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Chalise U, Hale TM. Fibroblasts under pressure: cardiac fibroblast responses to hypertension and antihypertensive therapies. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H223-H237. [PMID: 37999643 PMCID: PMC11219059 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00401.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 50% of Americans have hypertension, which significantly increases the risk of heart failure. In response to increased peripheral resistance in hypertension, intensified mechanical stretch in the myocardium induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fibroblast activation to withstand increased pressure overload. This changes the structure and function of the heart, leading to pathological cardiac remodeling and eventual progression to heart failure. In the presence of hypertensive stimuli, cardiac fibroblasts activate and differentiate to myofibroblast phenotype capable of enhanced extracellular matrix secretion in coordination with other cell types, mainly cardiomyocytes. Both systemic and local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation lead to increased angiotensin II stimulation of fibroblasts. Angiotensin II directly activates fibrotic signaling such as transforming growth factor β/SMAD and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling to produce extracellular matrix comprised of collagens and matricellular proteins. With the advent of single-cell RNA sequencing techniques, heterogeneity in fibroblast populations has been identified in the left ventricle in models of hypertension and pressure overload. The various clusters of fibroblasts reveal a range of phenotypes and activation states. Select antihypertensive therapies have been shown to be effective in limiting fibrosis, with some having direct actions on cardiac fibroblasts. The present review focuses on the fibroblast-specific changes that occur in response to hypertension and pressure overload, the knowledge gained from single-cell analyses, and the effect of antihypertensive therapies. Understanding the dynamics of hypertensive fibroblast populations and their similarities and differences by sex is crucial for the advent of new targets and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra Chalise
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Taben M Hale
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
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Kishimoto T, Kataoka T, Yamamoto Y, Asano G, Fukamoto A, Hotta Y, Maeda Y, Takahashi M, Kanayama HO, Kimura K. High Salt Intake Impairs Erectile Function in Salt-Sensitive Rats Through Mineralocorticoid Receptor Pathway Beyond Its Effect on Blood Pressure. J Sex Med 2020; 17:1280-1287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.04.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Mitsuishi Y, Shibata H, Kurihara I, Kobayashi S, Yokota K, Murai-Takeda A, Hayashi T, Jo R, Nakamura T, Morisaki M, Itoh H. Epidermal growth factor receptor/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway enhances mineralocorticoid receptor transcriptional activity through protein stabilization. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 473:89-99. [PMID: 29391190 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activation of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is evoked by aldosterone, and it induces hypertension and cardiovascular disease when it's concomitant with excessive salt loading. We have proposed the notion of "MR-associated hypertension", in which add-on therapy of MR blockers is effective even though serum aldosterone level is within normal range. To elucidate its underlying molecular mechanism, we focused on the effect of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation on MR activity. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) administration increased MR transcriptional activity through EGFR/ERK pathway and increased protein level by counteracting MR ubiquitylation in vitro. EGF administration in vivo also increased MR protein level and target gene expression in kidney, which were decreased by EGFR inhibitor. In addition, the administration of EGFR inhibitor lowered systolic blood pressure and MR activity in DOCA/salt-treated mice. In conclusion, EGFR/ERK pathway activation is considered as one of the underlying mechanisms of aberrant MR activation and EGFR/ERK pathway blockade could be an alternative approach for the prevention of MR-related cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Mitsuishi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Shibata
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasamamachi, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan.
| | - Isao Kurihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Sakiko Kobayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yokota
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ayano Murai-Takeda
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Division of Diabetes Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-19-18 Nishishimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan
| | - Rie Jo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Nakamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mitsuha Morisaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Yim J, Cho H, Rabkin SW. Gene expression and gene associations during the development of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in the Dahl salt sensitive model of hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 40:155-166. [DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2017.1346113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Yim
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hyokeun Cho
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Simon W. Rabkin
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Abstract
Although the endothelium has a number of important functions, the term endothelial dysfunction is commonly used to describe impairment in its vasodilatory capacity. It is increasingly recognized that this is related to hypertension, although whether it predates essential hypertension or is a consequence of it is still unknown. In this review, we explore the mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in essential hypertension, its prognostic significance and methods of pharmacological reversal.
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Luo X, Dan Wang, Luo X, Zhu X, Wang G, Ning Z, Li Y, Ma X, Yang R, Jin S, Huang Y, Meng Y, Li X. Caveolin 1-related autophagy initiated by aldosterone-induced oxidation promotes liver sinusoidal endothelial cells defenestration. Redox Biol 2017; 13:508-521. [PMID: 28734243 PMCID: PMC5521033 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone, with pro-oxidation and pro-autophagy capabilities, plays a key role in liver fibrosis. However, the mechanisms underlying aldosterone-promoted liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) defenestration remain unknown. Caveolin 1 (Cav1) displays close links with autophagy and fenestration. Hence, we aim to investigate the role of Cav1-related autophagy in LSECs defenestration. We found the increase of aldosterone/MR (mineralocorticoid receptor) level, oxidation, autophagy, and defenestration in LSECs in the human fibrotic liver, BDL or hyperaldosteronism models; while antagonizing aldosterone or inhibiting autophagy relieved LSECs defenestration in BDL-induced fibrosis or hyperaldosteronism models. In vitro, fenestrae of primary LSECs gradually shrank, along with the down-regulation of the NO-dependent pathway and the augment of the AMPK-dependent autophagy; these effects were aggravated by rapamycin (an autophagy activator) or aldosterone treatment. Additionally, aldosterone increased oxidation mediated by Cav1, reduced ATP generation, and subsequently induced the AMPK-dependent autophagy, leading to the down-regulation of the NO-dependent pathway and LSECs defenestration. These effects were reversed by MR antagonist spironolactone, antioxidants or autophagy inhibitors. Besides, aldosterone enhanced the co-immunoprecipitation of Cav1 with p62 and ubiquitin, and induced Cav1 co-immunofluorescence staining with LC3, ubiquitin, and F-actin in the perinuclear area of LSECs. Furthermore, aldosterone treatment increased the membrane protein level of Cav1, whereas decrease the cytoplasmic protein level of Cav1, indicating that aldosterone induced Cav1-related selective autophagy and F-actin remodeling to promote defenestration. Consequently, Cav1-related selective autophagy initiated by aldosterone-induced oxidation promotes LSECs defenestration via activating the AMPK-ULK1 pathway and inhibiting the NO-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No. 52 Zhongshan East Road Nanming District, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xintao Zhu
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guozhen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuowei Ning
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxin Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renqiang Yang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyi Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Meng
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Hale TM. Persistent phenotypic shift in cardiac fibroblasts: impact of transient renin angiotensin system inhibition. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 93:125-32. [PMID: 26631495 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibrotic cardiac remodeling ultimately leads to heart failure - a debilitating and costly condition. Select antihypertensive agents have been effective in reducing or slowing the development of cardiac fibrosis. Moreover, some experimental studies have shown that the reduction in fibrosis induced by these agents persists long after stopping treatment. What has not been as well investigated is whether this transient treatment results in a protection against future fibrotic cardiac remodeling. In the present review, previously published studies are re-examined to assess whether the relative percent increase in collagen deposition over an off-treatment period is attenuated, relative to control, following transient antihypertensive treatment in young or adult rats. Present findings suggest that transient inhibition of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) not only produces a sustained reduction in cardiac fibrosis, but also results in a degree of protection against future collagen deposition. In addition, prior transient RAS inhibition appears to alter the cardiac fibroblast phenotype such that these cells show a muted response to myocardial injury - namely reduced proliferation, chemokine release, and collagen deposition. This review puts forth several potential mechanisms underlying this long-term cardiac protection that is afforded by transient RAS inhibition. Specifically, fibroblast phenotypic change, cardiac fibroblast apoptosis, sustained suppression of the RAS, persistent reduction in left ventricular hypertrophy, and persistent reduction in arterial pressure are each discussed. Identifying the mechanisms ultimately responsible for this change in cardiac fibroblast response to injury, hypertension, and aging may reveal novel targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taben M Hale
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona, College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N 5th St, ABC1, Rm 327, USA.
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Comparison of eplerenone and spironolactone for the treatment of primary aldosteronism. Hypertens Res 2015; 39:133-7. [PMID: 26606875 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2015.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is expressed in the kidneys and in adipose tissue, and primary aldosteronism (PA) is associated with metabolic syndrome. This study assessed the effects of MR blockade by eplerenone (EPL) and spironolactone (SPL) on blood pressure (BP) and metabolic factors in patients with PA. Fifty-four patients with PA were treated with one of two MRAs, EPL (25-100 mg daily, n=27) or SPL (12.5-100 mg daily, n=27) for 12 months. Visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue were quantified using CT and FatScan imaging analysis software. Body mass index, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), serum creatinine, potassium and lipids, urinary albumin excretion (UAE) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) and plasma renin activity (PRA) were measured before and after treatment. EPL and SPL decreased BP and increased serum potassium levels to similar degrees. PAC and PRA did not differ between the two groups. Although treatment with the MRAs did not change HOMA-IR or serum lipids, they significantly decreased UAE and VAT (P<0.05). These results suggest that EPL and SPL are effective and safe for the treatment of PA. The long-term metabolic and renal effects of these MRAs should be further investigated.
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Koibuchi N, Hasegawa Y, Katayama T, Toyama K, Uekawa K, Sueta D, Kusaka H, Ma M, Nakagawa T, Lin B, Kim-Mitsuyama S. DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin ameliorates cardiovascular injury in salt-sensitive hypertensive rats independently of blood glucose and blood pressure. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:157. [PMID: 25471116 PMCID: PMC4255443 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-014-0157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It remains to be elucidated whether dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor can ameliorate cardiovascular injury in salt-sensitive hypertension. The present study was undertaken to test our hypothesis that linagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, administration initiated after onset of hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy can ameliorate cardiovascular injury in Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats (DS rats). Methods High-salt loaded DS rats with established hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy were divided into two groups, and were orally given (1) vehicle or (2) linagliptin (3 mg/kg/day) once a day for 4 weeks, and cardiovascular protective effects of linagliptin in DS rats were evaluated. Results Linagliptin did not significantly affect blood pressure and blood glucose levels in DS rats. Linagliptin significantly lessened cardiac hypertrophy in DS rats, as estimated by cardiac weight and echocardiographic parameters. Linagliptin significantly ameliorated cardiac fibrosis, cardiac macrophage infiltration, and coronary arterial remodeling in DS rats. Furthermore, linagliptin significantly mitigated the impairment of vascular function in DS rats, as shown by the improvement of acetylcholine-induced or sodium nitroprusside-induced vascular relaxation by linagliptin. These cardiovascular protective effects of linagliptin were associated with the attenuation of oxidative stress, NADPH oxidase subunits, p67phox and p22 phox, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Conclusions Our results provided the experimental evidence that linagliptin treatment initiated after the appearance of hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy protected against cardiovascular injury induced by salt-sensitive hypertension, independently of blood pressure and blood glucose. These beneficial effects of linagliptin seem to be attributed to the reduction of oxidative stress and ACE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shokei Kim-Mitsuyama
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
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McGraw AP, McCurley A, Preston IR, Jaffe IZ. Mineralocorticoid receptors in vascular disease: connecting molecular pathways to clinical implications. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2014; 15:340. [PMID: 23719923 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-013-0340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a steroid-hormone-activated transcription factor, plays a substantial role in cardiovascular diseases. MR antagonists (MRAs) have long been appreciated as effective treatments for heart failure and hypertension; however, recent research suggests that additional patient populations may also benefit from MRA therapy. Experimental evidence demonstrates that in addition to its classic role in the regulating sodium handling in the kidney, functional MR is expressed in the blood vessels and contributes to hypertension, vascular inflammation and remodeling, and atherogenesis. MR activation drives pathological phenotypes in smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells, whereas MRAs inhibit these effects. Collectively, these studies demonstrate a new role for extrarenal MR in cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes these new lines of evidence and how they contribute to the mechanisms of atherosclerosis, pulmonary and systemic hypertension, and vein graft failure, and describes new patient populations that may benefit from MRA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P McGraw
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA, USA.
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Ehnert S, Lukoschek T, Bachmann A, Martínez Sánchez JJ, Damm G, Nussler NC, Pscherer S, Stöckle U, Dooley S, Mueller S, Nussler AK. The right choice of antihypertensives protects primary human hepatocytes from ethanol- and recombinant human TGF-β1-induced cellular damage. Hepat Med 2013; 5:31-41. [PMID: 24695967 PMCID: PMC3953738 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s38754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD) often suffer from high blood pressure and rely on antihypertensive treatment. Certain antihypertensives may influence progression of chronic liver disease. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of the commonly used antihypertensives amlodipine, captopril, furosemide, metoprolol, propranolol, and spironolactone on alcohol-induced damage toward human hepatocytes (hHeps). Methods hHeps were isolated by collagenase perfusion. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by fluorescence-based assays. Cellular damage was determined by lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH)-leakage. Expression analysis was performed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling was investigated by a Smad3/4-responsive luciferase-reporter assay. Results Ethanol and TGF-β1 rapidly increased ROS in hHeps, causing a release of 40%–60% of total LDH after 72 hours. All antihypertensives dose dependently reduced ethanol-mediated oxidative stress and cellular damage. Similar results were observed for TGF-β1-dependent damage, except for furosemide, which had no effect. As a common mechanism, all antihypertensives increased heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, and inhibition of HO-1 activity reversed the protective effect of the drugs. Interestingly, Smad3/4 signaling was reduced by all compounds except furosemide, which even enhanced this profibrotic signaling. This effect was mediated by expressional changes of Smad3 and/or Smad4. Conclusions Our results suggest that antihypertensives may both positively and negatively influence chronic liver disease progression. Therefore, we propose that in future patients with ALD and high blood pressure, they could benefit from an adjusted antihypertensive therapy with additional antifibrotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ehnert
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, BG Trauma Center, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Teresa Lukoschek
- Mol Hepatology - Alcohol Associated Diseases, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anastasia Bachmann
- Mol Hepatology - Alcohol Associated Diseases, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Georg Damm
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natascha C Nussler
- Clinic for General, Visceral, Endocrine Surgery and Coloproctology, Clinic Neuperlach, Städtisches Klinikum München GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Pscherer
- Department of Diabetology, Klinikum Traunstein, Kliniken Südostbayern AG, Traunstein, Germany
| | - Ulrich Stöckle
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, BG Trauma Center, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Mol Hepatology - Alcohol Associated Diseases, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mueller
- Department of Medicine, Salem Medical Center, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, BG Trauma Center, Tübingen, Germany
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Activation of mineralocorticoid receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla is involved in hypertensive mechanisms in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res 2012; 35:470-6. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2011.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Funder JW. Eplerenone, amlodipine and experimental hypertension: one plus one equals three. Hypertens Res 2011; 34:795-6. [PMID: 21614006 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2011.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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