1
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Non-Mendelian segregation and transmission drive of B chromosomes. Chromosome Res 2022; 30:217-228. [DOI: 10.1007/s10577-022-09692-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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2
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Johnson Pokorná M, Reifová R. Evolution of B Chromosomes: From Dispensable Parasitic Chromosomes to Essential Genomic Players. Front Genet 2021; 12:727570. [PMID: 34956308 PMCID: PMC8695967 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.727570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B chromosomes represent additional chromosomes found in many eukaryotic organisms. Their origin is not completely understood but recent genomic studies suggest that they mostly arise through rearrangements and duplications from standard chromosomes. They can occur in single or multiple copies in a cell and are usually present only in a subset of individuals in the population. Because B chromosomes frequently show unstable inheritance, their maintenance in a population is often associated with meiotic drive or other mechanisms that increase the probability of their transmission to the next generation. For all these reasons, B chromosomes have been commonly considered to be nonessential, selfish, parasitic elements. Although it was originally believed that B chromosomes had little or no effect on an organism's biology and fitness, a growing number of studies have shown that B chromosomes can play a significant role in processes such as sex determination, pathogenicity and resistance to pathogens. In some cases, B chromosomes became an essential part of the genome, turning into new sex chromosomes or germline-restricted chromosomes with important roles in the organism's fertility. Here, we review such cases of "cellular domestication" of B chromosomes and show that B chromosomes can be important genomic players with significant evolutionary impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Johnson Pokorná
- Department of Zoology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Ecology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Reifová
- Department of Zoology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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3
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Goes CAG, Silva DMZDA, Utsunomia R, Nascimento NFD, Yasui GS, Senhorini JA, Hashimoto DT, Artoni RF, Foresti F, Porto-Foresti F. Sex-Dependent Inheritance of B Chromosomes in Psalidodon paranae (Teleostei, Characiformes) Revealed by Directed Crossings. Zebrafish 2021; 18:363-368. [PMID: 34935496 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2021.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
B chromosomes are additional dispensable elements to the standard chromosomal set of an organism. In most cases, their transmission differs from Mendelian patterns, leading to their accumulation or extinction. The present study aimed to describe, for the first time, the transmission pattern of B chromosome in a population of Psalidodon paranae through directed crosses, as well as to analyze the populational dynamics of B chromosome. Our results revealed the possible elimination of B chromosome in crossings where only females were B-carriers, with a mean transmission rate (kB) of 0.149; however, kB was significantly higher in crossings involving male B-carriers (kB = 0.328-0.450). Moreover, we observed an increase in the frequency of B chromosomes in the natural population of P. paranae in the last two decades. These apparently contradictory results can make sense if the B chromosome provides adaptive advantages to their carriers. Here, we observed a differential transmission of B chromosomes in each sex of parental individuals, with higher transmission rates in crossing involving males B-carriers, in addition to describe the temporal changes of B chromosome frequency in P. paranae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Augusto Gomes Goes
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) "Júlio de Mesquita Filho," Bauru, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Utsunomia
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, ICBS, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | | | - George Shigueki Yasui
- Centro nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação da Biota Aquática Continental (CEPTA-ICMBIO), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - José Augusto Senhorini
- Centro nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação da Biota Aquática Continental (CEPTA-ICMBIO), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Diogo Teruo Hashimoto
- Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Roberto Ferreira Artoni
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Fausto Foresti
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Fábio Porto-Foresti
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) "Júlio de Mesquita Filho," Bauru, Brazil
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4
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Manrique-Poyato MI, Cabrero J, López-León MD, Perfectti F, Gómez R, Camacho JPM. Interpopulation spread of a parasitic B chromosome is unlikely through males in the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans. Heredity (Edinb) 2020; 124:197-206. [PMID: 31285567 PMCID: PMC6906446 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-019-0248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The near-neutral model of B chromosome evolution predicts that population invasion is quite fast. To test this prediction, in 1994, we introduced males of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans from a B-carrying population into a B-lacking population and monitored the evolution of B-chromosome frequency up to 2013. We observed fluctuating very low B frequency across years but, remarkably, the B chromosome introduced (the B2 variant) was found up to 1996 only, whereas the B1 variant was present from 1996 onwards, presumably introduced by fishermen using E. plorans males as bait. Effective introgression of genetic material from the donor population was evidenced by the presence of a satellite DNA on autosome 9 (up to 1999) and the presence of one individual in 2006 showing an ISSR marker profile being highly similar to that found in the donor population. This indicated that the males introduced by us effectively mated with resident females, but donor genes rapidly decreased in frequency after this non-recurrent migration event. Taken together, our results indicated: (i) that the non-recurrent migration event had a slight, transient genetic effect on the recipient population, which was diluted in only a few generations; and (ii) that even with recurrent migration (forced by fishermen) the B chromosome failed to increase in frequency. Bearing in mind that B chromosomes in this species drive through females only, we hypothesize that B chromosomes most likely failed invasion in both migration events because the migrating sex shows no B-drive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josefa Cabrero
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - María Dolores López-León
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Perfectti
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal, E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro M Camacho
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
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5
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Lanzas P, Perfectti F, Garrido-Ramos MA, Ruíz-Rejón C, González-Sánchez M, Puertas M, Camacho JPM. Long-term monitoring of B-chromosome invasion and neutralization in a population of Prospero autumnale (Asparagaceae). Evolution 2018; 72:1216-1224. [PMID: 29741266 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
B chromosomes have been reported in about 15% of eukaryotes, but long-term dynamics of B chromosomes in a single natural population has rarely been analyzed. Prospero autumnale plants collected in 1981 and 1983 at Cuesta de La Palma population had shown the presence of B chromosomes. We analyze here seven additional samples collected between 1987 and 2015, and show that B frequency increased significantly during the 1980s and showed minor fluctuations between 2005 and 2015. A mother-offspring analysis of B chromosome transmission, at population level, showed significant drive on the male side (kB = 0.65) and significant drag on the female side (kB = 0.33), with average B transmission rate being very close to the Mendelian rate (0.5). No significant effects of B chromosomes were observed on a number of vigor and fertility-related traits. Within a parasite/host framework, these results suggest that B chromosomes' drive on the male side is the main pathway for B chromosome invasion, whereas B chromosome drag on the female side might be the main manifestation of host genome resistance in this species. Prospero autumnale thus illuminates a novel evolutionary pathway for B chromosome neutralization by means of a decrease in B transmission through the nondriving sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Lanzas
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Perfectti
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.,Unidad de Excelencia "Modeling Nature", Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Mónica González-Sánchez
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Puertas
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Zurita S, Cabrero J, López-León MD, Camacho JPM. POLYMORPHISM REGENERATION FOR A NEUTRALIZED SELFISH B CHROMOSOME. Evolution 2017; 52:274-277. [PMID: 28568137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb05163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/1997] [Accepted: 10/21/1997] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Long-run evolution of B chromosomes is mainly made up by an evolutionary arms race between these selfish genetic elements and the standard genome. The suppression of B drive is one of the clearest expressions of genome defense against B chromosomes. After drive neutralization, the B is condemned to extinction unless a new variant showing drive can emerge and replace it. This paper reports the first empirical evidence for the substitution of a neutralized B variant by a new selfish B variant. Such a polymorphism regeneration has recently taken place in a natural population of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zurita
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - J Cabrero
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - M D López-León
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - J P M Camacho
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
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7
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Navarro-Domínguez B, Ruiz-Ruano FJ, Cabrero J, Corral JM, López-León MD, Sharbel TF, Camacho JPM. Protein-coding genes in B chromosomes of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45200. [PMID: 28367986 PMCID: PMC5377258 DOI: 10.1038/srep45200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, parasitic B chromosomes have been considered genetically inert elements. Here we show the presence of ten protein-coding genes in the B chromosome of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans. Four of these genes (CIP2A, GTPB6, KIF20A, and MTG1) were complete in the B chromosome whereas the six remaining (CKAP2, CAP-G, HYI, MYCB2, SLIT and TOP2A) were truncated. Five of these genes (CIP2A, CKAP2, CAP-G, KIF20A, and MYCB2) were significantly up-regulated in B-carrying individuals, as expected if they were actively transcribed from the B chromosome. This conclusion is supported by three truncated genes (CKAP2, CAP-G and MYCB2) which showed up-regulation only in the regions being present in the B chromosome. Our results indicate that B chromosomes are not so silenced as was hitherto believed. Interestingly, the five active genes in the B chromosome code for functions related with cell division, which is the main arena where B chromosome destiny is played. This suggests that B chromosome evolutionary success can lie on its gene content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco J. Ruiz-Ruano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Josefa Cabrero
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - José María Corral
- Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
- Department of Bioanalytics, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany
| | | | - Timothy F. Sharbel
- Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
- Global Institute for Food Security, 110 Gymnasium Place, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 4J8, Canada
| | - Juan Pedro M. Camacho
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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8
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Post-meiotic B chromosome expulsion, during spermiogenesis, in two grasshopper species. Chromosoma 2017; 126:633-644. [PMID: 28190081 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-017-0627-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Most supernumerary (B) chromosomes are parasitic elements carrying out an evolutionary arms race with the standard (A) chromosomes. A variety of weapons for attack and defense have evolved in both contending elements, the most conspicuous being B chromosome drive and A chromosome drive suppression. Here, we show for the first time that most microspermatids formed during spermiogenesis in two grasshopper species contain expulsed B chromosomes. By using DNA probes for B-specific satellite DNAs in Eumigus monticola and Eyprepocnemis plorans, and also 18S rDNA in the latter species, we were able to count the number of B chromosomes in standard spermatids submitted to fluorescence in situ hybridization, as well as visualizing B chromosomes inside most microspermatids. In E. plorans, the presence of B-carrying microspermatids in 1B males was associated with a significant decrease in the proportion of B-carrying standard spermatids. The fact that this decrease was apparent in elongating spermatids but not in round ones demonstrates that meiosis yields 1:1 proportions of 0B and 1B spermatids and hence that B elimination takes place post-meiotically, i.e., during spermiogenesis, implying a 5-25% decrease in B transmission rate. In E. monticola, the B chromosome is mitotically unstable and B number varies between cells within a same individual. A comparison of B frequency between round and elongating spermatids of a same individual revealed a significant 12.3% decrease. We conclude that B chromosome elimination during spermiogenesis is a defense weapon of the host genome to get rid of parasitic chromosomes.
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9
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Camacho JPM, Shaw MW, Cabrero J, Bakkali M, Ruíz-Estévez M, Ruíz-Ruano FJ, Martín-Blázquez R, López-León MD. Transient Microgeographic Clines during B Chromosome Invasion. Am Nat 2015; 186:675-81. [DOI: 10.1086/683172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Manrique-Poyato MI, López-León MD, Cabrero J, Gómez R, Perfectti F, Camacho JPM. Geographical Barriers Impeded the Spread of a Parasitic Chromosome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131277. [PMID: 26111020 PMCID: PMC4482515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic supernumerary (B) chromosomes show high capability to spread across populations. But the existence of abrupt discontinuities in their distribution demands an explanation. The grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans plorans harbour supernumerary chromosomes in all natural populations hitherto analyzed from the Circum-Mediterranean region, with the single exception of the headwaters of the Iberian Segura River and several of its tributaries. To ascertain the causes of this distribution pattern, we analyze here the genetic structure of five natural populations collected in this zone (two +B and three -B), by means of ISSR markers. We found significant population structure, with two kinds of populations coinciding with +B and -B ones, separated by strong barriers to gene flow. This gives strong support to the hypothesis that the non-B populations precede B origin, and that B-carrying individuals from coastal zones have been able to colonize upstream areas, until geographical barriers (usually narrow canyons and arid areas surrounding them) impeded their advance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Josefa Cabrero
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal, E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Francisco Perfectti
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro M. Camacho
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
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11
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Montiel EE, Cabrero J, Ruiz-Estévez M, Burke WD, Eickbush TH, Camacho JPM, López-León MD. Preferential occupancy of R2 retroelements on the B chromosomes of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91820. [PMID: 24632855 PMCID: PMC3954772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
R2 non-LTR retrotransposons exclusively insert into the 28S rRNA genes of their host, and are expressed by co-transcription with the rDNA unit. The grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans contains transcribed rDNA clusters on most of its A chromosomes, as well as non-transcribed rDNA clusters on the parasitic B chromosomes found in many populations. Here the structure of the E. plorans R2 element, its abundance relative to the number of rDNA units and its retrotransposition activity were determined. Animals screened from five populations contained on average over 12,000 rDNA units on their A chromosomes, but surprisingly only about 100 R2 elements. Monitoring the patterns of R2 insertions in individuals from these populations revealed only low levels of retrotransposition. The low rates of R2 insertion observed in E. plorans differ from the high levels of R2 insertion previously observed in insect species that have many fewer rDNA units. It is proposed that high levels of R2 are strongly selected against in E. plorans, because the rDNA transcription machinery in this species is unable to differentiate between R2-inserted and uninserted units. The B chromosomes of E. plorans contain an additional 7,000 to 15,000 rDNA units, but in contrast to the A chromosomes, from 150 to over 1,500 R2 elements. The higher concentration of R2 in the inactive B chromosomes rDNA clusters suggests these chromosomes can act as a sink for R2 insertions thus further reducing the level of insertions on the A chromosomes. These studies suggest an interesting evolutionary relationship between the parasitic B chromosomes and R2 elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia E. Montiel
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Josefa Cabrero
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mercedes Ruiz-Estévez
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - William D. Burke
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas H. Eickbush
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Juan Pedro M. Camacho
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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12
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Manrique-Poyato MI, López-León MD, Cabrero J, Perfectti F, Camacho JPM. Spread of a new parasitic B chromosome variant is facilitated by high gene flow. PLoS One 2014; 8:e83712. [PMID: 24386259 PMCID: PMC3873393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The B24 chromosome variant emerged several decades ago in a Spanish population of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans and is currently reaching adjacent populations. Here we report, for the first time, how a parasitic B chromosome (a strictly vertically transmitted parasite) expands its geographical range aided by high gene flow in the host species. For six years we analyzed B frequency in several populations to the east and west of the original population and found extensive spatial variation, but only a slight temporal trend. The highest B24 frequency was found in its original population (Torrox) and it decreased closer to both the eastern and the western populations. The analysis of Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers showed the existence of a low but significant degree of population subdivision, as well as significant isolation by distance (IBD). Pairwise Nem estimates suggested the existence of high gene flow between the four populations located in the Torrox area, with higher values towards the east. No significant barriers to gene flow were found among these four populations, and we conclude that high gene flow is facilitating B24 diffusion both eastward and westward, with minor role for B24 drive due to the arrival of drive suppressor genes which are also frequent in the donor population.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Inmaculada Manrique-Poyato
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Células Troncales, Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Josefa Cabrero
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Perfectti
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro M. Camacho
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
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13
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Penitente M, Voltolin TA, Senhorini JA, Bortolozzi J, Foresti F, Porto-Foresti F. Transmission rate variation among three B chromosome variants in the fish Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae). AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2013; 85:1371-7. [PMID: 24141415 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201387611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic studies were developed in Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes 1836), describing an interesting system of small supernumerary chromosomes. The purpose of this work is to study the frequency and morphology of B chromosomes in individuals from the parental line and the inheritance patterns of these elements in individuals obtained from controlled crosses in the species P. lineatus. The transmission rate of B chromosomes revealed a k(B)=0.388 for the acrocentric type, a kB=0.507 for the metacentric type and a k(B)=0.526 for the submetacentric type. The obtained results raise hypothesis that B-acrocentric chromosomes are involved in an extinction process in this species, while the metacentric and submetacentric supernumerary elements comprises a neutral mechanism and follows a Mendelian transmission rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolo Penitente
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Genética de Peixes, BauruSP, Brasil
| | - Tatiana A Voltolin
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Genética de Peixes, BauruSP, Brasil
| | - José A Senhorini
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Peixes Continentais, nstituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Genética e Reprodução de Peixes, PirassunungaSP, Brasil
| | - Jehud Bortolozzi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Genética de Peixes, BauruSP, Brasil
| | - Fausto Foresti
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, BotucatuSP, Brasil
| | - Fábio Porto-Foresti
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Genética de Peixes, BauruSP, Brasil
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14
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Manrique-Poyato MI, López-León MD, Gómez R, Perfectti F, Camacho JPM. Population genetic structure of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans in the south and east of the Iberian Peninsula. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59041. [PMID: 23520552 PMCID: PMC3592831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans subsp. plorans harbors a very widespread polymorphism for supernumerary (B) chromosomes which appear to have arisen recently. These chromosomes behave as genomic parasites because they are harmful for the individuals carrying them and show meiotic drive in the initial stages of population invasion. The rapid increase in B chromosome frequency at intrapopulation level is thus granted by meiotic drive, but its spread among populations most likely depends on interpopulation gene flow. We analyze here the population genetic structure in 10 natural populations from two regions (in the south and east) of the Iberian Peninsula. The southern populations were coastal whereas the eastern ones were inland populations located at 260–655 m altitude. The analysis of 97 ISSR markers revealed significant genetic differentiation among populations (average GST = 0.129), and the Structure software and AMOVA indicated a significant genetic differentiation between southern and eastern populations. There was also significant isolation by distance (IBD) between populations. Remarkably, these results were roughly similar to those found when only the markers showing low or no dropout were included, suggesting that allelic dropout had negligible effects on population genetic analysis. We conclude that high gene flow helped this parasitic B chromosome to spread through most of the geographical range of the subspecies E. plorans plorans.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Inmaculada Manrique-Poyato
- Departamento de Genética,Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Células Troncales, Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Ricardo Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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A single, recent origin of the accessory B chromosome of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans. Genetics 2011; 187:853-63. [PMID: 21411624 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.110.122713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B chromosomes are dispensable chromosomes found in >2000 eukaryotic species, usually behaving as genomic parasites. Most B chromosomes seem to be made up of the same kind of DNA sequences present in the A chromosomes. This sequence similarity makes it difficult to obtain specific molecular probes that may permit B-presence diagnosis without cytogenetic analysis. We have developed a sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker for B chromosomes in the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans, which specifically amplifies a 1510-bp DNA fragment exclusively in B-carrying individuals. Fluorescent in situ hybridization and fiber FISH analyses showed that this marker is a tandemly repeated DNA sequence closely intermingled with 45S rDNA. PCR reactions showed the presence of SCAR-like sequences in the A chromosomes, but in two separate fragments, supporting the intraspecific origin of B chromosomes in this species. SCAR marker DNA sequence showed to be identical in B chromosome variants from several localities from Spain and Morocco, and it was very similar to those found in B chromosome variants from Greece and Armenia. This strongly suggests that this sequence was already present in the ancestral B chromosome of this species. In addition, the scarce sequence variation observed among several B variants from very distant populations suggests either a functional constraint or, more likely, a recent and unique origin for B chromosomes in this species.
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Camacho J, Schmid M, Cabrero J. B Chromosomes and Sex in Animals. Sex Dev 2011; 5:155-66. [DOI: 10.1159/000324930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Voltolin TA, Senhorini JA, Oliveira C, Foresti F, Bortolozzi J, Porto-Foresti F. Supernumerary chromosome inheritance in the curimbatá(Prochilodus lineatus) of the Mogi-Guaçu River. Hereditas 2010; 147:127-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.2009.02135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Camacho JP, Shaw MW, López-León MD, Pardo MC, Cabrero J. Population dynamics of a selfish B chromosome neutralized by the standard genome in the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans. Am Nat 2009; 149:1030-50. [PMID: 18811262 DOI: 10.1086/286037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Effects of the B chromosome polymorphism of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans were analyzed in two natural populations. Postmating sexual selection, female fertility, and survival were studied. The B chromosome lacks drive and has no detectable effects on fitness. A neutral B cannot invade a population and establish a polymorphism, but the confidence limits on our estimates cannot exclude the possibility that the polymorphism is maintained by a balance between weak drive and weak selection against individuals with two and three B's. However, other lines of evidence favor the following model of the dynamics of the B in E. plorans. In a newly invaded population, the B has substantial drive, but the evolution of drive suppressor genes in the A chromosomes neutralizes the B drive so that it becomes near-neutral and begins a random walk toward extinction by stochastic loss. Because the B is common by the time drive disappears, the random walk is likely to continue for a long time. If in the course of the random walk a variant B with greater drive appears, then it will displace the original variant, and a new cycle of drive suppression and drift to extinction occurs. A simulation model of this process suggested that the mean time to extinction is proportional to the two-thirds power of the population size; it is much less affected by subpopulation size or the number of populations in a subdivided population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Camacho
- Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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Abdelaziz M, Teruel M, Chobanov D, Camacho JPM, Cabrero J. Physical mapping of rDNA and satDNA in A and B chromosomes of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans from a Greek population. Cytogenet Genome Res 2007; 119:143-6. [PMID: 18160794 DOI: 10.1159/000109631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult males and females of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans from a Greek population were analysed by C-banding, silver impregnation and double FISH for two DNA probes, i.e. ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and a 180-bp tandem repeat DNA (satDNA). This population shows characteristics of rDNA location in A chromosomes that are intermediate between those previously reported for eastern (Caucasus) and western (Spain and Morocco) populations. The four rDNA clusters revealed by FISH in chromosomes X, 9, 10 and 11 in Greek specimens imply two more than the two observed in chromosomes 9 and 11 in the Caucasus, but less than the 12 observed in all chromosomes in Morocco. Remarkably, the X chromosome bears one of the new rDNA locations in Greece with respect to the Caucasus, but it appears to be inactive, in contrast to X chromosomes in western populations, which are usually active. B chromosomes were very frequent in the Greek population, and three variants differing in size were observed, all of these being largely composed of rDNA, with the exception of a small pericentromeric satDNA cluster. The high B frequency suggests that B chromosomes in this population might behave parasitically, in resemblance to Bs in western populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abdelaziz
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Granada, Spain
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Bakkali M, Camacho JPM. The B chromosome polymorphism of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans in North Africa: III. Mutation rate of B chromosomes. Heredity (Edinb) 2004; 92:428-33. [PMID: 14997182 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
B chromosome variation in nine Moroccan populations of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans was analysed for 3 consecutive years. In addition to B1, which was the predominant B chromosome in all nine populations, we found 15 other B variants, albeit at very low frequency. Eight variants were found in adults caught in the wild, four appeared in adults reared in the laboratory and seven were found in embryo progeny of controlled crosses between a 0B male and a B-carrying female. Some variants were found in more than one kind of material. At least the seven B variants that appeared in embryo progeny of females carrying a different B type arose de novo through mutation of the maternal B chromosome. The mutation rate of B chromosomes was 0.73%, on average, which explains the high variety of morphs and banding patterns found. The most frequent de novo mutations observed in these chromosomes were centromere misdivision with or without chromatid nondisjunction, which generates iso-B-chromosomes or telocentric Bs, respectively, as well as translocations with A and B chromosomes and deletions. But the whole variation observed, including that found in adult individuals, suggests that other mutations such as duplications, inversions and centric fusions do usually affect B chromosomes. Finally, B chromosome mutation rate was remarkably similar in both Moroccan and Spanish populations, which suggests that it might be dependent on B chromosome intrinsic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bakkali
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
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Summers K, McKeon S, Sellars J, Keusenkothen M, Morris J, Gloeckner D, Pressley C, Price B, Snow H. Parasitic exploitation as an engine of diversity. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2003; 78:639-75. [PMID: 14700394 DOI: 10.1017/s146479310300616x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic exploitation occurs within and between a wide variety of taxa in a plethora of diverse contexts. Theoretical and empirical analyses indicate that parasitic exploitation can generate substantial genetic and phenotypic polymorphism within species. Under some circumstances, parasitic exploitation may also be an important factor causing reproductive isolation and promoting speciation. Here we review research relevant to the relationship between parasitic exploitation, within species-polymorphism, and speciation in some of the major arenas in which such exploitation has been studied. This includes research on the vertebrate major histocompatibility loci, plant-pathogen interactions, the evolution of sexual reproduction, intragenomic conflict, sexual conflict, kin mimicry and social parasitism, tropical forest diversity and the evolution of language. We conclude by discussing some of the issues raised by comparing the effect of parasitic exploitation on polymorphism and speciation in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Summers
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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Araújo SMSR, Pompolo SG, Perfectti F, Camacho JPM. Integration of a B chromosome into the A genome of a wasp, revisited. Proc Biol Sci 2002; 269:1475-8. [PMID: 12137577 PMCID: PMC1691057 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2002.2040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous study showed that in the haplodiploid solitary wasp Trypoxylon albitarse, most individuals carry one B chromosome per haploid genome, the same dosage as the standard (A) chromosomes, indicating a possible regularization of B-chromosome meiotic behaviour and its integration into the A genome. In a new sampling, we have analysed 15 populations (including 9 out of the 10 previously analysed) to test the evolution of this integration process. The new results provide a direct report of the invasion process in the Porto Firme population, where B frequency has dramatically increased in only four generations. In the populations from the Viçosa region, however, B frequency has remained stable, although the principal B type, the metacentric one, has increased in frequency at the expense of the acrocentric one in several populations. The implications of these new results on the hypothesis of the integration of these B chromosomes, as regular members of the A genome, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M S R Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), SP, Brazil
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Bakkali M, Perfectti F, Camacho JPM. The B-chromosome polymorphism of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans in North Africa: II. Parasitic and neutralized B1 chromosomes. Heredity (Edinb) 2002; 88:14-8. [PMID: 11813101 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2000] [Accepted: 08/06/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission of the B1 chromosome through females has been analysed in three Moroccan populations (Smir, SO.DE.A. and Mechra) of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans. We analysed transmission ratio (kB) variation at two levels: intra-individual (to test female age effects) and inter-individual (to test for A chromosome effects). In 81.8% of females, kB did not differ among successive egg-pods, suggesting no effect of female age. The remaining females (18.2%), showed significant differences in kB values among egg-pods, but without clear temporal patterns. In Smir, kB ranged between B elimination (0.244) and B accumulation (0.689) but there was no net accumulation (mean +/- s.e. = 0.463 +/- 0.045). In SO.DE.A., all females analysed transmitted B1 at a Mendelian rate, with a mean kBequal to 0.512 +/- 0.020. In Mechra, kB ranged from 0.341 to 0.972, with mean kB (0.575 +/- 0.029) showing a net B accumulation. All these observations suggest that the B1 chromosome could be at a drive-suppression stage in Smir and Mechra, but that it has already been neutralised in SO.DE.A.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bakkali
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
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24
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Abstract
Coevolution of attack and defense occurs in host-parasite systems and various forms of genomic conflict. Attackers benefit when their specific molecules allow entry past host defenses. Defenders gain when their matching biochemical specificities aid recognition. Selection continually favors new attack specificities that avoid matching defense and, in turn, new defense specificities that match novel attackers. The introduction of novel specificities strongly influences the spatial and temporal dynamics of conflict. Lack of reciprocally matching diversity in a particular system suggests biochemical constraints that prevent diversification. New work on cytoplasmic male sterility, B chromosomes and meiotic drive suggests that varying biochemical constraints on recognition cause varying patterns of diversity and spatiotemporal dynamics
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Abstract
B chromosomes are extra chromosomes to the standard complement that occur in many organisms. They can originate in a number of ways including derivation from autosomes and sex chromosomes in intra- and interspecies crosses. Their subsequent molecular evolution resembles that of univalent sex chromosomes, which involves gene silencing, heterochromatinization and the accumulation of repetitive DNA and transposons. B-chromosome frequencies in populations result from a balance between their transmission rates and their effects on host fitness. Their long-term evolution is considered to be the outcome of selection on the host genome to eliminate B chromosomes or suppress their effects and on the B chromosome's ability to escape through the generation of new variants. Because B chromosomes interact with the standard chromosomes, they can play an important role in genome evolution and may be useful for studying molecular evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Camacho
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Granada, Spain.
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Common origin of B chromosome variants in the grasshopper eyprepocnemis plorans. Heredity (Edinb) 1999; 83:435-9. [PMID: 10583545 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6885960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nine B chromosome variants, from seven different populations of Eyprepocnemis plorans collected at four localities in Spain and three in Morocco, have been shown to be mainly composed of two DNA sequences, i.e. a 180-bp tandem repeat and ribosomal DNA. B types, however, differ in the relative amounts of the two sequences. The most widespread one (B1) bears about the same amount of rDNA and 180 bp repeat, but three other variants that have reached a polymorphism by replacing B1 in smaller areas (B2, B5 and B24) carry a conspicuously larger amount of the 180 bp repeat. In Morocco, the most widespread B variant is also B1, and a rare variant that appeared in a single individual is also built with the same two DNA sequences. All these data point to a common origin for these B chromosomes, with B1 probably being the original one. The origin of the different B types and the possible relationship of the relative amount of 180 bp DNA repeat with B drive are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Herrick
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84132, USA
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Puertas MJ, González-Sánchez M, Manzanero S, Romera F, Jiménez MM. Genetic control of the rate of transmission of rye B chromosomes. IV. Localization of the genes controlling B transmission rate. Heredity (Edinb) 1998. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2540.1998.00293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Oliveira C, Maria Rodrigues Saboya S, Foresti F, Augusto Senhorini J, Bernardino G. Increased B chromosome frequency and absence of drive in the fish Prochilodus lineatus. Heredity (Edinb) 1997. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1997.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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30
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Negatively assorted gamete fertilization for supernumerary heterochromatin in two grasshopper species. Heredity (Edinb) 1996. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1996.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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