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Otumala AE, Hellen DJ, Luna CA, Delgado P, Dissanayaka A, Ugwumadu C, Oshinowo O, Islam MM, Shen L, Karpen SJ, Myers DR. Opportunities and considerations for studying liver disease with microphysiological systems on a chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2877-2898. [PMID: 37282629 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00940d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Advances in microsystem engineering have enabled the development of highly controlled models of the liver that better recapitulate the unique in vivo biological conditions. In just a few short years, substantial progress has been made in creating complex mono- and multi-cellular models that mimic key metabolic, structural, and oxygen gradients crucial for liver function. Here we review: 1) the state-of-the-art in liver-centric microphysiological systems and 2) the array of liver diseases and pressing biological and therapeutic challenges which could be investigated with these systems. The engineering community has unique opportunities to innovate with new liver-on-a-chip devices and partner with biomedical researchers to usher in a new era of understanding of the molecular and cellular contributors to liver diseases and identify and test rational therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiya E Otumala
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dominick J Hellen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - C Alessandra Luna
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Priscilla Delgado
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anjana Dissanayaka
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chidozie Ugwumadu
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Oluwamayokun Oshinowo
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Md Mydul Islam
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Luyao Shen
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Saul J Karpen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David R Myers
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Aibara N, Ohyama K, Nakamura M, Nakamura H, Tamai M, Kishikawa N, Kawakami A, Tsukamoto K, Nakashima M, Kuroda N. Investigation of immune complexes formed by mitochondrial antigens containing a new lipoylated site in sera of primary biliary cholangitis patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 204:335-343. [PMID: 33605437 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is characterized by the presence of serum anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies (AMAs). To date, four antigens among the 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase complex family, which commonly have lipoyl domains as an epitope, have been identified as AMA-corresponding antigens (AMA-antigens). It has recently been reported that AMAs react more strongly with certain chemically modified mimics than with the native lipoyl domains in AMA-antigens. Moreover, high concentrations of circulating immune complexes (ICs) in PBC patients have been reported. However, the existence of ICs formed by AMAs and their antigens has not been reported to date. We hypothesized that AMAs and their antigens formed ICs in PBC sera, and analyzed sera of PBC and four autoimmune diseases (Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic scleroderma, and rheumatoid arthritis) using immune complexome analysis, in which ICs are separated from serum and are identified by nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. To correctly assign MS/MS spectra to peptide sequences, we used a protein-search algorithm that including lipoylation and certain xenobiotic modifications. We found three AMA-antigens, the E2 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC-E2), the E2 subunit of the 2-oxo-glutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDC-E2) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase binding protein (E3BP), by detecting peptides containing lipoylation and xenobiotic modifications from PBC sera. Although the lipoylated sites of these peptides were different from the well-known sites, abnormal lipoylation and xenobiotic modification may lead to production of AMAs and the formation ICs. Further investigation of the lipoylated sites, xenobiotic modifications, and IC formation will lead to deepen our understanding of PBC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Aibara
- Unit of Medical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - K Ohyama
- Unit of Medical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - M Nakamura
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization (NHO) Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - H Nakamura
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - M Tamai
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - N Kishikawa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry for Pharmaceuticals, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - A Kawakami
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - K Tsukamoto
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - M Nakashima
- Unit of Medical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - N Kuroda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry for Pharmaceuticals, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Yu K, Li P, Xu T, Xu J, Wang K, Chai J, Zhao D, Liu Y, Wang Y, Ma J, Fan L, Guo S, Li Z, Li M, Wang Z. Decreased infiltration of CD4 + Th1 cells indicates a good response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in primary biliary cholangitis. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 217:153291. [PMID: 33249399 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is characterized by nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis and is thought to be an autoimmune disorder. Currently, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the only FDA approved first-line therapy for PBC, but up to nearly one-third of patients do not achieve a complete response to this treatment. Adaptive immune cells, including T cells and B cells, have been found in the portal tracts and the bile duct epithelium and play a role in the pathogenesis of PBC, but the importance of these cells for evaluating the therapeutic response to UDCA in PBC has not yet been studied. METHODS In this study, we collected liver puncture biopsy specimens from 34 matched patients with PBC before and after UDCA treatment and investigated the relationship between the infiltration of adaptive immune cells and the treatment response to UDCA. The extent of immune cell infiltration was determined by immunohistochemical analysis. Responses were defined based on Paris-I criteria. RESULTS After 1 year of treatment, 25/34 patients responded to UDCA treatment according to Paris-I criteria (responders), and 9/34 patients were nonresponders. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that UDCA responders exhibited significantly less CD4+ T cell infiltration after UDCA treatment than before (50.4 ± 7.5/HPF vs 30.0 ± 7.9/HPF, P = 0.002). In contrast, UDCA nonresponders exhibited significantly more CD4+ T cell infiltration after UDCA treatment than before (32.2 ± 8.0/HPF vs 75.0 ± 13.9/HPF, P = 0.045). Moreover, patients who exhibited a reduction in CD4+ T cell infiltration after UDCA treatment had a higher response rate than those that exhibited an increase in CD4+ T cell infiltration (85.7 % vs 53.8 %, P = 0.041). However, CD3+ T cell, CD8+ T cell, and CD20+ B cell infiltration was not significantly different before and after treatment in either UDCA responders or nonresponders. Furthermore, we found that the number of infiltrating T-bet+ Th1 cells was much lower after UDCA treatment than before in responders (10.5 ± 5.7/HPF vs. 5.16 ± 4.0/HPF, P = 0.0214) but much higher in nonresponders after treatment than before (1.89±1.2/HPF vs. 12.3±5.4/HPF, P = 0.043). However, there was no difference in the extent of GATA3+ Th2 or FOXP3+ Treg infiltration before and after treatment in either UDCA responders or nonresponders. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results suggest that a decrease in the number of liver-infiltrating CD4+ Th1 cells is associated with a good response of PBC patients to UDCA treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis of CD4 and T-bet in PBC liver specimens may be a potential approach for evaluating the therapeutic response to UDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangjie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Department of Pathology, The 960th Hospital of PLA, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Tianqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Junpeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Kaijing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jia Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Danhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yixiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yingmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Linni Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shuangping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zengshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Mingyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Turco M, Cazzagon N, Franceschet I, Formentin C, Frighetto G, Giordani F, Cellini N, Mazzotta G, Costa R, Middleton B, Skene DJ, Floreani A, Montagnese S. Morning Bright Light Treatment for Sleep-Wake Disturbances in Primary Biliary Cholangitis: A Pilot Study. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1530. [PMID: 30455647 PMCID: PMC6230563 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) exhibit delayed sleep-wake habits, disturbed night sleep and daytime sleepiness/fatigue. Such combination of symptoms is reminiscent of delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSPD), which benefits from morning light treatment. The aim of the present pilot study was to test the effect of morning light treatment in a group of 13 well-characterized patients with PBC [all females; (mean ± SD) 53 ± 10 years]. Six healthy individuals (4 females, 57 ± 14 years) and 7 patients with cirrhosis (1 female, 57 ± 12 years) served as controls and diseased controls, respectively. At baseline, all participants underwent an assessment of quality of life, diurnal preference, sleep quality/timing (subjective plus actigraphy), daytime sleepiness, and urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) rhythmicity. Then they underwent a 15-day course of morning bright light treatment, immediately after getting up (light box, 10,000 lux, 45 min) whilst monitoring sleep-wake patterns and aMT6s rhythmicity. At baseline, both patients with PBC and patients with cirrhosis had significantly worse subjective sleep quality compared to controls. In patients with PBC, light treatment resulted in an improvement in subjective sleep quality and a reduction in daytime sleepiness. In addition, both their sleep onset and get-up time were significantly advanced. Finally, the robustness of aMT6s rhythmicity (i.e., strength of the cosinor fit) increased after light administration but post-hoc comparisons were not significant in any of the groups. In conclusion, a brief course of morning bright light treatment had positive effects on subjective sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and sleep timing in patients with PBC. This unobtrusive, side-effect free, non-pharmacological treatment is worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Turco
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Nora Cazzagon
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Irene Franceschet
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Frighetto
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Cellini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Rodolfo Costa
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Benita Middleton
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Debra J Skene
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Annarosa Floreani
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Dyggve H, Jarva H, Spillmann T, Speeti M, Meri S. Identification of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate and Alcohol Dehydrogenases as Autoantigens in Doberman Hepatitis. Scand J Immunol 2017; 86:156-164. [PMID: 29072876 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An autoimmune background is suspected for Doberman hepatitis (DH). It is based on the finding of mononuclear cell infiltrates in the liver, strong female bias, association to the homozygous risk factor dog leucocyte antigen (DLA) allele DRB1*00601 and aberrant major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression on hepatocytes that correlates with the degree of inflammation in the liver. The aim of this study was to search for autoantibodies against liver-related antigens associated with DH. Twenty-five Dobermans with subclinical DH (SDH), 13 that clinically manifest DH (CDH) and 17 healthy controls were studied. Immunoblotting analysis detected specific antibodies in the DH sera. By mass spectrometry the targets were identified as liver-related enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). Using ELISA, anti-GAPDH IgG was detected in 36% (9/25) of SDH dogs and 69.2% (9/13) of the CDH dogs compared to healthy controls (0/17) (P < 0.0005). Anti-ADH IgG was detected in 72% (18/25) of SDH dogs and 76.9% (10/13) of CDH dogs and only in one (1/17) control (P < 0.0005). The finding of novel autoantigens, GAPDH and ADH strengthen the hypothesis that DH is an autoimmune disease of the liver. These findings suggest that DH could be diagnosed by screening for autoantibodies against the defined antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dyggve
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Bacteriology and Immunology and Immunobiology Research Program, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Jarva
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology and Immunobiology Research Program, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Spillmann
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Speeti
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology and Immunobiology Research Program, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Extrahepatic Autoimmune Diseases in Patients with Autoimmune Liver Diseases: A Phenomenon Neglected by Gastroenterologists. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2017; 2017:2376231. [PMID: 28191014 PMCID: PMC5278196 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2376231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs) often coexist with other extrahepatic autoimmune diseases (EHAIDs). The spectrum of EHAIDs in patients with AILDs is similar, whereas the incidence is different. Notably, autoimmune thyroid disease and Sjogren's syndrome are the most common EHAIDs. Associated extrahepatic diseases may predate the appearance of AILDs or coincide with their onset. More frequently, they may appear during the course and even occur years after the diagnosis of AILDs. Importantly, associated EHAIDs may influence the natural course and prognosis of AILDs. To date, a definite pathophysiological pathway which contributes to the coexistence of AILDs and EHAIDs is still lacking. The current view of autoimmunity clustering involves a common susceptibility genetic background which applies to related pathologies. Herein, we review the current published researches regarding EHAIDs in patients with AILDs, particularly in relation to their clinical impact and pathophysiology. In managing patients with AILDs, gastroenterologists should be aware of the possibly associated EHAIDs to ensure a prompt diagnosis and better outcome.
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Abstract
The family of 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes (2-OADC), typified by the pyruvate dehydrogenase multi-enzyme complex (PDC) as its most prominent member, are massive molecular machines (Mr, 4-10 million) controlling key steps in glucose homeostasis (PDC), citric acid cycle flux (OGDC, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase) and the metabolism of the branched-chain amino acids, leucine, isoleucine and valine (BCOADC, branched-chain 2-OADC). These highly organised mitochondrial arrays, composed of multiple copies of three separate enzymes, have been widely studied as paradigms for the analysis of enzyme cooperativity, substrate channelling, protein-protein interactions and the regulation of activity by phosphorylation . This chapter will highlight recent advances in our understanding of the structure-function relationships, the overall organisation and the transport and assembly of PDC in particular, focussing on both native and recombinant forms of the complex and their individual components or constituent domains. Biophysical approaches, including X-ray crystallography (MX), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), cryo-EM imaging, analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) and small angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS), have all contributed significant new information on PDC subunit organisation, stoichiometry, regulatory mechanisms and mode of assembly. Moreover, the recognition of specific genetic defects linked to PDC deficiency, in combination with the ability to analyse recombinant PDCs housing both novel naturally-occurring and engineered mutations, have all stimulated renewed interest in these classical metabolic assemblies. In addition, the role played by PDC, and its constituent proteins, in certain disease states will be briefly reviewed, focussing on the development of new and exciting areas of medical and immunological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olwyn Byron
- School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - John Gordon Lindsay
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, Davidson Building, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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8
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α-Lipoic acid promotes α-tubulin hyperacetylation and blocks the turnover of mitochondria through mitophagy. Biochem J 2016; 473:1821-30. [PMID: 27099338 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is tightly coupled to the nutritional status of the cell, as the availability of its cofactor, acetyl-CoA, fluctuates with changing metabolic conditions. Recent studies have demonstrated that acetyl-CoA levels act as an indicator of cellular nourishment, and increased abundance of this metabolite can block the induction of cellular recycling programmes. In the present study we investigated the cross-talk between mitochondrial metabolic pathways, acetylation and autophagy, using chemical inducers of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA production. Treatment of cells with α-lipoic acid (αLA), a cofactor of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, led to the unexpected hyperacetylation of α-tubulin in the cytosol. This acetylation was blocked by pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial citrate export (a source for mitochondria-derived acetyl-CoA in the cytosol), was dependent on the α-tubulin acetyltransferase (αTAT) and was coupled to a loss in function of the cytosolic histone deacetylase, HDAC6. We further demonstrate that αLA slows the flux of substrates through autophagy-related pathways, and severely limits the ability of cells to remove depolarized mitochondria through PTEN-associated kinase 1 (PINK1)-mediated mitophagy.
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9
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Pacini G, Carotenuto A, Rentier C, Nuti F, Real-Fernandez F, Brancaccio D, Sabatino G, Larregola M, Peroni E, Migliorini P, Novellino E, Battezzati PM, Selmi C, Papini AM, Rovero P. Role of Lipoylation of the Immunodominant Epitope of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex: Toward a Peptide-Based Diagnostic Assay for Primary Biliary Cirrhosis. J Med Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfonso Carotenuto
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano
49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Cedric Rentier
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- PeptLab@UCP
Platform and Laboratory of Chemical Biology EA4505, University of Cergy-Pontoise, 5 Mail Gay-Lussac, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Francesca Nuti
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Diego Brancaccio
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano
49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Sabatino
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Maud Larregola
- PeptLab@UCP
Platform and Laboratory of Chemical Biology EA4505, University of Cergy-Pontoise, 5 Mail Gay-Lussac, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Elisa Peroni
- PeptLab@UCP
Platform and Laboratory of Chemical Biology EA4505, University of Cergy-Pontoise, 5 Mail Gay-Lussac, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Paola Migliorini
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano
49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Pier Maria Battezzati
- Department of Health Sciences, Division of Medicine and Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, University of Milan, Ospedale San Paolo, Via Antonio Di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Selmi
- Division
of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Via Alessandro Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milano, Italy
- BIOMETRA
Department, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- PeptLab@UCP
Platform and Laboratory of Chemical Biology EA4505, University of Cergy-Pontoise, 5 Mail Gay-Lussac, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France
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Tsuboi H, Ohira H, Asashima H, Tsuzuki S, Iizuka M, Matsuo N, Kondo Y, Matsumoto I, Sumida T. Anti-M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antibodies in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:E471-9. [PMID: 24750585 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R) is expressed in biliary tracts as well as in exocrine glands. It is reported that some patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) carry autoantibodies against M3R. The aim of this study is to clarify the presence, potential use as diagnostic marker and clinical roles of anti-M3R antibodies in PBC. METHODS We synthesized peptides encoding the extracellular domains of human-M3R, including the N-terminal region, the first, second and third extracellular loops. Antibodies against these regions were examined by peptide-based enzyme-linked immunoassay in sera of 90 patients with PBC and 40 with chronic hepatitis C (CHC), 21 with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), 10 with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), 14 with obstructive jaundice, 10 with drug-induced liver injury and 42 healthy controls. RESULTS Antibodies to the N-terminal, first, second and third loop were detected in 90.0% (81/90), 73.3% (66/90), 76.7% (69/90) and 66.7% (60/90) of PBC, in 67.5% (27/40), 10.0% (4/40), 67.5% (27/40) and 27.5% (11/40) of CHC, in 85.7% (18/21), 9.5% (2/21), 4.8% (1/21) and 57.1% (12/21) of NASH, in 60.0% (6/10), 20.0% (2/10), 60.0% (6/10) and 60.0% (6/10) of PSC, in 100.0% (14/14), 0% (0/14), 64.3% (9/14) and 78.6% (11/14) of obstructive jaundice, in 100.0% (10/10), 0% (0/10), 30.0% (3/10) and 10.0% (1/10) of drug-induced liver injury, and in 4.8% (2/42), 7.1% (3/42), 2.4% (1/42) and 2.4% (1/42) of the controls, respectively. CONCLUSION A high frequency of PBC carried anti-M3R antibodies. Anti-M3R antibodies against the first loop of M3R are a potentially useful diagnostic marker for PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Tsuboi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Sheu TT, Chiang BL, Yen JH, Lin WC. Premature CD4+ T cell aging and its contribution to lymphopenia-induced proliferation of memory cells in autoimmune-prone non-obese diabetic mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89379. [PMID: 24586733 PMCID: PMC3935863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP), a mechanism to maintain a constant number of T cells in circulation, occurs in both normal aging and autoimmune disease. The incidence of most autoimmune diseases increases with age, and premature CD4(+) T cell aging has been reported in several autoimmune diseases. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that premature CD4(+) T cell aging can cause autoimmune disease by examining whether premature CD4(+) T cell aging exists and causes LIP in our mouse model. Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice were used because, in addition to Treg defects, the LIP of T cells has been shown to plays a causative role in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in these mice. We found that with advancing age, NOD mice exhibited an accelerated decrease in the number of CD4(+) T cells due to the loss of naïve cells. This was accompanied by an increase in the percentage of memory cells, leading to a reduced naïve/memory ratio. In addition, both the percentage of CD28(+) cells in CD4(+) T cells and IL-2 production decreased, while the percentage of FAS(+)CD44(+) increased, suggesting that NOD mice exhibit premature CD4(+) T cell aging. This process preferentially contributed to LIP of memory cells. Therefore, our results suggest that premature CD4(+) T cell aging underlies the development of IDDM in NOD mice. Given that CD28 and IL-2 play important roles in Treg function, the relationships between premature CD4(+) T cell aging and lymphopenia as well as Treg defects in autoimmune-prone NOD mice are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Sheu
- Department of Immunology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jui-Hung Yen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Chi Lin
- Institute of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Abstract
Apoptosis is a prominent feature of liver diseases. Causative factors such as alcohol, viruses, toxic bile acids, fatty acids, drugs, and immune response, can induce apoptotic cell death via membrane receptors and intracellular stress. Apoptotic signaling network, including membrane death receptor-mediated cascade, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, lysosomal permeabilization, and mitochondrial dysfunction, is intermixed each other, but one mechanism may dominate at a particular stage. Mechanisms of hepatic apoptosis are complicated by multiple signaling pathways. The progression of liver disease is affected by the balance between apoptotic and antiapoptotic capabilities. Therapeutic options of liver injury are impacted by the clear understanding toward mechanisms of hepatic apoptosis.
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Molecular mechanisms of hepatic apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e996. [PMID: 24434519 PMCID: PMC4040708 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a prominent feature of liver diseases. Causative factors such as alcohol, viruses, toxic bile acids, fatty acids, drugs, and immune response, can induce apoptotic cell death via membrane receptors and intracellular stress. Apoptotic signaling network, including membrane death receptor-mediated cascade, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, lysosomal permeabilization, and mitochondrial dysfunction, is intermixed each other, but one mechanism may dominate at a particular stage. Mechanisms of hepatic apoptosis are complicated by multiple signaling pathways. The progression of liver disease is affected by the balance between apoptotic and antiapoptotic capabilities. Therapeutic options of liver injury are impacted by the clear understanding toward mechanisms of hepatic apoptosis.
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Zeron PB, Retamozo S, Bové A, Kostov BA, Sisó A, Ramos-Casals M. Diagnosis of Liver Involvement in Primary Sjögren Syndrome. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2013; 1:94-102. [PMID: 26355632 PMCID: PMC4521276 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2013.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver involvement was one of the first extraglandular manifestations to be reported in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome (SS). In the 1990s, a study of liver involvement in patients with primary SS integrated the evaluation of clinical signs of liver disease, liver function and a complete panel of autoantibodies. Recent developments in the field of hepatic and viral diseases have significantly changed the diagnostic approach to liver involvement in SS. The most recent studies have shown that, after eliminating hepatotoxic drugs and fatty liver disease, the two main causes of liver disease in primary SS are chronic viral infections and autoimmune liver diseases. The differential diagnosis of liver disease in primary SS (viral vs autoimmune) is clinically important, since the two processes require different therapeutic approaches and have different prognoses. With respect to viral infections, chronic HCV infection is the main cause of liver involvement in SS patients from the Mediterranean area, while chronic HBV infection may be the main cause of liver involvement in SS patients from Asian countries. After eliminating viral hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) should be considered the main cause of liver disease in primary SS. PBC-related SS patients may have a broad spectrum of abnormalities of the liver, including having no clinical or analytical data suggestive of liver disease. Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is the second most frequently found autoimmune liver disease to be associated with SS (all reported cases are type I), and nearly 10% of these patients have an AIH-PBC overlap. Finally, IgG4-related disease must be investigated in patients with SS presenting with sclerosing cholangitis, especially when autoimmune pancreatitis or retroperitoneal fibrosis are also present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Brito Zeron
- Sjögren Syndrome Research Group (AGAUR), Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases Josep Font, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Department of Autoimmune Diseases, ICMiD, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soledad Retamozo
- Sjögren Syndrome Research Group (AGAUR), Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases Josep Font, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Department of Autoimmune Diseases, ICMiD, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Bové
- Sjögren Syndrome Research Group (AGAUR), Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases Josep Font, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Department of Autoimmune Diseases, ICMiD, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belchin Adriyanov Kostov
- Primary Care Research Group, IDIBAPS, Centre d'Assistència_Primària ABS Les Corts, GESCLINIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Sisó
- Primary Care Research Group, IDIBAPS, Centre d'Assistència_Primària ABS Les Corts, GESCLINIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Ramos-Casals
- Sjögren Syndrome Research Group (AGAUR), Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases Josep Font, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Department of Autoimmune Diseases, ICMiD, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin in the human body, and performs a very specialized role which involves mucosal immunity, development of tolerance and protection against infection. IgA is the key immunoglobulin in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, which provide the most intimate interface between the environment and self. Normal levels of IgA are based on early studies consisting of only small numbers of patients. The international consensus definition of IgA deficiency is a level of 0.07g/l after the age of four years in the absence of IgG and IgM deficiencies. The epidemiology of IgA deficiency reveals interesting variances between geographical regions - the incidence in Caucasians being much higher than that in Asians. IgA deficiency has also been found to co-exist with autoimmune diseases, allergies and malignancies. The association with autoimmunity is particularly interesting because it suggests a common genetic linkage that could potentially also explain the diversity in geoepidemiology. Both MHC and non-MHC associations have been described and the 8.1 haplotype has been significantly associated with autoimmunity in IgA deficiency patients over controls. Non-MHC genetic associations include IFIH1 and CLEC16A. The mutations leading to IgA deficiency have not been defined, but in some cases of IgA deficiency it has been suggested that the pathogenesis involves a failure in switched memory B cells that can lead to this cohort experiencing an increased incidence of recurrent bacterial infections or autoimmune diseases. Attempts to investigate the role of cytokines that can induce IgA synthesis in cells of patients with IgA deficiency, such as IL21 or the combination of CD40L/anti-CD40, IL-4 and IL10, are underway.
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Fickert P, Pollheimer MJ, Silbert D, Moustafa T, Halilbasic E, Krones E, Durchschein F, Thüringer A, Zollner G, Denk H, Trauner M. Differential effects of norUDCA and UDCA in obstructive cholestasis in mice. J Hepatol 2013; 58:1201-8. [PMID: 23369794 PMCID: PMC3650580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The quest for effective drugs to treat cholangiopathies led to the development of norUDCA previously shown to have potent choleretic effects and to heal cholangiopathy in Abcb4 knockout (Abcb4(-/-)) mice. Its mother compound UDCA had detrimental effects in common bile duct ligated (CBDL) mice, presumably related to its choleretic effects. norUDCA choleretic effects may therefore raise safety concerns when used in cholangiopathies with biliary obstruction. We therefore aimed at comparing the effects of UDCA and norUDCA in clear-cut obstructive cholestasis. METHODS 0.5% UDCA- or norUDCA-fed wild type and Abcb4(-/-) mice were subjected to CBDL or selective bile duct ligation (SBDL) and compared to controls with regard to liver injury. Bile flow, bile composition, and biliary manometry were compared in UDCA-fed, norUDCA-fed and control mice. Toxicity of UDCA and norUDCA was compared in vitro. RESULTS Compared to UDCA, liver injury in CBDL mice was significantly lower in almost all norUDCA groups. In SBDL mice, only UDCA induced bile infarcts in the ligated lobes, whereas norUDCA even ameliorated liver injury. In vitro, UDCA induced cellular ATP depletion and was significantly more toxic than norUDCA in HepG2 cells, mouse bile duct epithelial cells, and primary human hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS Compared to norUDCA, UDCA is significantly more toxic in CBDL mice. norUDCA, in contrast to UDCA, significantly ameliorates liver injury in SBDL mice. Our findings uncover profound differences in metabolism and therapeutic mechanisms of both bile acids with important clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fickert
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
- Corresponding authors. Addressess: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, A-8036 Graz, Austria. Tel.: +43 (0) 316/385 17104; fax: +43 (0) 316/385 17560 (P. Fickert). Department of Medicine III, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Tel.: +43 (0) 1/40400 4741; fax: +43 (0) 1/40400 4735 (M. Trauner).
| | - Marion J. Pollheimer
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Silbert
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Tarek Moustafa
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Emina Halilbasic
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Krones
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Franziska Durchschein
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | | | - Gernot Zollner
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Denk
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding authors. Addressess: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, A-8036 Graz, Austria. Tel.: +43 (0) 316/385 17104; fax: +43 (0) 316/385 17560 (P. Fickert). Department of Medicine III, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Tel.: +43 (0) 1/40400 4741; fax: +43 (0) 1/40400 4735 (M. Trauner).
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Chen RC, Naiyanetr P, Shu SA, Wang J, Yang GX, Thomas PK, Guggenheim KC, Butler JD, Bowlus C, Tao MH, Kurth MJ, Ansari AA, Kaplan M, Coppel RL, Lleo A, Gershwin ME, Leung PS. Antimitochondrial antibody heterogeneity and the xenobiotic etiology of primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 2013; 57. [PMID: 23184636 PMCID: PMC3601563 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) directed against the lipoyl domain of the E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDC-E2) are detected in 95% of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and are present before the onset of clinical disease. The recent demonstration that AMAs recognize xenobiotic modified PDC-E2 with higher titers than native PDC-E2 raises the possibility that the earliest events involved in loss of tolerance are related to xenobiotic modification. We hypothesized that reactivity to such xenobiotics would be predominantly immunoglobulin M (IgM) and using sera from a large cohort of PBC patients and controls (n = 516), we examined in detail sera reactivity against either 6,8-bis(acetylthio) octanoic acid (SAc)-conjugated bovine serum albumin (BSA), recombinant PDC-E2 (rPDC-E2) or BSA alone. Further, we also defined the relative specificity to the SAc moiety using inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); SAc conjugate and rPDC-E2-specific affinity-purified antibodies were also examined for antigen specificity, isotype, and crossreactivity. Reactivity to SAc conjugates is predominantly IgM; such reactivity reflects a footprint of previous xenobiotic exposure. Indeed, this observation is supported by both direct binding, crossreactivity, and inhibition studies. In both early and late-stage PBC, the predominant Ig isotype to SAc is IgM, with titers higher with advanced stage disease. We also note that there was a higher level of IgM reactivity to SAc than to rPDC-E2 in early-stage versus late-stage PBC. Interestingly, this finding is particularly significant in light of the structural similarity between SAc and the reduced form of lipoic acid, a step which is similar to the normal physiological oxidation of lipoic acid. CONCLUSION Specific modifications of the disulfide bond within the lipoic-acid-conjugated PDC-E2 moiety, i.e., by an electrophilic agent renders PDC-E2 immunogenic in a genetically susceptible host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richy C.Y. Chen
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Phornnop Naiyanetr
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Shang-An Shu
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Jinjun Wang
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Guo-Xiang Yang
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - P. Kenny Thomas
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | | | | | | | - Mi-Hua Tao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Marshall Kaplan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Ross L. Coppel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ana Lleo
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Patrick S.C. Leung
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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Ohtani H. Granuloma cells in chronic inflammation express CD205 (DEC205) antigen and harbor proliferating T lymphocytes: similarity to antigen-presenting cells. Pathol Int 2013; 63:85-93. [PMID: 23464965 PMCID: PMC3618377 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Granulomas are classified as immune or foreign body granulomas. Of these, the immune granulomas, a hallmark of granulomatous inflammation, are closely related to cell-mediated immune responses. The aim of the present study is to characterize immune granuloma cells in 33 patients with granulomatous inflammation focusing on the expression of CD205 (DEC205), a cell surface marker of antigen presenting cells, and their spatial relationship to T cells. CD205 was frequently expressed by immune granuloma cells, in contrast to foreign body granuloma cells that lacked CD205 expression. T cells were not only distributed in a lymphocyte collar around the granuloma, but also present among the granuloma cells (termed 'intra-granuloma T cells'). Intra-granuloma T cells stained positive for Ki-67 (median positivity = 9.4%) by double immunostaining for CD3 and Ki-67. This indicated the presence of proliferative stimuli within the granuloma that could activate the intra-granuloma T cells. The labeling index of Ki-67 in intra-granuloma T cells was significantly higher than that of T cells in the lymphocyte collar (P < 0.0001) or T cells in the T cell zone (paracortex) of chronic tonsillitis or reactive lymphadenitis (P = 0.002). These data indicate a close similarity between immune granulomas and antigen presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Ohtani
- Department of Pathology, Mito Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Dellavance A, Cançado ELR, Abrantes-Lemos CP, Harriz M, Marvulle V, Andrade LEC. Humoral autoimmune response heterogeneity in the spectrum of primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatol Int 2012; 7:775-84. [PMID: 23853697 PMCID: PMC3695681 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-012-9413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Objective To compare autoantibody features in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and individuals presenting antimitochondria antibodies (AMAs) but no clinical or biochemical evidence of disease. Methods A total of 212 AMA-positive serum samples were classified into four groups: PBC (definite PBC, n = 93); PBC/autoimmune disease (AID; PBC plus other AID, n = 37); biochemically normal (BN) individuals (n = 61); and BN/AID (BN plus other AID, n = 21). Samples were tested by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) on rat kidney (IIF-AMA) and ELISA [antibodies to pyruvate dehydrogenase E2-complex (PDC-E2), gp-210, Sp-100, and CENP-A/B]. AMA isotype was determined by IIF-AMA. Affinity of anti-PDC-E2 IgG was determined by 8 M urea-modified ELISA. Results High-titer IIF-AMA was more frequent in PBC and PBC/AID (57 and 70 %) than in BN and BN/AID samples (23 and 19 %) (p < 0.001). Triple isotype IIF-AMA (IgA/IgM/IgG) was more frequent in PBC and PBC/AID samples (35 and 43 %) than in BN sample (18 %; p = 0.008; p = 0.013, respectively). Anti-PDC-E2 levels were higher in PBC (mean 3.82; 95 % CI 3.36–4.29) and PBC/AID samples (3.89; 3.15–4.63) than in BN (2.43; 1.92–2.94) and BN/AID samples (2.52; 1.54–3.50) (p < 0.001). Anti-PDC-E2 avidity was higher in PBC (mean 64.5 %; 95 % CI 57.5–71.5 %) and PBC/AID samples (66.1 %; 54.4–77.8 %) than in BN samples (39.2 %; 30.9–37.5 %) (p < 0.001). PBC and PBC/AID recognized more cell domains (mitochondria, nuclear envelope, PML/sp-100 bodies, centromere) than BN (p = 0.008) and BN/AID samples (p = 0.002). Three variables were independently associated with established PBC: high-avidity anti-PDC-E2 (OR 4.121; 95 % CI 2.118–8.019); high-titer IIF-AMA (OR 4.890; 2.319–10.314); antibodies to three or more antigenic cell domains (OR 9.414; 1.924–46.060). Conclusion The autoantibody profile was quantitatively and qualitatively more robust in definite PBC as compared with AMA-positive biochemically normal individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Dellavance
- Rheumatology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Botucatu 740, São Paulo, SP 04023-900 Brazil ; Research and Development Division, Fleury Medicine and Health Laboratories, São Paulo, Brazil
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Invernizzi P, Alessio MG, Smyk DS, Lleo A, Sonzogni A, Fabris L, Candusso M, Bogdanos DP, Iorio R, Torre G. Autoimmune hepatitis type 2 associated with an unexpected and transient presence of primary biliary cirrhosis-specific antimitochondrial antibodies: a case study and review of the literature. BMC Gastroenterol 2012; 12:92. [PMID: 22816667 PMCID: PMC3464927 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-12-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unlike other autoimmune liver diseases, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) has never been reported in early childhood, while type 2 autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is eminently a paediatric disease. Case presentation We describe a case of type 2 AIH with serological positivity for PBC-specific anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) in a 3-year old girl. We found this observation intriguing as AMA and indeed an overlap with PBC are virtually absent in Type 2 AIH, a pediatric form of AIH which is distinct precisely because it is characterized by pathognomonic anti-liver kidney microsomal type 1 (LKM-1) showing a remarkable antigen-specificity directed against cytochrome P4502D6. We also review the literature in relation to AMA positivity in paediatric age and adolescence. In our case, the presence of AIH-2-specific anti-LKM-1 and PBC-specific AMA was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), and immunoblotting and ELISA based on recombinant mitochondrial antigens. The clinical, laboratory and histological features of the child are given in detail. Interestingly the mother was AMA positive without other features of PBC. The child was successfully treated with immunosuppression and five years after the original diagnosis is on a low dose of prednisolone and azathioprine, with no signs of relapse. Anti-LKM-1 antibodies are still present in low titres. AMA were detectable for the first 4 years after the diagnosis and disappeared later. Conclusion This is the first case report in the literature of AIH type 2 with an unexpected PBC-specific AMA positivity in a young child. Response to immunosuppressive treatment was satisfactory and similar to that described in AIH. A review of published reports on AMA positivity in paediatric age shows that the antibody may arise in the context of immunodeficiency and is variably associated with liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano(MI), Italy.
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Haruta I, Kikuchi K, Nakamura M, Hirota K, Kato H, Miyakawa H, Shibata N, Miyake Y, Hashimoto E, Shiratori K, Yagi J. Involvement of commensal bacteria may lead to dysregulated inflammatory and autoimmune responses in a mouse model for chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:1026-37. [PMID: 22661269 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported a mouse model of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC)-like chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis (CNSDC), in which frequent injections of Streptococcus intermedius induced CNSDC and autoantibody production. The present study was performed to verify the model by examining 1) the reappearance of the PBC-like CNSDC after lymphocyte transfer from model to naïve mice, 2) the involvement of autophagy, and 3) the influence of the strain difference. METHODS Mice were inoculated with S. intermedius weekly for 8 weeks, then sacrificed to obtain samples. Spleen cells obtained from S. intermedius-inoculated mice were transferred to RAG2(-/-) mice. RESULTS CNSDC and elevated serum level of anti-gp210 titers were observed in S. intermedius-inoculated C57BL/6 mice, similar to the results of our previous report using BALB/c mice. Portal inflammation was induced in the livers of RAG2(-/-) mice by the transfer of spleen cells from S. intermedius-inoculated C57BL/6 mice. Among the inflammatory cells in the RAG2(-/-) mice, CD3-positive cells were predominant. Autophagosome-like structures were detected histologically, in the cytoplasm of infiltrated cells around the bile ducts in the livers of S. intermedius-inoculated both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. In S. intermedius-inoculated C3H/HeJ mice, inflammation in the portal area was less extensive than that in the hepatic parenchyma. CONCLUSION Bacterial component(s) and sequentially upregulated innate and acquired immune responses, accompanied by autophagy, might trigger CNSDC, via autoimmune mechanisms. Throughout the generation of bacteria-triggered PBC-like CNSDC, strain difference may influence the response to S. intermedius-inoculation in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Haruta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.
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Yang CY, Leung PSC, Yang GX, Kenny TP, Zhang W, Coppel R, Norman GL, Ansari AA, Mackay IR, Worman HJ, Gershwin ME. Epitope-specific anti-nuclear antibodies are expressed in a mouse model of primary biliary cirrhosis and are cytokine-dependent. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 168:261-7. [PMID: 22519587 PMCID: PMC3390476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the hallmark of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is the presence of anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA), a significant number of patients have anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) directed primarily against two nuclear proteins, gp210 and sp100. In PBC, there are considerable data on the specificity of these anti-nuclear antibodies as well as suggestive evidence that antibodies to gp210 predict a poor outcome. However, a further understanding of the significance of these autoantibodies has been hampered by limitations in accessing human subjects in a preclinical or early asymptomatic stage. To overcome this limitation, we have taken advantage of transgenic mice with abrogated transforming growth factor-β signalling in T cells (dnTGF-βRII) that develop histological features of PBC as well as the same AMA specificity. We studied these mice for serum ANA, including specific autoantibodies against gp210 and sp100. We further examined sera from dnTGF-βRII mice with concurrent deletions of the genes encoding interleukin (IL)-12p35, IL-12p40, IL-23p19, IL-17, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-γ or tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Sera from all the dnTGF-βRII mouse lines contained antibodies against gp210 and sp100. Of significance, mice with germline deletions of the genes encoding IL-12p40, IL-23p19, IL-17, IL-6 and TNF-α had significantly lower titres of anti-gp210 antibodies. These results provide a platform to dissect the mechanisms of gp210 and sp100 autoantibody production in dnTGF-βRII mice as well as to study the possible role of ANA in the pathophysiology of PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-Y Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Concepcion AR, Medina JF. Approaches to the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis through animal models. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2012; 36:21-8. [PMID: 21862437 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic and progressive cholestatic liver disease of unknown etiopathogenesis that mainly affects middle-aged women. Patients show non-suppurative cholangitis with damage and destruction of the small- and medium-sized intrahepatic bile ducts. Characteristically, the disease is strongly associated with autoimmune phenomena such as the appearance of serum antimitochondrial autoantibodies (AMA) and portal infiltrating T cells against the inner lipoyl domain in the E2 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC-E2). Here we review the major characteristics of a series of inducible and genetically modified animal models of PBC and analyze the similarities and differences to PBC features in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel R Concepcion
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA, Clinic and School of Medicine University of Navarra, and Ciberehd, Pamplona, Spain
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Characterization of Autoantibodies against the E1α Subunit of Branched-Chain 2-Oxoacid Dehydrogenase in Patients with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis. Int J Hepatol 2012; 2012:369740. [PMID: 22778969 PMCID: PMC3388300 DOI: 10.1155/2012/369740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is characterized by antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) that react with the lipoyl-containing E2 subunits of 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes such as BCOADC and PDC. The lipoyl domains of E2 contain the major epitopes essential for immunopathology. However, the non-lipoyl-containing E1 subunits are also frequently targeted. Since anti-E1 antibodies always appear in combination with anti-E2 antibodies, the mechanisms underlying the autoimmunity against E1 may be linked to, but distinct from, those against E2. Here, we demonstrate that intermolecular and intramolecular determinant spreading underlies the autoimmunity against E1. We performed characterizations and epitope mapping for anti-BCOADC-E1α antibodies from both the intermolecular and intramolecular points of view. The antibody reactivities form a cluster against the BCOADC complex that is distinct from that against the PDC complex, and the anti-BCOADC-E1α antibodies arise as part of the cluster against the BCOADC complex. Multiple epitopes are present on the surface of the BCOADC-E1α molecule, and the major epitope overlaps with the active center. Sera with anti-BCOADC-E1α antibodies strongly inhibited the enzyme activity. These findings suggest that the E1α subunit as part of the native BCOADC complex is an immunogen, and that determinant spreading is involved in the pathogenesis of AMA production.
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Primary biliary cirrhosis and Sjögren's syndrome: autoimmune epithelitis. J Autoimmun 2011; 39:34-42. [PMID: 22178199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) has been often coined a model autoimmune disease based on the homogeneity amongst patients, the frequency and similarity of antimitochondrial antibodies, including the highly directed immune response to pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDC-E2). A significant number of patients with PBC suffer from sicca and amongst these, there are patients who also have classic Sjögren's syndrome. Indeed, both PBC and Sjögren's syndrome are characterized by inflammation of target epithelial elements. Both diseases can be considered on the basis of a number of other related clinical aspects, including proposed unique apoptotic features of the target tissue, the role of secretory IgA, and the frequency with which both diseases overlap with each other. Indeed, PBC may be considered a Sjögren's syndrome of the liver, whereas Sjögren's syndrome can be equally discussed as PBC of the salivary glands. Dissection of the genetic predispositions for both diseases and especially the molecular basis of effector mechanisms, will become critical elements in developing new therapies.
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Yanagisawa N, Haruta I, Kikuchi K, Shibata N, Yagi J. Are dysregulated inflammatory responses to commensal bacteria involved in the pathogenesis of hepatobiliary-pancreatic autoimmune disease? An analysis using mice models of primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune pancreatitis. ISRN GASTROENTEROLOGY 2011; 2011:513514. [PMID: 21991516 PMCID: PMC3168461 DOI: 10.5402/2011/513514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of many autoimmune disorders has not been identified. The aim of this paper is to focus on the involvement of bacterial exposure in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP), both of which are broadly categorized as autoimmune disorders involving hepatobiliary-pancreatic lesions. Avirulent and/or commensal bacteria, which may have important role(s) as initiating factors in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders such as PBC and AIP, will be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Yanagisawa
- Departments of Infection Control Science and Bacteriology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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