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Tomita T, Nakajima Y, Ohmiya Y, Miyazaki K. Novel three-dimensional live skin-like in vitro composite for bioluminescence reporter gene assay. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 39148322 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
We genetically manipulated HaCaT cells, a spontaneously immortalised normal keratinocyte cell line, to stably express two different coloured luciferase reporter genes, driven by interleukin 8 (IL-8) and ubiquitin-C (UBC) promoters, respectively. Subsequently, we generated a three-dimensional (3D) skin-like in vitro composite (SLIC) utilising these cells, with the objective of monitoring bioluminescence emitted from the SLIC. This SLIC was generated on non-woven silica fibre membranes in differentiation medium. Immunohistochemical analyses of skin differentiation markers in the SLIC revealed the expression of keratins 2 and 10, filaggrin, and involucrin, indicating mature skin characteristics. This engineered SLIC was employed for real-time bioluminescence monitoring, allowing the assessment of time- and dose-dependent responses to UV stress, as well as to hydrophilic and hydrophobic chemical loads. Notably, evaluation of responses to hydrophobic substances has been challenging with conventional 2D cell culture methods, suggesting the need for a new approach, which this technology could address. Our observations suggest that engineered SLIC with constitutively expressing reporters driven by selected promoters which are tailored to specific objectives, significantly facilitates assays exploring the physiological functions of skin cells based on genetic response mechanisms. It also highlights new avenues for evaluating the physiological impacts of various compounds designed for topical application to human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunosuke Tomita
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakajima
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ohmiya
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda, Japan
- Osaka Institute of Technology (OIT), Omiya, Japan
| | - Koyomi Miyazaki
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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2
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Bai S, Luo H, Tong H, Wu Y, Yuan Y. Advances on transfer and maintenance of large DNA in bacteria, fungi, and mammalian cells. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 76:108421. [PMID: 39127411 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Advances in synthetic biology allow the design and manipulation of DNA from the scale of genes to genomes, enabling the engineering of complex genetic information for application in biomanufacturing, biomedicine and other areas. The transfer and subsequent maintenance of large DNA are two core steps in large scale genome rewriting. Compared to small DNA, the high molecular weight and fragility of large DNA make its transfer and maintenance a challenging process. This review outlines the methods currently available for transferring and maintaining large DNA in bacteria, fungi, and mammalian cells. It highlights their mechanisms, capabilities and applications. The transfer methods are categorized into general methods (e.g., electroporation, conjugative transfer, induced cell fusion-mediated transfer, and chemical transformation) and specialized methods (e.g., natural transformation, mating-based transfer, virus-mediated transfection) based on their applicability to recipient cells. The maintenance methods are classified into genomic integration (e.g., CRISPR/Cas-assisted insertion) and episomal maintenance (e.g., artificial chromosomes). Additionally, this review identifies the major technological advantages and disadvantages of each method and discusses the development for large DNA transfer and maintenance technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China; Frontiers Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Han Luo
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China; Frontiers Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hanze Tong
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China; Frontiers Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China; Frontiers Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. @tju.edu.cn
| | - Yingjin Yuan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China; Frontiers Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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3
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Wang ML, Lin XJ, Mo BX, Kong WW. Plant Artificial Chromosomes: Construction and Transformation. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:15-24. [PMID: 38163256 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
With the decline of cultivated land and increase of the population in recent years, an agricultural revolution is urgently needed to produce more food to improve the living standards of humans. As one of the foundations of synthetic biology, artificial chromosomes hold great potential for advancing crop improvement. They offer opportunities to increase crop yield and quality, while enhancing crop resistance to disease. The progress made in plant artificial chromosome technology enables selective modification of existing chromosomes or the synthesis of new ones to improve crops and study gene function. However, current artificial chromosome technologies still face limitations, particularly in the synthesis of repeat sequences and the transformation of large DNA fragments. In this review, we will introduce the structure of plant centromeres, the construction of plant artificial chromosomes, and possible methods for transforming large fragments into plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming L Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiao J Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bei X Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wen W Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Uno N, Satofuka H, Miyamoto H, Honma K, Suzuki T, Yamazaki K, Ito R, Moriwaki T, Hamamichi S, Tomizuka K, Oshimura M, Kazuki Y. Treatment of CHO cells with Taxol and reversine improves micronucleation and microcell-mediated chromosome transfer efficiency. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 33:391-403. [PMID: 37547291 PMCID: PMC10403731 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcell-mediated chromosome transfer is an attractive technique for transferring chromosomes from donor cells to recipient cells and has enabled the generation of cell lines and humanized animal models that contain megabase-sized gene(s). However, improvements in chromosomal transfer efficiency are still needed to accelerate the production of these cells and animals. The chromosomal transfer protocol consists of micronucleation, microcell formation, and fusion of donor cells with recipient cells. We found that the combination of Taxol (paclitaxel) and reversine rather than the conventional reagent colcemid resulted in highly efficient micronucleation and substantially improved chromosomal transfer efficiency from Chinese hamster ovary donor cells to HT1080 and NIH3T3 recipient cells by up to 18.3- and 4.9-fold, respectively. Furthermore, chromosome transfer efficiency to human induced pluripotent stem cells, which rarely occurred with colcemid, was also clearly improved after Taxol and reversine treatment. These results might be related to Taxol increasing the number of spindle poles, leading to multinucleation and delaying mitosis, and reversine inducing mitotic slippage and decreasing the duration of mitosis. Here, we demonstrated that an alternative optimized protocol improved chromosome transfer efficiency into various cell lines. These data advance chromosomal engineering technology and the use of human artificial chromosomes in genetic and regenerative medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumi Uno
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Satofuka
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Hitomaru Miyamoto
- Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Honma
- Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Suzuki
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kyotaro Yamazaki
- Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
- Chromosome Engineering Research Group, The Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Ryota Ito
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Takashi Moriwaki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
- Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Shusei Hamamichi
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuma Tomizuka
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
- Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
- Chromosome Engineering Research Group, The Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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5
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Ohira T, Yoshimura K, Kugoh H. Human artificial chromosome carrying 3p21.3-p22.2 region suppresses hTERT transcription in oral cancer cells. Chromosome Res 2023; 31:17. [PMID: 37353691 PMCID: PMC10289923 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-023-09726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein ribonucleic enzyme that elongates telomere repeat sequences at the ends of chromosomes and contributes to cellular immortalization. The catalytic component of telomerase, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), has been observed to be reactivated in immortalized cells. Notably, most cancer cells have been found to have active hTERT mRNA transcription, resulting in continuous cell division, which is crucial for malignant transformation. Therefore, discovering mechanisms underlying the regulation of hTERT transcription is an attractive target for cancer-specific treatments.Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosome 3p21.3 has been frequently observed in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Moreover, we previously reported that HSC3 OSCC microcell hybrid clones with an introduced human chromosome 3 (HSC3#3) showed inhibition of hTERT transcription compared with the parental HSC3 cells. This study examined whether hTERT transcription regulators are present in the 3p21.3 region. We constructed a human artificial chromosome (HAC) vector (3p21.3-HAC) with only the 3p21.3-p22.2 region and performed functional analysis using the 3p21.3-HAC. HSC3 microcell hybrid clones with an introduced 3p21.3-HAC exhibited significant suppression of hTERT transcription, similar to the microcell hybrid clones with an intact chromosome 3. In contrast, HSC3 clones with truncated chromosome 3 with deletion of the 3p21.3 region (3delp21.3) showed no effect on hTERT expression levels. These results provide direct evidence that hTERT suppressor gene(s) were retained in the 3p21.3 region, suggesting that the presence of regulatory factors that control telomerase enzyme activity may be involved in the development of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Ohira
- Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kaho Yoshimura
- Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kugoh
- Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
- Division of Genome and Cellular Function, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
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6
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Hiramuki Y, Abe S, Uno N, Kazuki K, Takata S, Miyamoto H, Takayama H, Morimoto K, Takehara S, Osaki M, Tanihata J, Takeda S, Tomizuka K, Oshimura M, Kazuki Y. Full-length human dystrophin on human artificial chromosome compensates for mouse dystrophin deficiency in a Duchenne muscular dystrophy mouse model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4360. [PMID: 36928364 PMCID: PMC10020543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31481-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystrophin maintains membrane integrity as a sarcolemmal protein. Dystrophin mutations lead to Duchenne muscular dystrophy, an X-linked recessive disorder. Since dystrophin is one of the largest genes consisting of 79 exons in the human genome, delivering a full-length dystrophin using virus vectors is challenging for gene therapy. Human artificial chromosome is a vector that can load megabase-sized genome without any interference from the host chromosome. Chimeric mice carrying a 2.4-Mb human dystrophin gene-loaded human artificial chromosome (DYS-HAC) was previously generated, and dystrophin expression from DYS-HAC was confirmed in skeletal muscles. Here we investigated whether human dystrophin expression from DYS-HAC rescues the muscle phenotypes seen in dystrophin-deficient mice. Human dystrophin was normally expressed in the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle and heart at expected molecular weights, and it ameliorated histological and functional alterations in dystrophin-deficient mice. These results indicate that the 2.4-Mb gene is enough for dystrophin to be correctly transcribed and translated, improving muscular dystrophy. Therefore, this technique using HAC gives insight into developing new treatments and novel humanized Duchenne muscular dystrophy mouse models with human dystrophin gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Hiramuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Trans Chromosomics Inc., 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Narumi Uno
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
- Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kanako Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Shuta Takata
- Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Hitomaru Miyamoto
- Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, Integrated Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Haruka Takayama
- Trans Chromosomics Inc., 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kayoko Morimoto
- Trans Chromosomics Inc., 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Shoko Takehara
- Trans Chromosomics Inc., 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Osaki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, 683‑8503, Japan
| | - Jun Tanihata
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
- Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Shin'ichi Takeda
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuma Tomizuka
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Trans Chromosomics Inc., 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
- Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
- Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, Integrated Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
- Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
- Chromosome Engineering Research Group, The Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
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Yamazaki K, Matsuo K, Okada A, Uno N, Suzuki T, Abe S, Hamamichi S, Kishima N, Togai S, Tomizuka K, Kazuki Y. Simultaneous loading of PCR-based multiple fragments on mouse artificial chromosome vectors in DT40 cell for gene delivery. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21790. [PMID: 36526651 PMCID: PMC9758134 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Homology-directed repair-mediated knock-in (HDR-KI) in combination with CRISPR-Cas9-mediated double strand break (DSB) leads to high frequency of site-specific HDR-KI. While this characteristic is advantageous for generating genetically modified cellular and animal models, HDR-KI efficiency in mammalian cells remains low. Since avian DT40 cells offer distinct advantage of high HDR-KI efficiency, we expanded this practicality to adapt to mammalian research through sequential insertion of target sequences into mouse/human artificial chromosome vector (MAC/HAC). Here, we developed the simultaneous insertion of multiple fragments by HDR method termed the simHDR wherein a target sequence and selection markers could be loaded onto MAC simultaneously. Additionally, preparing each HDR donor containing homology arm by PCR could bypass the cloning steps of target sequence and selection markers. To confirm the functionality of the loaded HDR donors, we constructed a MAC with human leukocyte antigen A (HLA-A) gene in the DT40 cells, and verified the expression of this genomic region by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and western blotting. Collectively, the simHDR offers a rapid and convenient approach to generate genetically modified models for investigating gene functions, as well as understanding disease mechanisms and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyotaro Yamazaki
- grid.265107.70000 0001 0663 5064Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, Integrated Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503 Japan ,grid.265107.70000 0001 0663 5064Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503 Japan
| | - Kyosuke Matsuo
- grid.265107.70000 0001 0663 5064Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503 Japan
| | - Akane Okada
- grid.265107.70000 0001 0663 5064Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503 Japan
| | - Narumi Uno
- grid.410785.f0000 0001 0659 6325Laboratory of Bioengineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392 Japan
| | - Teruhiko Suzuki
- grid.272456.00000 0000 9343 3630Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506 Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- grid.265107.70000 0001 0663 5064Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503 Japan
| | - Shusei Hamamichi
- grid.265107.70000 0001 0663 5064Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503 Japan
| | - Nanami Kishima
- grid.265107.70000 0001 0663 5064Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, Integrated Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503 Japan
| | - Shota Togai
- grid.265107.70000 0001 0663 5064Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503 Japan
| | - Kazuma Tomizuka
- grid.410785.f0000 0001 0659 6325Laboratory of Bioengineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, Integrated Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan. .,Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan. .,Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan. .,Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan. .,Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan. .,Chromosome Engineering Research Group, The Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
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Ponomartsev SV, Sinenko SA, Tomilin AN. Human Artificial Chromosomes and Their Transfer to Target Cells. Acta Naturae 2022; 14:35-45. [PMID: 36348716 PMCID: PMC9611860 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human artificial chromosomes (HACs) have been developed as genetic vectors with the capacity to carry large transgenic constructs or entire gene loci. HACs represent either truncated native chromosomes or de novo synthesized genetic constructs. The important features of HACs are their ultra-high capacity and ability to self-maintain as independent genetic elements, without integrating into host chromosomes. In this review, we discuss the development and construction methods, structural and functional features, as well as the areas of application of the main HAC types. Also, we address one of the most technically challenging and time-consuming steps in this technology - the transfer of HACs from donor to recipient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. V. Ponomartsev
- Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064 Russia
| | - S. A. Sinenko
- Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064 Russia
| | - A. N. Tomilin
- Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064 Russia
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034 Russia
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9
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Uno N, Takata S, Komoto S, Miyamoto H, Nakayama Y, Osaki M, Mayuzumi R, Miyazaki N, Hando C, Abe S, Sakuma T, Yamamoto T, Suzuki T, Nakajima Y, Oshimura M, Tomizuka K, Kazuki Y. Panel of human cell lines with human/mouse artificial chromosomes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3009. [PMID: 35194085 PMCID: PMC8863800 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06814-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human artificial chromosomes (HACs) and mouse artificial chromosomes (MACs) are non-integrating chromosomal gene delivery vectors for molecular biology research. Recently, microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT) of HACs/MACs has been achieved in various human cells that include human immortalised mesenchymal stem cells (hiMSCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). However, the conventional strategy of gene introduction with HACs/MACs requires laborious and time-consuming stepwise isolation of clones for gene loading into HACs/MACs in donor cell lines (CHO and A9) and then transferring the HAC/MAC into cells via MMCT. To overcome these limitations and accelerate chromosome vector-based functional assays in human cells, we established various human cell lines (HEK293, HT1080, hiMSCs, and hiPSCs) with HACs/MACs that harbour a gene-loading site via MMCT. Model genes, such as tdTomato, TagBFP2, and ELuc, were introduced into these preprepared HAC/MAC-introduced cell lines via the Cre-loxP system or simultaneous insertion of multiple gene-loading vectors. The model genes on the HACs/MACs were stably expressed and the HACs/MACs were stably maintained in the cell lines. Thus, our strategy using this HAC/MAC-containing cell line panel has dramatically simplified and accelerated gene introduction via HACs/MACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumi Uno
- Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Life Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachiohji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan.
| | - Shuta Takata
- Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Life Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Shinya Komoto
- Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Life Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Hitomaru Miyamoto
- Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Life Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakayama
- Division of Radioisotope Science, Research Initiative Center, Organization for Research Initiative and Promotion, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Osaki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Ryota Mayuzumi
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachiohji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Natsumi Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachiohji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Chiaki Hando
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachiohji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Division of Integrated Sciences for Life, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Division of Integrated Sciences for Life, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Suzuki
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakajima
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu, Kagawa, 761-0395, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuma Tomizuka
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachiohji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Life Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
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10
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Kazuki Y, Gao FJ, Yamakawa M, Hirabayashi M, Kazuki K, Kajitani N, Miyagawa-Tomita S, Abe S, Sanbo M, Hara H, Kuniishi H, Ichisaka S, Hata Y, Koshima M, Takayama H, Takehara S, Nakayama Y, Hiratsuka M, Iida Y, Matsukura S, Noda N, Li Y, Moyer AJ, Cheng B, Singh N, Richtsmeier JT, Oshimura M, Reeves RH. A transchromosomic rat model with human chromosome 21 shows robust Down syndrome features. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:328-344. [PMID: 35077668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in earlier detection and clinical management has increased life expectancy and quality of life in people with Down syndrome (DS). However, no drug has been approved to help individuals with DS live independently and fully. Although rat models could support more robust physiological, behavioral, and toxicology analysis than mouse models during preclinical validation, no DS rat model is available as a result of technical challenges. We developed a transchromosomic rat model of DS, TcHSA21rat, which contains a freely segregating, EGFP-inserted, human chromosome 21 (HSA21) with >93% of its protein-coding genes. RNA-seq of neonatal forebrains demonstrates that TcHSA21rat expresses HSA21 genes and has an imbalance in global gene expression. Using EGFP as a marker for trisomic cells, flow cytometry analyses of peripheral blood cells from 361 adult TcHSA21rat animals show that 81% of animals retain HSA21 in >80% of cells, the criterion for a "Down syndrome karyotype" in people. TcHSA21rat exhibits learning and memory deficits and shows increased anxiety and hyperactivity. TcHSA21rat recapitulates well-characterized DS brain morphology, including smaller brain volume and reduced cerebellar size. In addition, the rat model shows reduced cerebellar foliation, which is not observed in DS mouse models. Moreover, TcHSA21rat exhibits anomalies in craniofacial morphology, heart development, husbandry, and stature. TcHSA21rat is a robust DS animal model that can facilitate DS basic research and provide a unique tool for preclinical validation to accelerate DS drug development.
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11
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Liskovykh M, Larionov V, Kouprina N. Highly Efficient Microcell-Mediated Transfer of HACs Containing a Genomic Region of Interest into Mammalian Cells. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e236. [PMID: 34491634 PMCID: PMC10758282 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human artificial chromosomes (HACs) are considered promising tools for gene delivery, functional analyses, and gene therapy. HACs have the potential to overcome many of the problems caused by the use of viral-based gene transfer systems, such as limited cloning capacity, lack of copy number control, and insertional mutagenesis during integration into host chromosomes. The recently developed alphoidtetO -HAC has an advantage over other HAC vectors because it can be easily eliminated from dividing cells by inactivation of its conditional kinetochore. This provides a unique control mechanism to study phenotypes induced by a gene or genes carried on the HAC. The alphoidtetO -HAC has a single gene acceptor loxP site that allows insertion of an individual gene of interest or a cluster of genes of up to several Mb in size in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) hybrid cells. The HACs carrying chromosomal copies of genes can then be transferred from these donor CHO cells to different recipient cells of interest via microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT). Here, we describe a detailed protocol for loading a gene of interest into the alphoidtetO -HAC vector and for the subsequent transfer of the HAC to recipient cells using an improved MMCT protocol. The original MMCT protocol includes treatment of donor cells with colcemid to induce micronucleation, wherein the HAC becomes surrounded with a nuclear membrane. That step is followed by disarrangement of the actin cytoskeleton using cytochalasin B to help induce microcell formation. The updated MMCT protocol, described here, features the replacement of colcemid and cytochalasin B with TN16 + griseofulvin and latrunculin B, respectively, and the use of collagen/laminin surface coating to promote attachment of metaphase cells to plates during micronuclei induction. These modifications increase the efficiency of HAC transfer to recipient cells ten fold. The improved MMCT protocol has been successfully tested on several recipient cell lines, including human mesenchymal stem cells and mouse embryonic stem cells. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Insertion of a BAC containing a gene of interest into a single loxP loading site of alphoidtetO -HAC in hamster CHO cells Basic Protocol 2: Microcell-mediated chromosome transfer from donor hamster CHO cells to mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Liskovykh
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Vladimir Larionov
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Natalay Kouprina
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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12
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Grazioli S, Petris G. Synthetic genomics for curing genetic diseases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 182:477-520. [PMID: 34175051 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
From the beginning of the genome sequencing era, it has become increasingly evident that genetics plays a role in all diseases, of which only a minority are single-gene disorders, the most common target of current gene therapies. However, the majority of people have some kind of health problems resulting from congenital genetic mutations (over 6000 diseases have been associated to genes, https://www.omim.org/statistics/geneMap) and most genetic disorders are rare and only incompletely understood. The vision and techniques applied to the synthesis of genomes may help to address unmet medical needs from a chromosome and genome-scale perspective. In this chapter, we address the potential therapy of genetic diseases from a different outlook, in which we no longer focus on small gene corrections but on higher-order tools for genome manipulation. These will play a crucial role in the next years, as they prelude to a much deeper understanding of the architecture of the human genome and a more accurate modeling of human diseases, offering new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gianluca Petris
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology (MRC LMB), Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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13
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Kazuki Y, Uno N, Abe S, Kajitani N, Kazuki K, Yakura Y, Sawada C, Takata S, Sugawara M, Nagashima Y, Okada A, Hiratsuka M, Osaki M, Ferrari G, Tedesco FS, Nishikawa S, Fukumoto K, Takayanagi SI, Kunisato A, Kaneko S, Oshimura M, Tomizuka K. Engineering of human induced pluripotent stem cells via human artificial chromosome vectors for cell therapy and disease modeling. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 23:629-639. [PMID: 33552683 PMCID: PMC7819819 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetic engineering of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) holds great promise for gene and cell therapy as well as drug discovery. However, there are potential concerns regarding the safety and control of gene expression using conventional vectors such as viruses and plasmids. Although human artificial chromosome (HAC) vectors have several advantages as a gene delivery vector, including stable episomal maintenance and the ability to carry large gene inserts, the full potential of HAC transfer into iPSCs still needs to be explored. Here, we provide evidence of a HAC transfer into human iPSCs by microcell-mediated chromosome transfer via measles virus envelope proteins for various applications, including gene and cell therapy, establishment of versatile human iPSCs capable of gene loading and differentiation into T cells, and disease modeling for aneuploidy syndrome. Thus, engineering of human iPSCs via desired HAC vectors is expected to be widely applied in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Narumi Uno
- Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Naoyo Kajitani
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kanako Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yuwna Yakura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Chiaki Sawada
- Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Shuta Takata
- Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Masaki Sugawara
- Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nagashima
- Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Akane Okada
- Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Masaharu Hiratsuka
- Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Osaki
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Giulia Ferrari
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6DE, UK
| | - Francesco Saverio Tedesco
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6DE, UK
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Satoshi Nishikawa
- Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratories, Research Functions Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin, Co., Ltd. 3-6-6, Asahi-machi, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194-8533, Japan
| | - Ken Fukumoto
- Cell Therapy Project, R&D Division, Kirin Holdings, Co., Ltd. 1-13-5, Fukuura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004 Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Takayanagi
- Cell Therapy Project, R&D Division, Kirin Holdings, Co., Ltd. 1-13-5, Fukuura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004 Japan
| | - Atsushi Kunisato
- Project Planning Section, Kirin Holdings, Co., Ltd., 4-10-2 Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-0001 Japan
| | - Shin Kaneko
- Shin Kaneko Laboratory, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuma Tomizuka
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Blastocyst complementation using Prdm14-deficient rats enables efficient germline transmission and generation of functional mouse spermatids in rats. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1328. [PMID: 33637711 PMCID: PMC7910474 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine animal models from genetically modified pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are essential for functional genomics and biomedical research, which require germline transmission for the establishment of colonies. However, the quality of PSCs, and donor-host cell competition in chimeras often present strong barriers for germline transmission. Here, we report efficient germline transmission of recalcitrant PSCs via blastocyst complementation, a method to compensate for missing tissues or organs in genetically modified animals via blastocyst injection of PSCs. We show that blastocysts from germline-deficient Prdm14 knockout rats provide a niche for the development of gametes originating entirely from the donor PSCs without any detriment to somatic development. We demonstrate the potential of this approach by creating PSC-derived Pax2/Pax8 double mutant anephric rats, and rescuing germline transmission of a PSC carrying a mouse artificial chromosome. Furthermore, we generate mouse PSC-derived functional spermatids in rats, which provides a proof-of-principle for the generation of xenogenic gametes in vivo. We believe this approach will become a useful system for generating PSC-derived germ cells in the future.
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15
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Centromere identity and function put to use: construction and transfer of mammalian artificial chromosomes to animal models. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:185-192. [PMID: 32501473 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACs) are widely used as gene expression vectors and have various advantages over conventional expression vectors. We review and discuss breakthroughs in MAC construction, initiation of functional centromeres allowing their faithful inheritance, and transfer from cell culture to animal model systems. These advances have contributed to advancements in synthetic biology, biomedical research, and applications in industry and in the clinic.
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16
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Sinenko SA, Ponomartsev SV, Tomilin AN. Pluripotent stem cell-based gene therapy approach: human de novo synthesized chromosomes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:1207-1220. [PMID: 33011821 PMCID: PMC11072874 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03653-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach in gene therapy was introduced 20 years ago since artificial non-integrative chromosome-based vectors containing gene loci size inserts were engineered. To date, different human artificial chromosomes (HAC) were generated with the use of de novo construction or "top-down" engineering approaches. The HAC-based therapeutic approach includes ex vivo gene transferring and correction of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) or highly proliferative modified stem cells. The current progress in the technology of induced PSCs, integrating with the HAC technology, resulted in a novel platform of stem cell-based tissue replacement therapy for the treatment of genetic disease. Nowadays, the sophisticated and laborious HAC technology has significantly improved and is now closer to clinical studies. In here, we reviewed the achievements in the technology of de novo synthesized HACs for a chromosome transfer for developing gene therapy tissue replacement models of monogenic human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Sinenko
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave, St-Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
| | - Sergey V Ponomartsev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave, St-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Alexey N Tomilin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave, St-Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St-Petersburg State University, 7-9, Universitetskaya Emb, St-Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
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17
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Di Blasi R, Zouein A, Ellis T, Ceroni F. Genetic Toolkits to Design and Build Mammalian Synthetic Systems. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 39:1004-1018. [PMID: 33526300 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Construction of DNA-encoded programs is central to synthetic biology and the chosen method often determines the time required to design and build constructs for testing. Here, we describe and summarise key features of the available toolkits for DNA construction for mammalian cells. We compare the different cloning strategies based on their complexity and the time needed to generate constructs of different sizes, and we reflect on why Golden Gate toolkits now dominate due to their modular design. We look forward to future advances, including accessory packs for cloning toolkits that can facilitate editing, orthogonality, advanced regulation, and integration into synthetic chromosome construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Di Blasi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK; Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Annalise Zouein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK; Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, South Kensington Campus, London, UK; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Tom Ellis
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, South Kensington Campus, London, UK; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesca Ceroni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK; Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, South Kensington Campus, London, UK.
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18
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Ohta Y, Kazuki K, Abe S, Oshimura M, Kobayashi K, Kazuki Y. Development of Caco-2 cells expressing four CYPs via a mammalian artificial chromosome. BMC Biotechnol 2020; 20:44. [PMID: 32819341 PMCID: PMC7441628 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-00637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral administration is the most common way to deliver drugs to the systemic circulation or target organs. Orally administered drugs are absorbed in the intestine and metabolized in the intestine and liver. In the early stages of drug development, it is important to predict first-pass metabolism accurately to select candidate drugs with high bioavailability. The Caco-2 cell line derived from colorectal cancer is widely used as an intestinal model to assess drug membrane permeability. However, because the expression of major drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 (CYP), is extremely low in Caco-2 cells, it is difficult to predict intestinal metabolism, which is a significant factor in predicting oral drug bioavailability. Previously, we constructed a mouse artificial chromosome vector carrying the CYP (CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4) and P450 oxidoreductase (POR) (4CYPs-MAC) genes and increased CYP expression and metabolic activity in HepG2 cells via transfer of this vector. Results In the current study, to improve the Caco-2 cell assay model by taking metabolism into account, we attempted to increase CYP expression by transferring the 4CYPs-MAC into Caco-2 cells. The Caco-2 cells carrying the 4CYPs-MAC showed higher CYP mRNA expression and activity. In addition, high metabolic activity, availability for permeation test, and the potential to assess drug–drug interactions were confirmed. Conclusions The established Caco-2 cells with the 4CYPs-MAC are expected to enable more accurate prediction of the absorption and metabolism in the human intestine than parental Caco-2 cells. The mammalian artificial chromosome vector system would provide useful models for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Ohta
- Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kanako Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Trans Chromosomics, Inc, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Trans Chromosomics, Inc, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan. .,Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
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19
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Sun C, Shen L, Zhang Z, Xie X. Therapeutic Strategies for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: An Update. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080837. [PMID: 32717791 PMCID: PMC7463903 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular disorders encompass a heterogeneous group of conditions that impair the function of muscles, motor neurons, peripheral nerves, and neuromuscular junctions. Being the most common and most severe type of muscular dystrophy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), is caused by mutations in the X-linked dystrophin gene. Loss of dystrophin protein leads to recurrent myofiber damage, chronic inflammation, progressive fibrosis, and dysfunction of muscle stem cells. Over the last few years, there has been considerable development of diagnosis and therapeutics for DMD, but current treatments do not cure the disease. Here, we review the current status of DMD pathogenesis and therapy, focusing on mutational spectrum, diagnosis tools, clinical trials, and therapeutic approaches including dystrophin restoration, gene therapy, and myogenic cell transplantation. Furthermore, we present the clinical potential of advanced strategies combining gene editing, cell-based therapy with tissue engineering for the treatment of muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengmei Sun
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China; (C.S.); (L.S.); (Z.Z.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Luoan Shen
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China; (C.S.); (L.S.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China; (C.S.); (L.S.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xin Xie
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China; (C.S.); (L.S.); (Z.Z.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0571-87572326
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20
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Kazuki Y, Gao FJ, Li Y, Moyer AJ, Devenney B, Hiramatsu K, Miyagawa-Tomita S, Abe S, Kazuki K, Kajitani N, Uno N, Takehara S, Takiguchi M, Yamakawa M, Hasegawa A, Shimizu R, Matsukura S, Noda N, Ogonuki N, Inoue K, Matoba S, Ogura A, Florea LD, Savonenko A, Xiao M, Wu D, Batista DA, Yang J, Qiu Z, Singh N, Richtsmeier JT, Takeuchi T, Oshimura M, Reeves RH. A non-mosaic transchromosomic mouse model of down syndrome carrying the long arm of human chromosome 21. eLife 2020; 9:56223. [PMID: 32597754 PMCID: PMC7358007 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of Down syndrome (DS), trisomic for human chromosome 21 (HSA21) genes or orthologs, provide insights into better understanding and treatment options. The only existing transchromosomic (Tc) mouse DS model, Tc1, carries a HSA21 with over 50 protein coding genes (PCGs) disrupted. Tc1 is mosaic, compromising interpretation of results. Here, we “clone” the 34 MB long arm of HSA21 (HSA21q) as a mouse artificial chromosome (MAC). Through multiple steps of microcell-mediated chromosome transfer, we created a new Tc DS mouse model, Tc(HSA21q;MAC)1Yakaz (“TcMAC21”). TcMAC21 is not mosaic and contains 93% of HSA21q PCGs that are expressed and regulatable. TcMAC21 recapitulates many DS phenotypes including anomalies in heart, craniofacial skeleton and brain, molecular/cellular pathologies, and impairments in learning, memory and synaptic plasticity. TcMAC21 is the most complete genetic mouse model of DS extant and has potential for supporting a wide range of basic and preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan.,Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Feng J Gao
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Yicong Li
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Anna J Moyer
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Genetic Medicine, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Benjamin Devenney
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Kei Hiramatsu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Sachiko Miyagawa-Tomita
- Department of Animal Nursing Science, Yamazaki University of Animal Health Technology, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Kanako Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Naoyo Kajitani
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Narumi Uno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Shoko Takehara
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Masato Takiguchi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Miho Yamakawa
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hasegawa
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoko Matsukura
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naohiro Noda
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Narumi Ogonuki
- Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kimiko Inoue
- Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shogo Matoba
- Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Liliana D Florea
- Department of Genetic Medicine, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Alena Savonenko
- Departments of Pathology and Neurology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Meifang Xiao
- Department of Neuroscience, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Denise As Batista
- Department of Pathology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Junhua Yang
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Zhaozhu Qiu
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Nandini Singh
- Department of Anthropology, Penn State University, State College, United States
| | - Joan T Richtsmeier
- Division of Biosignaling, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Takashi Takeuchi
- Department of Anthropology, California State University, Sacramento, United States
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Roger H Reeves
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Genetic Medicine, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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Human Alphoid tetO Artificial Chromosome as a Gene Therapy Vector for the Developing Hemophilia A Model in Mice. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040879. [PMID: 32260189 PMCID: PMC7226776 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human artificial chromosomes (HACs), including the de novo synthesized alphoidtetO-HAC, are a powerful tool for introducing genes of interest into eukaryotic cells. HACs are mitotically stable, non-integrative episomal units that have a large transgene insertion capacity and allow efficient and stable transgene expression. Previously, we have shown that the alphoidtetO-HAC vector does not interfere with the pluripotent state and provides stable transgene expression in human induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) and mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). In this study, we have elaborated on a mouse model of ex vivo iPSC- and HAC-based treatment of hemophilia A monogenic disease. iPSCs were developed from FVIIIY/− mutant mice fibroblasts and FVIII cDNA, driven by a ubiquitous promoter, was introduced into the alphoidtetO-HAC in hamster CHO cells. Subsequently, the therapeutic alphoidtetO-HAC-FVIII was transferred into the FVIIIY/– iPSCs via the retro-microcell-mediated chromosome transfer method. The therapeutic HAC was maintained as an episomal non-integrative vector in the mouse iPSCs, showing a constitutive FVIII expression. This study is the first step towards treatment development for hemophilia A monogenic disease with the use of a new generation of the synthetic chromosome vector—the alphoidtetO-HAC.
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Sinenko SA, Ponomartsev SV, Tomilin AN. Human artificial chromosomes for pluripotent stem cell-based tissue replacement therapy. Exp Cell Res 2020; 389:111882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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23
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Moriwaki T, Abe S, Oshimura M, Kazuki Y. Transchromosomic technology for genomically humanized animals. Exp Cell Res 2020; 390:111914. [PMID: 32142854 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
"Genomically" humanized animals are invaluable tools for generating human disease models and for biomedical research. Humanized animal models have generally been developed via conventional transgenic technologies; however, conventional gene delivery vectors such as viruses, plasmids, bacterial artificial chromosomes, P1 phase-derived artificial chromosomes, and yeast artificial chromosomes have limitations for transgenic animal creation as their loading gene capacity is restricted, and the expression of transgenes is unstable. Transchromosomic (Tc) techniques using mammalian artificial chromosomes, including human chromosome fragments, human artificial chromosomes, and mouse artificial chromosomes, have overcome these limitations. These tools can carry multiple genes or Mb-sized genomic loci and their associated regulatory elements, which has facilitated the creation of more useful and complex transgenic models for human disease, drug development, and humanized animal research. This review describes the history of Tc animal development, the applications of Tc animals, and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Moriwaki
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Trans Chromosomics, Inc., 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Trans Chromosomics, Inc., 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan; Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan; Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
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24
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Muscular Dystrophy and Rehabilitation Interventions with Regenerative Treatment. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40141-019-00255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Current advances in microcell-mediated chromosome transfer technology and its applications. Exp Cell Res 2020; 390:111915. [PMID: 32092294 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomes and chromosomal gene delivery vectors, human/mouse artificial chromosomes (HACs/MACs), can introduce megabase-order DNA sequences into target cells and are used for applications including gene mapping, gene expression control, gene/cell therapy, and the development of humanized animals and animal models of human disease. Microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT), which enables chromosome transfer from donor cells to target cells, is a key technology for these applications. In this review, we summarize the principles of gene transfer with HACs/MACs; their engineering, characteristics, and utility; and recent advances in the chromosome transfer technology.
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26
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Brown DM, Glass JI. Technology used to build and transfer mammalian chromosomes. Exp Cell Res 2020; 388:111851. [PMID: 31952951 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the near twenty-year existence of the human and mammalian artificial chromosome field, the technologies for artificial chromosome construction and installation into desired cell types or organisms have evolved with the rest of modern molecular and synthetic biology. Medical, industrial, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and basic research scientists seek the as yet unrealized promise of human and mammalian artificial chromosomes. Existing technologies for both top-down and bottom-up approaches to construct these artificial chromosomes for use in higher eukaryotes are very different but aspire to achieve similar results. New capacity for production of chromosome sized synthetic DNA will likely shift the field towards more bottom-up approaches, but not completely. Similarly, new approaches to install human and mammalian artificial chromosomes in target cells will compete with the microcell mediated cell transfer methods that currently dominate the field.
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27
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An efficient protein production system via gene amplification on a human artificial chromosome and the chromosome transfer to CHO cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16954. [PMID: 31740706 PMCID: PMC6861226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene amplification methods play a crucial role in establishment of cells that produce high levels of recombinant protein. However, the stability of such cell lines and the level of recombinant protein produced continue to be suboptimal. Here, we used a combination of a human artificial chromosome (HAC) vector and initiation region (IR)/matrix attachment region (MAR) gene amplification method to establish stable cells that produce high levels of recombinant protein. Amplification of Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was induced on a HAC carrying EGFP gene and IR/MAR sequences (EGFP MAR-HAC) in CHO DG44 cells. The expression level of EGFP increased approximately 6-fold compared to the original HAC without IR/MAR sequences. Additionally, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody on a HAC (VEGF MAR-HAC) was also amplified by utilization of this IR/MAR-HAC system, and anti-VEGF antibody levels were approximately 2-fold higher compared with levels in control cells without IR/MAR. Furthermore, the expression of anti-VEGF antibody with VEGF MAR-HAC in CHO-K1 cells increased 2.3-fold compared with that of CHO DG44 cells. Taken together, the IR/MAR-HAC system facilitated amplification of a gene of interest on the HAC vector, and could be used to establish a novel cell line that stably produced protein from mammalian cells.
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28
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Humanized UGT2 and CYP3A transchromosomic rats for improved prediction of human drug metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3072-3081. [PMID: 30718425 PMCID: PMC6386724 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808255116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomically humanized animals overcoming species differences are invaluable for biomedical research. Although rats would be preferred over mice for several applications, generation of a humanized model is restricted to mice due to the difficulty of complex genetic manipulations in rats. In this study, we successfully generated humanized rats with megabase-sized gene clusters via combination of chromosome transfer using mouse artificial chromosome vector and genome editing technologies. In the humanized UGT2 and CYP3A transchromosomic rats described in this paper, the expression of the human genes, as well as the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of relevant probe substrates, accurately mimic the situation in humans. Thus, the advanced technologies can be used to generate fully humanized rats useful for biomedical research. Although “genomically” humanized animals are invaluable tools for generating human disease models as well as for biomedical research, their development has been mainly restricted to mice via established transgenic-based and embryonic stem cell-based technologies. Since rats are widely used for studying human disease and for drug efficacy and toxicity testing, humanized rat models would be preferred over mice for several applications. However, the development of sophisticated humanized rat models has been hampered by the difficulty of complex genetic manipulations in rats. Additionally, several genes and gene clusters, which are megabase range in size, were difficult to introduce into rats with conventional technologies. As a proof of concept, we herein report the generation of genomically humanized rats expressing key human drug-metabolizing enzymes in the absence of their orthologous rat counterparts via the combination of chromosome transfer using mouse artificial chromosome (MAC) and genome editing technologies. About 1.5 Mb and 700 kb of the entire UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 and cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A genomic regions, respectively, were successfully introduced via the MACs into rats. The transchromosomic rats were combined with rats carrying deletions of the endogenous orthologous genes, achieved by genome editing. In the “transchromosomic humanized” rat strains, the gene expression, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism observed in humans were well reproduced. Thus, the combination of chromosome transfer and genome editing technologies can be used to generate fully humanized rats for improved prediction of the pharmacokinetics and drug–drug interactions in humans, and for basic research, drug discovery, and development.
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29
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Hasegawa Y, Ikeno M, Suzuki N, Nakayama M, Ohara O. Improving the efficiency of gene insertion in a human artificial chromosome vector and its transfer in human-induced pluripotent stem cells. Biol Methods Protoc 2018; 3:bpy013. [PMID: 32161806 PMCID: PMC6994043 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpy013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A human artificial chromosome (HAC) vector has potential to overcome the problems of stable gene expression associated with plasmid, transposon, and virus-based vectors, such as insertional mutagenesis, position effect, uncontrollable copy number, unstable gene expression, and DNA size limitation. The main advantages of the HAC are its episomal nature and ability to accommodate DNA inserts of any size. However, HAC vectors have two disadvantages: low efficiency of gene insertion and lack of reports regarding the successful HAC transfer to human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We here provide the first report of a method for the efficient transfer of HAC to human iPSCs for obtaining reproducible experimental results. Moreover, we achieved a 10% increase in the gene insertion efficiency in the HAC vector using our new site-specific recombination systems VCre/VloxP and SCre/SloxP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Omics Research, Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | - Manabu Nakayama
- Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Department of Frontier Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Laboratory of Clinical Omics Research, Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
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Lee HS, Carmena M, Liskovykh M, Peat E, Kim JH, Oshimura M, Masumoto H, Teulade-Fichou MP, Pommier Y, Earnshaw WC, Larionov V, Kouprina N. Systematic Analysis of Compounds Specifically Targeting Telomeres and Telomerase for Clinical Implications in Cancer Therapy. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6282-6296. [PMID: 30166419 PMCID: PMC6214708 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The targeting of telomerase and telomere maintenance mechanisms represents a promising therapeutic approach for various types of cancer. In this work, we designed a new protocol to screen for and rank the efficacy of compounds specifically targeting telomeres and telomerase. This approach used two isogenic cell lines containing a circular human artificial chromosome (HAC, lacking telomeres) and a linear HAC (containing telomeres) marked with the EGFP transgene; compounds that target telomerase or telomeres should preferentially induce loss of the linear HAC but not the circular HAC. Our assay allowed quantification of chromosome loss by routine flow cytometry. We applied this dual-HAC assay to rank a set of known and newly developed compounds, including G-quadruplex (G4) ligands. Among the latter group, two compounds, Cu-ttpy and Pt-ttpy, induced a high rate of linear HAC loss with no significant effect on the mitotic stability of a circular HAC. Analysis of the mitotic phenotypes induced by these drugs revealed an elevated rate of chromatin bridges in late mitosis and cytokinesis as well as UFB (ultrafine bridges). Chromosome loss after Pt-ttpy or Cu-ttpy treatment correlated with the induction of telomere-associated DNA damage. Overall, this platform enables identification and ranking of compounds that greatly increase chromosome mis-segregation rates as a result of telomere dysfunction and may expedite the development of new therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.Significance: An assay provides a unique opportunity to screen thousands of chemical compounds for their ability to inactivate replication of telomeric ends in cancer cells and holds potential to lay the foundation for the discovery of new treatments for cancer. Cancer Res; 78(21); 6282-96. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sheung Lee
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mar Carmena
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Mikhail Liskovykh
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Emma Peat
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masumoto
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Department of Frontier Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Marie-Paule Teulade-Fichou
- Chemistry Modelling and Imaging for Biology, CNRS UMR 9187- INSERM U1196 Institute Curie, Research Center, Campus University Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - William C Earnshaw
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Vladimir Larionov
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Natalay Kouprina
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD.
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31
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Kouprina N, Petrov N, Molina O, Liskovykh M, Pesenti E, Ohzeki JI, Masumoto H, Earnshaw WC, Larionov V. Human Artificial Chromosome with Regulated Centromere: A Tool for Genome and Cancer Studies. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:1974-1989. [PMID: 30075081 PMCID: PMC6154217 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since their description in the late 1990s, Human Artificial Chromosomes (HACs) bearing functional kinetochores have been considered as promising systems for gene delivery and expression. More recently a HAC assembled from a synthetic alphoid DNA array has been exploited in studies of centromeric chromatin and in assessing the impact of different epigenetic modifications on kinetochore structure and function in human cells. This HAC was termed the alphoidtetO-HAC, as the synthetic monomers each contained a tetO sequence in place of the CENP-B box that can be targeted specifically with tetR-fusion proteins. Studies in which the kinetochore chromatin of the alphoidtetO-HAC was specifically modified, revealed that heterochromatin is incompatible with centromere function and that centromeric transcription is important for centromere assembly and maintenance. In addition, the alphoidtetO-HAC was modified to carry large gene inserts that are expressed in target cells under conditions that recapitulate the physiological regulation of endogenous loci. Importantly, the phenotypes arising from stable gene expression can be reversed when cells are "cured" of the HAC by inactivating its kinetochore in proliferating cell populations, a feature that provides a control for phenotypic changes attributed to expression of HAC-encoded genes. AlphoidtetO-HAC-based technology has also been used to develop new drug screening and assessment strategies to manipulate the CIN phenotype in cancer cells. In summary, the alphoidtetO-HAC is proving to be a versatile tool for studying human chromosome transactions and structure as well as for genome and cancer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalay Kouprina
- Developmental
Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute,
NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United
States,E-mail: . Tel: +1-240-760-7325
| | - Nikolai Petrov
- Developmental
Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute,
NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United
States
| | - Oscar Molina
- Josep
Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, School of Medicine, University
of Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mikhail Liskovykh
- Developmental
Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute,
NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United
States
| | - Elisa Pesenti
- Wellcome
Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland
| | - Jun-ichirou Ohzeki
- Laboratory
of Chromosome Engineering, Department of Frontier Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818d Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masumoto
- Laboratory
of Chromosome Engineering, Department of Frontier Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818d Japan,E-mail: . Tel: +81-438-52-395
| | - William C. Earnshaw
- Wellcome
Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland,E-mail: . Tel: +44-(0)131-650-7101
| | - Vladimir Larionov
- Developmental
Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute,
NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United
States,E-mail: . Tel: +1-240-760-7325
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Stewart MP, Langer R, Jensen KF. Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7409-7531. [PMID: 30052023 PMCID: PMC6763210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is a key step in biological research and has enabled decades of biomedical discoveries. It is also becoming increasingly important in industrial and medical applications ranging from biomanufacture to cell-based therapies. Here, we review techniques for membrane disruption-based intracellular delivery from 1911 until the present. These methods achieve rapid, direct, and universal delivery of almost any cargo molecule or material that can be dispersed in solution. We start by covering the motivations for intracellular delivery and the challenges associated with the different cargo types-small molecules, proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, synthetic nanomaterials, and large cargo. The review then presents a broad comparison of delivery strategies followed by an analysis of membrane disruption mechanisms and the biology of the cell response. We cover mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical strategies of membrane disruption with a particular emphasis on their applications and challenges to implementation. Throughout, we highlight specific mechanisms of membrane disruption and suggest areas in need of further experimentation. We hope the concepts discussed in our review inspire scientists and engineers with further ideas to improve intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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33
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Uno N, Fujimoto T, Komoto S, Kurosawa G, Sawa M, Suzuki T, Kazuki Y, Oshimura M. A luciferase complementation assay system using transferable mouse artificial chromosomes to monitor protein-protein interactions mediated by G protein-coupled receptors. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:1499-1508. [PMID: 30112660 PMCID: PMC6269364 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven-transmembrane domain receptors that interact with the β-arrestin family, particularly β-arrestin 1 (ARRB1). GPCRs interact with 33% of small molecule drugs. Ligand screening is promising for drug discovery concerning GPCR-related diseases. Luciferase complementation assay (LCA) enables detection of protein–protein complementation via bioluminescence following complementation of N- and C-terminal luciferase fragments (NEluc and CEluc) fused to target proteins, but it is necessary to co-express the two genes. Here, we developed LCAs with mouse artificial chromosomes (MACs) that have unique characteristics such as stable maintenance and a substantial insert-carrying capacity. First, an NEluc-ARRB1 was inserted into MAC4 by Cre-loxP recombination in CHO cells, named ARRB1-MAC4. Second, a parathyroid hormone receptor 2 (PTHR2)-CEluc or prostaglandin EP4 receptor (hEP4)-CEluc were inserted into ARRB1-MAC4, named ARRB1-PTHR2-MAC4 and ARRB1-hEP4-MAC4, respectively, via the sequential integration of multiple vectors (SIM) system. Each MAC was transferred into HEK293 cells by microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT). LCAs using the established HEK293 cell lines resulted in 35,000 photon counts upon somatostatin stimulation for ARRB1-MAC4 with transient transfection of the somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) expression vector, 1800 photon counts upon parathyroid hormone stimulation for ARRB1-PTHR2-MAC4, and 35,000 photon counts upon prostaglandin E2 stimulation for ARRB1-hEP4-MAC4. These MACs were maintained independently from host chromosomes in CHO and HEK293 cells. HEK293 cells containing ARRB1-PTHR2-MAC4 showed a stable reaction for long-term. Thus, the combination of gene loading by the SIM system into a MAC and an LCA targeting GPCRs provides a novel and useful platform to discover drugs for GPCR-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumi Uno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.,Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Tomohito Fujimoto
- ProbeX, Inc., 3F BMA, 1-5-5 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shinya Komoto
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Gene Kurosawa
- Department Academic Research Support Promotion Facility, Center for Research Promotion and Support, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sawa
- ProbeX, Inc., 3F BMA, 1-5-5 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Research and Development, Carna Biosciences, Inc., 3F BMA, 1-5-5 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Suzuki
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.,Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
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34
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Honma K, Abe S, Endo T, Uno N, Oshimura M, Ohbayashi T, Kazuki Y. Development of a multiple-gene-loading method by combining multi-integration system-equipped mouse artificial chromosome vector and CRISPR-Cas9. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193642. [PMID: 29505588 PMCID: PMC5837097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse artificial chromosome (MAC) vectors have several advantages as gene delivery vectors, such as stable and independent maintenance in host cells without integration, transferability from donor cells to recipient cells via microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT), and the potential for loading a megabase-sized DNA fragment. Previously, a MAC containing a multi-integrase platform (MI-MAC) was developed to facilitate the transfer of multiple genes into desired cells. Although the MI system can theoretically hold five gene-loading vectors (GLVs), there are a limited number of drugs available for the selection of multiple-GLV integration. To overcome this issue, we attempted to knock out and reuse drug resistance genes (DRGs) using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. In this study, we developed new methods for multiple-GLV integration. As a proof of concept, we introduced five GLVs in the MI-MAC by these methods, in which each GLV contained a gene encoding a fluorescent or luminescent protein (EGFP, mCherry, BFP, Eluc, and Cluc). Genes of interest (GOI) on the MI-MAC were expressed stably and functionally without silencing in the host cells. Furthermore, the MI-MAC carrying five GLVs was transferred to other cells by MMCT, and the resultant recipient cells exhibited all five fluorescence/luminescence signals. Thus, the MI-MAC was successfully used as a multiple-GLV integration vector using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. The MI-MAC employing these methods may resolve bottlenecks in developing multiple-gene humanized models, multiple-gene monitoring models, disease models, reprogramming, and inducible gene expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Honma
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Tottori Industrial Promotion Organization, Tottori, Tottori, Japan
| | - Narumi Uno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ohbayashi
- Division of Laboratory Animal Science, Research Center for Bioscience and Technology, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
- * E-mail:
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35
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Benedetti S, Uno N, Hoshiya H, Ragazzi M, Ferrari G, Kazuki Y, Moyle LA, Tonlorenzi R, Lombardo A, Chaouch S, Mouly V, Moore M, Popplewell L, Kazuki K, Katoh M, Naldini L, Dickson G, Messina G, Oshimura M, Cossu G, Tedesco FS. Reversible immortalisation enables genetic correction of human muscle progenitors and engineering of next-generation human artificial chromosomes for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:254-275. [PMID: 29242210 PMCID: PMC5801502 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201607284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transferring large or multiple genes into primary human stem/progenitor cells is challenged by restrictions in vector capacity, and this hurdle limits the success of gene therapy. A paradigm is Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an incurable disorder caused by mutations in the largest human gene: dystrophin. The combination of large-capacity vectors, such as human artificial chromosomes (HACs), with stem/progenitor cells may overcome this limitation. We previously reported amelioration of the dystrophic phenotype in mice transplanted with murine muscle progenitors containing a HAC with the entire dystrophin locus (DYS-HAC). However, translation of this strategy to human muscle progenitors requires extension of their proliferative potential to withstand clonal cell expansion after HAC transfer. Here, we show that reversible cell immortalisation mediated by lentivirally delivered excisable hTERT and Bmi1 transgenes extended cell proliferation, enabling transfer of a novel DYS-HAC into DMD satellite cell-derived myoblasts and perivascular cell-derived mesoangioblasts. Genetically corrected cells maintained a stable karyotype, did not undergo tumorigenic transformation and retained their migration ability. Cells remained myogenic in vitro (spontaneously or upon MyoD induction) and engrafted murine skeletal muscle upon transplantation. Finally, we combined the aforementioned functions into a next-generation HAC capable of delivering reversible immortalisation, complete genetic correction, additional dystrophin expression, inducible differentiation and controllable cell death. This work establishes a novel platform for complex gene transfer into clinically relevant human muscle progenitors for DMD gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Benedetti
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Narumi Uno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Hoshiya
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martina Ragazzi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giulia Ferrari
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Louise Anne Moyle
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rossana Tonlorenzi
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Lombardo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Soraya Chaouch
- AIM/AFM Center for Research in Myology, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Mouly
- AIM/AFM Center for Research in Myology, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Paris, France
| | - Marc Moore
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway-University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Linda Popplewell
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway-University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Kanako Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Motonobu Katoh
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Luigi Naldini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - George Dickson
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway-University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Giulio Cossu
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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36
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Satoh D, Abe S, Kobayashi K, Nakajima Y, Oshimura M, Kazuki Y. Human and mouse artificial chromosome technologies for studies of pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 33:17-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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37
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Lee NCO, Kim JH, Petrov NS, Lee HS, Masumoto H, Earnshaw WC, Larionov V, Kouprina N. Method to Assemble Genomic DNA Fragments or Genes on Human Artificial Chromosome with Regulated Kinetochore Using a Multi-Integrase System. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:63-74. [PMID: 28799737 PMCID: PMC5778389 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The production of cells capable of carrying multiple transgenes
to Mb-size genomic loci has multiple applications in biomedicine and
biotechnology. In order to achieve this goal, three key steps are
required: (i) cloning of large genomic segments; (ii) insertion of
multiple DNA blocks at a precise location and (iii) the capability
to eliminate the assembled region from cells. In this study, we designed
the iterative integration system (IIS) that utilizes recombinases
Cre, ΦC31 and ΦBT1, and combined it with a human artificial
chromosome (HAC) possessing a regulated kinetochore (alphoidtetO-HAC). We have demonstrated that the IIS-alphoidtetO-HAC
system is a valuable genetic tool by reassembling a functional gene
from multiple segments on the HAC. IIS-alphoidtetO-HAC
has several notable advantages over other artificial chromosome-based
systems. This includes the potential to assemble an unlimited number
of genomic DNA segments; a DNA assembly process that leaves only a
small insertion (<60 bp) scar between adjacent DNA, allowing genes
reassembled from segments to be spliced correctly; a marker exchange
system that also changes cell color, and counter-selection markers
at each DNA insertion step, simplifying selection of correct clones;
and presence of an error proofing mechanism to remove cells with misincorporated
DNA segments, which improves the integrity of assembly. In addition,
the IIS-alphoidtetO-HAC carrying a locus of interest is
removable, offering the unique possibility to revert the cell line
to its pretransformed state and compare the phenotypes of human cells
with and without a functional copy of a gene(s). Thus, IIS-alphoidtetO-HAC allows investigation of complex biomedical pathways,
gene(s) regulation, and has the potential to engineer synthetic chromosomes
with a predetermined set of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C. O. Lee
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Nikolai S. Petrov
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hee-Sheung Lee
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hiroshi Masumoto
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Department of Frontier Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - William C. Earnshaw
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland
| | - Vladimir Larionov
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Natalay Kouprina
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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38
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Uno N, Abe S, Oshimura M, Kazuki Y. Combinations of chromosome transfer and genome editing for the development of cell/animal models of human disease and humanized animal models. J Hum Genet 2017; 63:145-156. [PMID: 29180645 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-017-0378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome transfer technology, including chromosome modification, enables the introduction of Mb-sized or multiple genes to desired cells or animals. This technology has allowed innovative developments to be made for models of human disease and humanized animals, including Down syndrome model mice and humanized transchromosomic (Tc) immunoglobulin mice. Genome editing techniques are developing rapidly, and permit modifications such as gene knockout and knockin to be performed in various cell lines and animals. This review summarizes chromosome transfer-related technologies and the combined technologies of chromosome transfer and genome editing mainly for the production of cell/animal models of human disease and humanized animal models. Specifically, these include: (1) chromosome modification with genome editing in Chinese hamster ovary cells and mouse A9 cells for efficient transfer to desired cell types; (2) single-nucleotide polymorphism modification in humanized Tc mice with genome editing; and (3) generation of a disease model of Down syndrome-associated hematopoiesis abnormalities by the transfer of human chromosome 21 to normal human embryonic stem cells and the induction of mutation(s) in the endogenous gene(s) with genome editing. These combinations of chromosome transfer and genome editing open up new avenues for drug development and therapy as well as for basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumi Uno
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.,Trans Chromosomics Inc., 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan. .,Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
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39
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Satoh D, Iwado S, Abe S, Kazuki K, Wakuri S, Oshimura M, Kazuki Y. Establishment of a novel hepatocyte model that expresses four cytochrome P450 genes stably via mammalian-derived artificial chromosome for pharmacokinetics and toxicity studies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187072. [PMID: 29065189 PMCID: PMC5655360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The utility of HepG2 cells to assess drug metabolism and toxicity induced by chemical compounds is hampered by their low cytochrome P450 (CYP) activities. To overcome this limitation, we established HepG2 cell lines expressing major CYP enzymes involved in drug metabolism (CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4) and CYP oxidoreductase (POR) using the mammalian-derived artificial chromosome vector. Transchromosomic HepG2 (TC-HepG2) cells expressing four CYPs and POR were used to determine time- and concentration-dependent inhibition and toxicity of several compounds by luminescence detection of CYP-specific substrates and cell viability assays. Gene expression levels of all four CYPs and POR, as well as the CYP activities, were higher in TC-HepG2 clones than in parental HepG2 cells. Additionally, the activity levels of all CYPs were reduced in a concentration-dependent manner by specific CYP inhibitors. Furthermore, preincubation of TC-HepG2 cells with CYP inhibitors known as time-dependent inhibitors (TDI) prior to the addition of CYP-specific substrates determined that CYP inhibition was enhanced in the TDI group than in the non-TDI group. Finally, the IC50 of bioactivable compound aflatoxin B1 was lower in TC-HepG2 cells than in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, the TC-HepG2 cells characterized in the current study are a highly versatile model to evaluate drug-drug interactions and hepatotoxicity in initial screening of candidate drug compounds, which require a high degree of processing capacity and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Satoh
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Satoru Iwado
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kanako Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | | | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- * E-mail:
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40
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CRISPR/Cas9-induced transgene insertion and telomere-associated truncation of a single human chromosome for chromosome engineering in CHO and A9 cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12739. [PMID: 28986519 PMCID: PMC5630592 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome engineering techniques including gene insertion, telomere-associated truncation and microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT) are powerful tools for generation of humanised model animal, containing megabase-sized genomic fragments. However, these techniques require two cell lines: homologous recombination (HR)-proficient DT40 cells for chromosome modification, and CHO cells for transfer to recipient cells. Here we show an improved technique using a combination of CRISPR/Cas9-induced HR in CHO and mouse A9 cells without DT40 cells following MMCT to recipient cells. Transgene insertion was performed in CHO cells with the insertion of enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) using CRISPR/Cas9 and a circular targeting vector containing two 3 kb HR arms. Telomere-associated truncation was performed in CHO cells using CRISPR/Cas9 and a linearised truncation vector containing a single 7 kb HR arm at the 5′ end, a 1 kb artificial telomere at the 3′ end. At least 11% and 6% of the targeting efficiency were achieved for transgene insertion and telomere-associated truncation, respectively. The transgene insertion was also confirmed in A9 cells (29%). The modified chromosomes were transferrable to other cells. Thus, this CHO and A9 cell-mediated chromosome engineering using the CRISPR/Cas9 for direct transfer of the modified chromosome is a rapid technique that will facilitate chromosome manipulation.
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41
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Core Concept: Human artificial chromosomes offer insights, therapeutic possibilities, and challenges. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9752-9754. [PMID: 28899976 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713319114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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42
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Brown DM, Chan YA, Desai PJ, Grzesik P, Oldfield LM, Vashee S, Way JC, Silver PA, Glass JI. Efficient size-independent chromosome delivery from yeast to cultured cell lines. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:e50. [PMID: 27980064 PMCID: PMC5397165 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The delivery of large DNA vectors (>100 000 bp) remains a limiting step in the engineering of mammalian cells and the development of human artificial chromosomes (HACs). Yeast is commonly used to assemble genetic constructs in the megabase size range, and has previously been used to transfer constructs directly into cultured cells. We improved this method to efficiently deliver large (1.1 Mb) synthetic yeast centromeric plasmids (YCps) to cultured cell lines at rates similar to that of 12 kb YCps. Synchronizing cells in mitosis improved the delivery efficiency by 10-fold and a statistical design of experiments approach was employed to boost the vector delivery rate by nearly 300-fold from 1/250 000 to 1/840 cells, and subsequently optimize the delivery process for multiple mammalian, avian, and insect cell lines. We adapted this method to rapidly deliver a 152 kb herpes simplex virus 1 genome cloned in yeast into mammalian cells to produce infectious virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Brown
- Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Yujia A Chan
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Prashant J Desai
- Johns Hopkins University, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center Johns Hopkins, Viral Oncology Program, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Peter Grzesik
- Johns Hopkins University, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center Johns Hopkins, Viral Oncology Program, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Lauren M Oldfield
- Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Sanjay Vashee
- Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Way
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pamela A Silver
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John I Glass
- Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
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43
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Using human artificial chromosomes to study centromere assembly and function. Chromosoma 2017; 126:559-575. [DOI: 10.1007/s00412-017-0633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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44
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Wakuri S, Yamakage K, Kazuki Y, Kazuki K, Oshimura M, Aburatani S, Yasunaga M, Nakajima Y. Correlation between luminescence intensity and cytotoxicity in cell-based cytotoxicity assay using luciferase. Anal Biochem 2017; 522:18-29. [PMID: 28111305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The luciferase reporter assay has become one of the conventional methods for cytotoxicity evaluation. Typically, the decrease of luminescence expressed by a constitutive promoter is used as an index of cytotoxicity. However, to our knowledge, there have been no reports of the correlation between cytotoxicity and luminescence intensity. In this study, to accurately verify the correlation between them, beetle luciferase was stably expressed in human hepatoma HepG2 cells harboring the multi-integrase mouse artificial chromosome vector. We showed that the cytotoxicity assay using luciferase does not depend on the stability of luciferase protein and the kind of constitutive promoter. Next, HepG2 cells in which green-emitting beetle luciferase was expressed under the control of CAG promoter were exposed to 58 compounds. The luminescence intensity and cytotoxicity curves of cells exposed to 48 compounds showed similar tendencies, whereas those of cells exposed to 10 compounds did not do so, although the curves gradually approached each other with increasing exposure time. Finally, we demonstrated that luciferase expressed under the control of a constitutive promoter can be utilized both as an internal control reporter for normalizing a test reporter and for monitoring cytotoxicity when two kinds of luciferases are simultaneously used in the cytotoxicity assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wakuri
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - K Yamakage
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Y Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan; Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - K Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - M Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - S Aburatani
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Aomi, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - M Yasunaga
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
| | - Y Nakajima
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan; Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan.
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Abstract
The enabling technologies of synthetic biology are opening up new opportunities for engineering and enhancement of mammalian cells. This will stimulate diverse applications in many life science sectors such as regenerative medicine, development of biosensing cell lines, therapeutic protein production, and generation of new synthetic genetic regulatory circuits. Harnessing the full potential of these new engineering-based approaches requires the design and assembly of large DNA constructs-potentially up to chromosome scale-and the effective delivery of these large DNA payloads to the host cell. Random integration of large transgenes, encoding therapeutic proteins or genetic circuits into host chromosomes, has several drawbacks such as risks of insertional mutagenesis, lack of control over transgene copy-number and position-specific effects; these can compromise the intended functioning of genetic circuits. The development of a system orthogonal to the endogenous genome is therefore beneficial. Mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACs) are functional, add-on chromosomal elements, which behave as normal chromosomes-being replicating and portioned to daughter cells at each cell division. They are deployed as useful gene expression vectors as they remain independent from the host genome. MACs are maintained as a single-copy and can accommodate multiple gene expression cassettes of, in theory, unlimited DNA size (MACs up to 10 megabases have been constructed). MACs therefore enabled control over ectopic gene expression and represent an excellent platform to rapidly prototype and characterize novel synthetic gene circuits without recourse to engineering the host genome. This review describes the obstacles synthetic biologists face when working with mammalian systems and how the development of improved MACs can overcome these-particularly given the spectacular advances in DNA synthesis and assembly that are fuelling this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Martella
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh , The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, U.K
| | - Steven M Pollard
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh bioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, U.K
| | - Junbiao Dai
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis (Ministry of Education), Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yizhi Cai
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh , The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, U.K
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46
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Abstract
In a recent issue of Politics and the Life Sciences Mark Walker presented a compelling proposition for reducing evil in the world via an interdisciplinary program he calls the "Genetic Virtue Project" (GVP). As Walker explains, the purpose of the GVP is "to discover and enhance human ethics using biotechnology genetic correlates of virtuous behavior." PLS subsequently published several critiques of this proposal. While most of these critiques focused on conventional doubts about the technical feasibility or the ethics of such interventions, the more fundamental concern revealed by both Walker's proposal and its critiques is in the largely unquestioned assumption that more morality is necessarily better. Human history is marked by a gradual if uneven extension of moral concern to increasingly distant others, which many take as evidence of the rationality of morality. There is substantial evidence, though, that this expansion is fundamentally biological in origin and therefore not ultimately limited by rationality. Because these expanding moral feelings feel so good to us, we are incapable of perceiving the danger from their ever-expanding focus, in particular from the sincere but increasingly maladaptive collective policies they will engender. Utilizing the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche as a platform, the feasibility of different natural and cultural responses to this impending crisis of caring are examined, none of which are found capable of counteracting this expanding morality. Instead, the best hope for a successful response to this dangerous expansion of caring is actually a sort of reverse GVP, in which the biological mechanisms for this unchecked moral expansion are manipulated via genetic engineering to dial back this expansion. However, the likelihood of actually implementing such an admittedly counterintuitive and controversial program within an increasingly democratized world is doubtful. Ultimately, if we are unable to overcome this betrayal by our best intentions, where does that leave us as a species?
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Affiliation(s)
- Shea Robison
- Department of Political Science, Idaho State University, Graveley Hall, Pocatello, ID 83209,
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47
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Do L, Wittayarat M, Terazono T, Sato Y, Taniguchi M, Tanihara F, Takemoto T, Kazuki Y, Kazuki K, Oshimura M, Otoi T. Effects of duration of electric pulse on in vitro development of cloned cat embryos with human artificial chromosome vector. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 51:1039-1043. [PMID: 27568550 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The current applications for cat cloning include production of models for the study of human and animal diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the optimal fusion protocol on in vitro development of transgenic cloned cat embryos by comparing duration of electric pulse. Cat fibroblast cells containing a human artificial chromosome (HAC) vector were used as genetically modified nuclear donor cells. Couplets were fused and activated simultaneously with a single DC pulse of 3.0 kV/cm for either 30 or 60 μs. Low rates of fusion and embryo development to the blastocyst stage were observed in the reconstructed HAC-transchromosomic embryos, when the duration of fusion was prolonged to 60 μs. In contrast, the prolongation of electric pulse duration improved the embryo development and quality in the reconstructed control embryos without HAC vector. Our results suggested that the optimal parameters of electric pulses for fusion in cat somatic cell nuclear transfer vary among the types used for donor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ltk Do
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - M Wittayarat
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - T Terazono
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Y Sato
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - M Taniguchi
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - F Tanihara
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - T Takemoto
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Y Kazuki
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.,Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - K Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - M Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - T Otoi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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Takenaka T, Kazuki K, Harada N, Kuze J, Chiba M, Iwao T, Matsunaga T, Abe S, Oshimura M, Kazuki Y. Development of Caco-2 cells co-expressing CYP3A4 and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase using a human artificial chromosome for the prediction of intestinal extraction ratio of CYP3A4 substrates. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 32:61-68. [PMID: 28139373 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Caco-2 cells co-expressing cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) were developed using a human artificial chromosome (HAC) vector. The CYP3A4 and CPR genes were cloned into the HAC vector in CHO cells using the Cre-loxP system, and the microcell-mediated chromosome transfer technique was used to transfer the CYP3A4-CPR-HAC vector to Caco-2 cells. After seeding onto semipermeable culture inserts, the CYP3A4-CPR-HAC/Caco-2 cells were found to form tight monolayers, similar to the parental cells, as demonstrated by the high transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) value and comparable permeability of non-CYP3A4 substrates between parent and CYP3A4-CPR-HAC/Caco-2 cell monolayers. The metabolic activity of CYP3A4 (midazolam 1'-hydroxylase activity) in the CYP3A4-CPR-HAC/Caco-2 cells was constant from 22 to 35 passages, indicating that HAC vectors conferred sufficient and sustained CYP3A4 activity to CYP3A4-CPR-HAC/Caco-2 cells. The strong relationship between the metabolic extraction ratios (ER) obtained from the CYP3A4-CPR-HAC/Caco-2 cells and calculated intestinal extraction ratios in humans (Eg) from reported intestinal availability (Fg) was found for 17 substrates of CYP3A4 (r2 = 0.84). The present study suggests that the CYP3A4-CPR-HAC/Caco-2 cell monolayer can serve as an in vitro tool that facilitates the prediction of intestinal extraction ratio (or availability) in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Takenaka
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kanako Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Naomoto Harada
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jiro Kuze
- Quality and Reliability Assurance Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masato Chiba
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.
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49
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Liskovykh M, Ponomartsev S, Popova E, Bader M, Kouprina N, Larionov V, Alenina N, Tomilin A. Stable maintenance of de novo assembled human artificial chromosomes in embryonic stem cells and their differentiated progeny in mice. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1268-73. [PMID: 25695642 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1014151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo assembled alphoid(tetO)-type human artificial chromosomes (HACs) represent a novel promising generation of high capacity episomal vectors. Their function and persistence, and any adverse effects, in various cell types in live animals, have not, however, been explored. In this study we transferred the alphoid(tetO)-HAC into mouse ES cells and assessed whether the presence of this extra chromosome affects their pluripotent properties. Alphoid(tetO)-HAC-bearing ES cells were indistinguishable from their wild-type counterparts: they retained self-renewal potential and full capacity for multilineage differentiation during mouse development, whereas the HAC itself was mitotically and transcriptionally stable during this process. Our data provide the first example of fully synthetic DNA behaving like a normal chromosome in cells of living animals. It also opens a new perspective into functional genetic studies in laboratory animals as well as stem cell-based regenerative medicine.
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Key Words
- Bsd, blasticidin
- DAPI, 4′, 6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- ES cells, embryonic stem cells
- FISH, fluorescent in situ hybridization
- HAC, human artificial chromosome
- HAT, hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine
- MMCT, microcell mediated chromosome transfer
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PFA, paraformaldehyde
- dpc, days post coitum
- embryonic stem cells
- gene therapy
- human artificial chromosomes
- iPS cells, induced pluripotent stem cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Liskovykh
- a Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Sciences ; St-Petersburg , Russia
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50
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Development of a Safeguard System Using an Episomal Mammalian Artificial Chromosome for Gene and Cell Therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2015; 4:e272. [PMID: 26670279 PMCID: PMC5014537 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2015.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of a safeguard system to remove tumorigenic cells would allow safer clinical applications of stem cells for the treatment of patients with an intractable disease including genetic disorders. Such safeguard systems should not disrupt the host genome and should have long-term stability. Here, we attempted to develop a tumor-suppressing mammalian artificial chromosome containing a safeguard system that uses the immune rejection system against allogeneic tissue from the host. For proof-of-concept of the safeguard system, B16F10 mouse melanoma cells expressing the introduced H2-K(d) major histocompatibility complex (MHC class I)-allogenic haplotype were transplanted into recipient C57BL/6J mice expressing MHC H2-K(b). Subcutaneous implantation of B16F10 cells into C57BL/6J mice resulted in high tumorigenicity. The volume of tumors derived from B16F10 cells expressing allogenic MHC H2-K(d) was decreased significantly (P < 0.01). Suppression of MHC H2-K(d)-expressing tumors in C57BL/6J mice was enhanced by immunization with MHC H2-K(d)-expressing splenocytes (P < 0.01). These results suggest that the safeguard system is capable of suppressing tumor formation by the transplanted cells.
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