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Huizinga S, Bouwmeester HJ. Role of Strigolactones in the Host Specificity of Broomrapes and Witchweeds. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:936-954. [PMID: 37319019 PMCID: PMC10504575 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Root parasitic plants of the Orobanchaceae, broomrapes and witchweeds, pose a severe problem to agriculture in Europe, Asia and especially Africa. These parasites are totally dependent on their host for survival, and therefore, their germination is tightly regulated by host presence. Indeed, their seeds remain dormant in the soil until a host root is detected through compounds called germination stimulants. Strigolactones (SLs) are the most important class of germination stimulants. They play an important role in planta as a phytohormone and, upon exudation from the root, function in the recruitment of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plants exude mixtures of various different SLs, possibly to evade detection by these parasites and still recruit symbionts. Vice versa, parasitic plants must only respond to the SL composition that is exuded by their host, or else risk germination in the presence of non-hosts. Therefore, parasitic plants have evolved an entire clade of SL receptors, called HTL/KAI2s, to perceive the SL cues. It has been demonstrated that these receptors each have a distinct sensitivity and specificity to the different known SLs, which possibly allows them to recognize the SL-blend characteristic of their host. In this review, we will discuss the molecular basis of SL sensitivity and specificity in these parasitic plants through HTL/KAI2s and review the evidence that these receptors contribute to host specificity of parasitic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjors Huizinga
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Harro J Bouwmeester
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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2
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Cao X, Xiao L, Zhang L, Chen M, Bian P, Ma Q, Chen S, He Q, Ma X, Yao Z, Zhao S. Phenotypic and histological analyses on the resistance of melon to Phelipanche aegyptiaca. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1070319. [PMID: 37035047 PMCID: PMC10079939 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1070319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an economically important crop in Xinjiang, China, but its production is constrained by the parasitic plant Phelipanche aegyptiaca that attaches to the roots of many crops and causes severe stunting and loss of yield. Rhizotron, pot, and field experiments were employed to evaluate the resistance of 27 melon cultivars to P. aegyptiaca. Then, the resistant and susceptible cultivars were inoculated with P. aegyptiaca from six populations to assess their resistance stability and broad spectrum. Further microscopic and histological analyses were used to clarify the resistance phenotypes and histological structure. The results showed that Huangpi 9818 and KR1326 were more resistant to P. aegyptiaca compared to other cultivars in the rhizotron, pot, and field experiments. In addition, compared to the susceptible cultivar K1076, Huangpi 9818 and KR1326 showed broad-spectrum resistance to six P. aegyptiaca populations. These two resistant cultivars had lower P. aegyptiaca biomass and fewer and smaller P. aegyptiaca attachments on their roots compared to susceptible cultivar K1076. KR1326 (resistant) and K1076 (susceptible) were selected to further study resistance phenotypes and mechanisms. Germination-inducing activity of root exudates and microscopic analysis showed that the resistance in KR1326 was not related to low induction of P. aegyptiaca germination. The tubercles of parasite on KR1326 were observed slightly brown at 14 days after inoculation (DAI), the necrosis and arrest of parasite development occurred at 23 DAI. Histological analysis of necrosis tubercles showed that the endophyte of parasite had reached host central cylinder, connected with host xylem, and accumulation of secretions and callose were detected in neighbouring cells. We concluded that KR1326 is an important melon cultivar for P. aegyptiaca resistance that could be used to expand the genetic basis of cultivated muskmelon for resistance to the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lifeng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Meixiu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Pengxuan Bian
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qianqian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Quanlong He
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xinli Ma
- Hami Melon Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhaoqun Yao
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Sifeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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3
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Samejima H, Sugimoto Y. Phenotypic Diversity in Pre- and Post-Attachment Resistance to Striga hermonthica in a Core Collection of Rice Germplasms. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:19. [PMID: 36616148 PMCID: PMC9824375 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa, upland rice cultivation is expanding into rainfed areas endemic to the root parasitic weed Striga hermonthica. We evaluated the Striga resistance of 69 accessions from the World Rice Core Collection (WRC) to estimate the phenotypic diversity within the Oryza sativa species. Pre-attachment resistance was screened based on the germination-inducing activities of the root exudates, while post-attachment resistance was screened through rhizotron evaluation. The 69 WRC accessions showed a wide variation in both pre- and post-attachment resistance. Root exudates of one accession induced 0.04% germination, and those of some accessions displayed >80% germination. In the evaluation of post-attachment resistance, the successful parasitism percentages ranged from 1.3% to 60.7%. The results of these resistance evaluations were subjected to cluster analysis, which recognized five groups: group I of 27 accessions, with high pre- and post-attachment resistance; group II of 12 accessions, with high post-attachment resistance but moderate pre-attachment resistance; group III of 4 accessions, with low pre-attachment resistance; group IV of 13 accessions, with low post-attachment resistance; and group V of 13 accessions, with low pre- and post-attachment resistance. The wide variation found in the WRC accessions will help to elucidate the genetic factors underpinning pre- and post-attachment resistance.
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Qiu S, Bradley JM, Zhang P, Chaudhuri R, Blaxter M, Butlin RK, Scholes JD. Genome-enabled discovery of candidate virulence loci in Striga hermonthica, a devastating parasite of African cereal crops. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:622-638. [PMID: 35699626 PMCID: PMC9795911 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Parasites have evolved proteins, virulence factors (VFs), that facilitate plant colonisation, however VFs mediating parasitic plant-host interactions are poorly understood. Striga hermonthica is an obligate, root-parasitic plant of cereal hosts in sub-Saharan Africa, causing devastating yield losses. Understanding the molecular nature and allelic variation of VFs in S. hermonthica is essential for breeding resistance and delaying the evolution of parasite virulence. We assembled the S. hermonthica genome and identified secreted proteins using in silico prediction. Pooled sequencing of parasites growing on a susceptible and a strongly resistant rice host allowed us to scan for loci where selection imposed by the resistant host had elevated the frequency of alleles contributing to successful colonisation. Thirty-eight putatively secreted VFs had very different allele frequencies with functions including host cell wall modification, protease or protease inhibitor and kinase activities. These candidate loci had significantly higher Tajima's D than the genomic background, consistent with balancing selection. Our results reveal diverse strategies used by S. hermonthica to overcome different layers of host resistance. Understanding the maintenance of variation at virulence loci by balancing selection will be critical to managing the evolution of virulence as part of a sustainable control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suo Qiu
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - James M. Bradley
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Peijun Zhang
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Roy Chaudhuri
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Mark Blaxter
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological SciencesThe University of Edinburgh, Ashworth LaboratoriesCharlotte Auerbach RoadEdinburghEH9 3FLUK
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteWellcome Genome Campus, HinxtonCambridgeCB10 1SAUK
| | - Roger K. Butlin
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
- Department of Marine SciencesUniversity of GothenburgS‐405 30GothenburgSweden
| | - Julie D. Scholes
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
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Brown MR, Moore PGP, Twyford AD. Performance of generalist hemiparasitic Euphrasia across a phylogenetically diverse host spectrum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2165-2174. [PMID: 34555197 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Generalist hemiparasites may attach to many different host species and experience complex parasite-host interactions. How these parasite-host interactions impact on the fitness of hemiparasitic plants remain largely unknown. We used experimentally tractable eyebrights (Euphrasia, Orobanchaceae) to understand parasite-host species interactions affecting the performance of a generalist hemiparasitic plant. Common garden experiments were carried out measuring Euphrasia performance across 45 diverse hosts and in different parasite-host combinations. We show that variation in hemiparasite performance can be attributed mainly to host species and host phylogenetic relationships (λ = 0.82; 0.17-1.00 CI). When variation in performance is considered temporally, annual host species cause earlier flowering, and lead to poorer performance late in the season. While Euphrasia species typically perform similarly on a given host species, some eyebrights show more specialized parasite-host species interactions. Our results show that generalist hemiparasites only benefit from attaching to a limited, but phylogenetically divergent, subset of hosts. The conserved responses of divergent Euphrasia species suggest hemiparasite performance is affected by common host attributes. However, evidence for more complex parasite-host species interactions show that a generalist hemiparasite can potentially respond to individual host selection pressures and may adapt to local host communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max R Brown
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | | | - Alex D Twyford
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
- Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
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6
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Jamil M, Kountche BA, Al-Babili S. Current progress in Striga management. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1339-1352. [PMID: 33793943 PMCID: PMC8133620 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Striga, particularly S. he rmonthica, problem has become a major threat to food security, exacerbating hunger and poverty in many African countries. A number of Striga control strategies have been proposed and tested during the past decade, however, further research efforts are still needed to provide sustainable and effective solutions to the Striga problem. In this paper, we provide an update on the recent progress and the approaches used in Striga management, and highlight emerging opportunities for developing new technologies to control this enigmatic parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jamil
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Boubacar A Kountche
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Author for communication:
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Abstract
American chestnut (Castanea dentata Borkh.) was a dominant tree species in its native range in eastern North America until the accidentally introduced fungus Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr, that causes chestnut blight, led to a collapse of the species. Different approaches (e.g., genetic engineering or conventional breeding) are being used to fight against chestnut blight and to reintroduce the species with resistant planting stock. Because of large climatic differences within the distribution area of American chestnut, successful reintroduction of the species requires knowledge and consideration of local adaptation to the prevailing environmental conditions. Previous studies revealed clear patterns of genetic diversity along the northeast-southwest axis of the Appalachian Mountains, but less is known about the distribution of potentially adaptive genetic variation within the distribution area of this species. In this study, we investigated neutral and potentially adaptive genetic variation in nine American chestnut populations collected from sites with different environmental conditions. In total, 272 individuals were genotyped with 24 microsatellite (i.e., simple sequence repeat (SSR)) markers (seven genomic SSRs and 17 EST-SSRs). An FST-outlier analysis revealed five outlier loci. The same loci, as well as five additional ones, were significantly associated with environmental variables of the population sites in an environmental association analysis. Four of these loci are of particular interest, since they were significant in both methods, and they were associated with environmental variation, but not with geographic variation. Hence, these loci might be involved in (temperature-related) adaptive processes in American chestnut. This work aims to help understanding the genetic basis of adaptation in C. dentata, and therefore the selection of suitable provenances for further breeding efforts.
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8
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Wen M, Xie M, He L, Wang Y, Shi S, Tang T. Expression Variations of miRNAs and mRNAs in Rice (Oryza sativa). Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:3529-3544. [PMID: 27797952 PMCID: PMC5203789 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Differences in expression levels are an important source of phenotypic variation within and between populations. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key players in post-transcriptional gene regulation that are important for plant development and stress responses. We surveyed expression variation of miRNAs and mRNAs of six accessions from two rice subspecies Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica and Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica using deep sequencing. While more than half (53.7%) of the mature miRNAs exhibit differential expression between grains and seedlings of rice, only 11.0% show expression differences between subspecies, with an additional 2.2% differentiated for the development-by-subspecies interaction. Expression variation is greater for lowly conserved miRNAs than highly conserved miRNAs, whereas the latter show stronger negative correlation with their targets in expression changes between subspecies. Using a permutation test, we identified 51 miRNA–mRNA pairs that correlate negatively or positively in expression level among cultivated rice. Genes involved in various metabolic processes and stress responses are enriched in the differentially expressed genes between rice indica and japonica subspecies. Our results indicate that stabilizing selection is the major force governing miRNA expression in cultivated rice, albeit positive selection may be responsible for much of the between-subspecies expression divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Munan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Yushuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Suhua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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9
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Small-molecule antagonists of germination of the parasitic plant Striga hermonthica. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:724-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Samejima H, Babiker AG, Mustafa A, Sugimoto Y. Identification of Striga hermonthica-Resistant Upland Rice Varieties in Sudan and Their Resistance Phenotypes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:634. [PMID: 27242837 PMCID: PMC4865650 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rice has become a major staple cereal in sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, upland rice cultivation is expanding particularly in rainfed areas where the root parasitic weed Striga hermonthica, a major constraint to cereal production, is endemic. Laboratory, pot, and semi-controlled open air experiments were performed to evaluate resistance of selected rice varieties in Sudan to a resident S. hermonthica population. In the laboratory, 27 varieties were screened for post-attachment resistance using the rhizotron technique. Varieties displaying high post-attachment resistance, Umgar, NERICA5, and NERICA13 together with NERICA4, NERICA18, and Nipponbare, a lowland rice variety, were further evaluated for performance and Striga resistance in pot and semi-controlled open air experiments and for germination inducing activity in a laboratory. In addition, comparative studies on reaction of Umgar, Kosti1 and Kosti2, released varieties for commercial production in Sudan, to the parasite were performed in two pot experiments. In the pot experiments Umgar and NERICA5, consistently, sustained the lowest Striga emergence (<2.2 Striga plants per pot), while NERICA13 and NERICA4 supported 1.8-5.7 and 8.7-16.4 Striga plants per pot, respectively. In an artificially Striga-infested field, number of emergent Striga plants per 10 rice hills, at harvest, was 2.0, 2.0, 4.8, 13.5, 13.3, and 18.3 on Umgar, NERICA5, NERICA13, NERICA4, NERICA18, and Nipponbare, respectively. Striga had no adverse effects on total above-ground parts and panicle dry weight in Umgar and NERICA5. Germination-inducing activity of root exudates, at 14 days after sowing onward, was markedly lower for Umgar than for NERICA5, NERICA13, NERICA4, and NERICA18. Based on these findings, Umgar has both pre and post-attachment resistance to a resident Striga population in Sudan. Kosti1 and Kosti2 did not exhibit Striga-resistance at the same level as Umgar. Further the resistance of NERICA5, a variety reported to be endowed with a broad spectrum resistance to Striga species and ecotypes, at least to one resident Striga population in Sudan was clearly indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Samejima
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe UniversityKobe, Japan
- International Cooperation Center for Agricultural Education, Nagoya UniversityNagoya, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hiroaki Samejima,
| | - Abdel G. Babiker
- College of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Science and TechnologyKhartoum North, Sudan
| | - Ahmed Mustafa
- Gezira Research Station, Agricultural Research CorporationWad Madani, Sudan
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Mitsumasu K, Seto Y, Yoshida S. Apoplastic interactions between plants and plant root intruders. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:617. [PMID: 26322059 PMCID: PMC4536382 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous pathogenic or parasitic organisms attack plant roots to obtain nutrients, and the apoplast including the plant cell wall is where the plant cell meets such organisms. Root parasitic angiosperms and nematodes are two distinct types of plant root parasites but share some common features in their strategies for breaking into plant roots. Striga and Orobanche are obligate root parasitic angiosperms that cause devastating agricultural problems worldwide. Parasitic plants form an invasion organ called a haustorium, where plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) are highly expressed. Plant-parasitic nematodes are another type of agriculturally important plant root parasite. These nematodes breach the plant cell walls by protruding a sclerotized stylet from which PCWDEs are secreted. Responding to such parasitic invasion, host plants activate their own defense responses against parasites. Endoparasitic nematodes secrete apoplastic effectors to modulate host immune responses and to facilitate the formation of a feeding site. Apoplastic communication between hosts and parasitic plants also contributes to their interaction. Parasitic plant germination stimulants, strigolactones, are recently identified apoplastic signals that are transmitted over long distances from biosynthetic sites to functioning sites. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding the importance of apoplastic signals and cell walls for plant-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Mitsumasu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Seto
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Japan
| | - Satoko Yoshida
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Satoko Yoshida, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan,
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12
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Rodenburg J, Cissoko M, Kayeke J, Dieng I, Khan ZR, Midega CA, Onyuka EA, Scholes JD. Do NERICA rice cultivars express resistance to Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. and Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze under field conditions? FIELD CROPS RESEARCH 2015; 170:83-94. [PMID: 26089591 PMCID: PMC4459690 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The parasitic weeds Striga asiatica and Striga hermonthica cause high yield losses in rain-fed upland rice in Africa. Two resistance classes (pre- and post-attachment) and several resistant genotypes have been identified among NERICA (New Rice for Africa) cultivars under laboratory conditions (in vitro) previously. However, little is known about expression of this resistance under field conditions. Here we investigated (1) whether resistance exhibited under controlled conditions would express under representative Striga-infested field conditions, and (2) whether NERICA cultivars would achieve relatively good grain yields under Striga-infested conditions. Twenty-five rice cultivars, including all 18 upland NERICA cultivars, were screened in S. asiatica-infested (in Tanzania) and S. hermonthica-infested (in Kenya) fields during two seasons. Additionally, a selection of cultivars was tested in vitro, in mini-rhizotron systems. For the first time, resistance observed under controlled conditions was confirmed in the field for NERICA-2, -5, -10 and -17 (against S. asiatica) and NERICA-1 to -5, -10, -12, -13 and -17 (against S. hermonthica). Despite high Striga-infestation levels, yields of around 1.8 t ha-1 were obtained with NERICA-1, -9 and -10 (in the S. asiatica-infested field) and around 1.4 t ha-1 with NERICA-3, -4, -8, -12 and -13 (in the S. hermonthica-infested field). In addition, potential levels of tolerance were identified in vitro, in NERICA-1, -17 and -9 (S. asiatica) and in NERICA-1, -17 and -10 (S. hermonthica). These findings are highly relevant to rice agronomists and breeders and molecular geneticists working on Striga resistance. In addition, cultivars combining broad-spectrum resistance with good grain yields in Striga-infested fields can be recommended to rice farmers in Striga-prone areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonne Rodenburg
- Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 33581, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +255 688425335.
| | - Mamadou Cissoko
- Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 33581, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Juma Kayeke
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute (MARI), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ibnou Dieng
- Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), 01 BP2031, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Zeyaur R. Khan
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Charles A.O. Midega
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Enos A. Onyuka
- Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 33581, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- International Crops Research Institute of the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Eastern and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 39063, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Julie D. Scholes
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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The genetic structure of wild Orobanche cumana Wallr. (Orobanchaceae) populations in eastern Bulgaria reflects introgressions from weedy populations. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:150432. [PMID: 25143963 PMCID: PMC4131075 DOI: 10.1155/2014/150432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Orobanche cumana is a holoparasitic plant naturally distributed from central Asia to south-eastern Europe, where it parasitizes wild Asteraceae species. It is also an important parasitic weed of sunflower crops. The objective of this research was to investigate genetic diversity, population structure, and virulence on sunflower of O. cumana populations parasitizing wild plants in eastern Bulgaria. Fresh tissue of eight O. cumana populations and mature seeds of four of them were collected in situ on wild hosts. Genetic diversity and population structure were studied with SSR markers and compared to weedy populations. Two main gene pools were identified in Bulgarian populations, with most of the populations having intermediate characteristics. Cross-inoculation experiments revealed that O. cumana populations collected on wild species possessed similar ability to parasitize sunflower to those collected on sunflower. The results were explained on the basis of an effective genetic exchange between populations parasitizing sunflower crops and those parasitizing wild species. The occurrence of bidirectional gene flow may have an impact on wild populations, as new physiological races continuously emerge in weedy populations. Also, genetic variability of wild populations may favour the ability of weedy populations to overcome sunflower resistance mechanisms.
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Wang Q, Abbott RJ, Yu QS, Lin K, Liu JQ. Pleistocene climate change and the origin of two desert plant species, Pugionium cornutum and Pugionium dolabratum (Brassicaceae), in northwest China. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:277-287. [PMID: 23550542 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Pleistocene climate change has had an important effect in shaping intraspecific genetic variation in many species; however, its role in driving speciation is less clear. We examined the possibility of a Pleistocene origin of the only two representatives of the genus Pugionium (Brassicaceae), Pugionium cornutum and Pugionium dolabratum, which occupy different desert habitats in northwest China. We surveyed sequence variation for internal transcribed spacer (ITS), three chloroplast (cp) DNA fragments, and eight low-copy nuclear genes among individuals sampled from 11 populations of each species across their geographic ranges. One ITS mutation distinguished the two species, whereas mutations in cpDNA and the eight low-copy nuclear gene sequences were not species-specific. Although interspecific divergence varied greatly among nuclear gene sequences, in each case divergence was estimated to have occurred within the Pleistocene when deserts expanded in northwest China. Our findings point to the importance of Pleistocene climate change, in this case an increase in aridity, as a cause of speciation in Pugionium as a result of divergence in different habitats that formed in association with the expansion of deserts in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 6100065, China
| | - Richard J Abbott
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Mitchell Building, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TH, UK
| | - Qiu-Shi Yu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Desertification and Aeolian Sand Disaster Combating, Gansu Desert Control Research Institute, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Kao Lin
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 6100065, China
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Zhao S, Zheng P, Dong S, Zhan X, Wu Q, Guo X, Hu Y, He W, Zhang S, Fan W, Zhu L, Li D, Zhang X, Chen Q, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Jin X, Zhang J, Yang H, Wang J, Wang J, Wei F. Whole-genome sequencing of giant pandas provides insights into demographic history and local adaptation. Nat Genet 2012; 45:67-71. [DOI: 10.1038/ng.2494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Cissoko M, Boisnard A, Rodenburg J, Press MC, Scholes JD. New Rice for Africa (NERICA) cultivars exhibit different levels of post-attachment resistance against the parasitic weeds Striga hermonthica and Striga asiatica. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 192:952-963. [PMID: 21883232 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Striga hermonthica and S. asiatica are root parasitic weeds that infect the major cereal crops of sub-Saharan Africa causing severe losses in yield. The interspecific upland NEw RICe for Africa (NERICA) cultivars are popular amongst subsistence farmers, but little is known about their post-attachment resistance against Striga. Here, we evaluate the post-attachment resistance levels of the NERICA cultivars and their parents against ecotypes of S. hermonthica and S.asiatica, characterize the phenotype of the resistance mechanisms and determine the effect of Striga on host biomass. Some NERICA cultivars showed good broad-spectrum resistance against several Striga ecotypes, whereas others showed intermediate resistance or were very susceptible. The phenotype of a resistant interaction was often characterized by an inability of the parasite to penetrate the endodermis. Moreover, some parasites formed only a few connections to the host xylem, grew slowly and remained small. The most resistant NERICA cultivars were least damaged by Striga, although even a small number of parasites caused a reduction in above-ground host biomass. The elucidation of the molecular genetic basis of the resistance mechanisms and tolerance would allow the development of cultivars with multiple, durable resistance for use in farmers' fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamadou Cissoko
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Arnaud Boisnard
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jonne Rodenburg
- Africa Rice Center, East and Southern Africa Rice Program, PO Box 33581, Tanzania
| | - Malcolm C Press
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Julie D Scholes
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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