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Ge X, Peng L, Deng Z, Du J, Sun C, Wang B. Chromosome-scale genome assemblies of Himalopsyche anomala and Eubasilissa splendida (Insecta: Trichoptera). Sci Data 2024; 11:267. [PMID: 38443432 PMCID: PMC10914795 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichoptera is one of the most evolutionarily successful aquatic insect lineages and is highly valued value in adaptive evolution research. This study presents the chromosome-level genome assemblies of Himalopsyche anomala and Eubasilissa splendida achieved using PacBio, Illumina, and Hi-C sequencing. For H. anomala and E. splendida, assembly sizes were 663.43 and 859.28 Mb, with scaffold N50 lengths of 28.44 and 31.17 Mb, respectively. In H. anomala and E. splendida, we anchored 24 and 29 pseudochromosomes, and identified 11,469 and 10,554 protein-coding genes, respectively. The high-quality genomes of H. anomala and E. splendida provide critical genomic resources for understanding the evolution and ecology of Trichoptera and performing comparative genomics analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Ge
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Animal Diversity, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Lang Peng
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhen Deng
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie Du
- Jiuzhaigou Administration Bureau, Jiuzhaigou County, Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province, 623402, China
| | - Changhai Sun
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Beixin Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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2
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Orosová M, Marková A, Zrzavá M, Marec F, Oros M. Chromosome analysis and the occurrence of B chromosomes in fish parasite Acanthocephalus anguillae (Palaeacanthocephala: Echinorhynchida). Parasite 2023; 30:44. [PMID: 37870409 PMCID: PMC10592040 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytogenetics of Acanthocephala is a neglected area in the study of this group of endoparasites. Chromosome number and/or karyotypes are known for only 12 of the 1,270 described species, and molecular cytogenetic data are limited to rDNA mapping in two species. The standard karyological technique and mapping of 18S rRNA and H3 histone genes on the chromosomes of Acanthocephalus anguillae individuals from three populations, one of which originated from the unfavorable environmental conditions of the Zemplínska Šírava reservoir in eastern Slovakia, were applied for the first time. All specimens had 2n = 7/8 (male/female); n = 1m + 1m-sm + 1a + 1a (X). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed three loci of 18S rDNA on two autosomes and dispersion of H3 histone genes on all autosomes and the X chromosome. In addition to the standard A chromosome set, 34% of specimens from Zemplínska Šírava possessed a small acrocentric B chromosome, which was always found to be univalent, with no pairing observed between the B chromosome and the A complement. The B chromosome had a small amount of heterochromatin in the centromeric and telomeric regions of the chromosomal arms and showed two clusters of H3 genes. It is well known that an environment permanently polluted with chemicals leads to an increased incidence of chromosomal rearrangements. As a possible scenario for the B chromosome origin, we propose chromosomal breaks due to the mutagenic effect of pollutants in the aquatic environment. The results are discussed in comparison with previous chromosome data from Echinorhynchida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Orosová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Hlinkova 3 040 01 Košice Slovakia
| | - Anna Marková
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Hlinkova 3 040 01 Košice Slovakia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Ilkovičova 6 842 15 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Magda Zrzavá
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology Branišovská 31 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia Branišovská 1760 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - František Marec
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology Branišovská 31 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Mikuláš Oros
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Hlinkova 3 040 01 Košice Slovakia
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3
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Gasparotto AE, Milani D, Martí E, Ferretti ABSM, Bardella VB, Hickmann F, Zrzavá M, Marec F, Cabral-de-Mello DC. A step forward in the genome characterization of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis: karyotype analysis, sex chromosome system and repetitive DNAs through a cytogenomic approach. Chromosoma 2022; 131:253-267. [PMID: 36219241 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-022-00781-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Moths of the family Crambidae include a number of pests that cause economic losses to agricultural crops. Despite their economic importance, little is known about their genome architecture and chromosome evolution. Here, we characterized the chromosomes and repetitive DNA of the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis using a combination of low-pass genome sequencing, bioinformatics, and cytogenetic methods, focusing on the sex chromosomes. Diploid chromosome numbers differed between the sexes, i.e., 2n = 33 in females and 2n = 34 in males. This difference was caused by the occurrence of a WZ1Z2 trivalent in female meiosis, indicating a multiple sex-chromosome system WZ1Z2/Z1Z1Z2Z2. A strong interstitial telomeric signal was observed on the W chromosome, indicating a fusion of the ancestral W chromosome with an autosome. Among repetitive DNAs, transposable elements (TEs) accounted for 39.18% (males) to 41.35% (females), while satDNAs accounted for only 0.214% (males) and 0.215% (females) of the genome. FISH mapping revealed different chromosomal organization of satDNAs, such as single localized clusters, spread repeats, and non-clustered repeats. Two TEs mapped by FISH were scattered. Although we found a slight enrichment of some satDNAs in the female genome, they were not differentially enriched on the W chromosome. However, we found enriched FISH signals for TEs on the W chromosome, suggesting their involvement in W chromosome degeneration and differentiation. These data shed light on karyotype and repetitive DNA dynamics due to multiple chromosome fusions in D. saccharalis, contribute to the understanding of genome structure in Lepidoptera and are important for future genomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana E Gasparotto
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências/IB, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Diogo Milani
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências/IB, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Emiliano Martí
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências/IB, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz S M Ferretti
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências/IB, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa B Bardella
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências/IB, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Frederico Hickmann
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, (USP/ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Magda Zrzavá
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - František Marec
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Diogo C Cabral-de-Mello
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências/IB, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil.
- Department of Experimental Biology, Genetics Area, University of Jaen, Paraje las Lagunillas s/n, 23071, Jaen, Spain.
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4
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Hejníčková M, Dalíková M, Potocký P, Tammaru T, Trehubenko M, Kubíčková S, Marec F, Zrzavá M. Degenerated, Undifferentiated, Rearranged, Lost: High Variability of Sex Chromosomes in Geometridae (Lepidoptera) Identified by Sex Chromatin. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092230. [PMID: 34571879 PMCID: PMC8468057 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex chromatin is a conspicuous body that occurs in polyploid nuclei of most lepidopteran females and consists of numerous copies of the W sex chromosome. It is also a cytogenetic tool used to rapidly assess the W chromosome presence in Lepidoptera. However, certain chromosomal features could disrupt the formation of sex chromatin and lead to the false conclusion that the W chromosome is absent in the respective species. Here we tested the sex chromatin presence in 50 species of Geometridae. In eight selected species with either missing, atypical, or normal sex chromatin patterns, we performed a detailed karyotype analysis by means of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The results showed a high diversity of W chromosomes and clarified the reasons for atypical sex chromatin, including the absence or poor differentiation of W, rearrangements leading to the neo-W emergence, possible association with the nucleolus, and the existence of multiple W chromosomes. In two species, we detected intraspecific variability in the sex chromatin status and sex chromosome constitution. We show that the sex chromatin is not a sufficient marker of the W chromosome presence, but it may be an excellent tool to pinpoint species with atypical sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Hejníčková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (M.D.); (M.T.)
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Martina Dalíková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (M.D.); (M.T.)
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Pavel Potocký
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Toomas Tammaru
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Marharyta Trehubenko
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (M.D.); (M.T.)
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Svatava Kubíčková
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - František Marec
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Magda Zrzavá
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (M.D.); (M.T.)
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.P.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Yoshido A, Šíchová J, Pospíšilová K, Nguyen P, Voleníková A, Šafář J, Provazník J, Vila R, Marec F. Evolution of multiple sex-chromosomes associated with dynamic genome reshuffling in Leptidea wood-white butterflies. Heredity (Edinb) 2020; 125:138-154. [PMID: 32518391 PMCID: PMC7426936 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-0325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-chromosome systems tend to be highly conserved and knowledge about their evolution typically comes from macroevolutionary inference. Rapidly evolving complex sex-chromosome systems represent a rare opportunity to study the mechanisms of sex-chromosome evolution at unprecedented resolution. Three cryptic species of wood-white butterflies—Leptidea juvernica, L. sinapis and L. reali—have each a unique set of multiple sex-chromosomes with 3–4 W and 3–4 Z chromosomes. Using a transcriptome-based microarray for comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) and a library of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, both developed in L. juvernica, we identified Z-linked Leptidea orthologs of Bombyx mori genes and mapped them by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with BAC probes on multiple Z chromosomes. In all three species, we determined synteny blocks of autosomal origin and reconstructed the evolution of multiple sex-chromosomes. In addition, we identified W homologues of Z-linked orthologs and characterised their molecular differentiation. Our results suggest that the multiple sex-chromosome system evolved in a common ancestor as a result of dynamic genome reshuffling through repeated rearrangements between the sex chromosomes and autosomes, including translocations, fusions and fissions. Thus, the initial formation of neo-sex chromosomes could not have played a role in reproductive isolation between these Leptidea species. However, the subsequent species-specific fissions of several neo-sex chromosomes could have contributed to their reproductive isolation. Then, significantly increased numbers of Z-linked genes and independent neo-W chromosome degeneration could accelerate the accumulation of genetic incompatibilities between populations and promote their divergence resulting in speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Yoshido
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jindra Šíchová
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Pospíšilová
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Nguyen
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Voleníková
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šafář
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Provazník
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - František Marec
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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6
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Fraïsse C, Picard MAL, Vicoso B. The deep conservation of the Lepidoptera Z chromosome suggests a non-canonical origin of the W. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1486. [PMID: 29133797 PMCID: PMC5684275 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01663-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) usually have a pair of differentiated WZ sex chromosomes. However, in most lineages outside of the division Ditrysia, as well as in the sister order Trichoptera, females lack a W chromosome. The W is therefore thought to have been acquired secondarily. Here we compare the genomes of three Lepidoptera species (one Dytrisia and two non-Dytrisia) to test three models accounting for the origin of the W: (1) a Z-autosome fusion; (2) a sex chromosome turnover; and (3) a non-canonical mechanism (e.g., through the recruitment of a B chromosome). We show that the gene content of the Z is highly conserved across Lepidoptera (rejecting a sex chromosome turnover) and that very few genes moved onto the Z in the common ancestor of the Ditrysia (arguing against a Z-autosome fusion). Our comparative genomics analysis therefore supports the secondary acquisition of the Lepidoptera W by a non-canonical mechanism, and it confirms the extreme stability of well-differentiated sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Fraïsse
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Marion A L Picard
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Beatriz Vicoso
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria.
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7
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Abstract
We report the discovery of a neo-sex chromosome in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, and several of its close relatives. Z-linked scaffolds in the D. plexippus genome assembly were identified via sex-specific differences in Illumina sequencing coverage. Additionally, a majority of the D. plexippus genome assembly was assigned to chromosomes based on counts of one-to-one orthologs relative to the butterfly Melitaea cinxia (with replication using two other lepidopteran species), in which genome scaffolds have been mapped to linkage groups. Sequencing coverage-based assessments of Z linkage combined with homology-based chromosomal assignments provided strong evidence for a Z-autosome fusion in the Danaus lineage, involving the autosome homologous to chromosome 21 in M. cinxia. Coverage analysis also identified three notable assembly errors resulting in chimeric Z-autosome scaffolds. Cytogenetic analysis further revealed a large W chromosome that is partially euchromatic, consistent with being a neo-W chromosome. The discovery of a neo-Z and the provisional assignment of chromosome linkage for >90% of D. plexippus genes lays the foundation for novel insights concerning sex chromosome evolution in this female-heterogametic model species for functional and evolutionary genomics.
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8
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9
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Šíchová J, Ohno M, Dincă V, Watanabe M, Sahara K, Marec F. Fissions, fusions, and translocations shaped the karyotype and multiple sex chromosome constitution of the northeast-Asian wood white butterfly,Leptidea amurensis. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jindra Šíchová
- Institute of Entomology; Biology Centre CAS; 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Mizuki Ohno
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology; Faculty of Agriculture; Iwate University; Morioka 020-8550 Japan
| | - Vlad Dincă
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu-Fabra); 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - Michihito Watanabe
- NPO Mt. Fuji Nature Conservation Center; 6603 Funatsu, Fujikawaguchiko-machi Yamanashi 401-0301 Japan
| | - Ken Sahara
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology; Faculty of Agriculture; Iwate University; Morioka 020-8550 Japan
| | - František Marec
- Institute of Entomology; Biology Centre CAS; 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic
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10
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Yoshido A, Marec F, Sahara K. The fate of W chromosomes in hybrids between wild silkmoths, Samia cynthia ssp.: no role in sex determination and reproduction. Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 116:424-33. [PMID: 26758188 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) have sex chromosome systems with female heterogamety (WZ/ZZ or derived variants). The maternally inherited W chromosome is known to determine female sex in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. However, little is known about the role of W chromosome in other lepidopteran species. Here we describe two forms of the W chromosome, W and neo-W, that are transmitted to both sexes in offspring of hybrids from reciprocal crosses between subspecies of wild silkmoths, Samia cynthia. We performed crosses between S. c. pryeri (2n=28, WZ/ZZ) and S. c. walkeri (2n=26, neo-Wneo-Z/neo-Zneo-Z) and examined fitness and sex chromosome constitution in their hybrids. The F1 hybrids of both reciprocal crosses had reduced fertility. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed not only the expected sex chromosome constitutions in the backcross and F2 hybrids of both sexes but also females without the W (or neo-W) chromosome and males carrying the W (or neo-W) chromosome. Furthermore, crosses between the F2 hybrids revealed no association between the presence or absence of W (or neo-W) chromosome and variations in the hatchability of their eggs. Our results clearly suggest that the W (or neo-W) chromosome of S. cynthia ssp. plays no role in sex determination and reproduction, and thus does not contribute to the formation of reproductive barriers between different subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yoshido
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of The Czech Academy of Science, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Applied Molecular Entomology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - F Marec
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of The Czech Academy of Science, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - K Sahara
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
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11
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Lee J, Kiuchi T, Kawamoto M, Shimada T, Katsuma S. Identification and functional analysis of a Masculinizer orthologue in Trilocha varians (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 24:561-569. [PMID: 26154510 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We recently showed that the Masculinizer gene (Masc) plays a primary role in sex determination in the lepidopteran model insect Bombyx mori. However, it remains unknown whether this Masc protein-dependent sex determination system is conserved amongst lepidopteran insects or within the family Bombycidae. Here we cloned and characterized a Masc homologue (TvMasc) in Trilocha varians (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), a species closely related to B. mori. To elucidate the role of TvMasc in the sex determination cascade of T. varians, TvMasc expression was knocked down in early embryos by the injection of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that targeted TvMasc mRNAs. Both female- and male-type splice variants of Tvdsx, a doublesex (dsx) homologue in T. varians were observed in control siRNA-injected embryos. By contrast, only female-type splice variants were observed in TvMasc siRNA-injected embryos. These results indicate that the TvMasc protein directly or indirectly regulates the splicing patterns of Tvdsx. Furthermore, we found that male-type splice variants of B. mori dsx (Bmdsx) were produced in TvMasc-overexpressing BmN4 cells. The mRNA level of B. mori Imp, a gene whose product induces male-specific Bmdsx splicing also increased. These results suggest that Masc genes play similar roles in the sex-determination cascade in Bombycidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Kiuchi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Kawamoto
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Shimada
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Katsuma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Šíchová J, Voleníková A, Dincă V, Nguyen P, Vila R, Sahara K, Marec F. Dynamic karyotype evolution and unique sex determination systems in Leptidea wood white butterflies. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:89. [PMID: 25981157 PMCID: PMC4436027 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chromosomal rearrangements have the potential to limit the rate and pattern of gene flow within and between species and thus play a direct role in promoting and maintaining speciation. Wood white butterflies of the genus Leptidea are excellent models to study the role of chromosome rearrangements in speciation because they show karyotype variability not only among but also within species. In this work, we investigated genome architecture of three cryptic Leptidea species (L. juvernica, L. sinapis and L. reali) by standard and molecular cytogenetic techniques in order to reveal causes of the karyotype variability. Results Chromosome numbers ranged from 2n = 85 to 91 in L. juvernica and 2n = 69 to 73 in L. sinapis (both from Czech populations) to 2n = 51 to 55 in L. reali (Spanish population). We observed significant differences in chromosome numbers and localization of cytogenetic markers (rDNA and H3 histone genes) within the offspring of individual females. Using FISH with the (TTAGG)n telomeric probe we also documented the presence of multiple chromosome fusions and/or fissions and other complex rearrangements. Thus, the intraspecific karyotype variability is likely due to irregular chromosome segregation of multivalent meiotic configurations. The analysis of female meiotic chromosomes by GISH and CGH revealed multiple sex chromosomes: W1W2W3Z1Z2Z3Z4 in L. juvernica, W1W2W3Z1Z2Z3 in L. sinapis and W1W2W3W4Z1Z2Z3Z4 in L. reali. Conclusions Our results suggest a dynamic karyotype evolution and point to the role of chromosomal rearrangements in the speciation of Leptidea butterflies. Moreover, our study revealed a curious sex determination system with 3–4 W and 3–4 Z chromosomes, which is unique in the Lepidoptera and which could also have played a role in the speciation process of the three Leptidea species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0375-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindra Šíchová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Anna Voleníková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Vlad Dincă
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada. .,Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu-Fabra), 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Petr Nguyen
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu-Fabra), 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ken Sahara
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan.
| | - František Marec
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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Carabajal Paladino LZ, Nguyen P, Síchová J, Marec F. Mapping of single-copy genes by TSA-FISH in the codling moth, Cydia pomonella. BMC Genet 2014; 15 Suppl 2:S15. [PMID: 25471491 PMCID: PMC4255786 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-15-s2-s15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We work on the development of transgenic sexing strains in the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Tortricidae), which would enable to produce male-only progeny for the population control of this pest using sterile insect technique (SIT). To facilitate this research, we have developed a number of cytogenetic and molecular tools, including a physical map of the codling moth Z chromosome using BAC-FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization with bacterial artificial chromosome probes). However, chromosomal localization of unique, single-copy sequences such as a transgene cassette by conventional FISH remains challenging. In this study, we adapted a FISH protocol with tyramide signal amplification (TSA-FISH) for detection of single-copy genes in Lepidoptera. We tested the protocol with probes prepared from partial sequences of Z-linked genes in the codling moth. Results Using a modified TSA-FISH protocol we successfully mapped a partial sequence of the Acetylcholinesterase 1 (Ace-1) gene to the Z chromosome and confirmed thus its Z-linkage. A subsequent combination of BAC-FISH with BAC probes containing anticipated neighbouring Z-linked genes and TSA-FISH with the Ace-1 probe allowed the integration of Ace-1 in the physical map of the codling moth Z chromosome. We also developed a two-colour TSA-FISH protocol which enabled us simultaneous localization of two Z-linked genes, Ace-1 and Notch, to the expected regions of the Z chromosome. Conclusions We showed that TSA-FISH represents a reliable technique for physical mapping of genes on chromosomes of moths and butterflies. Our results suggest that this technique can be combined with BAC-FISH and in the future used for physical localization of transgene cassettes on chromosomes of transgenic lines in the codling moth or other lepidopteran species. Furthermore, the developed protocol for two-colour TSA-FISH might become a powerful tool for synteny mapping in non-model organisms.
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Weingartner LA, Delph LF. Neo-sex chromosome inheritance across species in Silene
hybrids. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1491-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - L. F. Delph
- Department of Biology; Indiana University; Bloomington IN USA
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Gilles JR, Schetelig MF, Scolari F, Marec F, Capurro ML, Franz G, Bourtzis K. Towards mosquito sterile insect technique programmes: exploring genetic, molecular, mechanical and behavioural methods of sex separation in mosquitoes. Acta Trop 2014; 132 Suppl:S178-87. [PMID: 23994521 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
When considering a mosquito release programme, one of the first issues to be addressed is how to eliminate/separate the females. The greatest number of options might eventually be available for those who can use transgenic mosquitoes, but the inherent characteristics of the target species may also provide possibilities for interim measures until more efficient methods can be developed. Differences in intrinsic size, in behaviour and in development rate between females and males are often available and useful for sexing. Efficient species-specific systems for eliminating females at the embryo stage have been developed, but most have since been discarded due to lack of use. Ideal systems specifically kill female embryos using some treatment that can be manipulated during production. Such killing systems are far more efficient than using intrinsic sexual differences, but they systems require selectable genetic markers and sex-linkage created by rare random chromosomal rearrangements. While intrinsic sexual differences should not be considered as long-term candidates for the development of robust and efficient sexing approaches, in the absence of these, the accessibility and integration of less efficient systems can provide a stop-gap measure that allows rapid start up with a minimum of investment. The International Atomic Energy Agency is funding over a 5 year period (2013-2018) a new Coordinated Research Project on "Exploring Genetic, Molecular, Mechanical and Behavioural Methods of Sex Separation in Mosquitoes" to network researchers and to address the critical need of genetic sexing strains for the implementation of the sterile insect technique (using radiation-sterilised or transgenic male mosquitoes) and for insect incompatibility technique programmes against disease-transmitting mosquitoes.
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Abstract
Changes in genome architecture often have a significant effect on ecological specialization and speciation. This effect may be further enhanced by involvement of sex chromosomes playing a disproportionate role in reproductive isolation. We have physically mapped the Z chromosome of the major pome fruit pest, the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Tortricidae), and show that it arose by fusion between an ancestral Z chromosome and an autosome corresponding to chromosome 15 in the Bombyx mori reference genome. We further show that the fusion originated in a common ancestor of the main tortricid subfamilies, Olethreutinae and Tortricinae, comprising almost 700 pest species worldwide. The Z-autosome fusion brought two major genes conferring insecticide resistance and clusters of genes involved in detoxification of plant secondary metabolites under sex-linked inheritance. We suggest that this fusion significantly increased the adaptive potential of tortricid moths and thus contributed to their radiation and subsequent speciation.
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Yoshido A, Síchová J, Kubíčková S, Marec F, Sahara K. Rapid turnover of the W chromosome in geographical populations of wild silkmoths, Samia cynthia ssp. Chromosome Res 2013; 21:149-64. [PMID: 23515983 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-013-9344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies revealed a considerably high level of chromosomal polymorphism in wild silkmoths, Samia cynthia ssp. (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Geographical populations of this species complex differ in chromosome numbers and show derived sex chromosome systems including Z0/ZZ in S. cynthia ricini (2n = 27/28; Vietnam), neo-Wneo-Z/neo-Zneo-Z in S. cynthia walkeri (2n = 26/26; Sapporo, Hokkaido) and neo-WZ1Z2/Z1Z1Z2Z2 in S. cynthia subsp. indet. (2n = 25/26; Nagano, Honshu). In this study, we collected specimens of S. cynthia pryeri in Japanese islands Kyushu, Shikoku and Honshu, with an ancestral-like karyotype of 2n = 28 in both sexes and a WZ/ZZ sex chromosome system, except for one population, in which females have lost the W chromosome. However, the S. cynthia pryeri W chromosome showed a very unusual morphology: It was composed of a highly heterochromatic body, which remained condensed throughout the whole cell cycle and of a euchromatin-like "tail." We examined molecular composition of the W and neo-W chromosomes in S. cynthia subspecies by comparative genomic hybridisation and fluorescence in situ hybridisation with W chromosome painting probes prepared from laser-microdissected W chromatin of S. cynthia pryeri. These methods revealed that the molecular composition of highly heterochromatic part of the S. cynthia pryeri W chromosome is very different and lacks homology in the genomes of other subspecies, whereas the euchromatin-like part of the W chromosome corresponds to a heterochromatic part of the neo-W chromosomes in S. cynthia walkeri and S. cynthia subsp. indet. Our findings suggest that the curious WZ system of S. cynthia pryeri may represent an ancestral state of the Samia species complex but do not exclude an alternative hypothesis of its derived origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Yoshido
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Entomology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Linkage map of the peppered moth, Biston betularia (Lepidoptera, Geometridae): a model of industrial melanism. Heredity (Edinb) 2012; 110:283-95. [PMID: 23211790 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2012.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have constructed a linkage map for the peppered moth (Biston betularia), the classical ecological genetics model of industrial melanism, aimed both at localizing the network of loci controlling melanism and making inferences about chromosome dynamics. The linkage map, which is based primarily on amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and genes, consists of 31 linkage groups (LGs; consistent with the karyotype). Comparison with the evolutionarily distant Bombyx mori suggests that the gene content of chromosomes is highly conserved. Gene order is conserved on the autosomes, but noticeably less so on the Z chromosome, as confirmed by physical mapping using bacterial artificial chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridization (BAC-FISH). Synteny mapping identified three pairs of B. betularia LGs (11/29, 23/30 and 24/31) as being orthologous to three B. mori chromosomes (11, 23 and 24, respectively). A similar finding in an outgroup moth (Plutella xylostella) indicates that the B. mori karyotype (n=28) is a phylogenetically derived state resulting from three chromosome fusions. As with other Lepidoptera, the B. betularia W chromosome consists largely of repetitive sequence, but exceptionally we found a W homolog of a Z-linked gene (laminin A), possibly resulting from ectopic recombination between the sex chromosomes. The B. betularia linkage map, featuring the network of known melanization genes, serves as a resource for melanism research in Lepidoptera. Moreover, its close resemblance to the ancestral lepidopteran karyotype (n=31) makes it a useful reference point for reconstructing chromosome dynamic events and ancestral genome architectures. Our study highlights the unusual evolutionary stability of lepidopteran autosomes; in contrast, higher rates of intrachromosomal rearrangements support a special role of the Z chromosome in adaptive evolution and speciation.
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