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Crha R, Kozeleková A, Hofrová A, Iľkovičová L, Gašparik N, Kadeřávek P, Hritz J. Hiding in plain sight: Complex interaction patterns between Tau and 14-3-3ζ protein variants. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:130802. [PMID: 38492709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Tau protein is an intrinsically disordered protein that plays a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In brains of AD patients, Tau occurs abnormally phosphorylated and aggregated in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Together with Tau, 14-3-3 proteins - abundant cytosolic dimeric proteins - were found colocalized in the NFTs. However, so far, the molecular mechanism of the process leading to pathological changes in Tau structure as well as the direct involvement of 14-3-3 proteins are not well understood. Here, we aimed to reveal the effects of phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA) on Tau structural preferences and provide better insight into the interaction between Tau and 14-3-3 proteins. We also addressed the impact of monomerization-inducing phosphorylation of 14-3-3 at S58 on the binding to Tau protein. Using multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), chemical cross-linking analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS) and PAGE, we unveiled differences in their binding affinity, stoichiometry, and interfaces with single-residue resolution. We revealed that the interaction between 14-3-3 and Tau proteins is mediated not only via the 14-3-3 amphipathic binding grooves, but also via less specific interactions with 14-3-3 protein surface and, in the case of monomeric 14-3-3, also partially via the exposed dimeric interface. In addition, the hyperphosphorylation of Tau changes its affinity to 14-3-3 proteins. In conclusion, we propose quite complex interaction mode between the Tau and 14-3-3 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Crha
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Kozeleková
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Hofrová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Iľkovičová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Norbert Gašparik
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kadeřávek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Hritz
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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2
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Ward JA, Romartinez-Alonso B, Kay DF, Bellamy-Carter J, Thurairajah B, Basran J, Kwon H, Leney AC, Macip S, Roversi P, Muskett FW, Doveston RG. Characterizing the protein-protein interaction between MDM2 and 14-3-3σ; proof of concept for small molecule stabilization. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105651. [PMID: 38237679 PMCID: PMC10864208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mouse Double Minute 2 (MDM2) is a key negative regulator of the tumor suppressor protein p53. MDM2 overexpression occurs in many types of cancer and results in the suppression of WT p53. The 14-3-3 family of adaptor proteins are known to bind MDM2 and the 14-3-3σ isoform controls MDM2 cellular localization and stability to inhibit its activity. Therefore, small molecule stabilization of the 14-3-3σ/MDM2 protein-protein interaction (PPI) is a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer. Here, we provide a detailed biophysical and structural characterization of the phosphorylation-dependent interaction between 14-3-3σ and peptides that mimic the 14-3-3 binding motifs within MDM2. The data show that di-phosphorylation of MDM2 at S166 and S186 is essential for high affinity 14-3-3 binding and that the binary complex formed involves one MDM2 di-phosphorylated peptide bound to a dimer of 14-3-3σ. However, the two phosphorylation sites do not simultaneously interact so as to bridge the 14-3-3 dimer in a 'multivalent' fashion. Instead, the two phosphorylated MDM2 motifs 'rock' between the two binding grooves of the dimer, which is unusual in the context of 14-3-3 proteins. In addition, we show that the 14-3-3σ-MDM2 interaction is amenable to small molecule stabilization. The natural product fusicoccin A forms a ternary complex with a 14-3-3σ dimer and an MDM2 di-phosphorylated peptide resulting in the stabilization of the 14-3-3σ/MDM2 PPI. This work serves as a proof-of-concept of the drugability of the 14-3-3/MDM2 PPI and paves the way toward the development of more selective and efficacious small molecule stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake A Ward
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Mechanisms of Cancer and Aging Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Beatriz Romartinez-Alonso
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Danielle F Kay
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Bethany Thurairajah
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Jaswir Basran
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Hanna Kwon
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Aneika C Leney
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Salvador Macip
- Mechanisms of Cancer and Aging Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; FoodLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Ctra de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pietro Roversi
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, C.N.R., Unit of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Frederick W Muskett
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Richard G Doveston
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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3
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Bonsor DA, Simanshu DK. Structural insights into the role of SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C complex in RAF activation. FEBS J 2023; 290:4852-4863. [PMID: 37074066 PMCID: PMC10584989 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
RAF activation is a key step for signalling through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The SHOC2 protein, along with MRAS and PP1C, forms a high affinity, heterotrimeric holoenzyme that activates RAF kinases by dephosphorylating a specific phosphoserine. Recently, our research, along with that of three other teams, has uncovered valuable structural and functional insights into the SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C (SMP) holoenzyme complex. In this structural snapshot, we review SMP complex assembly, the dependency on the bound-nucleotide state of MRAS, the substitution of MRAS by the canonical RAS proteins and the roles of SHOC2 and MRAS on PP1C activity and specificity. Furthermore, we discuss the effect of several RASopathy mutations identified within the SMP complex and explore potential therapeutic approaches for targeting the SMP complex in RAS/RAF-driven cancers and RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Bonsor
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dhirendra K. Simanshu
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
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4
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Künzel N, Helms V. How Peptides Bind to PSD-95/Discs-Large/ZO-1 Domains. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:3845-3859. [PMID: 35608157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PSD-95/discs-large/ZO-1 (PDZ) domains form a large family of adaptor proteins that bind to the C-terminal tails of their binding partner proteins. Via extensive molecular dynamics simulations and alchemical free energy calculations, we characterized the binding modi of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated EQVSAV peptides and of a EQVEAV phosphate mimic to the hPTP1E PDZ2 and MAGI1 PDZ1 domains. The simulations reproduced the well-known binding characteristics such as tight coordination of the peptidic carboxyl tail and pronounced hydrogen bonding between the peptide backbone and the backbone atoms of a β-sheet in PDZ. Overall, coordination by hPTP1E PDZ2 appeared tighter than by MAGI1 PDZ1. Simulations of wild-type PDZ and arginine mutants suggest that contacts with Arg79/85 in hPTP1E/MAGI1 are more important for the EQVEAV peptide than for EQVSAV. Alchemical free energy calculations and PaCS-MD simulations could well reproduce the difference in binding free energy between unphosphorylated EQVSAV and EQVEAV peptides and the absolute binding free energy of EQVSAV. However, likely due to small force field inaccuracies, the simulations erroneously favored binding of the phosphorylated peptide instead of its unphosphorylated counterpart, which is in contrast to the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Künzel
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Volkhard Helms
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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5
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Sluchanko NN. Recent advances in structural studies of 14-3-3 protein complexes. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2022; 130:289-324. [PMID: 35534110 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Being phosphopeptide-binding hubs, 14-3-3 proteins coordinate multiple cellular processes in eukaryotes, including the regulation of apoptosis, cell cycle, ion channels trafficking, transcription, signal transduction, and hormone biosynthesis. Forming constitutive α-helical dimers, 14-3-3 proteins predominantly recognize specifically phosphorylated Ser/Thr sites within their partners; this generally stabilizes phosphotarget conformation and affects its activity, intracellular distribution, dephosphorylation, degradation and interactions with other proteins. Not surprisingly, 14-3-3 complexes are involved in the development of a range of diseases and are considered promising drug targets. The wide interactome of 14-3-3 proteins encompasses hundreds of different phosphoproteins, for many of which the interaction is well-documented in vitro and in vivo but lack the structural data that would help better understand underlying regulatory mechanisms and develop new drugs. Despite obtaining structural information on 14-3-3 complexes is still lagging behind the research of 14-3-3 interactions on a proteome-wide scale, recent works provided some advances, including methodological improvements and accumulation of new interesting structural data, that are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai N Sluchanko
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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6
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Kozeleková A, Náplavová A, Brom T, Gašparik N, Šimek J, Houser J, Hritz J. Phosphorylated and Phosphomimicking Variants May Differ—A Case Study of 14-3-3 Protein. Front Chem 2022; 10:835733. [PMID: 35321476 PMCID: PMC8935074 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.835733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a critical mechanism that biology uses to govern cellular processes. To study the impact of phosphorylation on protein properties, a fully and specifically phosphorylated sample is required although not always achievable. Commonly, this issue is overcome by installing phosphomimicking mutations at the desired site of phosphorylation. 14-3-3 proteins are regulatory protein hubs that interact with hundreds of phosphorylated proteins and modulate their structure and activity. 14-3-3 protein function relies on its dimeric nature, which is controlled by Ser58 phosphorylation. However, incomplete Ser58 phosphorylation has obstructed the detailed study of its effect so far. In the present study, we describe the full and specific phosphorylation of 14-3-3ζ protein at Ser58 and we compare its characteristics with phosphomimicking mutants that have been used in the past (S58E/D). Our results show that in case of the 14-3-3 proteins, phosphomimicking mutations are not a sufficient replacement for phosphorylation. At physiological concentrations of 14-3-3ζ protein, the dimer-monomer equilibrium of phosphorylated protein is much more shifted towards monomers than that of the phosphomimicking mutants. The oligomeric state also influences protein properties such as thermodynamic stability and hydrophobicity. Moreover, phosphorylation changes the localization of 14-3-3ζ in HeLa and U251 human cancer cells. In summary, our study highlights that phosphomimicking mutations may not faithfully represent the effects of phosphorylation on the protein structure and function and that their use should be justified by comparing to the genuinely phosphorylated counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Kozeleková
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Tomáš Brom
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Norbert Gašparik
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Šimek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Josef Houser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jozef Hritz
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jozef Hritz,
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7
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Yokoi N, Fukata Y, Okatsu K, Yamagata A, Liu Y, Sanbo M, Miyazaki Y, Goto T, Abe M, Kassai H, Sakimura K, Meijer D, Hirabayashi M, Fukai S, Fukata M. 14-3-3 proteins stabilize LGI1-ADAM22 levels to regulate seizure thresholds in mice. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110107. [PMID: 34910912 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
What percentage of the protein function is required to prevent disease symptoms is a fundamental question in genetic disorders. Decreased transsynaptic LGI1-ADAM22 protein complexes, because of their mutations or autoantibodies, cause epilepsy and amnesia. However, it remains unclear how LGI1-ADAM22 levels are regulated and how much LGI1-ADAM22 function is required. Here, by genetic and structural analysis, we demonstrate that quantitative dual phosphorylation of ADAM22 by protein kinase A (PKA) mediates high-affinity binding of ADAM22 to dimerized 14-3-3. This interaction protects LGI1-ADAM22 from endocytosis-dependent degradation. Accordingly, forskolin-induced PKA activation increases ADAM22 levels. Leveraging a series of ADAM22 and LGI1 hypomorphic mice, we find that ∼50% of LGI1 and ∼10% of ADAM22 levels are sufficient to prevent lethal epilepsy. Furthermore, ADAM22 function is required in excitatory and inhibitory neurons. These results suggest strategies to increase LGI1-ADAM22 complexes over the required levels by targeting PKA or 14-3-3 for epilepsy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Yokoi
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuko Fukata
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Kei Okatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamagata
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Makoto Sanbo
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yuri Miyazaki
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Teppei Goto
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kassai
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Dies Meijer
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Shuya Fukai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukata
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
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8
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Pathways to Parkinson's disease: a spotlight on 14-3-3 proteins. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:85. [PMID: 34548498 PMCID: PMC8455551 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
14-3-3s represent a family of highly conserved 30 kDa acidic proteins. 14-3-3s recognize and bind specific phospho-sequences on client partners and operate as molecular hubs to regulate their activity, localization, folding, degradation, and protein-protein interactions. 14-3-3s are also associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases, among which Parkinson's disease (PD). 14-3-3s are found within Lewy bodies (LBs) in PD patients, and their neuroprotective effects have been demonstrated in several animal models of PD. Notably, 14-3-3s interact with some of the major proteins known to be involved in the pathogenesis of PD. Here we first provide a detailed overview of the molecular composition and structural features of 14-3-3s, laying significant emphasis on their peculiar target-binding mechanisms. We then briefly describe the implication of 14-3-3s in the central nervous system and focus on their interaction with LRRK2, α-Synuclein, and Parkin, three of the major players in PD onset and progression. We finally discuss how different types of small molecules may interfere with 14-3-3s interactome, thus representing a valid strategy in the future of drug discovery.
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9
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TNK1 is a ubiquitin-binding and 14-3-3-regulated kinase that can be targeted to block tumor growth. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5337. [PMID: 34504101 PMCID: PMC8429728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25622-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
TNK1 is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase with poorly understood biological function and regulation. Here, we identify TNK1 dependencies in primary human cancers. We also discover a MARK-mediated phosphorylation on TNK1 at S502 that promotes an interaction between TNK1 and 14-3-3, which sequesters TNK1 and inhibits its kinase activity. Conversely, the release of TNK1 from 14-3-3 allows TNK1 to cluster in ubiquitin-rich puncta and become active. Active TNK1 induces growth factor-independent proliferation of lymphoid cells in cell culture and mouse models. One unusual feature of TNK1 is a ubiquitin-association domain (UBA) on its C-terminus. Here, we characterize the TNK1 UBA, which has high affinity for poly-ubiquitin. Point mutations that disrupt ubiquitin binding inhibit TNK1 activity. These data suggest a mechanism in which TNK1 toggles between 14-3-3-bound (inactive) and ubiquitin-bound (active) states. Finally, we identify a TNK1 inhibitor, TP-5801, which shows nanomolar potency against TNK1-transformed cells and suppresses tumor growth in vivo.
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10
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Guillory X, Hadrović I, de Vink PJ, Sowislok A, Brunsveld L, Schrader T, Ottmann C. Supramolecular Enhancement of a Natural 14-3-3 Protein Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13495-13500. [PMID: 34427424 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rational design of protein-protein interaction (PPI) inhibitors is challenging. Connecting a general supramolecular protein binder with a specific peptidic ligand provides a novel conceptual approach. Thus, lysine-specific molecular tweezers were conjugated to a peptide-based 14-3-3 ligand and produced a strong PPI inhibitor with 100-fold elevated protein affinity. X-ray crystal structure elucidation of this supramolecular directed assembly provides unique molecular insight into the binding mode and fully aligns with Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. This new supramolecular chemical biology concept opens the path to novel chemical tools for studying PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Guillory
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular System, Eindhoven University of Technology, (TU/e) Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Inesa Hadrović
- Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Pim J de Vink
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular System, Eindhoven University of Technology, (TU/e) Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Sowislok
- University Clinics Essen, Experimental Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular System, Eindhoven University of Technology, (TU/e) Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Schrader
- Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular System, Eindhoven University of Technology, (TU/e) Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, 45117 Essen, Germany
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11
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Künzel N, Helms V. How phosphorylation of peptides affects their interaction with 14-3-3η domains. Proteins 2021; 90:351-362. [PMID: 34462973 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Members of the 14-3-3 domain family have important functions as adapter domains. Via an amphipathic groove on their protein surface they typically bind to disordered C-terminals of other proteins. Importantly, binding partners of 14-3-3 domains usually contain a phosphorylated serine or threonine residue at their binding interface and possess one of three different sequence motifs. Binding of the respective unphosphorylated versions of the peptides is typically strongly disfavored. There is a wealth of structural and thermodynamic data available for the phosphorylated forms but not for the unphosphorylated forms as the binding affinities seem to be too weak to be measurable experimentally. Here, we characterized the mechanistic details that govern the preference for the binding of phosphorylated peptides to 14-3-3η domains by means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We found that the phosphate group is ideally coordinated in the binding pocket whereas the respective unphosphorylated side-chain counterpart is not. Thus, the binding preference results from the tight coordination of the phosphorylated residue at the center of the binding interface. Furthermore, MD simulations of 14-3-3η dimers showed a preference for the simultaneous binding of two phosphorylated peptides in agreement with their experimentally observed cooperativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Künzel
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University, Postfach 15 11 50, 66041, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Volkhard Helms
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University, Postfach 15 11 50, 66041, Saarbrücken, Germany
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12
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Horvath M, Petrvalska O, Herman P, Obsilova V, Obsil T. 14-3-3 proteins inactivate DAPK2 by promoting its dimerization and protecting key regulatory phosphosites. Commun Biol 2021; 4:986. [PMID: 34413451 PMCID: PMC8376927 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02518-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Death-associated protein kinase 2 (DAPK2) is a CaM-regulated Ser/Thr protein kinase, involved in apoptosis, autophagy, granulocyte differentiation and motility regulation, whose activity is controlled by autoinhibition, autophosphorylation, dimerization and interaction with scaffolding proteins 14-3-3. However, the structural basis of 14-3-3-mediated DAPK2 regulation remains unclear. Here, we structurally and biochemically characterize the full-length human DAPK2:14-3-3 complex by combining several biophysical techniques. The results from our X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed that Thr369 phosphorylation at the DAPK2 C terminus creates a high-affinity canonical mode III 14-3-3-binding motif, further enhanced by the diterpene glycoside Fusicoccin A. Moreover, concentration-dependent DAPK2 dimerization is disrupted by Ca2+/CaM binding and stabilized by 14-3-3 binding in solution, thereby protecting the DAPK2 inhibitory autophosphorylation site Ser318 against dephosphorylation and preventing Ca2+/CaM binding. Overall, our findings provide mechanistic insights into 14-3-3-mediated DAPK2 inhibition and highlight the potential of the DAPK2:14-3-3 complex as a target for anti‐inflammatory therapies. Horvath et al. structurally and biochemically characterize the full-length human DAPK2-14-3-3 complex to investigate the effects of binding to DAPK2 on its dimerization, activation by dephosphorylation of Ser318, and Ca2+/calmodulin binding. Their results provide mechanistic insights into 14- 3-3-mediated DAPK2 inhibition and highlight the potential of the DAPK2:14-3-3 complex as a target for anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Horvath
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Olivia Petrvalska
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Herman
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Obsilova
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Obsil
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.
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13
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Soini L, Leysen S, Crabbe T, Davis J, Ottmann C. The identification and structural analysis of potential 14-3-3 interaction sites on the bone regulator protein Schnurri-3. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2021; 77:254-261. [PMID: 34341191 PMCID: PMC8329713 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x21006658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins regulate many intracellular processes and their ability to bind in subtly different fashions to their numerous partner proteins provides attractive drug-targeting points for a range of diseases. Schnurri-3 is a suppressor of mouse bone formation and a candidate target for novel osteoporosis therapeutics, and thus it is of interest to determine whether it interacts with 14-3-3. In this work, potential 14-3-3 interaction sites on mammalian Schnurri-3 were identified by an in silico analysis of its protein sequence. Using fluorescence polarization, isothermal titration calorimetry and X-ray crystallography, it is shown that synthetic peptides containing either phosphorylated Thr869 or Ser542 can indeed interact with 14-3-3, with the latter capable of forming an interprotein disulfide bond with 14-3-3σ: a hitherto unreported phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Soini
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, UCB Celltech, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Seppe Leysen
- Department of Structural Biology and Biophysics, UCB Celltech, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Crabbe
- New Targets, UCB Celltech, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Davis
- Department of Chemistry, UCB Celltech, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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14
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14-3-3-protein regulates Nedd4-2 by modulating interactions between HECT and WW domains. Commun Biol 2021; 4:899. [PMID: 34294877 PMCID: PMC8298602 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02419-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated 4 ligase (Nedd4-2) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets proteins for ubiquitination and endocytosis, thereby regulating numerous ion channels, membrane receptors and tumor suppressors. Nedd4-2 activity is regulated by autoinhibition, calcium binding, oxidative stress, substrate binding, phosphorylation and 14-3-3 protein binding. However, the structural basis of 14-3-3-mediated Nedd4-2 regulation remains poorly understood. Here, we combined several techniques of integrative structural biology to characterize Nedd4-2 and its complex with 14-3-3. We demonstrate that phosphorylated Ser342 and Ser448 are the key residues that facilitate 14-3-3 protein binding to Nedd4-2 and that 14-3-3 protein binding induces a structural rearrangement of Nedd4-2 by inhibiting interactions between its structured domains. Overall, our findings provide the structural glimpse into the 14-3-3-mediated Nedd4-2 regulation and highlight the potential of the Nedd4-2:14-3-3 complex as a pharmacological target for Nedd4-2-associated diseases such as hypertension, epilepsy, kidney disease and cancer. Pohl et al. investigated the structural basis of Nedd4-2 regulation by 14-3-3 and found that phosphorylated Ser342 and Ser448 are the main residues that facilitate 14-3-3 binding to Nedd4-2. The authors propose that the Nedd4-2:14-3-3 complex then stimulates a structural rearrangement of Nedd4-2 through inhibiting interaction of its structured domains.
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15
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Co-ordinated control of the Aurora B abscission checkpoint by PKCε complex assembly, midbody recruitment and retention. Biochem J 2021; 478:2247-2263. [PMID: 34143863 PMCID: PMC8238520 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A requirement for PKCε in exiting from the Aurora B dependent abscission checkpoint is associated with events at the midbody, however, the recruitment, retention and action of PKCε in this compartment are poorly understood. Here, the prerequisite for 14-3-3 complex assembly in this pathway is directly linked to the phosphorylation of Aurora B S227 at the midbody. However, while essential for PKCε control of Aurora B, 14-3-3 association is shown to be unnecessary for the activity-dependent enrichment of PKCε at the midbody. This localisation is demonstrated to be an autonomous property of the inactive PKCε D532N mutant, consistent with activity-dependent dissociation. The C1A and C1B domains are necessary for this localisation, while the C2 domain and inter-C1 domain (IC1D) are necessary for retention at the midbody. Furthermore, it is shown that while the IC1D mutant retains 14-3-3 complex proficiency, it does not support Aurora B phosphorylation, nor rescues division failure observed with knockdown of endogenous PKCε. It is concluded that the concerted action of multiple independent events facilitates PKCε phosphorylation of Aurora B at the midbody to control exit from the abscission checkpoint.
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16
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Tugaeva KV, Hawkins DEDP, Smith JLR, Bayfield OW, Ker DS, Sysoev AA, Klychnikov OI, Antson AA, Sluchanko NN. The Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Recognition by the Human 14-3-3 Proteins. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166875. [PMID: 33556408 PMCID: PMC7863765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus nucleocapsid protein (N) controls viral genome packaging and contains numerous phosphorylation sites located within unstructured regions. Binding of phosphorylated SARS-CoV N to the host 14-3-3 protein in the cytoplasm was reported to regulate nucleocytoplasmic N shuttling. All seven isoforms of the human 14-3-3 are abundantly present in tissues vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2, where N can constitute up to ~1% of expressed proteins during infection. Although the association between 14-3-3 and SARS-CoV-2 N proteins can represent one of the key host-pathogen interactions, its molecular mechanism and the specific critical phosphosites are unknown. Here, we show that phosphorylated SARS-CoV-2 N protein (pN) dimers, reconstituted via bacterial co-expression with protein kinase A, directly associate, in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, with the dimeric 14-3-3 protein, but not with its monomeric mutant. We demonstrate that pN is recognized by all seven human 14-3-3 isoforms with various efficiencies and deduce the apparent KD to selected isoforms, showing that these are in a low micromolar range. Serial truncations pinpointed a critical phosphorylation site to Ser197, which is conserved among related zoonotic coronaviruses and located within the functionally important, SR-rich region of N. The relatively tight 14-3-3/pN association could regulate nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and other functions of N via occlusion of the SR-rich region, and could also hijack cellular pathways by 14-3-3 sequestration. As such, the assembly may represent a valuable target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina V Tugaeva
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dorothy E D P Hawkins
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Jake L R Smith
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver W Bayfield
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - De-Sheng Ker
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrey A Sysoev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg I Klychnikov
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alfred A Antson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
| | - Nikolai N Sluchanko
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
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17
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Munier CC, De Maria L, Edman K, Gunnarsson A, Longo M, MacKintosh C, Patel S, Snijder A, Wissler L, Brunsveld L, Ottmann C, Perry MWD. Glucocorticoid receptor Thr524 phosphorylation by MINK1 induces interactions with 14-3-3 protein regulators. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100551. [PMID: 33744286 PMCID: PMC8080530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that plays a central role in inflammation. The GR activity is also modulated via protein–protein interactions, including binding of 14-3-3 proteins induced by GR phosphorylation. However, the specific phosphorylation sites on the GR that trigger these interactions and their functional consequences are less clear. Hence, we sought to examine this system in more detail. We used phosphorylated GR peptides, biophysical studies, and X-ray crystallography to identify key residues within the ligand-binding domain of the GR, T524 and S617, whose phosphorylation results in binding of the representative 14-3-3 protein 14-3-3ζ. A kinase screen identified misshapen-like kinase 1 (MINK1) as responsible for phosphorylating T524 and Rho-associated protein kinase 1 for phosphorylating S617; cell-based approaches confirmed the importance of both GR phosphosites and MINK1 but not Rho-associated protein kinase 1 alone in inducing GR–14-3-3 binding. Together our results provide molecular-level insight into 14-3-3-mediated regulation of the GR and highlight both MINK1 and the GR–14-3-3 axis as potential targets for future therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C Munier
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo De Maria
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karl Edman
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Gunnarsson
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marianna Longo
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology (C.M.), College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Carol MacKintosh
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology (C.M.), College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Saleha Patel
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arjan Snijder
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisa Wissler
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew W D Perry
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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18
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Hu J, Sun XM, Su JY, Zhao YF, Chen YX. Different phosphorylation and farnesylation patterns tune Rnd3-14-3-3 interaction in distinct mechanisms. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4432-4442. [PMID: 34163708 PMCID: PMC8179448 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05838f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are often involved in the mediation or inhibition of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) within many cellular signaling pathways. Uncovering the molecular mechanism of PTM-induced multivalent PPIs is vital to understand the regulatory factors to promote inhibitor development. Herein, Rnd3 peptides with different PTM patterns as the binding epitopes and 14-3-3ζ protein were used as models to elucidate the influences of phosphorylation and farnesylation on binding thermodynamics and kinetics and their molecular mechanism. The quantitative thermodynamic results indicate that phosphorylated residues S210 and S218 (pS210 and pS218) and farnesylated C241 (fC241) enhance Rnd3-14-3-3ζ interactions in the presence of the essential pS240. However, distinct PTM patterns greatly affect the binding process. Initial association of pS240 with the phosphate-binding pocket of one monomer of the 14-3-3ζ dimer triggers the binding of pS210 or pS218 to another monomer, whereas the binding of fC241 to the hydrophobic groove on one 14-3-3ζ monomer induces the subsequent binding of pS240 to the adjacent pocket on the same monomer. Based on the experimental and molecular simulation results, we estimate that pS210/pS218 and pS240 mediate the multivalent interaction through an additive mechanism, whereas fC241 and pS240 follow an induced fit mechanism, in which the cooperativity of these two adjacent PTMs is reflected by the index ε described in our established thermodynamic binding model. Besides, these proposed binding models have been further used for describing the interaction between 14-3-3ζ and other substrates containing adjacent phosphorylation and lipidation groups, indicating their potential in general applications. These mechanistic insights are significant for understanding the regulatory factors and the design of PPI modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Xue-Meng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jing-Yun Su
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yu-Fen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yong-Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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19
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Dengler L, Örd M, Schwab LM, Loog M, Ewald JC. Regulation of trehalase activity by multi-site phosphorylation and 14-3-3 interaction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:962. [PMID: 33441790 PMCID: PMC7806596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation enables a rapid adjustment of cellular activities to diverse intracellular and environmental stimuli. Many phosphoproteins are targeted on more than one site, which allows the integration of multiple signals and the implementation of complex responses. However, the hierarchy and interplay between multiple phospho-sites are often unknown. Here, we study multi‐site phosphorylation using the yeast trehalase Nth1 and its activator, the 14-3-3 protein Bmh1, as a model. Nth1 is known to be phosphorylated by the metabolic kinase PKA on four serine residues and by the cell cycle kinase CDK on one residue. However, how these five phospho-sites adjust Nth1 activity remains unclear. Using a novel reporter construct, we investigated the contribution of the individual sites for the regulation of the trehalase and its 14-3-3 interactor. In contrast to the constitutively phosphorylated S20 and S83, the weaker sites S21 and S60 are only phosphorylated by increased PKA activity. For binding Bmh1, S83 functions as the high‐affinity “gatekeeper” site, but successful binding of the Bmh1 dimer and thus Nth1 activation requires S60 as a secondary site. Under nutrient-poor conditions with low PKA activity, S60 is not efficiently phosphorylated and the cell cycle dependent phosphorylation of S66 by Cdk1 contributes to Nth1 activity, likely by providing an alternative Bmh1 binding site. Additionally, the PKA sites S20 and S21 modulate the dephosphorylation of Nth1 on downstream Bmh1 sites. In summary, our results expand our molecular understanding of Nth1 regulation and provide a new aspect of the interaction of 14-3-3 proteins with their targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Dengler
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mihkel Örd
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lucca M Schwab
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mart Loog
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jennifer C Ewald
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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20
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Kiehstaller S, Ottmann C, Hennig S. MMP activation-associated aminopeptidase N reveals a bivalent 14-3-3 binding motif. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:18266-18275. [PMID: 33109610 PMCID: PMC7939381 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminopeptidase N (APN, CD13) is a transmembrane ectopeptidase involved in many crucial cellular functions. Besides its role as a peptidase, APN also mediates signal transduction and is involved in the activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). MMPs function in tissue remodeling within the extracellular space and are therefore involved in many human diseases, such as fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, tumor angiogenesis, and metastasis, as well as viral infections. However, the exact mechanism that leads to APN-driven MMP activation is unclear. It was previously shown that extracellular 14-3-3 adapter proteins bind to APN and thereby induce the transcription of MMPs. As a first step, we sought to identify potential 14-3-3-binding sites in the APN sequence. We constructed a set of phosphorylated peptides derived from APN to probe for interactions. We identified and characterized a canonical 14-3-3-binding site (site 1) within the flexible, structurally unresolved N-terminal APN region using direct binding fluorescence polarization assays and thermodynamic analysis. In addition, we identified a secondary, noncanonical binding site (site 2), which enhances the binding affinity in combination with site 1 by many orders of magnitude. Finally, we solved crystal structures of 14-3-3σ bound to mono- and bis-phosphorylated APN-derived peptides, which revealed atomic details of the binding mode of mono- and bivalent 14-3-3 interactions. Therefore, our findings shed some light on the first steps of APN-mediated MMP activation and open the field for further investigation of this important signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kiehstaller
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Sven Hennig
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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21
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The 14-3-3 Proteins as Important Allosteric Regulators of Protein Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228824. [PMID: 33233473 PMCID: PMC7700312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation by kinases governs many key cellular and extracellular processes, such as transcription, cell cycle progression, differentiation, secretion and apoptosis. Unsurprisingly, tight and precise kinase regulation is a prerequisite for normal cell functioning, whereas kinase dysregulation often leads to disease. Moreover, the functions of many kinases are regulated through protein–protein interactions, which in turn are mediated by phosphorylated motifs and often involve associations with the scaffolding and chaperon protein 14-3-3. Therefore, the aim of this review article is to provide an overview of the state of the art on 14-3-3-mediated kinase regulation, focusing on the most recent mechanistic insights into these important protein–protein interactions and discussing in detail both their structural aspects and functional consequences.
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22
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Reading the phosphorylation code: binding of the 14-3-3 protein to multivalent client phosphoproteins. Biochem J 2020; 477:1219-1225. [PMID: 32271882 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Many major protein-protein interaction networks are maintained by 'hub' proteins with multiple binding partners, where interactions are often facilitated by intrinsically disordered protein regions that undergo post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation. Phosphorylation can directly affect protein function and control recognition by proteins that 'read' the phosphorylation code, re-wiring the interactome. The eukaryotic 14-3-3 proteins recognizing multiple phosphoproteins nicely exemplify these concepts. Although recent studies established the biochemical and structural basis for the interaction of the 14-3-3 dimers with several phosphorylated clients, understanding their assembly with partners phosphorylated at multiple sites represents a challenge. Suboptimal sequence context around the phosphorylated residue may reduce binding affinity, resulting in quantitative differences for distinct phosphorylation sites, making hierarchy and priority in their binding rather uncertain. Recently, Stevers et al. [Biochemical Journal (2017) 474: 1273-1287] undertook a remarkable attempt to untangle the mechanism of 14-3-3 dimer binding to leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) that contains multiple candidate 14-3-3-binding sites and is mutated in Parkinson's disease. By using the protein-peptide binding approach, the authors systematically analyzed affinities for a set of LRRK2 phosphopeptides, alone or in combination, to a 14-3-3 protein and determined crystal structures for 14-3-3 complexes with selected phosphopeptides. This study addresses a long-standing question in the 14-3-3 biology, unearthing a range of important details that are relevant for understanding binding mechanisms of other polyvalent proteins.
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23
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Parker PJ, Lockwood N, Davis K, Kelly JR, Soliman TN, Pardo AL, Marshall JJT, Redmond JM, Vitale M, Silvia Martini. A cancer-associated, genome protective programme engaging PKCε. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 78:100759. [PMID: 33039823 PMCID: PMC7689578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Associated with their roles as targets for tumour promoters, there has been a long-standing interest in how members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family act to modulate cell growth and division. This has generated a great deal of observational data, but has for the most part not afforded clear mechanistic insights into the control mechanisms at play. Here, we review the roles of PKCε in protecting transformed cells from non-disjunction. In this particular cell cycle context, there is a growing understanding of the pathways involved, affording biomarker and interventional insights and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK; School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Nicola Lockwood
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Khalil Davis
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Joanna R Kelly
- Cancer Research UK, Manchester Institute, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Tanya N Soliman
- Barts Cancer Institute, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BE, UK
| | - Ainara Lopez Pardo
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | | | - Marco Vitale
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Martini
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
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24
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Langendorf CG, O'Brien MT, Ngoei KRW, McAloon LM, Dhagat U, Hoque A, Ling NXY, Dite TA, Galic S, Loh K, Parker MW, Oakhill JS, Kemp BE, Scott JW. CaMKK2 is inactivated by cAMP-PKA signaling and 14-3-3 adaptor proteins. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16239-16250. [PMID: 32913128 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-2 (CaMKK2) is a key regulator of cellular and whole-body energy metabolism. It is known to be activated by increases in intracellular Ca2+, but the mechanisms by which it is inactivated are less clear. CaMKK2 inhibition protects against prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and metabolic derangements induced by a high-fat diet; therefore, elucidating the intracellular mechanisms that inactivate CaMKK2 has important therapeutic implications. Here we show that stimulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) signaling in cells inactivates CaMKK2 by phosphorylation of three conserved serine residues. PKA-dependent phosphorylation of Ser495 directly impairs calcium-calmodulin activation, whereas phosphorylation of Ser100 and Ser511 mediate recruitment of 14-3-3 adaptor proteins that hold CaMKK2 in the inactivated state by preventing dephosphorylation of phospho-Ser495 We also report the crystal structure of 14-3-3ζ bound to a synthetic diphosphorylated peptide that reveals how the canonical (Ser511) and noncanonical (Ser100) 14-3-3 consensus sites on CaMKK2 cooperate to bind 14-3-3 proteins. Our findings provide detailed molecular insights into how cAMP-PKA signaling inactivates CaMKK2 and reveals a pathway to inhibit CaMKK2 with potential for treating human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew T O'Brien
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Kevin R W Ngoei
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Luke M McAloon
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Urmi Dhagat
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ashfaqul Hoque
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Naomi X Y Ling
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Toby A Dite
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Sandra Galic
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Kim Loh
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Michael W Parker
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jonathan S Oakhill
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bruce E Kemp
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John W Scott
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia.
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25
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Trcka F, Durech M, Vankova P, Vandova V, Simoncik O, Kavan D, Vojtesek B, Muller P, Man P. The interaction of the mitochondrial protein importer TOMM34 with HSP70 is regulated by TOMM34 phosphorylation and binding to 14-3-3 adaptors. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8928-8944. [PMID: 32371396 PMCID: PMC7335785 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 34 (TOMM34) orchestrates heat shock protein 70 (HSP70)/HSP90-mediated transport of mitochondrial precursor proteins. Here, using in vitro phosphorylation and refolding assays, analytical size-exclusion chromatography, and hydrogen/deuterium exchange MS, we found that TOMM34 associates with 14-3-3 proteins after its phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). PKA preferentially targeted two serine residues in TOMM34: Ser93 and Ser160, located in the tetratricopeptide repeat 1 (TPR1) domain and the interdomain linker, respectively. Both of these residues were necessary for efficient 14-3-3 protein binding. We determined that phosphorylation-induced structural changes in TOMM34 are further augmented by binding to 14-3-3, leading to destabilization of TOMM34's secondary structure. We also observed that this interaction with 14-3-3 occludes the TOMM34 interaction interface with ATP-bound HSP70 dimers, which leaves them intact and thereby eliminates an inhibitory effect of TOMM34 on HSP70-mediated refolding in vitro In contrast, we noted that TOMM34 in complex with 14-3-3 could bind HSP90. Both TOMM34 and 14-3-3 participated in cytosolic precursor protein transport mediated by the coordinated activities of HSP70 and HSP90. Our results provide important insights into how PKA-mediated phosphorylation and 14-3-3 binding regulate the availability of TOMM34 for its interaction with HSP70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Trcka
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Durech
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Vankova
- BioCeV, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Vandova
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Oliver Simoncik
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Kavan
- BioCeV, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Muller
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Man
- BioCeV, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.
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26
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Gigante A, Sijbesma E, Sánchez‐Murcia PA, Hu X, Bier D, Bäcker S, Knauer S, Gago F, Ottmann C, Schmuck C. A Supramolecular Stabilizer of the 14-3-3ζ/ERα Protein-Protein Interaction with a Synergistic Mode of Action. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5284-5287. [PMID: 31814236 PMCID: PMC7155037 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report on a stabilizer of the interaction between 14-3-3ζ and the Estrogen Receptor alpha (ERα). ERα is a driver in the majority of breast cancers and 14-3-3 proteins are negative regulators of this nuclear receptor, making the stabilization of this protein-protein interaction (PPI) an interesting strategy. The stabilizer (1) consists of three symmetric peptidic arms containing an arginine mimetic, previously described as the GCP motif. 1 stabilizes the 14-3-3ζ/ERα interaction synergistically with the natural product Fusicoccin-A and was thus hypothesized to bind to a different site. This is supported by computational analysis of 1 binding to the binary complex of 14-3-3 and an ERα-derived phosphopeptide. Furthermore, 1 shows selectivity towards 14-3-3ζ/ERα interaction over other 14-3-3 client-derived phosphomotifs. These data provide a solid support of a new binding mode for a supramolecular 14-3-3ζ/ERα PPI stabilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Gigante
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg EssenUniversitätstr. 745141EssenGermany
| | - Eline Sijbesma
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Pedro A. Sánchez‐Murcia
- Departamento de Ciencias BiomédicasUniversidad de Alcalá28805Alcalá de HenaresSpain
- Present address: Institute of Theoretical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Str. 171090ViennaAustria
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg EssenUniversitätstr. 745141EssenGermany
| | - David Bier
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg EssenUniversitätstr. 745141EssenGermany
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Sandra Bäcker
- Centre for Medical BiotechnologyUniversity of Duisburg EssenUniversitätstr. 745141EssenGermany
| | - Shirley Knauer
- Centre for Medical BiotechnologyUniversity of Duisburg EssenUniversitätstr. 745141EssenGermany
| | - Federico Gago
- Departamento de Ciencias BiomédicasUniversidad de Alcalá28805Alcalá de HenaresSpain
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg EssenUniversitätstr. 745141EssenGermany
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Carsten Schmuck
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg EssenUniversitätstr. 745141EssenGermany
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27
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Gigante A, Sijbesma E, Sánchez‐Murcia PA, Hu X, Bier D, Bäcker S, Knauer S, Gago F, Ottmann C, Schmuck C. A Supramolecular Stabilizer of the 14‐3‐3ζ/ERα Protein‐Protein Interaction with a Synergistic Mode of Action. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Gigante
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg Essen Universitätstr. 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Eline Sijbesma
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Pedro A. Sánchez‐Murcia
- Departamento de Ciencias BiomédicasUniversidad de Alcalá 28805 Alcalá de Henares Spain
- Present address: Institute of Theoretical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna Währinger Str. 17 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg Essen Universitätstr. 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - David Bier
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg Essen Universitätstr. 7 45141 Essen Germany
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Bäcker
- Centre for Medical BiotechnologyUniversity of Duisburg Essen Universitätstr. 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Shirley Knauer
- Centre for Medical BiotechnologyUniversity of Duisburg Essen Universitätstr. 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Federico Gago
- Departamento de Ciencias BiomédicasUniversidad de Alcalá 28805 Alcalá de Henares Spain
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg Essen Universitätstr. 7 45141 Essen Germany
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Carsten Schmuck
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg Essen Universitätstr. 7 45141 Essen Germany
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28
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Tugaeva KV, Kalacheva DI, Cooley RB, Strelkov SV, Sluchanko NN. Concatenation of 14-3-3 with partner phosphoproteins as a tool to study their interaction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15007. [PMID: 31628352 PMCID: PMC6802120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory 14-3-3 proteins interact with a plethora of phosphorylated partner proteins, however 14-3-3 complexes feature intrinsically disordered regions and often a transient type of interactions making structural studies difficult. Here we engineer and examine a chimera of human 14-3-3 tethered to a nearly complete partner HSPB6 which is phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA). HSPB6 includes a long disordered N-terminal domain (NTD), a phosphorylation motif around Ser16, and a core α-crystallin domain (ACD) responsible for dimerisation. The chosen design enables an unstrained binding of pSer16 in each 1433 subunit and secures the correct 2:2 stoichiometry. Differential scanning calorimetry, limited proteolysis and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) support the proper folding of both the 14-3-3 and ACD dimers within the chimera, and indicate that the chimera retains the overall architecture of the native complex of 14-3-3 and phosphorylated HSPB6 that has recently been resolved using crystallography. At the same time, the SAXS data highlight the weakness of the secondary interface between the ACD dimer and the C-terminal lobe of 14-3-3 observed in the crystal structure. Applied to other 14-3-3 complexes, the chimeric approach may help probe the stability and specificity of secondary interfaces for targeting them with small molecules in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina V Tugaeva
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria I Kalacheva
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Richard B Cooley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Sergei V Strelkov
- Laboratory for Biocrystallography, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikolai N Sluchanko
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia. .,Department of Biophysics, School of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia.
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29
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Kast DJ, Dominguez R. Mechanism of IRSp53 inhibition by 14-3-3. Nat Commun 2019; 10:483. [PMID: 30696821 PMCID: PMC6351565 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are precursors of dendritic spines and polarized cell migration. The I-BAR-domain protein IRSp53 is a key regulator of filopodia dynamics that couples Rho-GTPase signaling to cytoskeleton and membrane remodeling, playing essential roles in neuronal development and cell motility. Here, we describe the structural-functional basis for 14-3-3-dependent inhibition of IRSp53. Phosphoproteomics, quantitative binding and crystallographic studies demonstrate that 14-3-3 binds to two pairs of phosphorylation sites in IRSp53. Using bicistronic expression, we obtain an IRSp53 heterodimer in which only one subunit is phosphorylated, and show that each subunit of IRSp53 independently binds one 14-3-3 dimer. A FRET-sensor assay using natively phosphorylated IRSp53 reveals opposite conformational changes upon binding of activatory (Cdc42, Eps8) or inhibitory (14-3-3) inputs. Finally, we show that 14-3-3 inhibits IRSp53 binding to membranes. Collectively, our findings support a mechanism whereby phosphorylation-dependent inhibition of IRSp53 by 14-3-3 counters membrane binding and interactions with Cdc42 and downstream cytoskeletal effectors. IRSp53 is a key regulator of filopodia formation and cell migration. Here, the authors elucidate a mechanism of phosphorylation-dependent inhibition of IRSp53 by 14-3-3, which impedes the interactions of IRSp53 with membranes and downstream cytoskeletal effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kast
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Roberto Dominguez
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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30
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Aper SJA, den Hamer A, Wouters SFA, Lemmens LJM, Ottmann C, Brunsveld L, Merkx M. Protease-Activatable Scaffold Proteins as Versatile Molecular Hubs in Synthetic Signaling Networks. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2216-2225. [PMID: 30125482 PMCID: PMC6154215 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protease signaling and scaffold-induced control of protein-protein interactions represent two important mechanisms for intracellular signaling. Here we report a generic and modular approach to control the activity of scaffolding proteins by protease activity, creating versatile molecular platforms to construct synthetic signaling networks. Using 14-3-3 proteins as a structurally well-characterized and important class of scaffold proteins, three different architectures were explored to achieve optimal protease-mediated control of scaffold activity, fusing either one or two monovalent inhibitory ExoS peptides or a single bivalent ExoS peptide to T14-3-3 using protease-cleavable linkers. Analysis of scaffolding activity before and after protease-induced cleavage revealed optimal control of 14-3-3 activity for the system that contained monovalent ExoS peptides fused to both the N-and C-terminus, each blocking a single T14-3-3 binding site. The protease-activatable 14-3-3 scaffolds were successfully applied to construct a three-step signaling cascade in which dimerization and activation of FGG-caspase-9 on an orthogonal supramolecular platform resulted in activation of a 14-3-3 scaffold, which in turn allowed 14-3-3-templated complementation of a split-luciferase. In addition, by combining 14-3-3-templated activation of caspase-9 with a caspase-9-activatable 14-3-3 scaffold, the first example of a synthetic self-activating protease signaling network was created. Protease-activatable 14-3-3 proteins thus represent a modular platform whose properties can be rationally engineered to fit different applications, both to create artificial in vitro synthetic molecular networks and as a novel signaling hub to re-engineer intracellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn J. A. Aper
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anniek den Hamer
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Simone F. A. Wouters
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lenne J. M. Lemmens
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Merkx
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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31
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Yilmaz E, Bier D, Guillory X, Briels J, Ruiz-Blanco YB, Sanchez-Garcia E, Ottmann C, Kaiser M. Mono- and Bivalent 14-3-3 Inhibitors for Characterizing Supramolecular "Lysine Wrapping" of Oligoethylene Glycol (OEG) Moieties in Proteins. Chemistry 2018; 24:13807-13814. [PMID: 29924885 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated the presence of defined interactions between oligo or poly(ethylene glycol) (OEG or PEG) and lysine residues. In these interactions, the OEG or PEG residues "wrap around" the lysine amino group, thereby enabling complexation of the amino group by the ether oxygen residues. The resulting biochemical binding affinity and thus biological relevance of this supramolecular interaction however remains unclear so far. Here, we report that OEG-containing phosphophenol ether inhibitors of 14-3-3 proteins also display such a "lysine-wrapping" binding mode. For better investigating the biochemical relevance of this binding mode, we made use of the dimeric nature of 14-3-3 proteins and designed as well as synthesized a set of bivalent 14-3-3 inhibitors for biochemical and X-ray crystallography-based structural studies. We found that all synthesized derivatives adapted the "lysine-wrapping" binding mode in the crystal structures; in solution, a different binding mode is however observed, most probably as the "lysine-wrapping" binding mode turned out to be a rather weak interaction. Accordingly, our studies demonstrate that structural studies of OEG-lysine interactions are difficult to interpret and their presence in structural studies may not automatically be correlated with a relevant interaction also in solution but requires further biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvan Yilmaz
- Chemical Biology, Zentrum für Medizinische Biotechnologie, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - David Bier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45117, Essen, Germany.,Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute of, Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612, AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier Guillory
- Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45117, Essen, Germany.,Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute of, Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612, AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Briels
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute of, Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612, AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yasser B Ruiz-Blanco
- Computational Biochemistry, Zentrum für Medizinische Biotechnologie, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Elsa Sanchez-Garcia
- Computational Biochemistry, Zentrum für Medizinische Biotechnologie, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45117, Essen, Germany.,Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute of, Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612, AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Chemical Biology, Zentrum für Medizinische Biotechnologie, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117, Essen, Germany
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32
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Abstract
O-GlcNAc is an intracellular posttranslational modification that governs myriad cell biological processes and is dysregulated in human diseases. Despite this broad pathophysiological significance, the biochemical effects of most O-GlcNAcylation events remain uncharacterized. One prevalent hypothesis is that O-GlcNAc moieties may be recognized by "reader" proteins to effect downstream signaling. However, no general O-GlcNAc readers have been identified, leaving a considerable gap in the field. To elucidate O-GlcNAc signaling mechanisms, we devised a biochemical screen for candidate O-GlcNAc reader proteins. We identified several human proteins, including 14-3-3 isoforms, that bind O-GlcNAc directly and selectively. We demonstrate that 14-3-3 proteins bind O-GlcNAc moieties in human cells, and we present the structures of 14-3-3β/α and γ bound to glycopeptides, providing biophysical insights into O-GlcNAc-mediated protein-protein interactions. Because 14-3-3 proteins also bind to phospho-serine and phospho-threonine, they may integrate information from O-GlcNAc and O-phosphate signaling pathways to regulate numerous physiological functions.
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33
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Chen X, Liu Z, Shan Z, Yao W, Gu A, Wen W. Structural determinants controlling 14-3-3 recruitment to the endocytic adaptor Numb and dissociation of the Numb·α-adaptin complex. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4149-4158. [PMID: 29382713 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traffic of cargo across membranes helps establish, maintain, and reorganize distinct cellular compartments and is fundamental to many metabolic processes. The cargo-selective endocytic adaptor Numb participates in clathrin-dependent endocytosis by attaching cargoes to the clathrin adaptor α-adaptin. The phosphorylation of Numb at Ser265 and Ser284 recruits the regulatory protein 14-3-3, accompanied by the dissociation of Numb from α-adaptin and Numb's translocation from the cortical membrane to the cytosol. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the Numb-α-adaptin interaction and its regulation by Numb phosphorylation and 14-3-3 recruitment remain poorly understood. Here, biochemical and structural analyses of the Numb·14-3-3 complex revealed that Numb phosphorylation at both Ser265 and Ser284 is required for Numb's efficient interaction with 14-3-3. We also discovered that an RQFRF motif surrounding Ser265 in Numb functions together with the canonical C-terminal DPF motif, required for Numb's interaction with α-adaptin, to form a stable complex with α-adaptin. Of note, we provide evidence that the phosphorylation-induced binding of 14-3-3 to Numb directly competes with the binding of α-adaptin to Numb. Our findings suggest a potential mechanism governing the dynamic assembly of Numb with α-adaptin or 14-3-3. This dual-site recognition of Numb by α-adaptin may have implications for other α-adaptin targets. We propose that the newly identified α-adaptin-binding site surrounding Ser265 in Numb functions as a triggering mechanism for the dynamic dissociation of the Numb·α-adaptin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ziheng Liu
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zelin Shan
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weiyi Yao
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Aihong Gu
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenyu Wen
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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34
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Wang X, Cheng D, Jiang W, Ma Y. Mechanisms Underlying Aluminum Neurotoxicity Related to 14-3-3ζ Protein. Toxicol Sci 2018; 163:45-56. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dai Cheng
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weibo Jiang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxia Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Hygiene, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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35
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Sluchanko NN. Association of Multiple Phosphorylated Proteins with the 14-3-3 Regulatory Hubs: Problems and Perspectives. J Mol Biol 2017; 430:20-26. [PMID: 29180038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins are well-known universal regulators binding a vast number of partners by recognizing their phosphorylated motifs, typically located within the intrinsically disordered regions. The abundance of such phosphomotifs ensures the involvement of 14-3-3 proteins in sophisticated protein-protein interaction networks that govern vital cellular processes. Thousands of 14-3-3 partners have been either experimentally identified or predicted, but the spatiotemporal hierarchy of the processes based on 14-3-3 interactions is not clearly understood. This is exacerbated by the lack of available structural information on full regulatory complexes involving 14-3-3, which resist high-resolution structural studies due to the presence of intrinsically disordered regions. Although deducing three-dimensional structures is of particular urgency, structural advances are lagging behind the rate at which novel 14-3-3 partners are discovered. Here I attempted to critically review the current state of the field and in particular to dissect the unknowns, focusing on questions that could help in moving the frontiers forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai N Sluchanko
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Biophysics, School of Biology, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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36
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Cornell B, Toyo-Oka K. 14-3-3 Proteins in Brain Development: Neurogenesis, Neuronal Migration and Neuromorphogenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:318. [PMID: 29075177 PMCID: PMC5643407 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 14-3-3 proteins are a family of highly conserved, multifunctional proteins that are highly expressed in the brain during development. Cumulatively, the seven 14-3-3 isoforms make up approximately 1% of total soluble brain protein. Over the last decade, evidence has accumulated implicating the importance of the 14-3-3 protein family in the development of the nervous system, in particular cortical development, and have more recently been recognized as key regulators in a number of neurodevelopmental processes. In this review we will discuss the known roles of each 14-3-3 isoform in the development of the cortex, their relation to human neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as the challenges and questions that are left to be answered. In particular, we focus on the 14-3-3 isoforms and their involvement in the three key stages of cortical development; neurogenesis and differentiation, neuronal migration and neuromorphogenesis and synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Cornell
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kazuhito Toyo-Oka
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Kalabova D, Smidova A, Petrvalska O, Alblova M, Kosek D, Man P, Obsil T, Obsilova V. Human procaspase-2 phosphorylation at both S139 and S164 is required for 14-3-3 binding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:940-945. [PMID: 28943433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Procaspase-2 phosphorylation at several residues prevents its activation and blocks apoptosis. This process involves procaspase-2 phosphorylation at S164 and its binding to the scaffolding protein 14-3-3. However, bioinformatics analysis has suggested that a second phosphoserine-containing motif may also be required for 14-3-3 binding. In this study, we show that human procaspase-2 interaction with 14-3-3 is governed by phosphorylation at both S139 and S164. Using biochemical and biophysical approaches, we show that doubly phosphorylated procaspase-2 and 14-3-3 form an equimolar complex with a dissociation constant in the nanomolar range. Furthermore, our data indicate that other regions of procaspase-2, in addition to phosphorylation motifs, may be involved in the interaction with 14-3-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Kalabova
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Uvalu 84, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Smidova
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Olivia Petrvalska
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Alblova
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Kosek
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Man
- BIOCEV-Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Obsil
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Obsilova
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic.
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38
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Nagy G, Oostenbrink C, Hritz J. Exploring the binding pathways of the 14-3-3ζ protein: Structural and free-energy profiles revealed by Hamiltonian replica exchange molecular dynamics with distancefield distance restraints. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180633. [PMID: 28727767 PMCID: PMC5519036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 14-3-3 protein family performs regulatory functions in eukaryotic organisms by binding to a large number of phosphorylated protein partners. Whilst the binding mode of the phosphopeptides within the primary 14-3-3 binding site is well established based on the crystal structures of their complexes, little is known about the binding process itself. We present a computational study of the process by which phosphopeptides bind to the 14-3-3ζ protein. Applying a novel scheme combining Hamiltonian replica exchange molecular dynamics and distancefield restraints allowed us to map and compare the most likely phosphopeptide-binding pathways to the 14-3-3ζ protein. The most important structural changes to the protein and peptides involved in the binding process were identified. In order to bind phosphopeptides to the primary interaction site, the 14-3-3ζ adopted a newly found wide-opened conformation. Based on our findings we additionally propose a secondary interaction site on the inner surface of the 14-3-3ζ dimer, and a direct interference on the binding process by the flexible C-terminal tail. A minimalistic model was designed to allow for the efficient calculation of absolute binding affinities. Binding affinities calculated from the potential of mean force along the binding pathway are in line with the available experimental estimates for two of the studied systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Nagy
- CEITEC-MU, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Institute for Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jozef Hritz
- CEITEC-MU, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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39
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Molecular insight into specific 14-3-3 modulators: Inhibitors and stabilisers of protein-protein interactions of 14-3-3. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 136:573-584. [PMID: 28549334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The 14-3-3 protein family is implicated in several diseases and biological processes. Several recent reviews have summarised knowledge on certain aspects of 14-3-3 proteins, ranging from a historic overview to the structure, function and regulation. This review focuses on the structures and molecular recognition of the modulators by the 14-3-3 proteins, and small modifications of certain modulators are proposed where cocrystal structures have been reported. Our analysis opens up possibilities for the optimisation of the reported compounds. It is very timely to analyse the current status of recently developed modulators given that the field has seen a lot of activity in recent years. This review provides an overview combined with a critical analysis of each class of modulators, keeping their suitability for future development in mind.
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40
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Structural interface between LRRK2 and 14-3-3 protein. Biochem J 2017; 474:1273-1287. [PMID: 28202711 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20161078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Binding of 14-3-3 proteins to leucine-rich repeat protein kinase 2 (LRRK2) is known to be impaired by many Parkinson's disease (PD)-relevant mutations. Abrogation of this interaction is connected to enhanced LRRK2 kinase activity, which in turn is implicated in increased ubiquitination of LRRK2, accumulation of LRRK2 into inclusion bodies and reduction in neurite length. Hence, the interaction between 14-3-3 and LRRK2 is of significant interest as a possible drug target for the treatment of PD. However, LRRK2 possesses multiple sites that, upon phosphorylation, can bind to 14-3-3, thus rendering the interaction relatively complex. Using biochemical assays and crystal structures, we characterize the multivalent interaction between these two proteins.
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41
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Mohammad DK, Nore BF, Gustafsson MO, Mohamed AJ, Smith CIE. Protein kinase B (AKT) regulates SYK activity and shuttling through 14-3-3 and importin 7. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 78:63-74. [PMID: 27381982 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Protein kinase B (AKT) regulates a plethora of intracellular signaling proteins to fine-tune signaling of multiple pathways. Here, we found that following B-cell receptor (BCR)-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase SYK and the adaptor BLNK, the AKT/PKB enzyme strongly induced BLNK (>100-fold) and SYK (>100-fold) serine/threonine phosphorylation (pS/pT). Increased phosphorylation promoted 14-3-3 binding to BLNK (37-fold) and SYK (2.5-fold) in a pS/pT-concentration dependent manner. We also demonstrated that the AKT inhibitor MK2206 reduced pS/pT of both BLNK (3-fold) and SYK (2.5-fold). Notably, the AKT phosphatase, PHLPP2 maintained the activating phosphorylation of BLNK at Y84 and increased protein stability (8.5-fold). In addition, 14-3-3 was required for the regulation SYK's interaction with BLNK and attenuated SYK binding to Importin 7 (5-fold), thereby perturbing shuttling to the nucleus. Moreover, 14-3-3 proteins also sustained tyrosine phosphorylation of SYK and BLNK. Furthermore, substitution of S295 or S297 for alanine abrogated SYK's binding to Importin 7. SYK with S295A or S297A replacements showed intense pY525/526 phosphorylation, and BLNK pY84 phosphorylation correlated with the SYK pY525/526 phosphorylation level. Conversely, the corresponding mutations to aspartic acid in SYK reduced pY525/526 phosphorylation. Collectively, these and previous results suggest that AKT and 14-3-3 proteins down-regulate the activity of several BCR-associated components, including BTK, BLNK and SYK and also inhibit SYK's interaction with Importin 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara K Mohammad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Salahaddin, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
| | - Beston F Nore
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Manuela O Gustafsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abdalla J Mohamed
- Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410 Negara Brunei Darussalam, Brunei
| | - C I Edvard Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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42
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Characterization and small-molecule stabilization of the multisite tandem binding between 14-3-3 and the R domain of CFTR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E1152-61. [PMID: 26888287 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516631113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is a fatal genetic disease, most frequently caused by the retention of the CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) mutant protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The binding of the 14-3-3 protein to the CFTR regulatory (R) domain has been found to enhance CFTR trafficking to the plasma membrane. To define the mechanism of action of this protein-protein interaction, we have examined the interaction in vitro. The disordered multiphosphorylated R domain contains nine different 14-3-3 binding motifs. Furthermore, the 14-3-3 protein forms a dimer containing two amphipathic grooves that can potentially bind these phosphorylated motifs. This results in a number of possible binding mechanisms between these two proteins. Using multiple biochemical assays and crystal structures, we show that the interaction between them is governed by two binding sites: The key binding site of CFTR (pS768) occupies one groove of the 14-3-3 dimer, and a weaker, secondary binding site occupies the other binding groove. We show that fusicoccin-A, a natural-product tool compound used in studies of 14-3-3 biology, can stabilize the interaction between 14-3-3 and CFTR by selectively interacting with a secondary binding motif of CFTR (pS753). The stabilization of this interaction stimulates the trafficking of mutant CFTR to the plasma membrane. This definition of the druggability of the 14-3-3-CFTR interface might offer an approach for cystic fibrosis therapeutics.
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43
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Bier D, Bartel M, Sies K, Halbach S, Higuchi Y, Haranosono Y, Brummer T, Kato N, Ottmann C. Small-Molecule Stabilization of the 14-3-3/Gab2 Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) Interface. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:911-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Bier
- Department of Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätstr. 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Maria Bartel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Institute for Complex Molecular, Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Sies
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & Cell Research (IMMZ); Faculty of Medicine; University of Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Str. 17 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Sebastian Halbach
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & Cell Research (IMMZ); Faculty of Medicine; University of Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Str. 17 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Faculty of Biology; University of Freiburg; Schänzlestr. 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology & Medicine; University of Freiburg; Albertstr. 19A 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Yusuke Higuchi
- The Institute of Scientific & Industrial Research; Osaka University; Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - Yu Haranosono
- The Institute of Scientific & Industrial Research; Osaka University; Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - Tilman Brummer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & Cell Research (IMMZ); Faculty of Medicine; University of Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Str. 17 79104 Freiburg Germany
- BIOSS: Centre for Biological Signaling Studies; University of Freiburg; Schänzlestr. 18 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Nobuo Kato
- The Institute of Scientific & Industrial Research; Osaka University; Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Department of Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätstr. 7 45141 Essen Germany
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Institute for Complex Molecular, Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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Van Roey K, Davey NE. Motif co-regulation and co-operativity are common mechanisms in transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation. Cell Commun Signal 2015; 13:45. [PMID: 26626130 PMCID: PMC4666095 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-015-0123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A substantial portion of the regulatory interactions in the higher eukaryotic cell are mediated by simple sequence motifs in the regulatory segments of genes and (pre-)mRNAs, and in the intrinsically disordered regions of proteins. Although these regulatory modules are physicochemically distinct, they share an evolutionary plasticity that has facilitated a rapid growth of their use and resulted in their ubiquity in complex organisms. The ease of motif acquisition simplifies access to basal housekeeping functions, facilitates the co-regulation of multiple biomolecules allowing them to respond in a coordinated manner to changes in the cell state, and supports the integration of multiple signals for combinatorial decision-making. Consequently, motifs are indispensable for temporal, spatial, conditional and basal regulation at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational level. In this review, we highlight that many of the key regulatory pathways of the cell are recruited by motifs and that the ease of motif acquisition has resulted in large networks of co-regulated biomolecules. We discuss how co-operativity allows simple static motifs to perform the conditional regulation that underlies decision-making in higher eukaryotic biological systems. We observe that each gene and its products have a unique set of DNA, RNA or protein motifs that encode a regulatory program to define the logical circuitry that guides the life cycle of these biomolecules, from transcription to degradation. Finally, we contrast the regulatory properties of protein motifs and the regulatory elements of DNA and (pre-)mRNAs, advocating that co-regulation, co-operativity, and motif-driven regulatory programs are common mechanisms that emerge from the use of simple, evolutionarily plastic regulatory modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Van Roey
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Health Services Research Unit, Operational Direction Public Health and Surveillance, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Norman E Davey
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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45
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Babula JJ, Liu JY. Integrate Omics Data and Molecular Dynamics Simulations toward Better Understanding of Human 14-3-3 Interactomes and Better Drugs for Cancer Therapy. J Genet Genomics 2015; 42:531-547. [PMID: 26554908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The 14-3-3 protein family is among the most extensively studied, yet still largely mysterious protein families in mammals to date. As they are well recognized for their roles in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and proliferation in healthy cells, aberrant 14-3-3 expression has unsurprisingly emerged as instrumental in the development of many cancers and in prognosis. Interestingly, while the seven known 14-3-3 isoforms in humans have many similar functions across cell types, evidence of isoform-specific functions and localization has been observed in both healthy and diseased cells. The strikingly high similarity among 14-3-3 isoforms has made it difficult to delineate isoform-specific functions and for isoform-specific targeting. Here, we review our knowledge of 14-3-3 interactome(s) generated by high-throughput techniques, bioinformatics, structural genomics and chemical genomics and point out that integrating the information with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations may bring us new opportunity to the design of isoform-specific inhibitors, which can not only be used as powerful research tools for delineating distinct interactomes of individual 14-3-3 isoforms, but also can serve as potential new anti-cancer drugs that selectively target aberrant 14-3-3 isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnne J Babula
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 W. Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jing-Yuan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 W. Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Computer and Information Science, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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46
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Hritz J, Byeon IJL, Krzysiak T, Martinez A, Sklenar V, Gronenborn AM. Dissection of binding between a phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase peptide and 14-3-3zeta: A complex story elucidated by NMR. Biophys J 2015; 107:2185-94. [PMID: 25418103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tyrosine hydroxylase activity is regulated by phosphorylation of its N-terminus and by an interaction with the modulator 14-3-3 proteins. We investigated the binding of singly or doubly phosphorylated and thiophosphorylated peptides, comprising the first 50 amino acids of human tyrosine hydroxylase, isoform 1 (hTH1), that contain the critical interaction domain, to 14-3-3?, by (31)P NMR. Single phosphorylation at S19 generates a high affinity 14-3-3? binding epitope, whereas singly S40-phosphorylated peptide interacts with 14-3-3? one order-of-magnitude weaker than the S19-phosphorylated peptide. Analysis of the binding data revealed that the 14-3-3? dimer and the S19- and S40-doubly phosphorylated peptide interact in multiple ways, with three major complexes formed: 1), a single peptide bound to a 14-3-3? dimer via the S19 phosphate with the S40 phosphate occupying the other binding site; 2), a single peptide bound to a 14-3-3? dimer via the S19 phosphorous with the S40 free in solution; or 3), a 14-3-3? dimer with two peptides bound via the S19 phosphorous to each binding site. Our system and data provide information as to the possible mechanisms by which 14-3-3 can engage binding partners that possess two phosphorylation sites on flexible tails. Whether these will be realized in any particular interacting pair will naturally depend on the details of each system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Hritz
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Structural Biology, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - In-Ja L Byeon
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Troy Krzysiak
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Aurora Martinez
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vladimir Sklenar
- Department of Structural Biology, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Angela M Gronenborn
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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47
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Abstract
Precise control of the amplitude of protein kinase C (PKC) signalling is essential for cellular homoeostasis, and disruption of this control leads to pathophysiological states such as cancer, neurodegeneration and diabetes. For conventional and novel PKC, this amplitude is meticulously tuned by multiple inputs that regulate the amount of enzyme in the cell, its ability to sense its allosteric activator diacylglycerol, and protein scaffolds that co-ordinate access to substrates. Key to regulation of the signalling output of most PKC isoenzymes is the ability of cytosolic enzyme to respond to the membrane-embedded lipid second messenger, diacylglycerol, in a dynamic range that prevents signalling in the absence of agonists but allows efficient activation in response to small changes in diacylglycerol levels. The present review discusses the regulatory inputs that control the spatiotemporal dynamics of PKC signalling, with a focus on conventional and novel PKC isoenzymes.
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48
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Killoran RC, Fan J, Yang D, Shilton BH, Choy WY. Structural Analysis of the 14-3-3ζ/Chibby Interaction Involved in Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123934. [PMID: 25909186 PMCID: PMC4409382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The partially disordered Chibby (Cby) is a conserved nuclear protein that antagonizes the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. By competing with the Tcf/Lef family proteins for binding to β-catenin, Cby abrogates the β-catenin-mediated transcription of Wnt signaling genes. Additionally, upon phosphorylation on S20 by the kinase Akt, Cby forms a complex with 14-3-3 to facilitate the nuclear export of β-catenin, which represents another crucial mechanism for the regulation of Wnt signaling. To obtain a mechanistic understanding of the 14-3-3/Cby interaction, we have extensively characterized the complex using X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The crystal structure of the human 14-3-3ζ/Cby protein-peptide complex reveals a canonical binding mode; however the residue at the +2 position from the phosphorylated serine is shown to be uniquely oriented relative to other solved structures of 14-3-3 complexes. Our ITC results illustrate that although the phosphorylation of S20 is essential for Cby to recognize 14-3-3, residues flanking the phosphorylation site also contribute to the binding affinity. However, as is commonly observed in other 14-3-3/phosphopeptide crystal structures, residues of Cby flanking the 14-3-3 binding motif lack observable electron density. To obtain a more detailed binding interface, we have completed the backbone NMR resonance assignment of 14-3-3ζ. NMR titration experiments reveal that residues outside of the 14-3-3 conserved binding cleft, namely a flexible loop consisting of residues 203-210, are also involved in binding Cby. By using a combined X-ray and NMR approach, we have dissected the molecular basis of the 14-3-3/Cby interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Killoran
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Jingsong Fan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Daiwen Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Brian H Shilton
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Wing-Yiu Choy
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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Chi JC, Roeper J, Schwarz G, Fischer-Schrader K. Dual binding of 14-3-3 protein regulates Arabidopsis nitrate reductase activity. J Biol Inorg Chem 2015; 20:277-86. [PMID: 25578809 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins represent a family of ubiquitous eukaryotic proteins involved in numerous signal transduction processes and metabolic pathways. One important 14-3-3 target in higher plants is nitrate reductase (NR), whose activity is regulated by different physiological conditions. Intra-molecular electron transfer in NR is inhibited following 14-3-3 binding to a conserved phospho-serine motif located in hinge 1, a surface exposed loop between the catalytic molybdenum and central heme domain. Here we describe a novel 14-3-3 binding site within the NR N-terminus, an acidic motif conserved in NRs of higher plants, which significantly contributes to 14-3-3-mediated inhibition of NR. Deletion or mutation of the N-terminal acidic motif resulted in a significant loss of 14-3-3 mediated inhibition of Ser534 phosphorylated NR-Mo-heme (residues 1-625), a previously established model of NR regulation. Co-sedimentation and crosslinking studies with NR peptides comprising each of the two binding motifs demonstrated direct binding of either peptide to 14-3-3. Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy disclosed high-affinity binding of 14-3-3ω to the well-known phospho-hinge site and low-affinity binding to the N-terminal acidic motif. A binding groove-deficient 14-3-3ω variant retained interaction to the acidic motif, but lost binding to the phospho-hinge motif. To our knowledge, NR is the first enzyme that harbors two independent 14-3-3 binding sites with different affinities, which both need to be occupied by 14-3-3ω to confer full inhibition of NR activity under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chih Chi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
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Nussinov R, Jang H. Dynamic multiprotein assemblies shape the spatial structure of cell signaling. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 116:158-64. [PMID: 25046855 PMCID: PMC4250281 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell signaling underlies critical cellular decisions. Coordination, efficiency as well as fail-safe mechanisms are key elements. How the cell ensures that these hallmarks are at play are important questions. Cell signaling is often viewed as taking place through discrete and cross-talking pathways; oftentimes these are modularized to emphasize distinct functions. While simple, convenient and clear, such models largely neglect the spatial structure of cell signaling; they also convey inter-modular (or inter-protein) spatial separation that may not exist. Here our thesis is that cell signaling is shaped by a network of multiprotein assemblies. While pre-organized, the assemblies and network are loose and dynamic. They contain transiently-associated multiprotein complexes which are often mediated by scaffolding proteins. They are also typically anchored in the membrane, and their continuum may span the cell. IQGAP1 scaffolding protein which binds proteins including Raf, calmodulin, Mek, Erk, actin, and tens more, with actin shaping B-cell (and likely other) membrane-anchored nanoclusters and allosterically polymerizing in dynamic cytoskeleton formation, and Raf anchoring in the membrane along with Ras, provides a striking example. The multivalent network of dynamic proteins and lipids, with specific interactions forming and breaking, can be viewed as endowing gel-like properties. Collectively, this reasons that efficient, productive and reliable cell signaling takes place primarily through transient, preorganized and cooperative protein-protein interactions spanning the cell rather than stochastic, diffusion-controlled processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Sackler Inst. of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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