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Karunarathne P, Pocquet N, Labbé P, Milesi P. BioRssay: an R package for analyses of bioassays and probit graphs. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:35. [PMID: 35073988 PMCID: PMC8785564 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dose-response relationships reflect the effects of a substance on organisms, and are widely used in broad research areas, from medicine and physiology, to vector control and pest management in agronomy. Furthermore, reporting on the response of organisms to stressors is an essential component of many public policies (e.g. public health, environment), and assessment of xenobiotic responses is an integral part of World Health Organization recommendations. Building upon an R script that we previously made available, and considering its popularity, we have now developed a software package in the R environment, BioRssay, to efficiently analyze dose-response relationships. It has more user-friendly functions and more flexibility, and proposes an easy interpretation of the results. The functions in the BioRssay package are built on robust statistical analyses to compare the dose/exposure-response of various bioassays and effectively visualize them in probit-graphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyal Karunarathne
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Pocquet
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, URE-Entomologie Médicale, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Pierrick Labbé
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 Rue Descartes, 75231 Cedex 05, Paris, France. .,Institut Des Sciences de L'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, 34095 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France.
| | - Pascal Milesi
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden. .,SciLifelab, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Delnat V, Janssens L, Stoks R. Effects of predator cues and pesticide resistance on the toxicity of a (bio)pesticide mixture. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:1448-1455. [PMID: 31639259 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Populations of target species are typically exposed to pesticide mixtures and natural stressors such as predator cues, and are increasingly developing resistance to single pesticides. Nevertheless, we have poor knowledge whether natural stressors and the presence of pesticide resistance shape mixture toxicity. We tested the single and combined effects of the pesticide chlorpyrifos and the biopesticide Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) on the survival of the Southern house mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus, Say) and whether these effects were magnified by synthetic predator cues of Notonecta water bugs and differed between a chlorpyrifos-resistant (Ace-1R) and non-resistant (S-Lab) strain. RESULTS Single exposure to Bti caused mortality in both strains (S-Lab ∼27%, Ace-1R ∼41%) and single exposure to chlorpyrifos caused only mortality in the S-Lab strain (∼33%), while predator cues did not induce mortality. The chlorpyrifos-resistant strain was 1.5-fold more sensitive to Bti, indicating a cost of resistance. The interaction types between chlorpyrifos and Bti (additive), between chlorpyrifos and predator cues (additive), and between Bti and predator cues (synergistic) were consistent in both strains. Despite predator cues making Bti approximately 8% more lethal, they did not change the additive interaction between Bti and chlorpyrifos in their mixture in either strain. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the resistance against chlorpyrifos was not partly lifted when chlorpyrifos exposure was combined with Bti and predator cues. Identifying the interaction type within pesticide mixtures and how this depends on natural stressors is important to select control strategies that give a disadvantage to resistant individuals compared to non-resistant individuals. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vienna Delnat
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lizanne Janssens
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Ziapour SP, Ghorbani F, Salim-Abadi Y, Vatandoost H, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Enayati AA. First Report of Biochemical Mechanisms of Insecticide Resistance in the Field Population of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) from Sari, Mazandaran, North of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2019; 13:378-390. [PMID: 32368555 PMCID: PMC7188772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culex pipiens play an important role in transmission of infectious diseases. Vector control by chemical pesticides, leads inevitably to resistance development. Understanding the underlying resistance mechanisms can help improve the control programmes and insecticide resistance management. METHODS The total contents of cytochrome p450s and the activities of glutathione S-transferases, alpha- and beta-esterases and inhibition rates of acetylcholine esterase (by propoxur) were measured in the field population of Cx. pipiens collected from Sari County, North of Iran, in 2016 and the results were compared with those of the laboratory susceptible strain according to the biochemical assay methods of WHO for adult mosquitoes. Independent sample t-test was used to compare the mean values of enzyme activities/contents between filed and laboratory susceptible populations. RESULTS The enzyme ratio of cytochrome p450s, alpha- and beta-esterases in the field population was 2.07, 3.72 and 1.36 respectively when compared with the results of the laboratory population. Although not statistically significant, the mean GSTs activities in the field population was marginally less than the laboratory population (ER=0.92). Acetylcholinesterase was insensitive to propoxur in 62.82% of the individuals of the tested field population. There was a significant difference (P< 0.05) between all values of the activities/contents of the enzyme in the field population except for GSTs compared with the laboratory susceptible strain. The highest enzyme activity was related to alpha esterase. CONCLUSION The present study showed a range of metabolic mechanisms, comprising p450s and esterases combined with target site insensitivity of AChE, contributing to organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid resistance in the field population of Cx. pipiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hassan Nikookar
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyyed Payman Ziapour
- Department of Parasitology, Zoonosis Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghorbani
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Salim-Abadi
- Department of Health Services and Health Promotion, School of Health, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran,Corresponding author: Dr Ahmad Ali Enayati, E-mail:
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Delnat V, Tran TT, Janssens L, Stoks R. Resistance to a chemical pesticide increases vulnerability to a biopesticide: Effects on direct mortality and mortality by predation. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 216:105310. [PMID: 31580997 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide mixtures are increasingly used to fight pest species that developed resistance to pesticides. To assess the pesticide control efficiency and to reduce ecological damage to non-target species, it is important to quantify the effect of these mixtures and compare them with the effect of their single pesticides on pest species, non-target species and their predator-prey interactions. We studied the effects of the chemical pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF), the biopesticide Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) and their mixture both on the direct mortality and on the mortality by predation. We focused on larvae of a CPF-resistant and a non-resistant strain of the vector mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus and its predator, the pygmy backswimmer Plea minutissima. In the CPF-Bti mixture, both pesticides interacted antagonistically for direct mortality. Exposure to the mixture caused equal direct mortality and equal mortality by predation in both strains. As expected, exposure to CPF resulted in less direct mortality and less mortality by predation in the CPF-resistant mosquito strain compared to the non-resistant strain. Notably, Bti caused a higher mortality in the mosquito larvae of the CPF-resistant strain compared to the non-resistant strain. Furthermore, the predator killed more mosquito larvae of the resistant strain compared to the non-resistant strain when exposed before to Bti alone. These observations identify a novel cost of resistance to a chemical pesticide in terms of increased vulnerability to a biopesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vienna Delnat
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Tam T Tran
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University, Khanh Hoa, Viet Nam.
| | - Lizanne Janssens
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Belgium.
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Using targeted next-generation sequencing to characterize genetic differences associated with insecticide resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus populations from the southern U.S. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218397. [PMID: 31269040 PMCID: PMC6608931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to insecticides can hamper the control of mosquitoes such as Culex quinquefasciatus, known to vector arboviruses such as West Nile virus and others. The strong selective pressure exerted on a mosquito population by the use of insecticides can result in heritable genetic changes associated with resistance. We sought to characterize genetic differences between insecticide resistant and susceptible Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes using targeted DNA sequencing. To that end, we developed a panel of 122 genes known or hypothesized to be involved in insecticide resistance, and used an Ion Torrent PGM sequencer to sequence 125 unrelated individuals from seven populations in the southern U.S. whose resistance phenotypes to permethrin and malathion were known from previous CDC bottle bioassay testing. Data analysis consisted of discovering SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) and genes with evidence of copy number variants (CNVs) statistically associated with resistance. Ten of the seventeen genes found to be present in higher copy numbers were experimentally validated with real-time PCR. Of those, six, including the gene with the knock-down resistance (kdr) mutation, showed evidence of a ≥ 1.5 fold increase compared to control DNA. The SNP analysis revealed 228 unique SNPs that had significant p-values for both a Fisher’s Exact Test and the Cochran-Armitage Test for Trend. We calculated the population frequency for each of the 64 nonsynonymous SNPs in this group. Several genes not previously well characterized represent potential candidates for diagnostic assays when further validation is conducted.
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Kandel Y, Vulcan J, Rodriguez SD, Moore E, Chung HN, Mitra S, Cordova JJ, Martinez KJL, Moon AS, Kulkarni A, Ettestad P, Melman S, Xu J, Buenemann M, Hanley KA, Hansen IA. Widespread insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti L. from New Mexico, U.S.A. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212693. [PMID: 30794644 PMCID: PMC6386485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are vectors of a variety of emerging viral pathogens, including yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus. This species has established endemic populations in all cities across southern New Mexico sampled to date. Presently, control of Aedes-borne viruses relies on deployment of insecticides to suppress mosquito populations, but the evolution of insecticide resistance threatens the success of vector control programs. While insecticide resistance is quite common in Ae. aegypti field populations across much of the U.S., the resistance status of this species in populations from New Mexico has not previously been assessed. RESULTS First, we collected information on pesticide use in cities in southern New Mexico and found that the most commonly used active ingredients were pyrethroids. The use of insecticides with the same mode-of-action over multiple years is likely to promote the evolution of resistance. To determine if there was evidence of resistance in some cities in southern New Mexico, we collected Ae. aegypti from the same cities and established laboratory strains to assess resistance to pyrethroid insecticides and, for a subset of populations, to organophosphate insecticides. F2 or F4 generation mosquitoes were assessed for insecticide resistance using bottle test bioassays. The majority of the populations from New Mexico that we analyzed were resistant to the pyrethroids permethrin and deltamethrin. A notable exception to this trend were mosquitoes from Alamogordo, a city that did not report using pyrethroid insecticides for vector control. We screened individuals from each population for known knock down resistance (kdr) mutations via PCR and found a strong association between the presences of the F1534C kdr mutation in the para gene of Ae. aegypti (homologue to F1534C in Musca domestica L.) and pyrethroid resistance. CONCLUSION High-level pyrethroid resistance is common in Ae. aegypti from New Mexico and geographic variation in such resistance is likely associated with variation in usage of pyrethroids for vector control. Resistance monitoring and management is recommended in light of the potential for arbovirus outbreaks in this state. Also, alternative approaches to mosquito control that do not involve insecticides should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashoda Kandel
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Julia Vulcan
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Stacy D. Rodriguez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Emily Moore
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Hae-Na Chung
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Soumi Mitra
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Joel J. Cordova
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Kalli J. L. Martinez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Alex S. Moon
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Aditi Kulkarni
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Paul Ettestad
- New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe, NM, United States of America
| | - Sandra Melman
- New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe, NM, United States of America
| | - Jiannong Xu
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Michaela Buenemann
- Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Kathryn A. Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Immo A. Hansen
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Moradi S, Khani S, Ansari M, Shahlaei M. Atomistic details on the mechanism of organophosphates resistance in insects: Insights from homology modeling, docking and molecular dynamic simulation. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.11.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kohl A, Pondeville E, Schnettler E, Crisanti A, Supparo C, Christophides GK, Kersey PJ, Maslen GL, Takken W, Koenraadt CJM, Oliva CF, Busquets N, Abad FX, Failloux AB, Levashina EA, Wilson AJ, Veronesi E, Pichard M, Arnaud Marsh S, Simard F, Vernick KD. Advancing vector biology research: a community survey for future directions, research applications and infrastructure requirements. Pathog Glob Health 2016; 110:164-72. [PMID: 27677378 PMCID: PMC5072118 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2016.1211475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne pathogens impact public health, animal production, and animal welfare. Research on arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, and midges which transmit pathogens to humans and economically important animals is crucial for development of new control measures that target transmission by the vector. While insecticides are an important part of this arsenal, appearance of resistance mechanisms is increasingly common. Novel tools for genetic manipulation of vectors, use of Wolbachia endosymbiotic bacteria, and other biological control mechanisms to prevent pathogen transmission have led to promising new intervention strategies, adding to strong interest in vector biology and genetics as well as vector-pathogen interactions. Vector research is therefore at a crucial juncture, and strategic decisions on future research directions and research infrastructure investment should be informed by the research community. A survey initiated by the European Horizon 2020 INFRAVEC-2 consortium set out to canvass priorities in the vector biology research community and to determine key activities that are needed for researchers to efficiently study vectors, vector-pathogen interactions, as well as access the structures and services that allow such activities to be carried out. We summarize the most important findings of the survey which in particular reflect the priorities of researchers in European countries, and which will be of use to stakeholders that include researchers, government, and research organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Kohl
- a MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research , Glasgow , UK
| | - Emilie Pondeville
- a MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research , Glasgow , UK
| | - Esther Schnettler
- a MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research , Glasgow , UK
| | - Andrea Crisanti
- b Department of Life Sciences , Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Clelia Supparo
- b Department of Life Sciences , Imperial College London , London , UK
| | | | - Paul J Kersey
- c The European Molecular Biology Laboratory , The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus , Cambridge , UK
| | - Gareth L Maslen
- c The European Molecular Biology Laboratory , The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus , Cambridge , UK
| | - Willem Takken
- d Laboratory of Entomology , Wageningen University and Research Centre , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | | | - Clelia F Oliva
- e Polo d'Innovazione di Genomica, Genetica e Biologia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Núria Busquets
- f Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA) , Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB , Barcelona , Spain
| | - F Xavier Abad
- f Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA) , Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- g Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Virology , Institut Pasteur , Paris cedex 15 , France
| | - Elena A Levashina
- h Department of Vector Biology , Max-Planck-Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Campus Charité Mitte , Berlin , Germany
| | - Anthony J Wilson
- i Integrative Entomology Group, Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme , The Pirbright Institute , Surrey , UK
| | - Eva Veronesi
- j Swiss National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology , University of Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Maëlle Pichard
- k Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors , Institut Pasteur, Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics , Paris cedex 15 , France
| | - Sarah Arnaud Marsh
- k Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors , Institut Pasteur, Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics , Paris cedex 15 , France
| | - Frédéric Simard
- l MIVEGEC "Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle" , UMR IRD224-CNRS5290-Université de Montpellier , Montpellier France
| | - Kenneth D Vernick
- k Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors , Institut Pasteur, Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics , Paris cedex 15 , France.,m CNRS Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012) , Institut Pasteur , Paris cedex 15 , France
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