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Aktan D, Depierreux F. How to face the hemifacial spasm: challenges and misconceptions. Acta Neurol Belg 2024; 124:17-23. [PMID: 37498482 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02342-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is characterised by intermittent, brief or sustained, repetitive contractions of the muscles innervated by one facial nerve. It is one of the most frequent movement disorders affecting the face. However common and allegedly straightforward to diagnose, it might reveal as a challenge for clinicians in various situations. Indeed, it often needs prior exclusion of many other movement disorders affecting the face, with frequent phenomenological overlaps with blepharospasm, post-facial palsy, facial motor tics, etc. The clinical diagnosis shall be supported by modern brain imaging techniques, and sometimes electromyography, as some particular aetiologies may require specific treatment. Primary forms are associated with vascular compression of the ipsilateral seventh cranial nerve, whereas secondary forms can be caused by any injury occurring on the facial nerve course. This article proposes a global and organised approach to the diagnosis, and the ensuing therapeutic options, as many practitioners still use some inefficient medications when they encounter a case of facial spasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Aktan
- Neurology Department, University Hospital of Liège, CHU Liege, Avenue Hippocrate-B35, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Frédérique Depierreux
- Neurology Department, University Hospital of Liège, CHU Liege, Avenue Hippocrate-B35, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, CHU Liège, Liège, Belgium
- GIGA-CRC in vivo imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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2
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Scott AB, Fahn S, Brin MF. Treatment of strabismus and blepharospasm with Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA): Development, insights, and impact. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e32374. [PMID: 37499080 PMCID: PMC10374181 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Strabismus, deviation of the ocular alignment, can adversely affect quality of life and activities of daily living. Surgery was the prior standard of care for strabismus, but up to 40% of patients required additional surgeries. This need for more effective and less invasive treatment, along with the convergence of other events such as the development of electromyography, purification of botulinum toxin A, and the finding that injection of botulinum toxin type A could paralyze the hind limbs of chicks, led Dr. Alan Scott to investigate injection of his formulation for strabismus. The positive results of initial trials in monkeys segued to human trials with observations of alignment improvements and few adverse events. The success of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of strabismus led to interest in its use to treat other skeletal muscles, particularly in blepharospasm, a type of focal dystonia involving eyelid spasms and involuntary eye closure that lacked an effective pharmacological treatment. Patient groups helped to increase awareness of this novel treatment, and results from clinical trials confirmed its effectiveness. Dr. Scott's formulation, then known as Oculinum, received its first Food and Drug Administration approvals in 1989 for strabismus and blepharospasm. Allergan acquired Oculinum in 1991, renaming it Botox. These initial uses led to its application in a myriad of other indications as outlined in other articles of this supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan B Scott
- Strabismus Research Foundation, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Mitchell F Brin
- Allergan/AbbVie, Irvine, CA, USA
- University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Safarpour D, Jabbari B. Botulinum toxin for motor disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 196:539-555. [PMID: 37620089 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98817-9.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins are a group of biological toxins produced by the gram-negative bacteria Clostridium botulinum. After intramuscular injection, they produce dose-related muscle relaxation, which has proven useful in the treatment of a large number of motor and movement disorders. In this chapter, we discuss the utility of botulinum toxin treatment in three major and common medical conditions related to the dysfunction of the motor system, namely dystonia, tremor, and spasticity. A summary of the existing literature is provided along with different techniques of injection including those recommended by the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delaram Safarpour
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Bahman Jabbari
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
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Wenninger FC, Wabbels B. Frequency of Hemorrhagic Side Effects of Botulinum Neurotoxin Treatment in Patients with Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm on Antithrombotic Medication. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110769. [PMID: 36356019 PMCID: PMC9693354 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of hemorrhagic side effects of botulinum neurotoxin A injections (BoNT/A) for the treatment of benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) and hemifacial spasm (HFS) in patients taking antithrombotic drugs (ATD). A total of 140 patients were included (female: 65%; BEB: 75%; mean age: 70 ± 12 years). According to their current antithrombotic medication, participants were either assigned to the ATD group (41%), or to the control group (59%). The ATD group was further divided into subgroups depending on the medication administered: acetylsalicylic acid, ADP receptor antagonists, direct oral anticoagulants, vitamin-K antagonists, or dual antiplatelet therapy. The frequency of hemorrhagic side effects was recorded by retrospective analysis of past treatments as documented in the patient's file set in relation to the number of past treatments (hematoma frequency of past treatments, HFretro) as well as by a prospective survey capturing the side effects of one single treatment (hematoma frequency of actual treatment, HFactual). There was no significant difference in hematoma frequency between the ATD group and the control group, neither for past (HFretro: ATD: 2%; 45/2554; control: 4%; 109/2744) nor for the current BoNT/A treatments (HFactual: ATD: 30%; 16/53; control: 31%; 22/72). Even between ATD subgroups, hematoma frequency did not differ significantly. Overall, hemorrhagic side effects of the BoNT/A treatment for BEB and HFS were mild and non-disabling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Carolin Wenninger
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bettina Wabbels
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)228-287-15612; Fax: +49-(0)228-287-14692
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Therapeutic Approach to Botulinum Injections for Hemifacial Spasm, Synkinesis and Blepharospasm. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050362. [PMID: 35622608 PMCID: PMC9147094 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to show our therapeutic outcome of botulinum injection to the facial muscles and thereby to find the best therapeutic concept which should be embraced. The decision to treat the lower eyelid with 1-point or 2-points injection was randomly taken as there is no consensus regarding this debate. Injections of the lateral end of the upper eyelid were performed more laterally to the conventional injection point, just lateral to the conjunction of the upper and lower eyelids. Twenty-three patients (12 hemifacial spasm, 6 blepharospasm, 5 post facial palsy synkinesis) were enrolled. Data were retrieved from 112 visits between 2019 and 2022. Overall, 84.9% of the treatments had moderate or marked improvement. The most common side effect was facial weakness (11.8%). Neither ptosis nor diplopia were noted. Two-points regimen in the lower eyelid was associated with a lower risk of facial weakness (p = 0.01), compared to 1-point regimen, with a better therapeutic outcome as reflected by more favorable PGI-C scores (p = 0.04). Injection of the pretarsal segment of the upper eyelid, just onto or even lateral to the conjunction of the upper and lower eyelids, lowers the risk of ptosis.
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Shin HJ, You JW, Koh KS, Song WC. Topography of the orbital part of the lacrimal gland for treating epiphora using botulinum toxin injection. Clin Anat 2022; 35:861-866. [PMID: 35384059 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the location of the orbital part of the lacrimal gland using external landmarks to facilitate effective botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injections for epiphora treatment. METHODS Dissections were performed on 45 hemifaces from 27 cadavers. The length, anterior protrusion, and thickness of the orbital part of the lacrimal gland were measured directly. The midpoint of the line running horizontal through the medial and lateral canthus was used as the horizontal reference point. Vertical lines perpendicular to the midpoint of the horizontal reference line were the vertical reference lines. The angles from the horizontal reference line to the lacrimal gland center and to the frontal tubercle were also measured. RESULTS The length and thickness of the lacrimal gland were 12.8 mm and 2.4 mm, respectively. The lacrimal gland had an anterior protrusion of 4.1 mm from the superolateral orbital margin. The superior and inferior margins of the lacrimal gland were located 35.7 degrees and 15.8 degrees from the two reference lines, respectively. The angle from the horizontal reference line to the lacrimal gland center was 35.1 degrees, which was similar to that to the frontal tubercle (34.4 degrees). CONCLUSION The orbital part of the lacrimal gland was more inferior in elderly subjects and the angle between the horizontal reference line and its center was 35.1 degrees, which was similar to the location of the frontal tubercle. The location of this tubercle can help clinicians to perform BTX-A injections into the lacrimal gland, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of epiphora treatment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Won You
- Department of Anatomy, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Seok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wu-Chul Song
- Department of Anatomy, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Wabbels B, Fimmers R, Roggenkämper P. Ultra-Long-Term Therapy of Benign Essential Blepharospasm with Botulinumtoxin A—30 Years of Experience in a Tertiary Care Center. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020120. [PMID: 35202148 PMCID: PMC8875585 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim of this study was to investigate the long-term results of botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) injections for the treatment of benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) and to report our experience with (ultra-)long-term treatment with onabotulinumtoxin-A. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis at a university hospital. Patients with BEB and BoNT-A treatment were assigned to the Total Blepharospasm Group, patients with ≥21 onabotulinumtoxin-A injections to the Ona Long-Term Group. The Total Blepharospasm Group (n = 1940) included 33,933 BoNT-A injections. The age of patients at symptom onset was (mean ± SD) 58.0 ± 13.1 years, and 70.4% were female. The Ona long-term group (n = 234) included 10,632 onabotulinumtoxin-A injections. In this group, patients received 45.4 ± 22.9 injections with a mean dose of 22.2 IU ± 0.5. The duration of treatment was 12.6 ± 5.4 years, ranging from 2.9 to 30.0 years. The effect–duration–dose quotient did not change during long-term treatment. The observed side effects were comparable in type and frequency to other studies, even with the (ultra-)long treatment with onabotulinumtoxin-A. Our results, based on one of the largest patient populations and a treatment duration of up to 30 years, impressively demonstrate that onabotulinumtoxin-A is a safe and effective therapy for essential blepharospasm, even in the ultra-long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Wabbels
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Street 2, D-53127 Bonn, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Rolf Fimmers
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Peter Roggenkämper
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Street 2, D-53127 Bonn, Germany;
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Tambasco N, Filidei M, Nigro P, Parnetti L, Simoni S. Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Hemifacial Spasm: An Update on Clinical Studies. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120881. [PMID: 34941718 PMCID: PMC8706367 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary contractions of the facial muscles innervated by the seventh cranial nerve. Generally, it is associated with a poor quality of life due to social embarrassment and can lead to functional blindness. Moreover, it is a chronic condition, and spontaneous recovery is rare. Intramuscular injections of Botulinum Toxin (BoNT) are routinely used as HFS treatment. METHODS We reviewed published articles between 1991 and 2021 regarding the effectiveness and safety of BoNT in HFS as well as any reported differences among BoNT formulations. RESULTS The efficacy of BoNT for HFS treatment ranged from 73% to 98.4%. The mean duration of the effect was around 12 weeks. Effectiveness did not decrease over time. Adverse effects were usually mild and transient. The efficacy and tolerability of the different preparations appeared to be similar. Among the studies, dosage, injected muscles, intervals of treatment, and rating scales were variable, thus leading to challenges in comparing the results. CONCLUSIONS BoNT was the treatment of choice for HFS due to its efficacy and safety profile. Further studies are needed to investigate the factors that influence the outcome, including the optimal timing of treatment, injection techniques, dosage, and the best selection criteria for formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Tambasco
- Movement Disorders Center, Neurology Department, Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy;
- Neurology Department, Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (M.F.); (L.P.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marta Filidei
- Neurology Department, Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (M.F.); (L.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Pasquale Nigro
- Movement Disorders Center, Neurology Department, Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Neurology Department, Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (M.F.); (L.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Simone Simoni
- Neurology Department, Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (M.F.); (L.P.); (S.S.)
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Jang J, Lew H. Blink index as a response predictor of blepharospasm to botulinum neurotoxin-A treatment. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2374. [PMID: 34555267 PMCID: PMC8613441 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the blink profiles and blink index using ocular surface interferometer in the patients with blepharospasm (BSP) and identified points to consider predictive factor after BSP treatment. METHODS In total, 117 eyelids of 59 elderly patients and 20 eyelids of 10 age-matched control group were studied. All BSP patients applied botulinum toxin-A (BoNT-A) injection for treatment of BSP. An ocular surface interferometer (LipiView; TearScience, Morrisville, NC, USA) was used to measure blink profile and blink index; total and incomplete blinks/20 s, and the partial blink ratio (PBR). Eyelid blink time (including lid closing time, closure time, lid opening time), interblink times (IBT), closing speeds (OS), and opening speeds (OS) were analyzed using 600 blinks recorded over 20 s. RESULTS Total blink rate was significantly higher in BSP patients compared to the age-matched control group (p = .029) but other time-related and speed-related index including interpalpebral fissure, PBR, blink time, closure time (CT), interblink time, CS, and OS were not significantly different. In the responder of BSP patients, the average age was higher, CT was shorter, CS was faster than nonresponder (age; p = .016, CT; p < .001, CS; p = .042). CONCLUSION The blink index by analyzing the blink profile using ocular surface interferometer, and this blink index may be used as a predictive factor for evaluating the clinical response after BoNT-A injection in blepharospasm patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongkyeong Jang
- Department of Ophthalmology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Helen Lew
- Department of Ophthalmology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Badarny S, Ibrahim R, Susel Z, Zaina A, Nasar R, Badarny Y. Long-term stable efficacy of botulinum toxin A in facial movement disorders with no need for increasing dose. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26481. [PMID: 34160460 PMCID: PMC8238266 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum toxin A is considered an effective treatment for involuntary facial movements. We examined whether treatment efficacy maintained or changed over time with two products, Botox and Dysport, in patients with hemifacial spasm, facial synkinesis and benign essential blepharospasm.We retrospectively investigated 87 consecutive patients (51 women, 36 men) who had undergone treatment for ≥6 years. Long-term effects, as well as side effects of Botox or Dysport local injections were evaluated. The first three treatments were considered the titration period and not taken into account when testing for dose changes.Mean treatment duration was 10 years (range 6-11, SD 1.0), 2441 treatments were administered, 1162 with Botox and 1279 with Dysport, the two brands were interchanged as needed. Good to full improvement was seen in 90% of patients both with both brands. Injection doses and treatment responses were consistent during the study with both drugs. No major side effects were reported, and relatively few minor adverse events were reported, with clear reduction from the titration period (6.1%), to the remainder of the study (3.9%).Botulinum toxin (BTX-A) is a satisfactory long-term treatment without need for dose increase over. Both Botox and Dysport were effective when used interchangeably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samih Badarny
- Department of Neurology, Galilee Medical Center Naharyia
- Bar Ilan Faculty of Medicine, Safed
| | - Raphiq Ibrahim
- Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center & Department of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa
| | | | - Adnan Zaina
- Endocrinology Clinic, Zvulun Medical Clinic, Kiryat Bialik
| | | | - Yazid Badarny
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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11
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Wabbels B, Yaqubi A. Validation of a new hemifacial spasm grading questionnaire (HFS score) assessing clinical and quality of life parameters. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:793-802. [PMID: 33963897 PMCID: PMC8205881 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Validation of the new hemifacial spasm (HFS) questionnaire “HFS score” that captures both clinical (HFS clinical) and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) parameters (HFS subjective) in one tool and comparison with a global HRQOL questionnaire. Cross sectional, prospective validation study including 143 subjects (62 HFS patients and 81 healthy volunteers) from the University Eye Hospital Bonn. Patients were interviewed with the new HFS score and the SF-12 questionnaire prior to and 3 weeks after Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A) injection. All HRQOL-related questions (HFS subjective) were answered on a visual analogue scale (VAS) ranging from 0 (no complaints) to 100% (maximum complaints) by the patients themselves. Reproducibility was tested in a study extension with 10 patients by repeat interviews (telephone/personal). The new HFS score questionnaire provided a reliable clinical assessment and demonstrated that BoNT-A therapy significantly reduced frequency and severity of eye and cheek spasms (p < 0.001; Wilcoxon test). Relevant aspects of HRQOL of HFS patients were assessed with high accuracy and sensitivity. Significant improvements were achieved after BoNT-A injection in five out of eight HRQOL parameters (p ≤ 0.02; Wilcoxon test). Cronbach’s alpha of 0.818 demonstrated good internal consistency. Telephone survey provided comparable results to personal interviews. This new sensitive and specific HFS score seems a reliable instrument to monitor BoNT therapy and customize it to the needs of the individual HFS patient—in clinical studies and daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Wabbels
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Ali Yaqubi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Ophthalmological Center Lippstadt, Wiedenbrücker Str. 31, 59555, Lippstadt, Germany
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12
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Herrero-Infante Y, Rodríguez-Sanz A, Máñez-Miró J, Vivancos-Matellano F. Hemifacial spasm through the last three decades: From etiology to efficacy and safety of long-term botulinum toxin treatment. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2021; 203:106555. [PMID: 33662742 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is an uncommon movement disorder characterized by involuntary contractions of muscles innervated by the facial nerve. The aim of this study is to analyze the etiology of HFS as well as the efficacy and safety of long-term botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) treatment. METHODS Retrospective study including 125 patients with HFS treated with BTX-A from 1993 to 2019. Demographic and etiological variables as well as doses, number of sessions of BTX-A, infiltrated muscles, therapeutic response according to Patient Global Impression of Change Scale (PGIC-S), side effects and adjuvant treatments were analyzed. In addition, these variables were compared according to the etiology (idiopathic versus secondary). RESULTS 92 patients (73.6%) were women and the mean age at diagnosis was 58.63 years (SD 15.4). The etiology was idiopathic in 79 patients (63.2%), 17.6% were secondary to Bell's palsy, 14.4% to vascular compression and 2.4% to tumors. A higher total dose per session was observed in the secondary group. PGIC-S showed a good response in 96% of cases. 16 patients (12.8%) required pharmacological concomitant treatment. 59 patients (47.2%) developed side effects. Transient eyelid ptosis and facial weakness were the most common. CONCLUSIONS The structural origin of a significant number of cases of HFS makes essential to complete an etiological diagnosis in all patients. In addition, the existence of a secondary cause could be associated with greater doses of BTX-A to achieve a good response. Regardless the etiology, long-term treatment with BTX-A in HFS is safe and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Herrero-Infante
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Sanz
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Máñez-Miró
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Vivancos-Matellano
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
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Anandan C, Jankovic J. Botulinum Toxin in Movement Disorders: An Update. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010042. [PMID: 33430071 PMCID: PMC7827923 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its initial approval in 1989 by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of blepharospasm and other facial spasms, botulinum toxin (BoNT) has evolved into a therapeutic modality for a variety of neurological and non-neurological disorders. With respect to neurologic movement disorders, BoNT has been reported to be effective for the treatment of dystonia, bruxism, tremors, tics, myoclonus, restless legs syndrome, tardive dyskinesia, and a variety of symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease. More recently, research with BoNT has expanded beyond its use as a powerful muscle relaxant and a peripherally active drug to its potential central nervous system applications in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Although BoNT is the most potent biologic toxin, when it is administered by knowledgeable and experienced clinicians, it is one of the safest therapeutic agents in clinical use. The primary aim of this article is to provide an update on recent advances in BoNT research with a focus on novel applications in the treatment of movement disorders. This comprehensive review of the literature provides a critical review of evidence-based clinical trials and highlights recent innovative pilot studies.
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Lapa T, Mandavia R, Gentile R. Botulinum Toxin for the Head and Neck: a Review of Common Uses and Recent Trends. CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40136-020-00307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Duarte GS, Rodrigues FB, Castelão M, Marques RE, Ferreira J, Sampaio C, Moore AP, Costa J. Botulinum toxin type A therapy for hemifacial spasm. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 11:CD004899. [PMID: 33211908 PMCID: PMC8078498 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004899.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is an update of a Cochrane Review, first published in 2005. Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is characterised by unilateral, involuntary contractions of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve. It is a chronic disorder, and spontaneous recovery is very rare. The two treatments routinely available are microvascular decompression and intramuscular injections with botulinum toxin type A (BtA). OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of BtA versus placebo in people with HFS. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, reference lists of articles, and conference proceedings in July 2020. We ran the electronic database search, with no language restrictions, in July 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA Double-blind, parallel, randomised, placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) of BtA versus placebo in adults with HFS. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed records. We planned to select included studies, extract data using a paper pro forma, and evaluate the risk of bias. We resolved disagreements by consensus, or by consulting a third review author. We planned to perform meta-analyses. The primary efficacy outcome was HFS-specific improvement. The primary safety outcome was the proportion of participants with any adverse event. MAIN RESULTS We found no parallel-group randomised controlled trials comparing BtA and placebo in HFS. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We did not find any randomised trials that evaluated the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in people with hemifacial spasm, so we are unable to draw any conclusions. Observational data show a strong association between BtA treatment and symptom improvement, and a favourable safety profile. While it is unlikely that future placebo-controlled RCTs will evaluate absolute efficacy and safety, they should address relevant questions for both people with HFS (such as long-term effects, quality of life, and other patient-reported outcomes), and clinicians (such as relative effectiveness of different BtA formulations and schemes of treatment) to better guide clinical practice.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo S Duarte
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipe B Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Castelão
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel E Marques
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Ophthalmology University Clinic, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquim Ferreira
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | - João Costa
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Hakim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Paul O Phelps
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Division of Ophthalmology, Northshore University HealthSystem, 2050 Pfingsten Rd., Ste. 280, Glenview, IL 60026, United States.
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FDA Approvals and Consensus Guidelines for Botulinum Toxins in the Treatment of Dystonia. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050332. [PMID: 32429600 PMCID: PMC7290737 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) published practice guidelines for botulinum toxin (BoNT) in the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache. This article, focusing on dystonia, provides context for these guidelines through literature review. Studies that led to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of each toxin for dystonia indications are reviewed, in addition to several studies highlighted by the AAN guidelines. The AAN guidelines for the use of BoNT in dystonia are compared with those of the European Federation of the Neurological Societies (EFNS), and common off-label uses for BoNT in dystonia are discussed. Toxins not currently FDA-approved for the treatment of dystonia are additionally reviewed. In the future, additional toxins may become FDA-approved for the treatment of dystonia given expanding research in this area.
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Abstract
Botulinum toxin is an important treatment for many conditions in ophthalmology, including strabismus, nystagmus, blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, spastic and congenital entropion, corneal exposure, and persistent epithelial defects. The mechanism of action of botulinum toxin for both strabismus and nystagmus is the neuromuscular blockade and transient paralysis of extraocular muscles, but when botulinum toxin is used for some forms of strabismus, a single injection can convey indefinite benefits. There are two unique mechanisms of action that account for the long-term effect on ocular alignment: (1) the disruption of a balanced system of agonist-antagonist extraocular muscles and (2) the reestablishment of central control of alignment by the binocular visual system. For other ocular conditions, botulinum toxin acts through transient paralysis of periocular muscles. Botulinum toxin is a powerful tool in ophthalmology, achieving its therapeutic effects by direct neuromuscular blockade of extraocular and periocular muscles and by unique mechanisms related to the underlying structure and function of the visual system.
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Bölük C, Gökçe Y, Gündüz A, Adatepe N, Savrun F, Kaytaz A, Kızıltan M. Botulinum toxin injections for neurological disorders: Experience between 1994 and 2019. NEUROL SCI NEUROPHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/nsn.nsn_36_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Treatment of blepharospasm and Meige's syndrome with abo- and onabotulinumtoxinA: long-term safety and efficacy in daily clinical practice. J Neurol 2019; 267:267-275. [PMID: 31630241 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09581-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thirty years after their approval, botulinum toxin injections still are the first-line therapy for blepharospasm. The aim of our study was to analyze long-term data concerning safety and efficacy in a large cohort over decades. METHODS Treatment data of all patients with blepharospasm and Meige´s syndrome in our outpatient clinic having undergone at least three subsequent treatment sessions with current onabotulinumtoxinA or abobotulinumtoxin A were analyzed with respect to the course of dose, effect duration, side effects, patients´ satisfaction and occurrence/reasons for treatment discontinuation. RESULTS The observation period was up to 18 years for onabotulinumtoxinA and 29 years for abobotulinumtoxinA with a total of 1778 and 9319 treatment sessions in 69 patients with onabotulinumtoxinA, 281 with abobotulinumtoxin A and 2 of these having used both products. The dose increased in the first years followed by a stable dose in the following years. The mean dose was 39.1/198.7 mouse units (onabotulinumtoxinA/abobotulinumtoxinA). In over 25% of all sessions, inhibition of the eyelid opening was effectively treated with pretarsal injections. The most common adverse events included ptosis (4%/5%), epiphora/sicca (4%/5%), double vision (1%/1%) and facial asymmetry (1%/1%). Reasons for therapy discontinuation were change to a nearby doctor, age, other diseases, spontaneous improvement, side effects or possible treatment failure. Only one patient was tested positive for neutralizing antibodies against botulinum toxin A. CONCLUSION The treatment of blepharospasm and Meige's syndrome with onabotulinumtoxinA and abobotulinumtoxinA is safe and effective, also over a long observation period of up to 29 years.
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Botulinum Toxin Induced Atrophy: An Uncharted Territory. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10080313. [PMID: 30072597 PMCID: PMC6115806 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) produce local chemo-denervation by cleaving soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor activating protein receptor (SNARE) proteins. Botulinum neurotoxins are therapeutically indicated in several neurological disorders and have been in use for three decades. The long-term efficacy, safety, and side effects of BoNTs have been well documented in the literature. However, the development of muscle atrophy following chronic exposure to BoNTs has not received sufficient attention. Muscle atrophy is not only cosmetically distressing, but also has an impact on future injections. An extensive literature search was conducted on atrophy and mechanisms of atrophy. Five hundred and four relevant articles in the English language were reviewed. This review revealed the surprising lack of documentation of atrophy within the literature. In addition, as demonstrated in this review, the mechanisms and the clinical factors that may lead to atrophy have also been poorly studied. However, even with this limited information it is possible to indicate factors that could modify the clinical approach to botulinum toxin injections. This review highlights the need for further study of atrophy following BoNT injections.
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Evidence on botulinum toxin in selected disorders. Toxicon 2018; 147:134-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Samizadeh S, De Boulle K. Botulinum neurotoxin formulations: overcoming the confusion. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2018; 11:273-287. [PMID: 29910630 PMCID: PMC5988049 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s156851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum toxin A is produced by anaerobic spore-forming bacteria and is used for various therapeutic and cosmetic purposes. Botulinum toxin A injections are the most popular nonsurgical procedure worldwide. Despite an increased demand for botulinum toxin A injections, the clinical pharmacology and differences in formulation of commonly available products are poorly understood. The various products available in the market are unique and vary in terms of units, chemical properties, biological activities, and weight, and are therefore not interchangeable. For safe clinical practice and to achieve optimal results, the practitioners need to understand the clinical issues of potency, conversion ratio, and safety issues (toxin spread and immunogenicity). In this paper, the basic clinical pharmacology of botulinum toxin A and differences between onabotulinum toxin A, abobotulinum toxin A, and incobotulinum toxin A are discussed.
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Bilyk JR, Yen MT, Bradley EA, Wladis EJ, Mawn LA. Chemodenervation for the Treatment of Facial Dystonia: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 2018; 125:1459-1467. [PMID: 29653859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the medical literature on the outcomes and complications of various Food and Drug Administration-approved botulinum toxins for benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) and hemifacial spasm (HFS). METHODS Literature searches were last conducted in February 2017 in PubMed for articles published in English and in the Cochrane Library database without language limitations; studies published before 2000 were excluded. The combined searches yielded 127 citations. Of these, 13 articles were deemed appropriate for inclusion in this assessment, and the panel methodologist assigned ratings to them according to the level of evidence. RESULTS A combined total of 1523 patients (1143 with BEB and 380 with HFS) were included in the 13 studies. Five studies provided level I evidence, 2 studies provided level II evidence, and 6 studies provided level III evidence. Pretarsal injections were more efficacious than preseptal injections (96% vs. 86%, respectively). Pretarsal injections also resulted in a higher response rate on clinical scales (P < 0.05) and a longer duration of maximum response for both HFS and BEB. Patients with HFS require lower overall doses of onabotulinumtoxinA than patients with BEB for a similar duration of effect. Adverse events were dose related, and they occurred more frequently in patients who were given more units. CONCLUSIONS Level I evidence supports the efficacy of Botox (Allergan Corp., Irvine, CA), Meditoxin, and Xeomin (Merz Pharmaceuticals, Frankfurt am Main, Germany) for the treatment of BEB. Meditoxin and Botox have equivalent effectiveness and incidence of adverse events for BEB and HFS. Dysport (Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Inc, Paris, France) seems to have efficacy similar to Botox and Meditoxin for BEB and HFS, but any definitive conclusions from the 2 level II studies in this review are limited by differences in the methodologies used. Higher doses of Botox and Dysport result in more adverse events. Repeated treatments using Botox seem to maintain efficacy for treatment of facial dystonias over a follow-up period of at least 10 years, based on level III evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael T Yen
- Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Edward J Wladis
- Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Lions Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Albany Medical Center, Albany (Slingerlands), New York, Minnesota
| | - Louise A Mawn
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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Lawrence JD, Frederickson AM, Chang YF, Weiss PM, Gerszten PC, Sekula RF. An investigation into quality of life improvement in patients undergoing microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. J Neurosurg 2017; 128:193-201. [PMID: 28186450 DOI: 10.3171/2016.9.jns161022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary spasms of the facial muscles, and it can negatively impact quality of life (QOL). This retrospective study and systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the QOL in patients with HFS following intervention with microvascular decompression (MVD) and botulinum toxin (BT). METHODS In the retrospective analysis, a QOL questionnaire was administered to all patients undergoing MVD performed by a single surgeon. The QOL questionnaire included unique questions developed based on the authors' experience with HFS patients in addition to the health-related QOL HFS-8 questionnaire. The authors also report on a systematic review of the English literature providing outcomes and complications in patients with HFS undergoing treatment with either MVD or BT. RESULTS Regarding the retrospective analysis, 242 of 331 patients completed the questionnaire. The mean score of the 10 QOL questions improved from 22.78 (SD 9.83) to 2.17 (SD 5.75) following MVD (p < 0.001). There was significant improvement across all subscales of the questionnaire between pre- and postoperative responses (p < 0.001). Regarding the systematic review, it is reported that approximately 90% of patients undergoing MVD for HFS experience a complete recovery from symptoms, whereas the mean peak improvement of symptoms following treatment with BT is 77%. Furthermore, patients undergoing MVD reported a greater improvement in the mean supplemental index of QOL as compared with patients receiving BT therapy. CONCLUSIONS Microvascular decompression offers a significant improvement in QOL in well-selected patients suffering from HFS, and may offer an increased benefit for QOL over BT injections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yue-Fang Chang
- 2Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; and
| | - Patricia M Weiss
- 3Health Sciences Library System, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter C Gerszten
- 1University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.,2Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; and
| | - Raymond F Sekula
- 1University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.,2Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; and
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Batisti JPM, Kleinfelder ADF, Galli NB, Moro A, Munhoz RP, Teive HAG. Treatment of hemifacial spasm with botulinum toxin type a: effective, long lasting and well tolerated. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2017; 75:87-91. [DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20160191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a common movement disorder characterized by involuntary tonic or clonic contractions of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve. Objective To evaluate the long-term effect of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in the treatment of HFS. Methods A retrospective analysis of patients treated at the Movement Disorders Outpatient Clinic in the Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, from 2009 to 2013 was carried out. A total of 550 BTX-A injections were administered to 100 HFS patients. Results Mean duration of improvement following each injection session was 3.1 months, mean latency to detection of improvement was 7.1 days and mean success rate was 94.7%. Patients were evaluated at an interval of 5.8 months after each application. Adverse effects, which were mostly minor, were observed in 37% of the patients at least once during follow-up. The most frequent was ptosis (35.1%). Conclusion Treatment of HFS with BTX-A was effective, sustainable and safe and had minimal, well-tolerated side effects.
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Lee JA, Kim KH, Park K. Natural History of Untreated Hemifacial Spasm: A Study of 104 Consecutive Patients over 5 Years. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2017; 95:21-25. [DOI: 10.1159/000453276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Telich-Tarriba JE, Martínez-Schulte A, Grajeda-Gómez A, Barquet-Fuentes A, Telich-Vidal J. Corrección de entropión en párpado inferior con toxina botulínica. REVISTA MEXICANA DE OFTALMOLOGÍA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mexoft.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Simpson DM, Hallett M, Ashman EJ, Comella CL, Green MW, Gronseth GS, Armstrong MJ, Gloss D, Potrebic S, Jankovic J, Karp BP, Naumann M, So YT, Yablon SA. Practice guideline update summary: Botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache: Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2016; 86:1818-26. [PMID: 27164716 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To update the 2008 American Academy of Neurology (AAN) guidelines regarding botulinum neurotoxin for blepharospasm, cervical dystonia (CD), headache, and adult spasticity. METHODS We searched the literature for relevant articles and classified them using 2004 AAN criteria. RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Blepharospasm: OnabotulinumtoxinA (onaBoNT-A) and incobotulinumtoxinA (incoBoNT-A) are probably effective and should be considered (Level B). AbobotulinumtoxinA (aboBoNT-A) is possibly effective and may be considered (Level C). CD: AboBoNT-A and rimabotulinumtoxinB (rimaBoNT-B) are established as effective and should be offered (Level A), and onaBoNT-A and incoBoNT-A are probably effective and should be considered (Level B). Adult spasticity: AboBoNT-A, incoBoNT-A, and onaBoNT-A are established as effective and should be offered (Level A), and rimaBoNT-B is probably effective and should be considered (Level B), for upper limb spasticity. AboBoNT-A and onaBoNT-A are established as effective and should be offered (Level A) for lower-limb spasticity. Headache: OnaBoNT-A is established as effective and should be offered to increase headache-free days (Level A) and is probably effective and should be considered to improve health-related quality of life (Level B) in chronic migraine. OnaBoNT-A is established as ineffective and should not be offered for episodic migraine (Level A) and is probably ineffective for chronic tension-type headaches (Level B).
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Simpson
- From the Department of Neurology (D.M.S., M.W.G.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Human Motor Control Section (M.H.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.P.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (E.J.A.), Bronson Neuroscience Center, Bronson Methodist Hospital, Kalamazoo, MI; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (M.J.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, CA; Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.N.), Klinikum Augsburg, Germany; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (Y.T.S.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.A.Y.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Mark Hallett
- From the Department of Neurology (D.M.S., M.W.G.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Human Motor Control Section (M.H.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.P.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (E.J.A.), Bronson Neuroscience Center, Bronson Methodist Hospital, Kalamazoo, MI; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (M.J.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, CA; Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.N.), Klinikum Augsburg, Germany; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (Y.T.S.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.A.Y.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Eric J Ashman
- From the Department of Neurology (D.M.S., M.W.G.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Human Motor Control Section (M.H.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.P.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (E.J.A.), Bronson Neuroscience Center, Bronson Methodist Hospital, Kalamazoo, MI; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (M.J.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, CA; Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.N.), Klinikum Augsburg, Germany; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (Y.T.S.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.A.Y.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Cynthia L Comella
- From the Department of Neurology (D.M.S., M.W.G.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Human Motor Control Section (M.H.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.P.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (E.J.A.), Bronson Neuroscience Center, Bronson Methodist Hospital, Kalamazoo, MI; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (M.J.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, CA; Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.N.), Klinikum Augsburg, Germany; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (Y.T.S.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.A.Y.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Mark W Green
- From the Department of Neurology (D.M.S., M.W.G.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Human Motor Control Section (M.H.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.P.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (E.J.A.), Bronson Neuroscience Center, Bronson Methodist Hospital, Kalamazoo, MI; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (M.J.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, CA; Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.N.), Klinikum Augsburg, Germany; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (Y.T.S.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.A.Y.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Gary S Gronseth
- From the Department of Neurology (D.M.S., M.W.G.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Human Motor Control Section (M.H.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.P.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (E.J.A.), Bronson Neuroscience Center, Bronson Methodist Hospital, Kalamazoo, MI; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (M.J.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, CA; Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.N.), Klinikum Augsburg, Germany; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (Y.T.S.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.A.Y.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Melissa J Armstrong
- From the Department of Neurology (D.M.S., M.W.G.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Human Motor Control Section (M.H.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.P.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (E.J.A.), Bronson Neuroscience Center, Bronson Methodist Hospital, Kalamazoo, MI; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (M.J.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, CA; Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.N.), Klinikum Augsburg, Germany; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (Y.T.S.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.A.Y.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - David Gloss
- From the Department of Neurology (D.M.S., M.W.G.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Human Motor Control Section (M.H.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.P.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (E.J.A.), Bronson Neuroscience Center, Bronson Methodist Hospital, Kalamazoo, MI; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (M.J.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, CA; Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.N.), Klinikum Augsburg, Germany; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (Y.T.S.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.A.Y.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sonja Potrebic
- From the Department of Neurology (D.M.S., M.W.G.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Human Motor Control Section (M.H.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.P.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (E.J.A.), Bronson Neuroscience Center, Bronson Methodist Hospital, Kalamazoo, MI; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (M.J.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, CA; Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.N.), Klinikum Augsburg, Germany; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (Y.T.S.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.A.Y.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- From the Department of Neurology (D.M.S., M.W.G.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Human Motor Control Section (M.H.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.P.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (E.J.A.), Bronson Neuroscience Center, Bronson Methodist Hospital, Kalamazoo, MI; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (M.J.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, CA; Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.N.), Klinikum Augsburg, Germany; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (Y.T.S.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.A.Y.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Barbara P Karp
- From the Department of Neurology (D.M.S., M.W.G.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Human Motor Control Section (M.H.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.P.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (E.J.A.), Bronson Neuroscience Center, Bronson Methodist Hospital, Kalamazoo, MI; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (M.J.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, CA; Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.N.), Klinikum Augsburg, Germany; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (Y.T.S.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.A.Y.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Markus Naumann
- From the Department of Neurology (D.M.S., M.W.G.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Human Motor Control Section (M.H.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.P.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (E.J.A.), Bronson Neuroscience Center, Bronson Methodist Hospital, Kalamazoo, MI; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (M.J.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, CA; Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.N.), Klinikum Augsburg, Germany; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (Y.T.S.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.A.Y.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Yuen T So
- From the Department of Neurology (D.M.S., M.W.G.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Human Motor Control Section (M.H.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.P.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (E.J.A.), Bronson Neuroscience Center, Bronson Methodist Hospital, Kalamazoo, MI; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (M.J.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, CA; Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.N.), Klinikum Augsburg, Germany; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (Y.T.S.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.A.Y.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Stuart A Yablon
- From the Department of Neurology (D.M.S., M.W.G.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Human Motor Control Section (M.H.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.P.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (E.J.A.), Bronson Neuroscience Center, Bronson Methodist Hospital, Kalamazoo, MI; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (M.J.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, CA; Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.N.), Klinikum Augsburg, Germany; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (Y.T.S.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.A.Y.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Sorgun MH, Yilmaz R, Akin YA, Mercan FN, Akbostanci MC. Botulinum toxin injections for the treatment of hemifacial spasm over 16 years. J Clin Neurosci 2015; 22:1319-25. [PMID: 26100157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and side effects of botulinum toxin (BTX) in the treatment of hemifacial spasm (HFS). We also focused on the divergence between different injection techniques and commercial forms. We retrospectively evaluated 470 sessions of BTX injections administered to 68 patients with HFS. The initial time of improvement, duration and degree of improvement, and frequency and duration of adverse effects were analysed. Pretarsal and preseptal injections and Botox (Allergan, Irvine, CA, USA) and Dysport (Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Paris, France) brands were compared in terms of efficacy and side effects, accompanied by a review of papers which reported BTX treatment of HFS. An average of 34.5 units was used per patient. The first improvement was felt after 8 days and lasted for 14.8 weeks. Patients experienced a 73.7% improvement. In 79.7% of injections, no adverse effect was reported, in 4.9% erythema, ecchymosis, and swelling in the injection area, in 3.6% facial asymmetry, in 3.4% ptosis, in 3.2% diplopia, and in 2.3% difficulty of eye closure was detected. Patients reported 75% improvement on average after 314 sessions of pretarsal injections and 72.7% improvement after 156 sessions of preseptal injections (p=0.001). The efficacy and side effects of Botox and Dysport were similar. BTX is an effective and safe treatment option for HFS. No difference was determined between Botox and Dysport, and pretarsal injection is better than preseptal injection regarding the reported degree of improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Hayriye Sorgun
- Department of Neurology, Ankara University School of Medicine, İbni Sina Hospital, Samanpazarı, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Rezzak Yilmaz
- Deptartment of Neurodegeneration, Centre for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University School of Medicine, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yusuf Alper Akin
- Department of Neurology, Ankara University School of Medicine, İbni Sina Hospital, Samanpazarı, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Nazli Mercan
- Department of Neurology, Ankara University School of Medicine, İbni Sina Hospital, Samanpazarı, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muhittin Cenk Akbostanci
- Department of Neurology, Ankara University School of Medicine, İbni Sina Hospital, Samanpazarı, Ankara, Turkey
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Ramirez-Castaneda J, Jankovic J. Long-term efficacy, safety, and side effect profile of botulinum toxin in dystonia: a 20-year follow-up. Toxicon 2014; 90:344-8. [PMID: 25130293 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most long-term studies of the efficacy and safety profile of botulinum toxin (BoNT) in the treatment of dystonia are limited by lack of objective assessments, relatively small sample size, or short follow-up periods. We present one of the longest follow-up studies of BoNT treatment. This is a retrospective, longitudinal study that analyzes data on 89 patients treated with BoNT for dystonia at our Movement Disorders Clinic for up to 26 years (mean follow-up period of 18.5 years). The mean ages at the time of the first and last injections were 49 and 68 years old, respectively. The most common diagnoses were cervical dystonia (N = 51), blepharospasm (N = 34), and oromandibular dystonia (N = 26). The total number of onabotulinumtoxinA units received during the first injection was 140.3 as compared to 224.5 at the last injection (p < 0.0001). The global response effect was 3.18 after the first injection session and 3.57 after the last injection (p < 0.0001). The duration of response after the initial injection session and at the last injection was 16.33 weeks versus 19.42 weeks (p 0.0037), respectively. Adverse events, typically related to injection site, were reported in 19% of the visits. This series of dystonia patients with the longest reported treatment with BoNT provide evidence that in selected patients repeated chemodenervation is associated with sustained symptomatic benefit, decreased latency effect, and prolonged duration of therapeutic response. Despite the higher requirement of mean units per visit over time, only 19% of all treatment cycles are associated with adverse, but tolerable, side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ramirez-Castaneda
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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33
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Kollewe K, Mohammadi B, Köhler S, Pickenbrock H, Dengler R, Dressler D. Blepharospasm: long-term treatment with either Botox®, Xeomin® or Dysport®. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 122:427-31. [PMID: 25059456 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum toxin (BT) therapy is the treatment of choice for blepharospasm (BPS). Currently available BT type A drugs include Botox(®), Dysport(®) and Xeomin(®). Until now, there are few long-term studies on BT therapy for BPS. This is the first long-term study comparing all three major BT drugs. We collected treatment, efficacy and adverse effect data on BPS patients treated with either Botox(®), Dysport(®) or Xeomin(®) for at least eight consecutive treatments. Two hundred and eighty-eight patients (208 females, 80 males, age 62 ± 12 years) were included in this study. The treatment time was 11.2 ± 4.1 years covering 10,701 injection series. Doses were 47 ± 10 MU for Botox(®), 120 ± 35 MU for Dysport(®) and 62 ± 11 MU for Xeomin(®) (Botox(®) dose vs Xeomin(®) dose: p < 0.001, unpaired t test). 85 % of all patients had stable doses. The onset of the therapeutic effect was after 6.1 ± 3.3 days and its duration lasted 10.2 ± 3.5 weeks. The Global Clinical Improvement (GCI, 0 = no, 1 = slight, 2 = moderate, 3 = marked improvement in severity and function) as estimated by the patient was 2.5 ± 0.6. It was stable in 90% of the patients. Adverse effect frequency was 3.0% (ptosis 2.3%, dry eye 0.5%, diplopia 0.2%). None of these findings was significantly different between Botox(®), Dysport(®) and Xeomin(®). Our study, one of the largest studies on BT therapy of BPS and the study with the longest follow-up, confirms that BT therapy produces robust clinical improvement which is stable throughout the treatment time. Therapeutic effects start after 6.1 days and last for about 10 weeks before they start to vanish. With this, they are approximately 2 weeks shorter than the recommended inter-injection interval. Adverse effects were rare, mild and always transient. BT therapy is a safe and effective treatment for BSP. Shorter inter-injection intervals may improve therapeutic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kollewe
- Movement Disorders Section, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany,
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Mandavia R, Dessouky O, Dhar V, D'Souza A. The use of botulinum toxin in Otorhinolaryngology: an updated review. Clin Otolaryngol 2014; 39:203-9. [DOI: 10.1111/coa.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Mandavia
- Academic Surgery; Northwest Thames Foundation School; London UK
| | - O. Dessouky
- Department of Otolaryngology; University Hospital Lewisham; London UK
| | - V. Dhar
- Department of Otolaryngology; University Hospital Lewisham; London UK
| | - A. D'Souza
- Department of Otolaryngology; University Hospital Lewisham; London UK
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Ramirez-Castaneda J, Jankovic J, Comella C, Dashtipour K, Fernandez HH, Mari Z. Diffusion, spread, and migration of botulinum toxin. Mov Disord 2013; 28:1775-83. [PMID: 23868503 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is an acetylcholine release inhibitor and a neuromuscular blocking agent used for the treatment of a variety of neurologic and medical conditions. The efficacy and safety of BoNT depends on accurate selection and identification of intended targets but also may be determined by other factors, including physical spread of the molecule from the injection site, passive diffusion, and migration to distal sites via axonal or hematogenous transport. The passive kinetic dispersion of the toxin away from the injection site in a gradient-dependent manner may also play a role in toxin spread. In addition to unique properties of the various BoNT products, volume and dilution may also influence local and systemic distribution of BoNT. Most of the local and remote complications of BoNT injections are thought to be due to unwanted spread or diffusion of the toxin's biologic activity into adjacent and distal muscles. Despite widespread therapeutic and cosmetic use of BoNT over more than three decades, there is a remarkable paucity of published data on the mechanisms of distribution and its effects on clinical outcomes. The primary aim of this article is to critically review the available experimental and clinical literature and place it in the practical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ramirez-Castaneda
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Comparison of Preferences Between OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) and IncobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin) in the Treatment of Benign Essential Blepharospasm. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 29:205-7. [DOI: 10.1097/iop.0b013e31828de0d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm: Long-term treatment with botulinum toxin. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Wang X, Thirumala PD, Shah A, Gardner P, Habeych M, Crammond DJ, Balzer J, Horowitz M. Effect of previous botulinum neurotoxin treatment on microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. Neurosurg Focus 2013; 34:E3. [DOI: 10.3171/2012.11.focus12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics, intraoperative findings, complications, and outcomes after the first microvascular decompression (MVD) in patients with and without previous botulinum neurotoxin treatment for hemifacial spasm (HFS).
Methods
The authors analyzed 246 MVDs performed at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2007. One hundred and seventy-six patients with HFS underwent botulinum neurotoxin injection treatment prior to first MVD (Group I), and 70 patients underwent their first MVD without previous botulinum neurotoxin treatment (Group II). Clinical outcome data were obtained immediately after the operation, at discharge, and at follow-up. Follow-up data were collected from 177 patients with a minimum follow-up period of 9 months (mean 54.48 ± 27.84 months).
Results
In 246 patients, 89.4% experienced immediate postoperative relief of spasm, 91.1% experienced relief at discharge, and 92.7% experienced relief at follow-up. There was no significant difference in outcomes and complications between Group I and Group II (p > 0.05). Preoperatively, patients in Group I had higher rates of facial weakness, tinnitus, tonus, and platysmal involvement as compared with Group II (p < 0.05). The posterior inferior cerebellar artery and vertebral artery were intraoperatively identified as the offending vessels in cases of vasculature compression in a significantly greater number of patients in Group II compared with Group I (p = 0.008 and p = 0.005, respectively, for each vessel). The lateral spread response (LSR) disappeared in 60.48% of the patients in Group I as compared with 74.19% in Group II (p > 0.05). No significant differences in complications were noted between the 2 groups.
Conclusions
Microvascular decompression is an effective and safe procedure for patients with HFS previously treated using botulinum neurotoxin. Intraoperative monitoring with LSR is an effective tool for evaluating adequate decompression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Wang
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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39
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Long-term efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin injections in dystonia. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:249-66. [PMID: 23381141 PMCID: PMC3640534 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Local chemodenervation with botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections to relax abnormally contracting muscles has been shown to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment in a variety of movement disorders and other neurological and non-neurological disorders. Despite almost 30 years of therapeutic use, there are only few studies of patients treated with BoNT injections over long period of time. These published data clearly support the conclusion that BoNT not only provides safe and effective symptomatic relief of dystonia but also long-term benefit and possibly even favorably modifying the natural history of this disease. The adverse events associated with chronic, periodic exposure to BoNT injections are generally minor and self-limiting. With the chronic use of BoNT and an expanding list of therapeutic indications, there is a need to carefully examine the existing data on the long-term efficacy and safety of BoNT. In this review we will highlight some of the aspects of long-term effects of BoNT, including efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity.
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Karp BI. Botulinum toxin physiology in focal hand and cranial dystonia. Toxins (Basel) 2012; 4:1404-14. [PMID: 23202323 PMCID: PMC3509715 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4111404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin for the treatment of focal hand and cranial dystonias are well-established. Studies of these adult-onset focal dystonias reveal both shared features, such as the dystonic phenotype of muscle hyperactivity and overflow muscle contraction and divergent features, such as task specificity in focal hand dystonia which is not a common feature of cranial dystonia. The physiologic effects of botulinum toxin in these 2 disorders also show both similarities and differences. This paper compares and contrasts the physiology of focal hand and cranial dystonias and of botulinum toxin in the management of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Illowsky Karp
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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41
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Delnooz CCS, van de Warrenburg BPC. Current and future medical treatment in primary dystonia. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2012; 5:221-40. [PMID: 22783371 PMCID: PMC3388529 DOI: 10.1177/1756285612447261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder, characterized by involuntary and sustained contractions of opposing muscles causing twisting movements and abnormal postures. It is often a disabling disorder that has a significant impact on physical and psychosocial wellbeing. The medical therapeutic armamentarium used in practice is quite extensive, but for many of these interventions formal proof of efficacy is lacking. Exceptions are the use of botulinum toxin in patients with cervical dystonia, some forms of cranial dystonia (in particular, blepharospasm) and writer's cramp; deep brain stimulation of the pallidum in generalized and segmental dystonia; and high-dose trihexyphenidyl in young patients with segmental and generalized dystonia. In order to move this field forward, we not only need better trials that examine the effect of current treatment interventions, but also a further understanding of the pathophysiology of dystonia as a first step to design and test new therapies that are targeted at the underlying biologic and neurophysiologic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathérine C S Delnooz
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, the Netherlands
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42
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Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm: long-term treatment with botulinum toxin. Neurologia 2012; 28:131-6. [PMID: 22652139 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our purpose is to describe the demographic, clinical and therapeutic characteristics of patients with blepharospasm (BS) and hemifacial spasm (HFS) in treatment with botulinum toxin type A (BtA). PATIENTS AND METHODS Retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with BS or HFS and treated with BtA in the Neurology Department at Complejo Asistencial de Segovia between March 1991 and December 2009. RESULTS Different variables were collected from 34 patients with BS and 55 with HFS, of whom 44.1% and 32.7% respectively had been undergoing treatment with BtA for more than 10 years. Elapsed time from symptom onset to the first visit was 24 months in the BS group and 59.7 months in the HFS group. Diagnosis was given on the first visit for 76.5% of the BS patients and 90.7% of the HFS patients. Patients were referred by their primary care centres in 34.6% of the cases with BS and in 77.6% of the cases with HFS. The most commonly used BtA preparation was BOTOX(®) in both groups, and there were no cases of primary or secondary resistance. The median dose of BtA was raised gradually in both groups, and the increase was statistically significant during the early years of treatment. The most common side effect was ptosis (47.1% in BS, 32.5% in HFS). CONCLUSIONS BS and HFS are the most common facial movement disorders. The demographic and clinical characteristics and therapeutic findings from this study show that treatment with BtA is both effective and safe over the long term.
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Okumus S, Coskun E, Erbagci I, Tatar MG, Comez A, Kaydu E, Yayuspayi R, Gurler B. Botulinum toxin injections for blepharospasm prior to ocular surgeries. Clin Ophthalmol 2012; 6:579-83. [PMID: 22654489 PMCID: PMC3363307 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s30277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to show the efficiency of preoperative botulinum toxin A (Botox A) in patients with benign essential blepharospasm who were to undergo ocular surgery with local anesthesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-eight benign essential blepharospasm patients who were administered unilateral Botox A prior to ocular surgery between January 2004 and May 2011 were included in this study. Eleven cases had pterygiums, ten had cataracts, and four had glaucomas, while the remaining three had aphakia. All cases' severity of spasm (stage 0-4) and eyelid closing forces (stage 1-4) were evaluated according to the Jankovic scale prior to the injection, at 3 days, 14 days, 1 month, and 3 months after Botox A injection. RESULTS Of the patients enrolled in the study, 16 were female and 12 were male, with an average age of 55.52 ± 1.53 years (52-65). Average onset of the Botox injection's effect was 2.8 ± 0.9 (2-5) days. Its effect lingered for about 11.5 ± 3.6 (8-22) weeks. The severity of spasm and eyelid closing forces of all the patients enrolled were compared prior to the injection at 3 and 14 days and the first and third months after the injection. There were statistically significant differences between prior to the injection and 3 days (P = 0.001), 14 days (P < 0.001) and 1 month after the injection (P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between prior to the injection and 3 months after the injection (P = 0.513). Fourteen days following the injection, the surgeries were successfully performed. CONCLUSION Botox A administered prior to ocular surgery will control both blepharospasm and lower the risks that can be encountered before and during surgery, thus increasing the comfort of the patient and the surgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seydi Okumus
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey
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Colosimo C, Tiple D, Berardelli A. Efficacy and Safety of Long-term Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Craniocervical Dystonia: A Systematic Review. Neurotox Res 2012; 22:265-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-012-9314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jankovic J, Comella C, Hanschmann A, Grafe S. Efficacy and safety of incobotulinumtoxinA (NT 201, Xeomin) in the treatment of blepharospasm-a randomized trial. Mov Disord 2011; 26:1521-8. [PMID: 21520284 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
IncobotulinumtoxinA (NT 201, Xeomin) is a highly purified botulinum neurotoxin type A formulation, free from complexing proteins. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of efficacy and safety compared incobotulinumtoxinA (up to 50 U per eye) to placebo administered in a single treatment session to patients with blepharospasm. All patients had documented satisfactory response to 2 previous treatments with botulinum neurotoxin type A other than incobotulinumtoxinA and had Jankovic Rating Scale severity subscores ≥ 2. Patients (n = 109) were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to incobotulinumtoxinA or placebo and followed up to 20 weeks; 94% completed the study. A significant difference was observed in the primary efficacy variable (change in Jankovic Rating Scale severity subscore rated by an independent rater 6 weeks following treatment), favoring incobotulinumtoxinA by 1.0 point (95% CI [0.5-1.4]; P < .001). Functional impairment, as measured by the Blepharospasm Disability Index, improved by 0.5 points (95% CI [0.2-0.7]; P = .002) compared with placebo. There was a strong correlation between the 2 scale scores. In addition, all secondary outcome measures favored incobotulinumtoxinA. Patients rated the mean therapeutic effect of incobotulinumtoxinA significantly better than placebo (P < .001). Adverse events were reported in 70.3% of incobotulinumtoxinA patients and 58.8% of placebo patients. Eyelid ptosis (18.9% vs 5.9%), dry eye (18.9% vs 11.8%), and dry mouth (14.9% vs 2.9%) occurred most frequently. Tolerability was rated good/very good by 91.9% of incobotulinumtoxinA versus in 85.2% of placebo patients. In conclusion, incobotulinumtoxinA was well tolerated and was associated with statistically significant and clinically relevant reductions in blepharospasm severity and functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
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