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Pouyan Mehr D, Faraji N, Rezaei S, Keshavarz P. Single-locus and Haplotype Associations of GRIN2B Gene with Autism Spectrum Disorders and the Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients in Guilan, Iran. J Autism Dev Disord 2024; 54:607-614. [PMID: 36399225 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05818-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are described as generalized developmental disorders, with an average age of onset of 36 months. Genetic and environmental factors may contribute to this multifactorial disorder. The present study aimed to investigate the association of three GRIN2B polymorphisms, including rs1019385, rs1024893, and rs3764028, with ASDs. Based on the results, there was a significant difference regarding the genotype frequency of rs3764028 polymorphism between the control and case (ASD) groups (P = 0.027). According to the recessive model, this variant was associated with ASDs (P = 0.23). None of the eight haplotype models with frequencies above 0.5 showed significant differences between the case and control groups in terms of allelic frequency. The present results showed that the rs376028 variant was directly related to the phenotypic symptoms of ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donya Pouyan Mehr
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Niloofar Faraji
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sajjad Rezaei
- Department of Psychology, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Keshavarz
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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2
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Lee S, Moon JI, Baek HJ, Lee SM. A Novel Skeletal Issue in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Case Report of a 4-Year-Old Boy with a GRIN2B Mutation and Sacroiliitis. ANNALS OF CHILD NEUROLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.26815/acn.2022.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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3
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Shah AA, Amjad M, Hassan JU, Ullah A, Mahmood A, Deng H, Ali Y, Gul F, Xia K. Molecular Insights into the Role of Pathogenic nsSNPs in GRIN2B Gene Provoking Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081332. [PMID: 35893069 PMCID: PMC9394290 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The GluN2B subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors plays an important role in the physiology of different neurodevelopmental diseases. Genetic variations in the GluN2B coding gene (GRIN2B) have consistently been linked to West syndrome, intellectual impairment with focal epilepsy, developmental delay, macrocephaly, corticogenesis, brain plasticity, as well as infantile spasms and Lennox–Gastaut syndrome. It is unknown, however, how GRIN2B genetic variation impacts protein function. We determined the cumulative pathogenic impact of GRIN2B variations on healthy participants using a computational approach. We looked at all of the known mutations and calculated the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms on GRIN2B, which encodes the GluN2B protein. The pathogenic effect, functional impact, conservation analysis, post-translation alterations, their driving residues, and dynamic behaviors of deleterious nsSNPs on protein models were then examined. Four polymorphisms were identified as phylogenetically conserved PTM drivers and were related to structural and functional impact: rs869312669 (p.Thr685Pro), rs387906636 (p.Arg682Cys), rs672601377 (p.Asn615Ile), and rs1131691702 (p.Ser526Pro). The combined impact of protein function is accounted for by the calculated stability, compactness, and total globularity score. GluN2B hydrogen occupancy was positively associated with protein stability, and solvent-accessible surface area was positively related to globularity. Furthermore, there was a link between GluN2B protein folding, movement, and function, indicating that both putative high and low local movements were linked to protein function. Multiple GRIN2B genetic variations are linked to gene expression, phylogenetic conservation, PTMs, and protein instability behavior in neurodevelopmental diseases. These findings suggest the relevance of GRIN2B genetic variations in neurodevelopmental problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Ali Shah
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (A.A.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Marryam Amjad
- District Headquarter (DHQ) Hospital, Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan;
| | | | - Asmat Ullah
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Arif Mahmood
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (A.A.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Huiyin Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China;
| | - Yasir Ali
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (Y.A.); (F.G.)
| | - Fouzia Gul
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (Y.A.); (F.G.)
| | - Kun Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (A.A.S.); (A.M.)
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligences Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-731-8480-5357
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4
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Sathyan S, Verghese J. Genetics of frailty: A longevity perspective. Transl Res 2020; 221:83-96. [PMID: 32289255 PMCID: PMC7729977 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Frailty is a complex late life phenotype characterized by cumulative declines in multiple physiological systems that increases the risk for disability and mortality. The biological changes associated with aging are risk factors for frailty as well as for complex diseases; whereas longevity is assumed to be an outcome of protective biological mechanisms. Understanding the interplay between biological alterations associated with aging and protective mechanisms associated with longevity in the context of frailty may help guide development of interventions to increase healthspan and promote successful aging. The complexity of these phenotypes and relatively low heritability in studies are the main roadblocks in deciphering genetic mechanisms of these age associated conditions. We review genetic research related to frailty, and discuss the possible intertwined biology of frailty and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanish Sathyan
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Joe Verghese
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
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5
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Myers SJ, Yuan H, Kang JQ, Tan FCK, Traynelis SF, Low CM. Distinct roles of GRIN2A and GRIN2B variants in neurological conditions. F1000Res 2019; 8:F1000 Faculty Rev-1940. [PMID: 31807283 PMCID: PMC6871362 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18949.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid advances in sequencing technology have led to an explosive increase in the number of genetic variants identified in patients with neurological disease and have also enabled the assembly of a robust database of variants in healthy individuals. A surprising number of variants in the GRIN genes that encode N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamatergic receptor subunits have been found in patients with various neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, intellectual disability, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. This review compares and contrasts the available information describing the clinical and functional consequences of genetic variations in GRIN2A and GRIN2B. Comparison of clinical phenotypes shows that GRIN2A variants are commonly associated with an epileptic phenotype but that GRIN2B variants are commonly found in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders. These observations emphasize the distinct roles that the gene products serve in circuit function and suggest that functional analysis of GRIN2A and GRIN2B variation may provide insight into the molecular mechanisms, which will allow more accurate subclassification of clinical phenotypes. Furthermore, characterization of the pharmacological properties of variant receptors could provide the first opportunity for translational therapeutic strategies for these GRIN-related neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Myers
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jing-Qiong Kang
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center of Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Francis Chee Kuan Tan
- Department of Anaesthesia, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chian-Ming Low
- Department of Anaesthesia, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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6
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Aspromonte MC, Bellini M, Gasparini A, Carraro M, Bettella E, Polli R, Cesca F, Bigoni S, Boni S, Carlet O, Negrin S, Mammi I, Milani D, Peron A, Sartori S, Toldo I, Soli F, Turolla L, Stanzial F, Benedicenti F, Marino-Buslje C, Tosatto SCE, Murgia A, Leonardi E. Characterization of intellectual disability and autism comorbidity through gene panel sequencing. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:1346-1363. [PMID: 31209962 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous diseases. Recent whole exome sequencing studies indicated that genes associated with different neurological diseases are shared across disorders and converge on common functional pathways. Using the Ion Torrent platform, we developed a low-cost next-generation sequencing gene panel that has been transferred into clinical practice, replacing single disease-gene analyses for the early diagnosis of individuals with ID/ASD. The gene panel was designed using an innovative in silico approach based on disease networks and mining data from public resources to score disease-gene associations. We analyzed 150 unrelated individuals with ID and/or ASD and a confident diagnosis has been reached in 26 cases (17%). Likely pathogenic mutations have been identified in another 15 patients, reaching a total diagnostic yield of 27%. Our data also support the pathogenic role of genes recently proposed to be involved in ASD. Although many of the identified variants need further investigation to be considered disease-causing, our results indicate the efficiency of the targeted gene panel on the identification of novel and rare variants in patients with ID and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Aspromonte
- Molecular Genetics of Neurodevelopment, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, C.so Stati Uniti, 4, Padova, Italy.,Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Bellini
- Molecular Genetics of Neurodevelopment, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, C.so Stati Uniti, 4, Padova, Italy.,Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Marco Carraro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Bettella
- Molecular Genetics of Neurodevelopment, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, C.so Stati Uniti, 4, Padova, Italy.,Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Polli
- Molecular Genetics of Neurodevelopment, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, C.so Stati Uniti, 4, Padova, Italy.,Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Cesca
- Molecular Genetics of Neurodevelopment, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, C.so Stati Uniti, 4, Padova, Italy.,Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Bigoni
- Medical Genetics Unit, Ospedale Universitario S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Boni
- Medical Genetics Unit, San Martino Hospital, Belluno, Italy
| | - Ombretta Carlet
- Epilepsy and Child Neurophysiology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Treviso, Italy
| | - Susanna Negrin
- Epilepsy and Child Neurophysiology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Treviso, Italy
| | - Isabella Mammi
- Medical Genetics Unit, Dolo General Hospital, Venezia, Italy
| | - Donatella Milani
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Peron
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center, Department of Health Sciences, Santi Paolo-Carlo Hospital, University of Milano, Milano, Italy.,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Stefano Sartori
- Paediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Irene Toldo
- Paediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Soli
- Medical Genetics Department, APSS Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Licia Turolla
- Medical Genetics Unit, Local Health Authority, Treviso, Italy
| | - Franco Stanzial
- Genetic Counseling Service, Department of Pediatrics, Regional Hospital of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Francesco Benedicenti
- Genetic Counseling Service, Department of Pediatrics, Regional Hospital of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | | | - Silvio C E Tosatto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Murgia
- Molecular Genetics of Neurodevelopment, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, C.so Stati Uniti, 4, Padova, Italy.,Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Emanuela Leonardi
- Molecular Genetics of Neurodevelopment, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, C.so Stati Uniti, 4, Padova, Italy.,Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
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7
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Mekli K, Stevens A, Marshall AD, Arpawong TE, Phillips DF, Tampubolon G, Lee J, Prescott CA, Nazroo JY, Pendleton N. Frailty Index associates with GRIN2B in two representative samples from the United States and the United Kingdom. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207824. [PMID: 30475886 PMCID: PMC6258126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of frailty has been used in the clinical and research field for more than two decades. It is usually described as a clinical state of heightened vulnerability to poor resolution of homeostasis after a stressor event, which thereby increases the risk of adverse outcomes, including falls, delirium, disability and mortality. Here we report the results of the first genome-wide association scan and comparative gene ontology analyses where we aimed to identify genes and pathways associated with the deficit model of frailty. We used a discovery-replication design with two independent, nationally representative samples of older adults. The square-root transformed Frailty Index (FI) was the outcome variable, and age and sex were included as covariates. We report one hit exceeding genome-wide significance: the rs6765037 A allele was significantly associated with a decrease in the square-root transformed FI score in the Discovery sample (beta = -0.01958, p = 2.14E-08), without confirmation in the Replication sample. We also report a nominal replication: the rs7134291 A allele was significantly associated with a decrease in the square-root transformed FI score (Discovery sample: beta = -0.01021, p = 1.85E-06, Replication sample: beta = -0.005013, p = 0.03433). These hits represent the KBTBD12 and the GRIN2B genes, respectively. Comparative gene ontology analysis identified the pathways ‘Neuropathic pain signalling in dorsal horn neurons’ and the ‘GPCR-Mediated Nutrient Sensing in Enteroendocrine Cells’, exceeding the p = 0.01 significance in both samples, although this result does not survive correction for multiple testing. Considering the crucial role of GRIN2B in brain development, synaptic plasticity and cognition, this gene appears to be a potential candidate to play a role in frailty. In conclusion, we conducted genome-wide association scan and pathway analyses and have identified genes and pathways with potential roles in frailty. However, frailty is a complex condition. Therefore, further research is required to confirm our results and more thoroughly identify relevant biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Mekli
- Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Adam Stevens
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alan D. Marshall
- School of Social and Political Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thalida E. Arpawong
- Department of Psychology, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Drystan F. Phillips
- Dornsife Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, United States of America
| | - Gindo Tampubolon
- Institute for Social Change, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jinkook Lee
- Dornsife Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, United States of America
| | - Carol A. Prescott
- Department of Psychology, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - James Y. Nazroo
- Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Pendleton
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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8
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Zhang L, Mubarak T, Chen Y, Lee T, Pollock A, Sun T. Counter-Balance Between Gli3 and miR-7 Is Required for Proper Morphogenesis and Size Control of the Mouse Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:259. [PMID: 30210296 PMCID: PMC6121149 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain morphogenesis requires precise regulation of multiple genes to control specification of distinct neural progenitors (NPs) and neuronal production. Dysregulation of these genes results in severe brain malformation such as macrocephaly and microcephaly. Despite studies of the effect of individual pathogenic genes, the counter-balance between multiple factors in controlling brain size remains unclear. Here we show that cortical deletion of Gli3 results in enlarged brain and folding structures in the cortical midline at the postnatal stage, which is mainly caused by the increased percentage of intermediate progenitors (IPs) and newborn neurons. In addition, dysregulation of neuronal migration also contributes to the folding defects in the cortical midline region. Knockdown of microRNA (miRNA) miR-7 can rescue abnormal brain morphology in Gli3 knockout mice by recovering progenitor specification, neuronal production and migration through a counter-balance of the Gli3 activity. Moreover, miR-7 likely exerts its function through silencing target gene Pax6. Our results indicate that proper brain morphogenesis is an outcome of interactive regulations of multiple molecules such as Gli3 and miR-7. Because miRNAs are easy to synthesize and deliver, miR-7 could be a potential therapeutic means to macrocephaly caused by Gli3-deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longbin Zhang
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Taufif Mubarak
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yase Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Trevor Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Andrew Pollock
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
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9
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Wang X, Kery R, Xiong Q. Synaptopathology in autism spectrum disorders: Complex effects of synaptic genes on neural circuits. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:398-415. [PMID: 28986278 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Rachel Kery
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Qiaojie Xiong
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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10
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XiangWei W, Jiang Y, Yuan H. De Novo Mutations and Rare Variants Occurring in NMDA Receptors. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 2:27-35. [PMID: 29756080 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A significant number of variants/mutations in the N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamatergic receptor (NMDAR) gene family (GRIN) have been identified along with stunning advances in the technologies of next generation of whole-exome sequencing. Mutations in human GRIN genes are distributed throughout the entire gene, from amino terminal domain to C-terminal domain, in patients with various neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, intellectual disability, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. Analyzing the currently available human genetic variations illustrates the genetic variation intolerance to missense mutations differs significantly among domains within the GRIN genes. Functional analyses of these mutations and their pharmacological profiles provide the first opportunity to understand the molecular mechanism and targeted therapeutic strategies for these neurological and psychiatric disorders, as well as unfold novel clues to channel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshu XiangWei
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yuwu Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.,Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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