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Wang H, He W, Yang G, Zhu L, Liu X. The Impact of Weight Cycling on Health and Obesity. Metabolites 2024; 14:344. [PMID: 38921478 PMCID: PMC11205792 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a systemic and chronic inflammation, which seriously endangers people's health. People tend to diet to control weight, and the short-term effect of dieting in losing weight is significant, but the prognosis is limited. With weight loss and recovery occurring frequently, people focus on weight cycling. The effect of weight cycling on a certain tissue of the body also has different conclusions. Therefore, this article systematically reviews the effects of body weight cycling on the body and finds that multiple weight cycling (1) increased fat deposition in central areas, lean mass decreased in weight loss period, and fat mass increased in weight recovery period, which harms body composition and skeletal muscle mass; (2) enhanced the inflammatory response of adipose tissue, macrophages infiltrated into adipose tissue, and increased the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in adipocytes; (3) blood glucose concentration mutation and hyperinsulinemia caused the increase or decrease in pancreatic β-cell population, which makes β-cell fatigue and leads to β-cell failure; (4) resulted in additional burden on the cardiovascular system because of cardiovascular rick escalation. Physical activity combined with calorie restriction can effectively reduce metabolic disease and chronic inflammation, alleviating the adverse effects of weight cycling on the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (H.W.); (W.H.); (G.Y.)
| | - Wenbi He
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (H.W.); (W.H.); (G.Y.)
| | - Gaoyuan Yang
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (H.W.); (W.H.); (G.Y.)
| | - Lin Zhu
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (H.W.); (W.H.); (G.Y.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (H.W.); (W.H.); (G.Y.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
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2
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Mehran L, Honarvar M, Masoumi S, Khalili D, Azizi F, Blaha MJ, Amouzegar A. The association of body mass index variability with cardiovascular disease and mortality: a mediation analysis of pooled cohorts. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1345781. [PMID: 38803477 PMCID: PMC11128653 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1345781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim We aimed to investigate the effect of BMI variability on CVD and mortality and to explore the mediation effects of the main cardiovascular risk factors contributing to this association. Method Participants aged 40-65 years were pooled from three cohort studies(ARIC [Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities], MESA [Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis], and TLGS [Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study]. We employed root mean squared error of the fractional mixed model to calculate BMI variability in the measurement period. In the event assessment period, the hazard ratios for CVD and mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression models. In the next step, the mediation and interaction effects of fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure were determined. Results A total of 19073 participants were included in this pooled analysis. During a median of 20.7 years of follow-up, 3900 (20.44%) CVD and 6480 (33.97%) all-cause mortality events were recorded. After adjusting for potential confounders, BMI variability was linked to the 1.3 (1.2-1.4) and 1.7 (1.6-1.8) increased risk of CVD and mortality, respectively. Fasting plasma glucose mediated approximately 24% and 8% of the effect of BMI variability on CVD and mortality, respectively. However, systolic blood pressure and total cholesterol did not have mediation effects in this association. Conclusion High BMI variability is independently associated with the development of CVD and mortality. This association is partly mediated through fasting plasma glucose. Modern cardiometabolic therapies that lower fasting glucose may reduce the risk of future CVD and mortality in individuals with high BMI variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Mehran
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadjavad Honarvar
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Safdar Masoumi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Khalili
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael J. Blaha
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Atieh Amouzegar
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Yates T, Biddle GJH, Henson J, Edwardson CL, Arsenyadis F, Goff LM, Papamargaritis D, Webb DR, Khunti K, Davies MJ. Impact of weight loss and weight gain trajectories on body composition in a population at high risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:1008-1015. [PMID: 38093678 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
AIM In a primary care population at high risk of type 2 diabetes, 24-month weight change trajectories were used to investigate the impact of weight cycling on fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Cohort data from the Walking Away from Type 2 Diabetes trial was used, which recruited adults at-risk of type 2 diabetes from primary care in 2009/10. Annual weight change trajectories based on weight loss/gain of ≥5% were assessed over two 24-month periods. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Repeated measures were analysed using generalized estimating equations with participants contributing up to two 24-month observation periods. RESULTS In total, 622 participants were included (average age = 63.6 years, body mass index = 32.0 kg/m2 , 35.4% women), contributing 1163 observations. Most observations (69.2%) were from those that maintained their body weight, with no change to FM or FFM. A minority (4.6% of observations) lost over 5% of body weight between baseline and 12 months, which was then regained between 12 and 24 months. These individuals regained FM to baseline levels, but lost 1.50 (0.66, 2.35) kg FFM, adjusted for confounders. In contrast, those that gained weight between baseline and 12 months but lost weight between 12 and 24 months (5.5% of observations) had a net gain in FM of 1.70 (0.27, 3.12) kg with no change to FFM. CONCLUSION Weight cycling may be associated with a progressive loss in FFM and/or gain in FM in those with overweight and obesity at-risk of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yates
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - G J H Biddle
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - J Henson
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - C L Edwardson
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - F Arsenyadis
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - L M Goff
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - D Papamargaritis
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - D R Webb
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - K Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - M J Davies
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
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4
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Li W, Chen W. Weight cycling based on altered immune microenvironment as a result of metaflammation. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2023; 20:13. [PMID: 36814270 PMCID: PMC9945679 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-023-00731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As a result of the obesity epidemic, more people are concerned about losing weight; however, weight regain is common, leading to repeated weight loss and weight cycling. The health benefits of early weight loss are nullified by weight regain after weight cycling, which has much more severe metabolic consequences. Weight cycling alters body composition, resulting in faster fat recovery and slower muscle reconstruction. This evident fat accumulation, muscle loss, and ectopic fat deposition destroy the intestinal barrier, increase the permeability of the small intestinal epithelium, and cause the lipotoxicity of lipid metabolites and toxins to leak into extraintestinal tissues and circulation. It causes oxidative stress and hypoxia in local tissues and immune cell infiltration in various tissues, all contributing to the adaptation to this metabolic change. Immune cells transmit inflammatory responses in adipose and skeletal muscle tissue by secreting cytokines and adipokines, which mediate immune cell pathways and cause metaflammation and inefficient metabolic degradation. In this review, we focus on the regulatory function of the immunological microenvironment in the final metabolic outcome, with a particular emphasis on the cellular and molecular processes of local and systemic metaflammation induced by weight cycling-induced changes in body composition. Metaflammation in adipose and muscle tissues that is difficult to relieve may cause weight cycling. As this chronic low-grade inflammation spreads throughout the body, metabolic complications associated with weight cycling are triggered. Inhibiting the onset and progression of metabolic inflammation and enhancing the immune microenvironment of adipose and muscle tissues may be the first step in addressing weight cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyang Li
- grid.413106.10000 0000 9889 6335Department of Clinical Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences - Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences - Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
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5
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Thillainadesan S, Madsen S, James DE, Hocking SL. The impact of weight cycling on health outcomes in animal models: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13416. [PMID: 35075766 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pattern of weight loss and regain, termed "weight cycling," is common in overweight individuals. It is unclear whether the well-established benefits of weight loss persist following weight regain or whether weight cycling is harmful. Human studies of weight cycling have conflicting results reflecting limitations of the observational designs of these studies. By controlling the macronutrient content of diets in animal studies, weight cycling can be studied in a highly controlled manner, thereby overcoming the limitations of human studies. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies which assessed the health consequences of weight cycling. Studies were classified into those which compared weight cycling to lifelong obesity and those which compared weight cycling to later onset obesity. There were no differences in health outcomes between weight cycled animals and those with lifelong obesity, highlighting that weight regain reverses health benefits achieved by weight loss. In comparison with animals with later onset obesity, weight cycled animals had higher fasting glucose levels and more impaired glucose tolerance following weight regain. Our review of animal studies suggests that health benefits of diet-induced weight loss do not persist after weight regain and weight cycling results in adverse metabolic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Thillainadesan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Søren Madsen
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David E James
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samantha L Hocking
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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6
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Cornejo MA, Ortiz RM. Body mass cycling and predictors of body mass regain and its impact on cardiometabolic health. Metabolism 2021; 125:154912. [PMID: 34648770 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) is the first line intervention to reduce adiposity and total body mass (BM) to improve insulin resistance and ameliorate metabolic derangements. However, the lost adipose mass is difficult to maintain reduced in the long term due to several factors including compensatory changes in orexigenic hormones, adipokine release, pro-inflammatory state, adipose tissue morphology, and resting metabolic rate as a consequence of the caloric deficit. Hence, most patients undergoing a BM reduction intervention ultimately regain the lost mass and too often additional adipose mass overtime, which is hypothesized to have increased deleterious effects chronically. In this mini-review we describe the effects of BM cycling (loss and regain) on insulin resistance and cardiometabolic health and factors that may predict BM regain in clinical studies. We also describe the factors that contribute to the chronic deleterious effects of BM cycling in rodent models of diet-induced obesity (DIO) and other metabolic defects. We conclude that most of the improvements in insulin resistance are observed after a profound loss in BM regardless of the diet and that BM cycling abrogates these beneficial effects. We also suggest that more BM cycling studies are needed in rodent models resembling the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Cornejo
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States of America.
| | - Rudy M Ortiz
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States of America
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7
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Diaz-Ruiz A, Rhinesmith T, Pomatto-Watson LCD, Price NL, Eshaghi F, Ehrlich MR, Moats JM, Carpenter M, Rudderow A, Brandhorst S, Mattison JA, Aon MA, Bernier M, Longo VD, de Cabo R. Diet composition influences the metabolic benefits of short cycles of very low caloric intake. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6463. [PMID: 34753921 PMCID: PMC8578605 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26654-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet composition, calories, and fasting times contribute to the maintenance of health. However, the impact of very low-calorie intake (VLCI) achieved with either standard laboratory chow (SD) or a plant-based fasting mimicking diet (FMD) is not fully understood. Here, using middle-aged male mice we show that 5 months of short 4:10 VLCI cycles lead to decreases in both fat and lean mass, accompanied by improved physical performance and glucoregulation, and greater metabolic flexibility independent of diet composition. A long-lasting metabolomic reprograming in serum and liver is observed in mice on VLCI cycles with SD, but not FMD. Further, when challenged with an obesogenic diet, cycles of VLCI do not prevent diet-induced obesity nor do they elicit a long-lasting metabolic memory, despite achieving modest metabolic flexibility. Our results highlight the importance of diet composition in mediating the metabolic benefits of short cycles of VLCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Diaz-Ruiz
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
- Nutritional Interventions Group, Precision Nutrition and Aging, Institute IMDEA Food, Crta. de Canto Blanco n° 8, E - 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Tyler Rhinesmith
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Laura C D Pomatto-Watson
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Nathan L Price
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Farzin Eshaghi
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Margaux R Ehrlich
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Moats
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Melissa Carpenter
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Annamaria Rudderow
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Sebastian Brandhorst
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Julie A Mattison
- Nonhuman Primate Core, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Dickerson, MD, 20842, USA
| | - Miguel A Aon
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Michel Bernier
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Valter D Longo
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139, Milano, Italy
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
- Nutritional Interventions Group, Precision Nutrition and Aging, Institute IMDEA Food, Crta. de Canto Blanco n° 8, E - 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) contributes to morbidity and mortality of millions of individuals. Its molecular, cellular, neurohumoral, and hemodynamic pathophysiological mechanisms are complex, and there is increasing awareness that a wide range of comorbidities can contribute to AF-promoting atrial remodeling. Moreover, recent research has highlighted that AF risk is not constant and that the temporal variation in concomitant conditions contributes to the complexity of AF dynamics. In this review, we provide an overview of fundamental AF mechanisms related to established and emerging comorbidities or risk factors and their role in the AF-promoting effects. We focus on the accumulating evidence for the relevance of temporally dynamic changes in these risk factors and the consequence for AF initiation and maintenance. Finally, we highlight the important implications for future research and clinical practice resulting from the dynamic interaction between AF risk factors and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Heijman
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Dominik Linz
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; .,Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; .,Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, 5005 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ulrich Schotten
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; .,Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
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9
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Camargo TF, Zanesco AM, Pacher KAS, Andrade TAM, Alves AA, do Amaral MEC. Physiological profile regulation during weight gain and loss by ovariectomized females: importance of SIRT1 and SIRT4. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E769-E778. [PMID: 32865007 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00465.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity in menopausal women occurs because of the systemic effects of loss of ovarian function, resulting in increased body weight and oxidative stress. Caloric restriction (CR) is essential for weight loss, since it provides benefits associated with metabolic normalization resulting from the action of sirtuins. The aim of this work was to evaluate the physiological effects of weight cycling in ovariectomized females. Females aged 2 mo (n = 8/group) were submitted to simulated surgery, ovariectomy (OVX group), and ovariectomy with weight fluctuation (WF group). In the WF group, weight cycling was performed two times, using 21 days of ad libitum commercial feed and 21 days of caloric restriction with 40% of the feed consumed by the OVX group. After 17 wk, the animals were evaluated experimentally. Weight fluctuations reduced triacylglycerol and the adipose tissue index of the WF animals, while increasing the expression of antioxidant proteins. In addition to causing fluctuations in the physiological parameters, the weight cycling led to increases of adipocyte number and serum fatty acids. These effects were reflected in increased expression of the sirtuin (SIRT) 1 and SIRT4 proteins, as well as protein complexes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, especially in the liver and adipose tissues. The weight-cycling results suggested that mitochondrial and nuclear sirtuins were active in cellular signaling for the control of lipid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and redox status. Weight cycling was able to restore the health characteristics of lean animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Furtado Camargo
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, FHO/UNIARARAS, Araras, Sãu Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ariane Maria Zanesco
- College of Biomedicine, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, Araras, Sãu Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kayo Augusto Salandin Pacher
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, FHO/UNIARARAS, Araras, Sãu Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Baker JF, Reed G, Kremer J. Weight Fluctuation and the Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2020; 74:229-235. [PMID: 33002323 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fluctuations in weight have been linked to cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in the general population. We evaluated whether weight fluctuation was independently predictive of CV events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS We studied patients with RA from the Corrona registry. Weight change was categorized as loss of ≥10%, loss of 5-10%, stable, gain of 5-10%, and gain of ≥10%. We also categorized patients by quintile of variability in weight in prior observation periods. Cox proportional hazard models explored independent associations between time-varying weight change and weight variability and risk of CV events before and after adjusting for CV risk factors, RA disease features, and disability. RESULTS Among 31,381 participants, those that lost or gained 10% of their weight had greater disease activity, worse physical function, and were more likely to smoke, have diabetes, use corticosteroids, and be disabled. In adjusted models, a greater risk of CV events was observed in those that experienced 10% weight loss [HR: 1.18 (1.03,1.36) p=0.02] or weight gain [HR 1.20 (1.04,1.38) p=0.01]. The association between weight change and CV events was stronger among participants with BMI <25 kg/m2 for 10% weight loss [HR: 1.34 (1.08,1.66) p=0.001] and 10% weight gain [1.74 (1.41,2.24) p<0.001]. Patients with greater variability in weight had a higher risk of CV events. CONCLUSIONS Recent changes and high variability in weight predict CV events in RA, particularly among thin patients. Further study is necessary to determine if weight fluctuation has adverse cardiometabolic consequences that are independent of other risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua F Baker
- Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George Reed
- Corrona Research Foundation, Albany, NY, USA.,University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Joel Kremer
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Albany Medical College and the Center for Rheumatology, Albany, NY, USA
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11
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Leonardi BF, Gosmann G, Zimmer AR. Modeling Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rodents. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000249. [PMID: 32978870 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Standardized animal models represent one of the most valuable tools available to understand the mechanism underlying the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to seek for new therapeutic strategies. However, there is considerable variability in the studies conducted with this essential purpose. This review presents an updated discussion of the most recent studies using diverse experimental conditions to induce MetS in rodents with unbalanced diets, discusses the key findings in metabolic outcomes, and critically evaluates what we have been learned from them and how to advance in the field. The study includes scientific reports sourced from the Web of Science and PubMed databases, published between January 2013 and June 2020, which used hypercaloric diets to induce metabolic disorders, and address the impact of the diet on metabolic parameters. The collected data are used as support to discuss variables such as sex, species, and age of the animals, the most favorable type of diet, and the ideal diet length to generate metabolic changes. The experimental characteristics propose herein improve the performance of a preclinical model that resembles the human MetS and will guide researchers to investigate new therapeutic alternatives with confidence and higher translational validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca F Leonardi
- Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 2752 Ipiranga avenue, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Grace Gosmann
- Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 2752 Ipiranga avenue, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Aline R Zimmer
- Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 2752 Ipiranga avenue, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
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12
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Turicchi J, O'Driscoll R, Horgan G, Duarte C, Santos I, Encantado J, Palmeira AL, Larsen SC, Olsen JK, Heitmann BL, Stubbs RJ. Body weight variability is not associated with changes in risk factors for cardiometabolic disease. Int J Cardiol Hypertens 2020; 6:100045. [PMID: 33447771 PMCID: PMC7803052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchy.2020.100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Weight loss is known to improve health, however the influence of variability in body weight around the overall trajectory on these outcomes is unknown. Few studies have measured body weight frequently enough to accurately estimate the variability component. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of 12-month weight variability and concurrent weight change with changes in health markers and body composition. METHODS This study was a secondary analysis of the NoHoW trial, a 2 × 2 factorial randomised controlled trial promoting evidence-based behaviour change for weight loss maintenance. Outcome measurements related to cardiometabolic health and body composition were taken at 0, 6 and 12 months. Participants were provided with Wi-Fi connected smart scales (Fitbit Aria 2) and asked to self-weigh regularly over this period. Associations of weight variability and weight change with change in outcomes were investigated using multiple linear regression with multiple levels of adjustment in 955 participants. RESULTS Twelve models were generated for each health marker. Associations between weight variability and changes in health markers were inconsistent between models and showed no evidence of a consistent relationship, with all effects explaining <1% of the outcome, and most 0%. Weight loss was consistently associated with improvements in health and body composition, with the greatest effects seen in percent body fat (R2 = 10.4-11.1%) followed by changes in diastolic (4.2-4.7%) and systolic (3-4%) blood pressure. CONCLUSION Over 12-months, weight variability was not consistently associated with any measure of cardiometabolic health or body composition, however weight loss consistently improved all outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN88405328.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Turicchi
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ruairi O'Driscoll
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Cristiana Duarte
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Inês Santos
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Encantado
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Sofus C. Larsen
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jack K. Olsen
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berit L. Heitmann
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition and Eating Disorder, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Public Health, Section for General Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R. James Stubbs
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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13
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Sougiannis AT, VanderVeen BN, Cranford TL, Enos RT, Velazquez KT, McDonald S, Bader JE, Chatzistamou I, Fan D, Murphy EA. Impact of weight loss and partial weight regain on immune cell and inflammatory markers in adipose tissue in male mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:909-919. [PMID: 32853106 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00356.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Weight fluctuations are common among individuals with obesity and are associated with increased morbidity. We examined adipose tissue immune and inflammatory markers in mice following weight loss and partial weight regain. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomized into four groups (n = 8-10/group): low-fat diet for 32 wk (LFD), high-fat diet for 32 wk (HFD), LFD for 28 wk and then changed to a HFD for 4 wk (LFD→H), and HFD for 21 wk and then changed to LFD for 7 wk and then changed to HFD for 4 wk (HFD→L→H). LFD→H and HFD→L→H mice did not differ in body weight, fat mass, or fat percentage; however, these parameters were greater than in LFD (P < 0.05) but lower than in HFD (P < 0.05). HFD→L→H mice had smaller adipocytes than HFD and LFD→H (P < 0.05) but not LFD mice. Expressions of CD11c and CD8a genes were elevated in epididymal fat of HFD→L→H compared with LFD→H and LFD (P < 0.05)mice. However, CD11c was lower in HFD→L→H than in HFD mice (P < 0.05), but there was no difference in CD8a between these groups. TNFα and IFNγ expressions were increased in HFD→L→H compared with LFD and LFD→H mice (P < 0.05), although HFD→L→H had lower expression of these cytokines than HFD (P < 0.05). IL-1β was greater in HFD→L→H compared with LFD (P < 0.05) but was not different from LFD→H or HFD mice. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 was lower (P < 0.05) in HFD→L→H than in LFD→H. These data reinforce the importance of maintaining a body weight in the range that is recommended for optimal health to reduce immune and inflammatory perturbations associated with obesity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined the immune and inflammatory status of adipose tissue in mice after they underwent weight loss followed by partial weight regain. We show an increase in selected immune cells and inflammatory mediators, in high-fat diet-fed mice that had prior exposure to a high-fat diet. Although weight fluctuations appear to exacerbate immune cell abundance and inflammation in adipose tissue, severity is less than in mice that were exposed to sustained high-fat diet feedings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Sougiannis
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Brandon N VanderVeen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Taryn L Cranford
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Reilly T Enos
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Kandy T Velazquez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Sierra McDonald
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Jackie E Bader
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Ioulia Chatzistamou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Daping Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - E Angela Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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14
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Pedroso JAB, Wasinski F, Donato J. Prolonged fasting induces long-lasting metabolic consequences in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 84:108457. [PMID: 32738733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To endure prolonged fasting, animals undergo important acute physiological adjustments. However, whether severe fasting also leads to long-term metabolic adaptations is largely unknown. Forty-eight-hour fasting caused a pronounced weight loss in adult C57BL/6 male mice. Seven days of refeeding increased body adiposity to levels above baseline, whereas fasting-induced reductions in lean body mass and energy expenditure were not fully recovered. Respiratory exchange ratio and locomotor activity also remained altered. A fasting/refeeding cycle led to persistent suppression of Pomc mRNA levels and significant changes in the expression of histone deacetylases and DNA methyltransferases in the hypothalamus. Additionally, histone acetylation in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus was reduced by prolonged fasting and remained suppressed after refeeding. Mice subjected to 48-h fasting 30 days earlier exhibited higher body weight and fat mass compared to aged-matched animals that were never food-deprived. Furthermore, a previous fasting experience altered the changes in body weight, lean mass, energy expenditure and locomotor activity induced by a second cycle of fasting and refeeding. Notably, when acutely exposed to high-palatable/high-fat diet, mice that went through cumulative fasting episodes presented higher calorie intake and reduced energy expenditure and fat oxidation, compared to mice that had never been subjected to fasting. When chronically exposed to high-fat diet, mice that experienced cumulative fasting episodes showed higher gain of body and fat mass and reduced energy expenditure and calorie intake. In summary, cumulative episodes of prolonged fasting lead to hypothalamic epigenetic changes and long-lasting metabolic adaptations in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- João A B Pedroso
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
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15
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Zamarron BF, Porsche CE, Luan D, Lucas HR, Mergian TA, Martinez-Santibanez G, Cho KW, DelProposto JL, Geletka LM, Muir LA, Singer K, Lumeng CN. Weight Regain in Formerly Obese Mice Hastens Development of Hepatic Steatosis Due to Impaired Adipose Tissue Function. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:1086-1097. [PMID: 32281747 PMCID: PMC7245566 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Weight regain after weight loss is common, and there is evidence to suggest negative effects on health because of weight cycling. This study sought to investigate the impact of weight regain in formerly obese mice on adipose tissue architecture and stromal cell function. METHODS A diet-switch model was employed for obesity induction, weight loss, and weight regain in mice. Flow cytometry quantified adipose tissue leukocytes in adipose tissue. Liver and adipose tissue depots were compared to determine tissue-specific effects of weight cycling. RESULTS Epididymal white adipose tissue of formerly obese mice failed to expand in response to repeat exposure to high-fat diet and retained elevated numbers of macrophages and T cells. Weight regain was associated with disproportionally elevated liver mass, hepatic triglyceride content, serum insulin concentration, and serum transaminase concentration. These effects occurred despite an extended 6-month weight loss cycle and they demonstrate that formerly obese mice maintain durable alterations in their physiological response to weight regain. Conditioned media from epididymal adipose tissue of formerly obese mice inhibited adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, suggesting a potential mechanism to explain failed epididymal adipose tissue expansion during weight regain. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic abnormalities related to defects in adipose tissue expansion and ongoing dysfunction manifest in formerly obese mice during weight regain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F Zamarron
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Cara E Porsche
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Danny Luan
- College of Literature Sciences and Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hannah R Lucas
- College of Literature Sciences and Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Taleen A Mergian
- College of Literature Sciences and Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gabriel Martinez-Santibanez
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kae Won Cho
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Jennifer L DelProposto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lynn M Geletka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lindsey A Muir
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kanakadurga Singer
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Carey N Lumeng
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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16
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Sun Y, Geng M, Yuan Y, Guo P, Chen Y, Yang D, Petersen RB, Huang K, Zheng L. Lmo4‐resistin signaling contributes to adipose tissue‐liver crosstalk upon weight cycling. FASEB J 2020; 34:4732-4748. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902708r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis College of Life Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Mengyuan Geng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis College of Life Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Yangmian Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis College of Life Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Peilian Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis College of Life Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Yuchen Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Dong Yang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Robert B. Petersen
- Foundational Sciences Central Michigan University College of Medicine Mt. Pleasant MI USA
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Ling Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis College of Life Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism Wuhan University Wuhan China
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17
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Gallagher C, Stokes MB, Sanders P, Lau DH. Bodyweight fluctuation and atrial fibrillation: A new risk factor? Heart Rhythm 2019; 17:372-373. [PMID: 31669769 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Celine Gallagher
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Michael B Stokes
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Prashanthan Sanders
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Dennis H Lau
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia.
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18
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Simonds SE, Pryor JT, Cowley MA. Repeated weight cycling in obese mice causes increased appetite and glucose intolerance. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:184-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Palm IF, Schram RGAE, Swarts HJM, van Schothorst EM, Keijer J. Body Weight Cycling with Identical Diet Composition Does Not Affect Energy Balance and Has No Adverse Effect on Metabolic Health Parameters. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101149. [PMID: 29053583 PMCID: PMC5691765 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Body weight (BW) cycling, the yo-yo effect, is generally thought to have adverse effects on human metabolic health. However, human and animal experiments are limited in number and do not provide clear answers, partly due to large variations in experimental design, parameters measured, and definitions of BW cycling. Here, we examined the effect of repetitive BW cycling versus single- and non-cycling control groups, without alterations in diet composition, on steady state BW and metabolic parameters. Methods: We induced well-defined BW cycles on a semi-purified high fat diet in C57BL/6J mice, a well-described animal model for diet-induced obesity, and measured energy expenditure and relevant metabolic parameters. Results: Our setup indeed resulted in the intended BW changes and always reached a stage of energy balance. A history of weight cycling did not result in increased BW or fat mass compared with the control group, nor in deteriorated serum concentrations of glucose, adipokines and serum triglyceride and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations. If anything, BW tended to be reduced, presumably because of a reduced overall energy intake in BW cycling animals. Conclusion: Repeated cycling in BW without changes in diet composition does not lead to impaired metabolic health nor increased BW (gain).
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge F Palm
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rianne G A E Schram
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans J M Swarts
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Evert M van Schothorst
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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