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Rosche C, Baasch A, Runge K, Brade P, Träger S, Parisod C, Hensen I. Tracking population genetic signatures of local extinction with herbarium specimens. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:857-868. [PMID: 35670810 PMCID: PMC9292615 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Habitat degradation and landscape fragmentation dramatically lower population sizes of rare plant species. Decreasing population sizes may, in turn, negatively affect genetic diversity and reproductive fitness, which can ultimately lead to local extinction of populations. Although such extinction vortex dynamics have been postulated in theory and modelling for decades, empirical evidence from local extinctions of plant populations is scarce. In particular, comparisons between current vs. historical genetic diversity and differentiation are lacking despite their potential to guide conservation management. METHODS We studied the population genetic signatures of the local extinction of Biscutella laevigata subsp. gracilis populations in Central Germany. We used microsatellites to genotype individuals from 15 current populations, one ex situ population, and 81 herbarium samples from five extant and 22 extinct populations. In the current populations, we recorded population size and fitness proxies, collected seeds for a germination trial and conducted a vegetation survey. The latter served as a surrogate for habitat conditions to study how habitat dissimilarity affects functional connectivity among the current populations. KEY RESULTS Bayesian clustering revealed similar gene pool distribution in current and historical samples but also indicated that a distinct genetic cluster was significantly associated with extinction probability. Gene flow was affected by both the spatial distance and floristic composition of population sites, highlighting the potential of floristic composition as a powerful predictor of functional connectivity which may promote decision-making for reintroduction measures. For an extinct population, we found a negative relationship between sampling year and heterozygosity. Inbreeding negatively affected germination. CONCLUSIONS Our study illustrates the usefulness of historical DNA to study extinction vortices in threatened species. Our novel combination of classical population genetics together with data from herbarium specimens, an ex situ population and a germination trial underlines the need for genetic rescue measures to prevent extinction of B. laevigata in Central Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rosche
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Große Steinstraße 79/80, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annett Baasch
- Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Ecotrophology and Landscape Development, Strenzfelder Allee 28, 06406 Bernburg (Saale), Germany
| | - Karen Runge
- Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Ecotrophology and Landscape Development, Strenzfelder Allee 28, 06406 Bernburg (Saale), Germany
| | - Philipp Brade
- Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Ecotrophology and Landscape Development, Strenzfelder Allee 28, 06406 Bernburg (Saale), Germany
| | - Sabrina Träger
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Große Steinstraße 79/80, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Parisod
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Isabell Hensen
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Große Steinstraße 79/80, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Barros T, Carvalho J, Fonseca C, Cushman SA. Assessing the complex relationship between landscape, gene flow, and range expansion of a Mediterranean carnivore. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-019-1274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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3
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Arredondo TM, Marchini GL, Cruzan MB. Evidence for human-mediated range expansion and gene flow in an invasive grass. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20181125. [PMID: 30051826 PMCID: PMC6053927 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cities and adjacent regions represent foci of intense human activity and provide unique opportunities for studying human-mediated dispersal and gene flow. We examined the effect of landscape features on gene flow in the invasive grass Brachypodium sylvaticum across an urban-rural interface at the edge of its expanding range. We used genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism surveys of individuals from 22 locations. Resistance surfaces were created for each landscape feature, using ResistanceGA to optimize resistance parameters. Our Structure analysis identified three distinct clusters, and diversity analyses support the existence of at least three local introductions. Multiple regression on distance matrices showed no evidence that development, roads, canopy cover or agriculture had a significant influence on genetic distance in B. sylvaticum Geographical distance was a mediocre predictor of genetic distance and reflected geographical clustering. The model of rivers acting as a conduit explained a large portion of variation in genetic distance, but the lack of evidence of directional gene flow eliminated hydrochory as a dispersal mechanism. These results and observations of the distribution of populations in disturbed sites indicate that the influence of rivers on patterns of dispersal of B. sylvaticum probably reflects seed dispersal due to human recreational activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina M Arredondo
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Gina L Marchini
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Mitchell B Cruzan
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR 97207, USA
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4
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Leempoel K, Parisod C, Geiser C, Joost S. Multiscale landscape genomic models to detect signatures of selection in the alpine plant Biscutella laevigata. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:1794-1806. [PMID: 29435254 PMCID: PMC5792616 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant species are known to adapt locally to their environment, particularly in mountainous areas where conditions can vary drastically over short distances. The climate of such landscapes being largely influenced by topography, using fine-scale models to evaluate environmental heterogeneity may help detecting adaptation to micro-habitats. Here, we applied a multiscale landscape genomic approach to detect evidence of local adaptation in the alpine plant Biscutella laevigata. The two gene pools identified, experiencing limited gene flow along a 1-km ridge, were different in regard to several habitat features derived from a very high resolution (VHR) digital elevation model (DEM). A correlative approach detected signatures of selection along environmental gradients such as altitude, wind exposure, and solar radiation, indicating adaptive pressures likely driven by fine-scale topography. Using a large panel of DEM-derived variables as ecologically relevant proxies, our results highlighted the critical role of spatial resolution. These high-resolution multiscale variables indeed indicate that the robustness of associations between genetic loci and environmental features depends on spatial parameters that are poorly documented. We argue that the scale issue is critical in landscape genomics and that multiscale ecological variables are key to improve our understanding of local adaptation in highly heterogeneous landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Leempoel
- Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG)School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC)École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Christian Parisod
- Laboratory of Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Céline Geiser
- Laboratory of Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Stéphane Joost
- Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG)School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC)École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
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5
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Fan Y, Zhang C, Wu W, He W, Zhang L, Ma X. Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Structure Pattern of Indigofera Pseudotinctoria in Karst Habitats of the Wushan Mountains Using AFLP Markers. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101734. [PMID: 29035322 PMCID: PMC6151804 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Indigofera pseudotinctoria Mats is an agronomically and economically important perennial legume shrub with a high forage yield, protein content and strong adaptability, which is subject to natural habitat fragmentation and serious human disturbance. Until now, our knowledge of the genetic relationships and intraspecific genetic diversity for its wild collections is still poor, especially at small spatial scales. Here amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technology was employed for analysis of genetic diversity, differentiation, and structure of 364 genotypes of I. pseudotinctoria from 15 natural locations in Wushan Montain, a highly structured mountain with typical karst landforms in Southwest China. We also tested whether eco-climate factors has affected genetic structure by correlating genetic diversity with habitat features. A total of 515 distinctly scoreable bands were generated, and 324 of them were polymorphic. The polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.694 to 0.890 with an average of 0.789 per primer pair. On species level, Nei’s gene diversity (Hj), the Bayesian genetic diversity index (HB) and the Shannon information index (I) were 0.2465, 0.2363 and 0.3772, respectively. The high differentiation among all sampling sites was detected (FST = 0.2217, GST = 0.1746, G’ST = 0.2060, θB = 0.1844), and instead, gene flow among accessions (Nm = 1.1819) was restricted. The population genetic structure resolved by the UPGMA tree, principal coordinate analysis, and Bayesian-based cluster analyses irrefutably grouped all accessions into two distinct clusters, i.e., lowland and highland groups. The population genetic structure resolved by the UPGMA tree, principal coordinate analysis, and Bayesian-based cluster analyses irrefutably grouped all accessions into two distinct clusters, i.e., lowland and highland groups. This structure pattern may indicate joint effects by the neutral evolution and natural selection. Restricted Nm was observed across all accessions, and genetic barriers were detected between adjacent accessions due to specifically geographical landform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fan
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Husbandry, Chongqing 400039, China.
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Wendan Wu
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Wei He
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Husbandry, Chongqing 400039, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Husbandry, Chongqing 400039, China.
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Fan G, Wang L, Dong Y, Zhao Z, Deng M, Niu S, Zhang X, Cao X. Genome of Paulownia (Paulownia fortunei) illuminates the related transcripts, miRNA and proteins for salt resistance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1285. [PMID: 28455522 PMCID: PMC5430789 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01360-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidy in plants can bestow long-term evolutionary flexibility and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The upstream activation mechanisms of salt response remain unknown. Here we integrated transcriptome, miRNA and proteome data to describe the link between abscisic acid (ABA)-effectors and salt resistance against the background of Paulownia genome. Combing GO and KEGG pathway annotation of differentially expressed genes and proteins, as well as differentially expressed miRNA, these results reflect endogenous signal ABA activate the downstream effectors, such as ion channel effectors and oxido-reduction effectors, to maintain the homeostasis of Paulownia’s growth. The cascaded metabolic network involved ABA biosynthesis, signaling transduction and the response of effectors. Our results will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis of salt tolerance, which may help to expand the available arable land for P. fortunei cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Fan
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Limin Wang
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanpeng Dong
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhenli Zhao
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Minjie Deng
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Suyan Niu
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoshen Zhang
- Zhengzhou Agriculture & Forestry Scientific Research Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xibing Cao
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Cao LJ, Wei SJ, Hoffmann AA, Wen JB, Chen M. Rapid genetic structuring of populations of the invasive fall webworm in relation to spatial expansion and control campaigns. DIVERS DISTRIB 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control; College of Forestry; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection; Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences; Beijing 100097 China
| | - Shu-Jun Wei
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection; Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences; Beijing 100097 China
| | - Ary Anthony Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences; Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic 3010 Australia
| | - Jun-Bao Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control; College of Forestry; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Min Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control; College of Forestry; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
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8
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Barros T, Ferreira E, Rocha RG, Gaubert P, Bandeira V, Souto L, Mira A, Fonseca C. Genetic signature of the northward expansion of the Egyptian mongoose Herpestes ichneumon(Herpestidae) in the Iberian Peninsula. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Barros
- Departamento de Biologia & Centros de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM); Universidade de Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Eduardo Ferreira
- Departamento de Biologia & Centros de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM); Universidade de Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Rita Gomes Rocha
- Departamento de Biologia & Centros de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM); Universidade de Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas; Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais; Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo; Av. Fernando Ferrari 514, Goiabeiras 29075-910 Vitória ES Brazil
| | - Philippe Gaubert
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), UM-CNRS-IRD-CIRAD-EPHE; Université de Montpellier; Place Eugène Bataillon - CC 64; 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 05 France
| | - Victor Bandeira
- Departamento de Biologia & Centros de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM); Universidade de Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Luis Souto
- Departamento de Biologia & Centros de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM); Universidade de Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - António Mira
- Unidade de Biologia da Conservação; Universidade de Évora; 7002-554 Évora Portugal
| | - Carlos Fonseca
- Departamento de Biologia & Centros de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM); Universidade de Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
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9
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Leempoel K, Parisod C, Geiser C, Daprà L, Vittoz P, Joost S. Very high‐resolution digital elevation models: are multi‐scale derived variables ecologically relevant? Methods Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Leempoel
- Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG) School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC) École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Bâtiment GC Station 18 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Christian Parisod
- Laboratory of evolutionary botany University of Neuchâtel CH‐2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Céline Geiser
- Laboratory of evolutionary botany University of Neuchâtel CH‐2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Lucas Daprà
- Laboratory of evolutionary botany University of Neuchâtel CH‐2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Pascal Vittoz
- Institut des dynamiques de la surface terrestre University of Lausanne Géopolis CH‐1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Joost
- Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG) School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC) École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Bâtiment GC Station 18 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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10
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Rieux A, Soubeyrand S, Bonnot F, Klein EK, Ngando JE, Mehl A, Ravigne V, Carlier J, de Lapeyre de Bellaire L. Long-distance wind-dispersal of spores in a fungal plant pathogen: estimation of anisotropic dispersal kernels from an extensive field experiment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103225. [PMID: 25116080 PMCID: PMC4130500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Given its biological significance, determining the dispersal kernel (i.e., the distribution of dispersal distances) of spore-producing pathogens is essential. Here, we report two field experiments designed to measure disease gradients caused by sexually- and asexually-produced spores of the wind-dispersed banana plant fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis. Gradients were measured during a single generation and over 272 traps installed up to 1000 m along eight directions radiating from a traceable source of inoculum composed of fungicide-resistant strains. We adjusted several kernels differing in the shape of their tail and tested for two types of anisotropy. Contrasting dispersal kernels were observed between the two types of spores. For sexual spores (ascospores), we characterized both a steep gradient in the first few metres in all directions and rare long-distance dispersal (LDD) events up to 1000 m from the source in two directions. A heavy-tailed kernel best fitted the disease gradient. Although ascospores distributed evenly in all directions, average dispersal distance was greater in two different directions without obvious correlation with wind patterns. For asexual spores (conidia), few dispersal events occurred outside of the source plot. A gradient up to 12.5 m from the source was observed in one direction only. Accordingly, a thin-tailed kernel best fitted the disease gradient, and anisotropy in both density and distance was correlated with averaged daily wind gust. We discuss the validity of our results as well as their implications in terms of disease diffusion and management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Soubeyrand
- INRA, UR546 Biostatistics and Spatial Processes (BioSP), Avignon, France
| | | | - Etienne K. Klein
- INRA, UR546 Biostatistics and Spatial Processes (BioSP), Avignon, France
| | - Josue E. Ngando
- Centre Africain de Recherches sur Bananiers et Plantains (CARBAP) – Njombe, Cameroon
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Vazačová K, Münzbergová Z. The importance of species traits for species distribution on oceanic islands. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101046. [PMID: 25003737 PMCID: PMC4086896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding species' ability to colonize new habitats is a key knowledge allowing us to predict species' survival in the changing landscapes. However, most studies exploring this topic observe distribution of species in landscapes which are under strong human influence being fragmented only recently and ignore the fact that the species distribution in these landscapes is far from equilibrium. Oceanic islands seem more appropriate systems for studying the relationship between species traits and its distribution as they are fragmented without human contribution and as they remained unchanged for a long evolutionary time. In our study we compared the values of dispersal as well as persistence traits among 18 species pairs from the Canary Islands differing in their distribution within the archipelago. The data were analyzed both with and without phylogenetic correction. The results demonstrate that no dispersal trait alone can explain the distribution of the species in the system. They, however, also suggest that species with better dispersal compared to their close relatives are better colonizers. Similarly, abundance of species in the archipelago seems to be an important predictor of species colonization ability only when comparing closely related species. This implies that analyses including phylogenetic correction may provide different insights than analyses without such a correction and both types of analyses should be combined to understand the importance of various plant traits for species colonization ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Vazačová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic
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12
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Schrey AW, Liebl AL, Richards CL, Martin LB. Range Expansion of House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) in Kenya: Evidence of Genetic Admixture and Human-Mediated Dispersal. J Hered 2013; 105:60-9. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/est085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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White TA, Perkins SE, Heckel G, Searle JB. Adaptive evolution during an ongoing range expansion: the invasive bank vole (Myodes glareolus) in Ireland. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:2971-85. [PMID: 23701376 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Range expansions are extremely common, but have only recently begun to attract attention in terms of their genetic consequences. As populations expand, demes at the wave front experience strong genetic drift, which is expected to reduce genetic diversity and potentially cause 'allele surfing', where alleles may become fixed over a wide geographical area even if their effects are deleterious. Previous simulation models show that range expansions can generate very strong selective gradients on dispersal, reproduction, competition and immunity. To investigate the effects of range expansion on genetic diversity and adaptation, we studied the population genomics of the bank vole (Myodes glareolus) in Ireland. The bank vole was likely introduced in the late 1920s and is expanding its range at a rate of ~2.5 km/year. Using genotyping-by-sequencing, we genotyped 281 bank voles at 5979 SNP loci. Fourteen sample sites were arranged in three transects running from the introduction site to the wave front of the expansion. We found significant declines in genetic diversity along all three transects. However, there was no evidence that sites at the wave front had accumulated more deleterious mutations. We looked for outlier loci with strong correlations between allele frequency and distance from the introduction site, where the direction of correlation was the same in all three transects. Amongst these outliers, we found significant enrichment for genic SNPs, suggesting the action of selection. Candidates for selection included several genes with immunological functions and several genes that could influence behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A White
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-2701, USA.
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14
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Strong genetic differentiation due to multiple founder events during a recent range expansion of an introduced wall lizard population. Biol Invasions 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-013-0480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. White
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Cornell University; Corson Hall Ithaca New York 14853-2701 USA
- CMPG Lab; Institute of Ecology and Evolution; University of Bern; Baltzerstrasse 6 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Sarah E. Perkins
- Cardiff School of Biosciences; Biomedical Sciences Building Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX UK
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Rieux A, De Lapeyre De Bellaire L, Zapater MF, Ravigne V, Carlier J. Recent range expansion and agricultural landscape heterogeneity have only minimal effect on the spatial genetic structure of the plant pathogenic fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis. Heredity (Edinb) 2012; 110:29-38. [PMID: 22990310 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2012.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how geographical and environmental features affect genetic variation at both the population and individual levels is crucial in biology, especially in the case of pathogens. However, distinguishing between these factors and the effects of historical range expansion on spatial genetic structure remains challenging. In the present study, we investigated the case of Mycosphaerella fijiensis-a plant pathogenic fungus that has recently colonized an agricultural landscape characterized by the presence of potential barriers to gene flow, including several commercial plantations in which disease control practises such as the use of fungicides are applied frequently, and low host density areas. We first genotyped 300 isolates sampled at a global scale on untreated plants in two dimensions over a 50 × 80-km area. Using two different clustering algorithms, no genetic structure was detected in the studied area, suggesting expansion of large populations and/or no influence of potential barriers. Second, we investigated the potential effect of disease control practises on M. fijiensis diversity by comparing populations sampled in commercial vs food-crop plantations. At this local scale, we detected significantly higher allelic richness inside commercial plantations compared with the surrounding food-crop plantation populations. Analysis of molecular variance indicated that 99% of the total genetic variance occurred within populations. We discuss the suggestion that high population size and/or high migration rate between populations might be responsible for the absence of any effect of disease control practises on genetic diversity and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rieux
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, TA A-54K, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Manel S, Gugerli F, Thuiller W, Alvarez N, Legendre P, Holderegger R, Gielly L, Taberlet P. Broad-scale adaptive genetic variation in alpine plants is driven by temperature and precipitation. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:3729-38. [PMID: 22680783 PMCID: PMC4003392 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Identifying adaptive genetic variation is a challenging task, in particular in non-model species for which genomic information is still limited or absent. Here, we studied distribution patterns of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) in response to environmental variation, in 13 alpine plant species consistently sampled across the entire European Alps. Multiple linear regressions were performed between AFLP allele frequencies per site as dependent variables and two categories of independent variables, namely Moran's eigenvector map MEM variables (to account for spatial and unaccounted environmental variation, and historical demographic processes) and environmental variables. These associations allowed the identification of 153 loci of ecological relevance. Univariate regressions between allele frequency and each environmental factor further showed that loci of ecological relevance were mainly correlated with MEM variables. We found that precipitation and temperature were the best environmental predictors, whereas topographic factors were rarely involved in environmental associations. Climatic factors, subject to rapid variation as a result of the current global warming, are known to strongly influence the fate of alpine plants. Our study shows, for the first time for a large number of species, that the same environmental variables are drivers of plant adaptation at the scale of a whole biome, here the European Alps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Manel
- Laboratoire Population Environnement Développement, UMR 151 UP/IRD, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
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Shi MM, Chen XY. Leading-edge populations do not show low genetic diversity or high differentiation in a wind-pollinated tree. POPUL ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-012-0332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Buehler D, Graf R, Holderegger R, Gugerli F. Contemporary gene flow and mating system of Arabis alpina in a Central European alpine landscape. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 109:1359-67. [PMID: 22492332 PMCID: PMC3359921 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Gene flow is important in counteracting the divergence of populations but also in spreading genes among populations. However, contemporary gene flow is not well understood across alpine landscapes. The aim of this study was to estimate contemporary gene flow through pollen and to examine the realized mating system in the alpine perennial plant, Arabis alpina (Brassicaceae). METHODS An entire sub-alpine to alpine landscape of 2 km(2) was exhaustively sampled in the Swiss Alps. Eighteen nuclear microsatellite loci were used to genotype 595 individuals and 499 offspring from 49 maternal plants. Contemporary gene flow by pollen was estimated from paternity analysis, matching the genotypes of maternal plants and offspring to the pool of likely father plants. Realized mating patterns and genetic structure were also estimated. KEY RESULTS Paternity analysis revealed several long-distance gene flow events (≤1 km). However, most outcrossing pollen was dispersed close to the mother plants, and 84 % of all offspring were selfed. Individuals that were spatially close were more related than by chance and were also more likely to be connected by pollen dispersal. CONCLUSIONS In the alpine landscape studied, genetic structure occurred on small spatial scales as expected for alpine plants. However, gene flow also covered large distances. This makes it plausible for alpine plants to spread beneficial alleles at least via pollen across landscapes at a short time scale. Thus, gene flow potentially facilitates rapid adaptation in A. alpina likely to be required under ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Buehler
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Universitätsstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - R. Graf
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - R. Holderegger
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Universitätsstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - F. Gugerli
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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20
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Short KH, Petren K. Fine-scale genetic structure arises during range expansion of an invasive gecko. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26258. [PMID: 22053186 PMCID: PMC3203895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Processes of range expansion are increasingly important in light of current concerns about invasive species and range shifts due to climate change. Theoretical studies suggest that genetic structuring may occur during range expansion. Ephemeral genetic structure can have important evolutionary implications, such as propagating genetic changes along the wave front of expansion, yet few studies have shown evidence of such structure. We tested the hypothesis that genetic structure arises during range expansion in Hemidactylus mabouia, a nocturnal African gecko recently introduced to Florida, USA. Twelve highly variable microsatellite loci were used to screen 418 individuals collected from 43 locations from four sampling sites across Florida, representing a gradient from earlier (∼1990s) to very recent colonization. We found earlier colonized locations had little detectable genetic structure and higher allelic richness than more recently colonized locations. Genetic structuring was pronounced among locations at spatial scales of tens to hundreds of meters near the leading edge of range expansion. Despite the rapid pace of range expansion in this introduced gecko, dispersal is limited among many suitable habitat patches. Fine-scale genetic structure is likely the result of founder effects during colonization of suitable habitat patches. It may be obscured over time and by scale-dependent modes of dispersal. Further studies are needed to determine if such genetic structure affects adaptation and trait evolution in range expansions and range shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Harfmann Short
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America.
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21
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Rieux A, Halkett F, de Lapeyre de Bellaire L, Zapater MF, Rousset F, Ravigne V, Carlier J. Inferences on pathogenic fungus population structures from microsatellite data: new insights from spatial genetics approaches. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:1661-74. [PMID: 21410575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Landscape genetics, which combines population genetics, landscape ecology and spatial statistics, has emerged recently as a new discipline that can be used to assess how landscape features or environmental variables can influence gene flow and spatial genetic variation. We applied this approach to the invasive plant pathogenic fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis, which causes black leaf streak disease of banana. Around 880 isolates were sampled within a 50 × 50 km area located in a fragmented banana production zone in Cameroon that includes several potential physical barriers to gene flow. Two clustering algorithms and a new F(ST) -based procedure were applied to define the number of genetic entities and their spatial domain without a priori assumptions. Two populations were clearly delineated, and the genetic discontinuity appeared sharp but asymmetric. Interestingly, no landscape features matched this genetic discontinuity, and no isolation by distance (IBD) was found within populations. Our results suggest that the genetic structure observed in this production area reflects the recent history of M. fijiensis expansion in Cameroon rather than resulting from contemporary gene flow. Finally, we discuss the influence of the suspected high effective population size for such an organism on (i) the absence of an IBD signal, (ii) the characterization of contemporary gene-flow events through assignation methods of analysis and (iii) the evolution of the genetic discontinuity detected in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rieux
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, Campus international de Baillarguet, TA A-54K, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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22
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Bronnenhuber JE, Dufour BA, Higgs DM, Heath DD. Dispersal strategies, secondary range expansion and invasion genetics of the nonindigenous round goby, Neogobius melanostomus, in Great Lakes tributaries. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:1845-59. [PMID: 21492265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dispersal strategies are important mechanisms underlying the spatial distribution and colonizing ability of all mobile species. In the current study, we use highly polymorphic microsatellite markers to evaluate local dispersal and colonization dynamics of the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), an aquatic invader expanding its range from lake to river environments in its introduced North American range. Genetic structure, genotype assignment and genetic diversity were compared among 1262 round gobies from 20 river and four lake sites in three Great Lakes tributaries. Our results indicate that a combination of short-distance diffusion and long-distance dispersal, collectively referred to as 'stratified dispersal', is facilitating river colonization. Colonization proceeded upstream yearly (approximately 500 m/year; 2005-2009) in one of two temporal replicates while genetic structure was temporally stable. Contiguous dispersal from the lake was observed in all three rivers with a substantial portion of river fish (7.3%) identified as migrants. Genotype assignment indicated a separate introduction occurred upstream of the invasion front in one river. Genetic diversity was similar and relatively high among lake and recently colonized river populations, indicating that founder effects are mitigated through a dual-dispersal strategy. The remarkable success of round goby as an aquatic invader stresses the need for better diffusion models of secondary range expansion for presumably sessile invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Bronnenhuber
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave. Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
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23
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Genetic diversity and connectivity remain high in Holothuria polii (Delle Chiaje 1823) across a coastal lagoon-open sea environmental gradient. Genetica 2010; 138:895-906. [PMID: 20623364 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-010-9472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Coastal lagoons represent habitats with widely heterogeneous environmental conditions, particularly as regards salinity and temperature, which fluctuate in both space and time. These characteristics suggest that physical and ecological factors could contribute to the genetic divergence among populations occurring in coastal lagoon and open-coast environments. This study investigates the genetic structure of Holothuria polii at a micro-geographic scale across the Mar Menor coastal lagoon and nearby marine areas, estimating the mitochondrial DNA variation in two gene fragments, cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and 16S rRNA (16S). Dataset of mitochondrial sequences was also used to test the influence of environmental differences between coastal lagoon and marine waters on population genetic structure. All sampled locations exhibited high levels of haplotype diversity and low values of nucleotide diversity. Both genes showed contrasting signals of genetic differentiation (non-significant differences using COI and slight differences using 16S, which could due to different mutation rates or to differential number of exclusive haplotypes. We detected an excess of recent mutations and exclusive haplotypes, which can be generated as a result of population growth. However, selective processes can be also acting on the gene markers used; highly significant generalized additive models have been obtained considering genetic data from 16S gene and independent variables such as temperature and salinity.
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Sloop CM, Ayres DR, Strong DR. Spatial and temporal genetic structure in a hybrid cordgrass invasion. Heredity (Edinb) 2010; 106:547-56. [PMID: 20502480 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2010.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive hybrids and their spread dynamics pose unique opportunities to study evolutionary processes. Invasive hybrids of native Spartina foliosa and introduced S. alterniflora have expanded throughout San Francisco Bay intertidal habitats within the past 35 years by deliberate plantation and seeds floating on the tide. Our goals were to assess spatial and temporal scales of genetic structure in Spartina hybrid populations within the context of colonization history. We genotyped adult and seedling Spartina using 17 microsatellite loci and mapped their locations in three populations. All sampled seedlings were hybrids. Bayesian ordination analysis distinguished hybrid populations from parent species, clearly separated the population that originated by plantation from populations that originated naturally by seed and aligned most seedlings within each population. Population genetic structure estimated by analysis of molecular variance was substantial (F(ST)=0.21). Temporal genetic structure among age classes varied highly between populations. At one population, the divergence between adults and 2004 seedlings was low (F(ST)=0.02) whereas at another population this divergence was high (F(ST)=0.26). This latter result was consistent with local recruitment of self-fertilized seed produced by only a few parental plants. We found fine-scale spatial genetic structure at distances less than ∼200 m, further supporting local seed and/or pollen dispersal. We posit a few self-fertile plants dominating local recruitment created substantial spatial genetic structure despite initial long-distance, human dispersal of hybrid Spartina through San Francisco Bay. Fine-scale genetic structure may more strongly develop when local recruits are dominated by the offspring of a few self-fertile plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Sloop
- Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Abstract
Autopolyploidy is more common in plants than traditionally assumed, but has received little attention compared with allopolyploidy. Hence, the advantages and disadvantages of genome doubling per se compared with genome doubling coupled with hybridizations in allopolyploids remain unclear. Autopolyploids are characterized by genomic redundancy and polysomic inheritance, increasing effective population size. To shed light on the evolutionary consequences of autopolyploidy, we review a broad range of studies focusing on both synthetic and natural autopolyploids encompassing levels of biological organization from genes to evolutionary lineages. The limited evidence currently available suggests that autopolyploids neither experience strong genome restructuring nor wide reorganization of gene expression during the first generations following genome doubling, but that these processes may become more important in the longer term. Biogeographic and ecological surveys point to an association between the formation of autopolyploid lineages and environmental change. We thus hypothesize that polysomic inheritance may provide a short-term evolutionary advantage for autopolyploids compared to diploid relatives when environmental change enforces range shifts. In addition, autopolyploids should possess increased genome flexibility, allowing them to adapt and persist across heterogeneous landscapes in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Parisod
- National Centre for Biosystematics, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
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Parisod C, Joost S. Divergent selection in trailing- versus leading-edge populations of Biscutella laevigata. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 105:655-60. [PMID: 20181567 PMCID: PMC2850798 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Knowledge on how climate-induced range shifts might affect natural selection is crucial to understand the evolution of species ranges. METHODS Using historical demographic perspectives gathered from regional-scale phylogeography on the alpine herb Biscutella laevigata, indirect inferences on gene flow and signature of selection based on AFLP genotyping were compared between local populations persisting at the trailing edge and expanding at the leading edge. KEY RESULTS Spatial autocorrelation revealed that gene flow was two times more restricted at the trailing edge and genome scans indicated divergent selection in this persisting population. In contrast, no pattern of selection emerged in the expanding population at the leading edge. CONCLUSIONS Historical effects may determine different architecture of genetic variation and selective patterns within local populations, what is arguably important to understand evolutionary processes acting across the species ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Parisod
- National Center for Biosystematics (NCB), Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
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Riba M, Mayol M, Giles BE, Ronce O, Imbert E, Van Der Velde M, Chauvet S, Ericson L, Bijlsma R, Vosman B, Smulders MJM, Olivieri I. Darwin's wind hypothesis: does it work for plant dispersal in fragmented habitats? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 183:667-677. [PMID: 19659587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Using the wind-dispersed plant Mycelis muralis, we examined how landscape fragmentation affects variation in seed traits contributing to dispersal. Inverse terminal velocity (Vt(-1)) of field-collected achenes was used as a proxy for individual seed dispersal ability. We related this measure to different metrics of landscape connectivity, at two spatial scales: in a detailed analysis of eight landscapes in Spain and along a latitudinal gradient using 29 landscapes across three European regions. In the highly patchy Spanish landscapes, seed Vt(-1)increased significantly with increasing connectivity. A common garden experiment suggested that differences in Vt(-1) may be in part genetically based. The Vt(-1) was also found to increase with landscape occupancy, a coarser measure of connectivity, on a much broader (European) scale. Finally, Vt(-1)was found to increase along a south-north latitudinal gradient. Our results for M. muralis are consistent with 'Darwin's wind dispersal hypothesis' that high cost of dispersal may select for lower dispersal ability in fragmented landscapes, as well as with the 'leading edge hypothesis' that most recently colonized populations harbour more dispersive phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Riba
- CREAF (Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications), Autonomous University of Barcelona, ES-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Maria Mayol
- CREAF (Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications), Autonomous University of Barcelona, ES-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Barbara E Giles
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ophélie Ronce
- Université Montpellier 2, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR CNRS 5554, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Eric Imbert
- Université Montpellier 2, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR CNRS 5554, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Marco Van Der Velde
- Animal Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, NL-9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Stéphanie Chauvet
- Université Montpellier 2, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR CNRS 5554, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
- Association Tela Botanica, Institut de Botanique, 163 Rue Auguste Broussonnet, F-34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Lars Ericson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - R Bijlsma
- Population and Conservation Genetics, Theoretical Biology, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, NL-9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Vosman
- Plant Research International, Wageningen UR, PO Box 16, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M J M Smulders
- Plant Research International, Wageningen UR, PO Box 16, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Olivieri
- Université Montpellier 2, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR CNRS 5554, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
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