites. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the implication of TGF-β signaling in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Yolande Perrot
- Institut Curie, Team "TGF-β and Oncogenesis", Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
- INSERM U1021 Orsay, France
- CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France
| | - Delphine Javelaud
- Institut Curie, Team "TGF-β and Oncogenesis", Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
- INSERM U1021 Orsay, France
- CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France
| | - Alain Mauviel
- Institut Curie, Team "TGF-β and Oncogenesis", Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
- INSERM U1021 Orsay, France
- CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France
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Her NG, Jeong SI, Cho K, Ha TK, Han J, Ko KP, Park SK, Lee JH, Lee MG, Ryu BK, Chi SG. PPARδ promotes oncogenic redirection of TGF-β1 signaling through the activation of the ABCA1-Cav1 pathway. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1521-35. [PMID: 23598720 DOI: 10.4161/cc.24636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-β1 plays biphasic functions in prostate tumorigenesis, inhibiting cell growth at early stages but promoting malignant progression at later stages. However, the molecular basis for the oncogenic conversion of TGF-β1 function remains largely undefined. Here, we demonstrate that PPARδ is a direct transcription target of TGF-β1 and plays a critical role in oncogenic redirection of TGF-β1 signaling. Blockade of PPARδ induction enhances tumor cell response to TGF-β1-mediated growth inhibition, while its activation promotes TGF-β1-induced tumor growth, migration and invasion. PPARδ-mediated switch of TGF-β1 function is associated with down- and upregulation of Smad and ERK signaling, respectively, and tightly linked to its function to activate ABCA1 cholesterol transporter followed by caveolin-1 (Cav1) induction. Intriguingly, TGF-β1 activation of the PPARδ-ABCA1-Cav1 pathway facilitates degradation of TGF-β receptors (TβRs) and attenuates Smad but enhances ERK response to TGF-β1. Expression of PPARδ and Cav1 is tightly correlated in both prostate tissues and cell lines and significantly higher in cancer vs. normal tissues. Collectively, our study shows that PPARδ is a transcription target of TGF-β1 and contributes to the oncogenic conversion of TGF-β1 function through activation of the ABCA1-Cav1-TβR signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Gu Her
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Tiwari N, Meyer-Schaller N, Arnold P, Antoniadis H, Pachkov M, van Nimwegen E, Christofori G. Klf4 is a transcriptional regulator of genes critical for EMT, including Jnk1 (Mapk8). PLoS One 2013; 8:e57329. [PMID: 23451207 PMCID: PMC3581489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have identified the zinc-finger transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) among the transcription factors that are significantly downregulated in their expression during epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in mammary epithelial cells and in breast cancer cells. Loss and gain of function experiments demonstrate that the down-regulation of Klf4 expression is required for the induction of EMT in vitro and for metastasis in vivo. In addition, reduced Klf4 expression correlates with shorter disease-free survival of subsets of breast cancer patients. Yet, reduced expression of Klf4 also induces apoptosis in cells undergoing TGFβ-induced EMT. Chromatin immunoprecipitation/deep-sequencing in combination with gene expression profiling reveals direct Klf4 target genes, including E-cadherin (Cdh1), N-cadherin (Cdh2), vimentin (Vim), β-catenin (Ctnnb1), VEGF-A (Vegfa), endothelin-1 (Edn1) and Jnk1 (Mapk8). Thereby, Klf4 acts as a transcriptional activator of epithelial genes and as a repressor of mesenchymal genes. Specifically, increased expression of Jnk1 (Mapk8) upon down-regulation of its transcriptional repressor Klf4 is required for EMT cell migration and for the induction of apoptosis. The data demonstrate a central role of Klf4 in the maintenance of epithelial cell differentiation and the prevention of EMT and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Tiwari
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Phil Arnold
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Mikhail Pachkov
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erik van Nimwegen
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
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