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Su P, Wu H, Huang Y, Lu X, Yin J, Zhang Q, Lan X. The Hoof Color of Australian White Sheep Is Associated with Genetic Variation of the MITF Gene. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3218. [PMID: 37893942 PMCID: PMC10603658 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying the characteristics of mammalian hoof colors is important for genetic improvements in animals. A deeper black hoof color is the standard for breeding purebred Australian White (AUW) sheep and this phenotype could be used as a phenotypic marker of purebred animals. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis using restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) data from 577 Australian White sheep (black hoof color = 283, grey hoof color = 106, amber hoof color = 186) and performed association analysis utilizing the mixed linear model in EMMAX. The results of GWAS demonstrated that a specific single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; g. 33097911G>A) in intron 14 of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) gene was significantly associated with the hoof color in AUW sheep (p = 9.40 × 10-36). The MITF gene plays a key role in the development, differentiation, and functional regulation of melanocytes. Furthermore, the association between this locus and hoof color was validated in a cohort of 212 individuals (black hoof color = 122, grey hoof color = 38, amber hoof color = 52). The results indicated that the hoof color of AUW sheep with GG, AG, and AA genotypes tended to be black, grey, and amber, respectively. This study provided novel insights into hoof color genetics in AUW sheep, enhancing our comprehension of the genetic mechanisms underlying the diverse range of hoof colors. Our results agree with previous studies and provide molecular markers for marker-assisted selection for hoof color in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Su
- Tianjin Aoqun Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Tianjin 301607, China; (P.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Shanxi Province, College Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- National Germplasm Center of Domestic Animal Resources, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hui Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yangming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Shanxi Province, College Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaofang Lu
- Tianjin Aoqun Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Tianjin 301607, China; (P.S.)
- Tianjin Aoqun Sheep Industry Academy Company, Tianjin 301607, China
| | - Jing Yin
- Tianjin Aoqun Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Tianjin 301607, China; (P.S.)
- Tianjin Aoqun Sheep Industry Academy Company, Tianjin 301607, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhang
- Tianjin Aoqun Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Tianjin 301607, China; (P.S.)
- Tianjin Aoqun Sheep Industry Academy Company, Tianjin 301607, China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Shanxi Province, College Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Fernandes B, Cavaco-Paulo A, Matamá T. A Comprehensive Review of Mammalian Pigmentation: Paving the Way for Innovative Hair Colour-Changing Cosmetics. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020290. [PMID: 36829566 PMCID: PMC9953601 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The natural colour of hair shafts is formed at the bulb of hair follicles, and it is coupled to the hair growth cycle. Three critical processes must happen for efficient pigmentation: (1) melanosome biogenesis in neural crest-derived melanocytes, (2) the biochemical synthesis of melanins (melanogenesis) inside melanosomes, and (3) the transfer of melanin granules to surrounding pre-cortical keratinocytes for their incorporation into nascent hair fibres. All these steps are under complex genetic control. The array of natural hair colour shades are ascribed to polymorphisms in several pigmentary genes. A myriad of factors acting via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms also contributes for hair colour diversity. Given the enormous social and cosmetic importance attributed to hair colour, hair dyeing is today a common practice. Nonetheless, the adverse effects of the long-term usage of such cosmetic procedures demand the development of new methods for colour change. In this context, case reports of hair lightening, darkening and repigmentation as a side-effect of the therapeutic usage of many drugs substantiate the possibility to tune hair colour by interfering with the biology of follicular pigmentary units. By scrutinizing mammalian pigmentation, this review pinpoints key targetable processes for the development of innovative cosmetics that can safely change the hair colour from the inside out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fernandes
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.-P.); (T.M.); Tel.: +351-253-604-409 (A.C.-P.); +351-253-601-599 (T.M.)
| | - Teresa Matamá
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.-P.); (T.M.); Tel.: +351-253-604-409 (A.C.-P.); +351-253-601-599 (T.M.)
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3
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Chat V, Dagayev S, Moran U, Snuderl M, Weber J, Ferguson R, Osman I, Kirchhoff T. A genome-wide association study of germline variation and melanoma prognosis. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1050741. [PMID: 36741706 PMCID: PMC9894711 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1050741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The high mortality of cutaneous melanoma (CM) is partly due to unpredictable patterns of disease progression in patients with early-stage lesions. The reliable prediction of advanced disease risk from early-stage CM, is an urgent clinical need, especially given the recent expansion of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy to the adjuvant setting. In our study, we comprehensively investigated the role of germline variants as CM prognostic markers. Methods We performed a genome-wide association analysis in two independent cohorts of N=551 (discovery), and N=550 (validation) early-stage immunotherapy-naïve melanoma patients. A multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to identify associations with overall survival in the discovery group, followed by a validation analysis. Transcriptomic profiling and survival analysis were used to elucidate the biological relevance of candidate genes associated with CM progression. Results We found two independent associations of germline variants with melanoma prognosis. The alternate alleles of these two SNPs were both associated with an increased risk of death [rs60970102 in MELK: HR=3.14 (2.05-4.81), p=1.48×10-7; and rs77480547 in SH3BP4: HR=3.02 (2.02-4.52), p=7.58×10-8, both in the pooled cohort]. The addition of the combined risk alleles (CRA) of the identified variants into the prognostic model improved the predictive power, as opposed to a model of clinical covariates alone. Conclusions Our study provides suggestive evidence of novel melanoma germline prognostic markers, implicating two candidate genes: an oncogene MELK and a tumor suppressor SH3BP4, both previously suggested to affect CM progression. Pending further validation, these findings suggest that the genetic factors may improve the prognostic stratification of high-risk early-stage CM patients, and propose putative biological insights for potential therapeutic investigation of these targets to prevent aggressive outcome from early-stage melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vylyny Chat
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States,Department of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States,The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sasha Dagayev
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States,Department of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States,The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Una Moran
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States,The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Matija Snuderl
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jeffrey Weber
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States,The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Robert Ferguson
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States,Department of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States,The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Tomas Kirchhoff, ; Robert Ferguson,
| | - Iman Osman
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States,The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States,Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tomas Kirchhoff
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States,Department of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States,The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Tomas Kirchhoff, ; Robert Ferguson,
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4
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Huang G, Xu X, Ju C, Zhong N, He J, Tang XX. Identification and validation of autophagy-related gene expression for predicting prognosis in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:997138. [PMID: 36211385 PMCID: PMC9533718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.997138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and fatal fibrotic pulmonary disease with unknow etiology. Owing to lack of reliable prognostic biomarkers and effective treatment measures, patients with IPF usually exhibit poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to establish a risk score prognostic model for predicting the prognosis of patients with IPF based on autophagy-related genes. Methods The GSE70866 dataset was obtained from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. The autophagy-related genes were collected from the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB). Gene enrichment analysis for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was performed to explore the function of DEGs. Univariate, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), as well as multivariate Cox regression analyses were conducted to identify a multi-gene prognostic model. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to assess the prediction accuracy of the model. The expression of genes screened from the prognostic model was validated in clinical samples and human lung fibroblasts by qPCR and western blot assays. Results Among the 514 autophagy-related genes, a total of 165 genes were identified as DEGs. These DEGs were enriched in autophagy-related processes and pathways. Based on the univariate, LASSO, and multivariate Cox regression analyses, two genes (MET and SH3BP4) were included for establishing the risk score prognostic model. According to the median value of the risk score, patients with IPF were stratified into high-risk and low-risk groups. Patients in high-risk group had shorter overall survival (OS) than low-risk group in both training and test cohorts. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that prognostic model can act as an independent prognostic indicator for IPF. ROC curve analysis confirmed the reliable predictive value of prognostic model. In the validation experiments, upregulated MET expression and downregulated SH3BP4 expression were observed in IPF lung tissues and TGF-β1-activated human lung fibroblasts, which is consistent with results from microarray data analysis. Conclusion These findings indicated that the risk score prognostic model based on two autophagy-related genes can effectively predict the prognosis of patients with IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guichuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunrong Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Nanshan Zhong, ; Jianxing He, ; Xiao Xiao Tang,
| | - Jianxing He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Nanshan Zhong, ; Jianxing He, ; Xiao Xiao Tang,
| | - Xiao Xiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Nanshan Zhong, ; Jianxing He, ; Xiao Xiao Tang,
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Li X, Ponandai‐Srinivasan S, Nandakumar KS, Fabre S, Xu Landén N, Mavon A, Khmaladze I. Targeting microRNA for improved skin health. Health Sci Rep 2021; 4:e374. [PMID: 34667882 PMCID: PMC8506131 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In human skin, miRNAs have important regulatory roles and are involved in the development, morphogenesis, and maintenance by influencing cell proliferation, differentiation, immune regulation, and wound healing. MiRNAs have been investigated for many years in various skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, as well as malignant tumors. Only during recent times, cosmeceutical use of molecules/natural active ingredients to regulate miRNA expression for significant advances in skin health/care product development was recognized. AIM To review miRNAs with the potential to maintain and boost skin health and avoid premature aging by improving barrier function, preventing photoaging, hyperpigmentation, and chronological aging/senescence. METHODS Most of the cited articles were found through literature search on PubMed. The main search criteria was a keyword "skin" in combination with the following words: miRNA, photoaging, UV, barrier, aging, exposome, acne, wound healing, pigmentation, pollution, and senescence. Most of the articles reviewed for relevancy were published during the past 10 years. RESULTS All results are summarized in Figure 1, and they are based on cited references. CONCLUSIONS Thus, regulating miRNAs expression is a promising approach for novel therapy not only for targeting skin diseases but also for cosmeceutical interventions aiming to boost skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- Oriflame Cosmetics AB; Skin Research InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Sakthi Ponandai‐Srinivasan
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska Institute, and Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- Southern Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Susanne Fabre
- Oriflame Cosmetics AB; Skin Research InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Ning Xu Landén
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Dermatology and Venereology, Centre of Molecular MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Alain Mavon
- Oriflame Cosmetics AB; Skin Research InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Ia Khmaladze
- Oriflame Cosmetics AB; Skin Research InstituteStockholmSweden
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Milk Exosome-Derived MicroRNA-2478 Suppresses Melanogenesis through the Akt-GSK3β Pathway. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112848. [PMID: 34831071 PMCID: PMC8616206 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes participate in intercellular communication by transferring molecules from donor to recipient cells. Exosomes are found in various body fluids, including blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid and milk. Milk exosomes contain many endogenous microRNA molecules. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs and have important roles in biological processes. The specific biological functions of milk exosomes are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of milk exosomes on melanin production in melanoma cells and melanocytes. We found that milk exosomes decreased melanin contents, tyrosinase activity and the expression of melanogenesis-related genes in melanoma cells and melanocytes. Bovine-specific miR-2478 in exosomes inhibited melanin production. We found that Rap1a is a direct target gene of miR-2478 in melanoma cells and melanocytes. MiR-2478 overexpression decreased Rap1a expression, which led to downregulated melanin production and expression of melanogenesis-related genes. Inhibition of Rap1a expression decreased melanogenesis through the Akt-GSK3β signal pathway. These results support the role of miR-2478 derived from milk exosomes as a regulator of melanogenesis through direct targeting of Rap1a. These results show that milk exosomes could be useful cosmeceutical ingredients to improve whitening.
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Shi HX, Zhang RZ, Xiao L, Wang L. Effects of keratinocyte-derived and fibroblast-derived exosomes on human epidermal melanocytes. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2021; 88:322-331. [PMID: 34951940 DOI: 10.25259/ijdvl_1087_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes have been demonstrated to carry proteins, membrane lipids, mRNAs and microRNAs which can be transferred to surrounding cells and regulate the functions of those recipient cells. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of exosomes released by keratinocytes and fibroblasts on the proliferation, tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis of melanocytes. METHODS Melanocytes, keratinocytes and fibroblasts obtained from human foreskin were cultured and exosomes secreted by keratinocytes and fibroblasts were harvested from the culture supernatants by ultracentrifugation. Each exosome fraction was divided into two parts; one part was subjected to high-throughput sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq sequencer to characterize the microRNA expression profiles, while the other part was labeled with the fluorescent dye PKH67 and was then co-cultivated with epidermal melanocytes. RESULTS High-throughput sequencing analysis showed 168 differentially expressed microRNA within exosomes derived from keratinocytes and from fibroblasts, 97 of those being up-regulated with the other 71 down-regulated. Gene ontology analysis showed that the target genes responsible for these differentially expressed microRNAs were mainly enriched in the protein-binding region of molecular functions. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that target genes regulated by differentially expressed microRNA were mainly involved in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, Ras signaling pathway, cAMP signaling pathway and Wnt signaling pathway. Keratinocyte-derived exosomes were taken up by melanocytes co-cultured with them and promoted the proliferation, tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis of those melanocytes. However, fibroblast-derived exosomes had no similar effects on melanocytes. CONCLUSION Keratinocyte-derived exosomes but not fibroblast-derived exosomes were taken up by melanocytes in co-culture and significantly stimulated their proliferation, tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis. Those different effects may be mainly due to the differential expression of microRNAs in exosomes derived from the different types of cells. LIMITATIONS Electron microscopy of the obtained exosomes and in-depth study of apparently differentially expressed microRNAs were not performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Xia Shi
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ru-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
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Zhou S, Zeng H, Huang J, Lei L, Tong X, Li S, Zhou Y, Guo H, Khan M, Luo L, Xiao R, Chen J, Zeng Q. Epigenetic regulation of melanogenesis. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 69:101349. [PMID: 33984527 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanogenesis is a complex process in which melanin is synthesized in melanocytes and transported to keratinocytes, which involves multiple genes and signaling pathways. Epigenetics refers to the potential genetic changes that affect gene expression without involving changes in the original sequence of DNA nucleotides. DNA methylation regulates the expression of key genes such as tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), dopachrome tautomerase (DCT) and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), as well as paracrine factors such as stem cell factor (SCF) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in melanogenesis. Potential DNA methylation sites are present in the genes of melanogenesis-related signaling pathways such as "Wnt", "PI3K/Akt/CREB" and "MAPK". H3K27 acetylation is abundant in melanogenesis-related genes. Both the upstream activation and downstream regulation of MITF depend on histone acetyltransferase CBP/p300, and pH-induced H3K27 acetylation may be the amplifying mechanism of MITF's effect. HDAC1 and HDAC10 catalyze histone deacetylation of melanogenesis-related gene promoters. Chromatin remodelers SWI/SNF complex and ISWI complex use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to rearrange nucleosomes, while their active subunits BRG1, BRM and BPTF, act as activators and cofactors of MITF. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can directly target a large number of melanogenesis-related genes, while long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) regulate melanogenesis in a variety of ways. Interactions exist among the epigenetic mechanisms of melanogenesis. For example, the methyl CpG binding domain protein 2 (MeCP2) links DNA methylation, histone deacetylation, and histone methylation. Epigenetic-based therapy provides novel opportunities for treating dermatoses that are caused by pigmentation disturbances. This review summarizes the epigenetic regulation mechanisms of melanogenesis, and examines the pathogenesis and treatment of epigenetics in pigmentation disorders.
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Song H, Hwang YJ, Ha JW, Boo YC. Screening of an Epigenetic Drug Library Identifies 4-((hydroxyamino)carbonyl)- N-(2-hydroxyethyl)- N-Phenyl-Benzeneacetamide that Reduces Melanin Synthesis by Inhibiting Tyrosinase Activity Independently of Epigenetic Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134589. [PMID: 32605171 PMCID: PMC7370187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify novel antimelanogenic drugs from an epigenetic screening library containing various modulators targeting DNA methyltransferases, histone deacetylases, and other related enzymes/proteins. Of 141 drugs tested, K8 (4-((hydroxyamino)carbonyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-phenyl-benzeneacetamide; HPOB) was found to effectively inhibit the α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanin synthesis in B16-F10 murine melanoma cells without accompanying cytotoxicity. Additional experiments showed that K8 did not significantly reduce the mRNA and protein level of tyrosinase (TYR) or microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) in cells, but it potently inhibited the catalytic activity TYR in vitro (IC50, 1.1-1.5 µM) as compared to β-arbutin (IC50, 500-700 µM) or kojic acid (IC50, 63 µM). K8 showed copper chelating activity similar to kojic acid. Therefore, these data suggest that K8 inhibits cellular melanin synthesis not by downregulation of TYR protein expression through an epigenetic mechanism, but by direct inhibition of TYR catalytic activity through copper chelation. Metal chelating activity of K8 is not surprising because it is known to inhibit histone deacetylase (HDAC) 6 through zinc chelation. This study identified K8 as a potent inhibitor of cellular melanin synthesis, which may be useful for the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyerim Song
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (H.S.); (Y.J.H.); (J.W.H.)
- Brain Korea (BK) 21 Plus Kyungpook National University (KNU) Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Hwang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (H.S.); (Y.J.H.); (J.W.H.)
- Brain Korea (BK) 21 Plus Kyungpook National University (KNU) Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Jae Won Ha
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (H.S.); (Y.J.H.); (J.W.H.)
- Brain Korea (BK) 21 Plus Kyungpook National University (KNU) Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Yong Chool Boo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (H.S.); (Y.J.H.); (J.W.H.)
- Brain Korea (BK) 21 Plus Kyungpook National University (KNU) Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-420-4946
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Dorgaleleh S, Naghipoor K, Barahouie A, Dastaviz F, Oladnabi M. Molecular and biochemical mechanisms of human iris color: A comprehensive review. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8972-8982. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Dorgaleleh
- Student Research Committee Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran
| | - Karim Naghipoor
- Student Research Committee Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran
| | - Ahmad Barahouie
- Student Research Committee Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran
| | - Farzad Dastaviz
- Student Research Committee Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran
| | - Morteza Oladnabi
- Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran
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Suryawan A, Rudar M, Fiorotto ML, Davis TA. Differential regulation of mTORC1 activation by leucine and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:286-295. [PMID: 31944890 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00332.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine (Leu) and its metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) stimulate mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1)-dependent protein synthesis in the skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs. This study aimed to determine whether HMB and Leu utilize common nutrient-sensing mechanisms to activate mTORC1. In study 1, neonatal pigs were fed one of five diets for 24 h: low protein (LP), high protein (HP), or LP supplemented with 4 (LP+HMB4), 40 (LP+HMB40), or 80 (LP+HMB80) μmol HMB·kg body wt-1·day-1. In study 2, neonatal pigs were fed for 24 h: LP, LP supplemented with Leu (LP+Leu), or HP diets delivering 9, 18, and 18 mmol Leu·kg body wt-1·day-1, respectively. The upstream signaling molecules that regulate mTORC1 activity were analyzed. mTOR phosphorylation on Ser2448 and Ser2481 was greater in LP+HMB40, LP+HMB80, and LP+Leu than in LP and greater in HP than in HMB-supplemented groups (P < 0.05), whereas HP and LP+Leu were similar. Rheb-mTOR complex formation was lower in LP than in HP (P < 0.05), with no enhancement by HMB or Leu supplementation. The Sestrin2-GATOR2 complex was more abundant in LP than in HP and was reduced by Leu (P < 0.05) but not HMB supplementation. RagA-mTOR and RagC-mTOR complexes were higher in LP+Leu and HP than in LP and HMB groups (P < 0.05). There were no treatment differences in RagB-SH3BP4, Vps34-LRS, and RagD-LRS complex abundances. Phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and TSC2, but not AMPK, was lower in LP than HP (P < 0.05) and unaffected by HMB or Leu supplementation. Our results demonstrate that HMB stimulates mTORC1 activation in neonatal muscle independent of the leucine-sensing pathway mediated by Sestrin2 and the Rag proteins.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Dietary supplementation with either leucine or its metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) stimulates protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of the neonatal pig. Our results demonstrate that both leucine and HMB stimulate mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) phosphorylation in neonatal muscle. This leucine-stimulated process involves dissociation of the Sestrin2-GATOR2 complex and increased binding of Rag A/C to mTOR. However, HMB's activation of mTORC1 is independent of this leucine-sensing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agus Suryawan
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Marko Rudar
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Marta L Fiorotto
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Teresa A Davis
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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12
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Endocytic Adaptor Proteins in Health and Disease: Lessons from Model Organisms and Human Mutations. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111345. [PMID: 31671891 PMCID: PMC6912373 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells need to exchange material and information with their environment. This is largely achieved via cell-surface receptors which mediate processes ranging from nutrient uptake to signaling responses. Consequently, their surface levels have to be dynamically controlled. Endocytosis constitutes a powerful mechanism to regulate the surface proteome and to recycle vesicular transmembrane proteins that strand at the plasma membrane after exocytosis. For efficient internalization, the cargo proteins need to be linked to the endocytic machinery via adaptor proteins such as the heterotetrameric endocytic adaptor complex AP-2 and a variety of mostly monomeric endocytic adaptors. In line with the importance of endocytosis for nutrient uptake, cell signaling and neurotransmission, animal models and human mutations have revealed that defects in these adaptors are associated with several diseases ranging from metabolic disorders to encephalopathies. This review will discuss the physiological functions of the so far known adaptor proteins and will provide a comprehensive overview of their links to human diseases.
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13
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Qi S, Liu B, Zhang J, Liu X, Dong C, Fan R. Knockdown of microRNA‑143‑5p by STTM technology affects eumelanin and pheomelanin production in melanocytes. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2649-2656. [PMID: 31322203 PMCID: PMC6691272 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) serve various roles in the regulation of melanogenesis in mammalian melanocytes that contribute to the development of hair color. The manipulation of the melanocyte action is a new target for genetic improvement. Short tandem target mimic (STTM) is a potent approach for silencing miRNAs in plants and animals. To investigate the function of miR‑143‑5p in melanogenesis, STTM was used to block the expression of miR‑143‑5p (STTM‑miR‑143‑5p). The molecular analysis and luciferase reporter assay identified myosin Va gene (MYO5A) as one of the miR‑143‑5p targets. STTM‑miR‑143‑5p overexpression resulted in an increased expression of downstream melanogenesis genes including microphthalmia‑associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase family members [tyrosinase (TYR) and tyrosinase‑related protein 1 (TYRP1)], melanophilin (MLPH), and Rab27a, thereby contributing to melanocyte pigmentation by promoting total alkali‑soluble melanogenesis (ASM) and eumelanin (EM) contents; conversely, STTM‑miR‑143‑5p overexpression resulted in decreased expression of the tyrosinase‑related protein 2 (TYRP2)/dopachrome tautomerase (DCT), which is responsible for decreased pheomelanin (PM) content in mouse melanocytes. The results indicated that melanin production in melanocytes could be increased by manipulating miR‑143‑5p expression using STTM which resulted in ASM and EM production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Qi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, P.R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, P.R. China
| | - Junzhen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, P.R. China
| | - Xuexian Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, P.R. China
| | - Changsheng Dong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, P.R. China
| | - Ruiwen Fan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, P.R. China
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14
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Transcriptomic Analysis of Coding Genes and Non-Coding RNAs Reveals Complex Regulatory Networks Underlying the Black Back and White Belly Coat Phenotype in Chinese Wuzhishan Pigs. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10030201. [PMID: 30866582 PMCID: PMC6470719 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Coat color is one of the most important characteristics for distinguishing Chinese indigenous pig breeds. In Wuzhishan pigs, the animals have black on the back and white on the abdomen. However, the molecular genetic basis of this phenotype is unclear. In this study, we used high-throughput RNA sequencing to compare expression profiles of coding and non-coding RNAs from white and black skin samples obtained from individual Wuzhishan pigs. The expression profiling revealed that 194 lncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs), 189 mRNAs (messenger RNAs), and 162 miRNAs (microRNAs) had significantly different levels of expression (|log2 fold change| > 1, p-value < 0.05) in white and black skin. Compared to RNA levels in black skin, white skin had higher levels of expression of 185 lncRNAs, 181 mRNAs, and 23 miRNAs and lower levels of expression of 9 lncRNAs, 8 mRNAs, and 139 miRNAs. Functional analysis suggested that the differentially expressed transcripts are involved in biological processes such as melanin biosynthesis, pigmentation and tyrosine metabolism. Several key genes involved in melanogenesis, including MLANA, PMEL, TYR, TYRP1, DTC, TRPM1 and CAMK2A, had significantly different levels of expression in the two skin tissues. Potential lncRNA–miRNA–gene interactions were also examined. A total of 15 lncRNAs, 11 miRNAs and 7 genes formed 23 lncRNA–miRNA–gene pairs, suggesting that complex regulatory networks of coding and non-coding genes underlie the coat color trait in Wuzhishan pigs. Our study provides a foundation for understanding how lncRNA, miRNA and genes interact to regulate coat color in black-back/white-belly pigs. We also constructed lncRNA–miRNA–gene interaction networks to elucidate the complex molecular mechanisms underlying skin physiology and melanogenesis. The results extend our knowledge about the diversity of coat color among different domestic animals and provide a foundation for studying novel mechanisms that control coat color in Chinese indigenous pigs.
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15
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Serre C, Busuttil V, Botto JM. Intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of human skin melanogenesis and pigmentation. Int J Cosmet Sci 2018; 40:328-347. [PMID: 29752874 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In human skin, melanogenesis is a tightly regulated process. Indeed, several extracellular signals are transduced via dedicated signalling pathways and mostly converge to MITF, a transcription factor integrating upstream signalling and regulating downstream genes involved in the various inherent mechanisms modulating melanogenesis. The synthesis of melanin pigments occurs in melanocytes inside melanosomes where melanogenic enzymes (tyrosinase and related proteins) are addressed with the help of specific protein complexes. The melanosomes loaded with melanin are then transferred to keratinocytes. A more elaborate level of melanogenesis regulation comes into play via the action of non-coding RNAs (microRNAs, lncRNAs). Besides this canonical regulation, melanogenesis can also be modulated by other non-specific intrinsic pathways (hormonal environment, inflammation) and by extrinsic factors (solar irradiation such as ultraviolet irradiation, environmental pollution). We developed a bioinformatic interaction network gathering the multiple aspects of melanogenesis and skin pigmentation as a resource to better understand and study skin pigmentation biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Serre
- Global Skin Research Center, Ashland, 655, route du Pin Montard, Sophia Antipolis, 06904, France
| | - V Busuttil
- Global Skin Research Center, Ashland, 655, route du Pin Montard, Sophia Antipolis, 06904, France
| | - J-M Botto
- Global Skin Research Center, Ashland, 655, route du Pin Montard, Sophia Antipolis, 06904, France
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