1
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Square TA, Mackey EJ, Sundaram S, Weksler NC, Chen ZZ, Narayanan SN, Miller CT. Modulation of tooth regeneration through opposing responses to Wnt and BMP signals in teleosts. Development 2023; 150:dev202168. [PMID: 38059590 PMCID: PMC10730089 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Most vertebrate species undergo tooth replacement throughout adult life. This process is marked by the shedding of existing teeth and the regeneration of tooth organs. However, little is known about the genetic circuitry regulating tooth replacement. Here, we tested whether fish orthologs of genes known to regulate mammalian hair regeneration have effects on tooth replacement. Using two fish species that demonstrate distinct modes of tooth regeneration, threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and zebrafish (Danio rerio), we found that transgenic overexpression of four different genes changed tooth replacement rates in the direction predicted by a hair regeneration model: Wnt10a and Grem2a increased tooth replacement rate, whereas Bmp6 and Dkk2 strongly inhibited tooth formation. Thus, similar to known roles in hair regeneration, Wnt and BMP signals promote and inhibit regeneration, respectively. Regulation of total tooth number was separable from regulation of replacement rates. RNA sequencing of stickleback dental tissue showed that Bmp6 overexpression resulted in an upregulation of Wnt inhibitors. Together, these data support a model in which different epithelial organs, such as teeth and hair, share genetic circuitry driving organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A. Square
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Emma J. Mackey
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shivani Sundaram
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Naama C. Weksler
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zoe Z. Chen
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sujanya N. Narayanan
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Craig T. Miller
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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2
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Fang Z, Atukorallaya D. Count Me in, Count Me out: Regulation of the Tooth Number via Three Directional Developmental Patterns. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15061. [PMID: 37894742 PMCID: PMC10606784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth number anomalies, including hyperdontia and hypodontia, are common congenital dental problems in the dental clinic. The precise number of teeth in a dentition is essential for proper speech, mastication, and aesthetics. Teeth are ectodermal organs that develop from the interaction of a thickened epithelium (dental placode) with the neural-crest-derived ectomesenchyme. There is extensive histological, molecular, and genetic evidence regarding how the tooth number is regulated in this serial process, but there is currently no universal classification for tooth number abnormalities. In this review, we propose a novel regulatory network for the tooth number based on the inherent dentition formation process. This network includes three intuitive directions: the development of a single tooth, the formation of a single dentition with elongation of the continual lamina, and tooth replacement with the development of the successional lamina. This article summarizes recent reports on early tooth development and provides an analytical framework to classify future relevant experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devi Atukorallaya
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0W2, Canada;
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3
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Cerda IA, Codorniú L. Palaeohistology reveals an unusual periodontium and tooth implantation in a filter-feeding pterodactyloid pterosaur, Pterodaustro guinazui, from the Lower Cretaceous of Argentina. J Anat 2023; 243:579-589. [PMID: 37059589 PMCID: PMC10485577 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pterosaurs are an extinct group of Mesozoic flying reptiles, which exhibited high diversity with regard to their dentition. Although morphological features of pterosaur dentition have been described in detail in several contributions, the histology of tooth and tooth attachment tissues (i.e. periodontium) has been scarcely analysed to date for this clade. Here we describe and interpret the microstructure of the tooth and periodontium attachment tissues of Pterodaustro guinazui, a filter-feeding pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Argentina. The histological analysis of the lower jaw and its filamentous teeth verifies that the geometry of the implantation corresponds to an aulacodont condition (i.e. teeth are set in a groove with no interdental separation). This pattern departs from that recorded in other archosaurs, being possibly also present in other, non-closely related, pterosaurs. Regarding tooth attachment, in contrast to other pterosaurs, there is no direct evidence for gomphosis in Pterodaustro (i.e. the absence of cementum, mineralized periodontal ligamentum and alveolar bone). Nevertheless, the current evidence for ankylosis is still not conclusive. Contrary to that reported for other archosaurs, replacement teeth are absent in Pterodaustro, which is interpreted as evidence for monophyodonty or diphyodonty in this taxon. Most of the microstructural features are possibly related to the complex filter-feeding apparatus of Pterodaustro and does not appear to represent the general pattern of pterosaurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio A Cerda
- Consejo Nacional de Investigación Ciencia y Técnica (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología (IIPG), Universidad Nacional de Río Negro (UNRN), Museo Carlos Ameghino, Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Laura Codorniú
- Consejo Nacional de Investigación Ciencia y Técnica (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Geología, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
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4
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Green DR, Winkler DE, Leichliter JN, Harms GS, Hatt JM, Clauss M, Tütken T. Formation and Replacement of Bone and Tooth Mineralized Tissues in Green Iguanas (Iguana iguana) Revealed by In-Vivo Fluorescence Marking. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:515-529. [PMID: 37475667 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hard tissue formation patterns and rates reveal details of animal physiology, life history, and environment, but are understudied in reptiles. Here, we use fluorescence labels delivered in vivo and laser confocal scanning microscopy to study tooth and bone formation in a managed group of green iguanas (Iguana iguana, Linné 1758) kept for 1.5 years under experimentally controlled conditions and undergoing several dietary switches. We constrain rates of tooth elongation, which we observe to be slow when enamel is initially deposited (c. 9 µm/day), but then increases exponentially in the dentin root, reaching c. 55 µm/day or more after crown completion. We further constrain the total timing of tooth formation to ∼40-60 days, and observe highly variable timings of tooth resorption onset and replacement. Fluorescent labels clearly indicate cohorts of teeth recruited within Zahnreihen replacement waves, with faster sequential tooth recruitment and greater wave sizes posteriorly, where each wave initiates. Fluorescence further reveals enamel maturation after initial deposition. Rates of hard tissue formation in long bones range from 0.4 to 3.4 µm/day, correlating with animal weight gain and cortical bone recording the entire history of the experiment. We suggest additional labeling experiments to study hard tissue formation patterns in other reptiles, and propose strategies for chemical analyses of hard tissues in order to extract temporal information about past environments, behaviors, and diets from reptilian fossils throughout the Phanerozoic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Green
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Climate School, Columbia University, 2910 Broadway Level A, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Daniela E Winkler
- Applied and Analytical Palaeontology, Institute of Geosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, J.-J.-Becher-Weg 21, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jennifer N Leichliter
- Applied and Analytical Palaeontology, Institute of Geosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, J.-J.-Becher-Weg 21, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Emmy Noether Group for Hominin Meat Consumption, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gregory S Harms
- Imaging Core Facility, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Departments of Biology and Earth Systems Science and Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, WIlkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Hatt
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Tütken
- Applied and Analytical Palaeontology, Institute of Geosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, J.-J.-Becher-Weg 21, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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5
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Sabah T, Al-Ghaban NMH. Evaluation of the Effects of Amoxicillin on Tooth Development in Rats by Histological and Histomorphometric Study. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2023; 78:1333-1341. [PMID: 38226389 PMCID: PMC10787917 DOI: 10.32592/ari.2023.78.4.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Amoxicillin is one of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in children. As a result, it is prescribed as the first line of defence against cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and respiratory infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Amoxicillin on the formation of dentin and enamel during the secretory and early phases of mineralization. Regarding the materials and methods used to perform this study, 16 pregnant adult Wistar rats were equally divided into two groups. The first group did not receive the drug and was prescribed a saline solution (control group), and the other group received 250 mg/kg/day of Amoxicillin (experimental group). From the 13th gestational day until delivery, the treatment was given every day by oral gavage. After birth, the newborns also received the same treatment as their mothers from the first day until 7 or 12 days after birth. The newborns were sacrificed at 7 and 12 days postnatally, the jaws were dissected, the maxilla was taken, the samples were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution, and the upper first molars were analyzed histologically by H & E stain and histomorphometrically by image J to examine the enamel, dentin, ameloblast and odontoblast mean thickness in both groups and each healing periods. The study's results showed that the mean enamel, as well as ameloblastic and odontoblastic layer thickness, were significantly different in the Amoxicillin 250 mg/kg group, compared to the control group. The result also revealed a non-significant group difference in the dentin thickness in both durations (P-value at day 7=0.147 and the P-value at day 12=0.054). Vacuolization of the ameloblastic and odontoblastic layers was observed in the Amoxicillin-treated group in both durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sabah
- Oral Diagnosis Department, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - N M H Al-Ghaban
- Oral Diagnosis Department, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Farva K, Sattar H, Ullah H, Raziq A, Mehmood MD, Tareen AK, Sultan IN, Zohra Q, Khan MW. Phenotypic Analysis, Molecular Characterization, and Antibiogram of Caries-Causing Bacteria Isolated from Dental Patients. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1952. [PMID: 37630520 PMCID: PMC10457851 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is a biofilm-mediated, sugar-driven, multifactorial, dynamic disease that results in the phasic demineralization and remineralization of dental hard tissues. Despite scientific advances in cariology, dental caries remains a severe global concern. The aim of this study was to determine the optimization of microbial and molecular techniques for the detection of cariogenic pathogens in dental caries patients, the prevalence of cariogenic bacteria on the basis of socioeconomic, climatological, and hygienic factors, and in vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of selected synthetic antibiotics and herbal extracts. In this study, oral samples were collected from 900 patients for bacterial strain screening on a biochemical and molecular basis. Plant extracts, such as ginger, garlic, neem, tulsi, amla, and aloe vera, were used to check the antimicrobial activity against the isolated strains. Synthetic antimicrobial agents, such as penicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, metronidazole, doxycycline, ceftazidime, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, were also used to access the antimicrobial activity. Among 900 patients, 63% were males and 37% were females, patients aged between 36 and 58 (45.7%) years were prone to disease, and the most common symptom was toothache (61%). For oral diseases, 21% used herbs, 36% used antibiotics, and 48% were self-medicated, owing to sweets consumption (60.66%) and fizzy drinks and fast food (51.56%). Staphylococcus mutans (29.11%) and Streptococcus sobrinus (28.11%) were found as the most abundant strains. Seven bacterial strains were successfully screened and predicted to be closely related to genera S. sobrinus, S. mutans, Actinomyces naeslundii, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Eubacterium nodatum, Propionibacterium acidifaciens, and Treponema Pallidum. Among plant extracts, the maximum zone of inhibition was recorded by ginger (22.36 mm) and amla (20.01 mm), while among synthetic antibiotics, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin were most effective against all microbes. This study concluded that phyto extracts of ginger and amla were considered suitable alternatives to synthetic antibiotics to treat dental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Farva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Huma Sattar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hayat Ullah
- Metabolic Engineering Lab, Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Abdur Raziq
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Muhammad Danish Mehmood
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Afrasiab Khan Tareen
- Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Imrana Niaz Sultan
- Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Quratulaain Zohra
- Department of Biotechnology, Project of Sahara for Life Trust, The Sahara College Narowal, Punjab 51601, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waseem Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
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7
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Min Soe K, Ogawa T, Moriyama K. Molecular mechanism of hyperactive tooth root formation in oculo-facio-cardio-dental syndrome. Front Physiol 2022; 13:946282. [PMID: 35957990 PMCID: PMC9359619 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.946282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) interacting corepressor (BCOR) cause oculo-facio-cardio-dental (OFCD) syndrome, a rare X-linked dominant condition that includes dental radiculomegaly among other characteristics. BCOR regulates downstream genes via BCL6 as a transcriptional corepressor. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the occurrence of radiculomegaly is still unknown. Thus, this study was aimed at identifying BCOR-regulated genetic pathways in radiculomegaly. The microarray profile of affected tissues revealed that the gene-specific transcriptional factors group, wherein nucleus factor 1B, distal-less homeobox 5, and zinc finger protein multitype 2 (ZFPM2) were the most upregulated, was significantly expressed in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells of the diseased patient with a frameshift mutation (c.3668delC) in BCOR. Wild-type BCOR overexpression in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts cells significantly hampered cellular proliferation and ZFPM2 mRNA downregulation. Promoter binding assays showed that wild-type BCOR was recruited in the BCL6 binding of the ZFPM2 promoter region after immunoprecipitation, while mutant BCOR, which was the same genotype as of our patient, failed to recruit these promoter regions. Knockdown of ZFPM2 expression in mutant PDL cells significantly reduced cellular proliferation as well as mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase, an important marker of odontoblasts and cementoblasts. Collectively, our findings suggest that BCOR mutation-induced ZFPM2 regulation via BCL6 possibly contributes to hyperactive root formation in OFCD syndrome. Clinical data from patients with rare genetic diseases may aid in furthering the understanding of the mechanism controlling the final root length.
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8
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Lopatin AV. DIRECT EVIDENCE OF THE MOLARIFORM TOOTH REPLACEMENT IN Gobiconodon borissiaki (GOBICONODONTIDAE, MAMMALIA) FROM THE EARLY CRETACEOUS OF MONGOLIA. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2022; 504:73-77. [PMID: 35821298 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496622030012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The maxillary fragment of eutriconodontan Gobiconodon borissiaki Trofimov, 1978 (Gobiconodontidae) is described from the Early Cretaceous Zuun-Höövör locality in Mongolia (Övörkhangai aimag, Guchin-Us sum). It demonstrates erupting М2RR (second molariform tooth of the third generation) along with the presence of the almost unworn M4R and alveoli of M3R and M5. This is the first direct evidence of the molariform tooth replacement in Gobiconodon from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia. The CT study of the specimen revealed the absence of mineralized germs of other teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Lopatin
- Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117647, Moscow, Russia.
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9
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Gruenhagen GW, Mubeen T, Patil C, Stockert J, Streelman JT. Single Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Deep Homology of Dental Cell Types Across Vertebrates. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022; 3. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2022.845449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Like most mammals, humans replace their teeth once throughout their lives and have limited regenerative capabilities. In contrast, mice continually renew tissues lost due to gnawing through a well characterized population of stem cells on the labial surface of the incisor. Most non-mammalian vertebrates replace teeth throughout life; the cellular and molecular mechanisms of successional tooth replacement are largely unknown. Here we use single nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) of replacement teeth and adjacent oral lamina in Lake Malawi cichlids, species with lifelong whole–tooth replacement, to make two main discoveries. First, despite hundreds of millions of years of evolution, we demonstrate conservation of cell type gene expression across vertebrate teeth (fish, mouse, human). Second, we used an approach that combines marker gene expression and developmental potential of dental cells to uncover the transcriptional signature of stem-like cells in regenerating teeth. Our work underscores the importance of a comparative framework in the study of vertebrate oral and regenerative biology.
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10
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Nasrullah Q, Renfree M, Evans AR. From Embryo to Adult: The Complete Development and Unusual Replacement of the Dentition of the Tammar Wallaby (Macropus eugenii). J MAMM EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-021-09597-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Pospisilova A, Stundl J, Brejcha J, Metscher BD, Psenicka M, Cerny R, Soukup V. The remarkable dynamics in the establishment, rearrangement, and loss of dentition during the ontogeny of the sterlet sturgeon. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:826-845. [PMID: 34846759 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sturgeons belong to an early-branching lineage often used as a proxy of ancestor-like traits of ray-finned fishes. However, many features of this lineage, such as the transitory presence and the eventual loss of dentition, exemplify specializations that, in fact, provide important information on lineage-specific evolutionary dynamics. RESULTS Here, we introduce a detailed overview of the dentition during the development of the sterlet sturgeon. The dentition is composed of tooth fields at oral, palatal, and anterior pharyngeal regions. Oral fields are single-rowed, non-renewed and are shed early. Palatal and pharyngeal fields are multi-rowed and renewed from the adjacent superficial epithelium without the presence of the successional dental lamina. The early loss of oral fields and subsequent establishment of palatal and pharyngeal fields leads to a translocation of the functional dentition from the front to the rear of the oropharyngeal cavity until the eventual loss of all teeth. CONCLUSIONS Our survey shows the sterlet dentition as a dynamic organ system displaying differential composition at different time points in the lifetime of this fish. These dynamics represent a conspicuous feature of sturgeons, unparalleled among extant vertebrates, and appropriate to scrutinize developmental and evolutionary underpinnings of vertebrate odontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pospisilova
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Stundl
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA.,Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Jindrich Brejcha
- Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Brian D Metscher
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Psenicka
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Cerny
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Soukup
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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12
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Wu YH, Chiappe LM, Bottjer DJ, Nava W, Martinelli AG. Dental replacement in Mesozoic birds: evidence from newly discovered Brazilian enantiornithines. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19349. [PMID: 34593843 PMCID: PMC8484441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphyodonty-multiple tooth generations-in Mesozoic birds has been confirmed since the nineteenth century. Their dental cycle had been assessed through sparse data from tooth roots revealed through broken jawbones and disattached teeth. However, detailed descriptions of their tooth cycling are lacking, and the specifics of their replacement patterns remain largely unknown. Here we present unprecedented µCT data from three enantiornithine specimens from the Upper Cretaceous of southeastern Brazil. The high resolution µCT data show an alternating dental replacement pattern in the premaxillae, consistent with the widespread pattern amongst extinct and extant reptiles. The dentary also reveals dental replacement at different stages. These results strongly suggest that an alternating pattern was typical of enantiornithine birds. µCT data show that new teeth start lingually within the alveoli, resorb roots of functional teeth and migrate labially into their pulp cavities at an early stage, similar to modern crocodilians. Our results imply that the control mechanism for tooth cycling is conserved during the transition between non-avian reptiles and birds. These first 3D reconstructions of enantiornithine dental replacement demonstrate that 3D data are essential to understand the evolution and deep homology of archosaurian tooth cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hsin Wu
- grid.243983.70000 0001 2302 4724Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Luis M. Chiappe
- grid.243983.70000 0001 2302 4724Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - David J. Bottjer
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - William Nava
- Museu de Paleontologia de Marília, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Agustín G. Martinelli
- grid.459814.50000 0000 9653 9457Museo Argentino Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Abramyan J, Geetha-Loganathan P, Šulcová M, Buchtová M. Role of Cell Death in Cellular Processes During Odontogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671475. [PMID: 34222243 PMCID: PMC8250436 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a tooth germ in a precise size, shape, and position in the jaw, involves meticulous regulation of cell proliferation and cell death. Apoptosis, as the most common type of programmed cell death during embryonic development, plays a number of key roles during odontogenesis, ranging from the budding of the oral epithelium during tooth initiation, to later tooth germ morphogenesis and removal of enamel knot signaling center. Here, we summarize recent knowledge about the distribution and function of apoptotic cells during odontogenesis in several vertebrate lineages, with a special focus on amniotes (mammals and reptiles). We discuss the regulatory roles that apoptosis plays on various cellular processes during odontogenesis. We also review apoptosis-associated molecular signaling during tooth development, including its relationship with the autophagic pathway. Lastly, we cover apoptotic pathway disruption, and alterations in apoptotic cell distribution in transgenic mouse models. These studies foster a deeper understanding how apoptotic cells affect cellular processes during normal odontogenesis, and how they contribute to dental disorders, which could lead to new avenues of treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Abramyan
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, United States
| | | | - Marie Šulcová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marcela Buchtová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
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14
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LeBlanc ARH, Paparella I, Lamoureux DO, Doschak MR, Caldwell MW. Tooth attachment and pleurodont implantation in lizards: Histology, development, and evolution. J Anat 2020; 238:1156-1178. [PMID: 33372719 PMCID: PMC8053593 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamates present a unique challenge to the homology and evolution of tooth attachment tissues. Their stereotypically pleurodont teeth are fused in place by a single "bone of attachment", with seemingly dubious homology to the three-part tooth attachment system of mammals and crocodilians. Despite extensive debate over the interpretations of squamate pleurodonty, its phylogenetic significance, and the growing evidence from fossil amniotes for the homology of tooth attachment tissues, few studies have defined pleurodonty on histological grounds. Using a sample of extant squamate teeth that we organize into three broad categories of implantation, we investigate the histological and developmental properties of their dental tissues in multiple planes of section. We use these data to demonstrate the specific soft- and hard-tissue features of squamate teeth that produce their disparate tooth implantation modes. In addition, we describe cementum, periodontal ligaments, and alveolar bone in pleurodont squamates, dental tissues that were historically thought to be restricted to extant mammals and crocodilians. Moreover, we show how the differences between pleurodonty and thecodonty do not relate to the identity of the tooth attachment tissues, but rather the arrangements of homologous tissues around the teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R H LeBlanc
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ilaria Paparella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Michael R Doschak
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael W Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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15
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Kosch JCD, Zanno LE. Sampling impacts the assessment of tooth growth and replacement rates in archosaurs: implications for paleontological studies. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9918. [PMID: 32999766 PMCID: PMC7505082 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary habits in extinct species cannot be directly observed; thus, in the absence of extraordinary evidence, they must be reconstructed with a combination of morphological proxies. Such proxies often include information on dental organization and function such as tooth formation time and tooth replacement rate. In extinct organisms, tooth formation times and tooth replacement rate are calculated, in part via extrapolation of the space between incremental lines in dental tissues representing daily growth (von Ebner Line Increment Width; VEIW). However, to date, little work has been conducted testing assumptions about the primary data underpinning these calculations, specifically, the potential impact of differential sampling and data extrapolation protocols. To address this, we tested a variety of intradental, intramandibular, and ontogentic sampling effects on calculations of mean VEIW, tooth formation times, and replacement rates using histological sections and CT reconstructions of a growth series of three specimens of the extant archosaurian Alligator mississippiensis. We find transect position within the tooth and transect orientation with respect to von Ebner lines to have the greatest impact on calculations of mean VEIW—a maximum number of VEIW measurements should be made as near to the central axis (CA) as possible. Measuring in regions away from the central axis can reduce mean VEIW by up to 36%, causing inflated calculations of tooth formation time. We find little demonstrable impact to calculations of mean VEIW from the practice of subsampling along a transect, or from using mean VEIW derived from one portion of the dentition to extrapolate for other regions of the dentition. Subsampling along transects contributes only minor variations in mean VEIW (<12%) that are dwarfed by the standard deviation (SD). Moreover, variation in VEIW with distance from the pulp cavity likely reflects idiosyncratic patterns related to life history, which are difficult to control for; however, we recommend increasing the number of VEIW measured to minimize this effect. Our data reveal only a weak correlation between mean VEIW and body length, suggesting minimal ontogenetic impacts. Finally, we provide a relative SD of mean VEIW for Alligator of 29.94%, which can be used by researchers to create data-driven error bars for tooth formation times and replacement rates in fossil taxa with small sample sizes. We caution that small differences in mean VEIW calculations resulting from non-standardized sampling protocols, especially in a comparative context, will produce inflated error in tooth formation time estimations that intensify with crown height. The same holds true for applications of our relative SD to calculations of tooth formation time in extinct taxa, which produce highly variable maximum and minimum estimates in large-toothed taxa (e.g., 718–1,331 days in Tyrannosaurus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens C D Kosch
- Paleontology, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Lindsay E Zanno
- Paleontology, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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16
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Hulsey CD, Cohen KE, Johanson Z, Karagic N, Meyer A, Miller CT, Sadier A, Summers AP, Fraser GJ. Grand Challenges in Comparative Tooth Biology. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:563-580. [PMID: 32533826 PMCID: PMC7821850 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Teeth are a model system for integrating developmental genomics, functional morphology, and evolution. We are at the cusp of being able to address many open issues in comparative tooth biology and we outline several of these newly tractable and exciting research directions. Like never before, technological advances and methodological approaches are allowing us to investigate the developmental machinery of vertebrates and discover both conserved and excitingly novel mechanisms of diversification. Additionally, studies of the great diversity of soft tissues, replacement teeth, and non-trophic functions of teeth are providing new insights into dental diversity. Finally, we highlight several emerging model groups of organisms that are at the forefront of increasing our appreciation of the mechanisms underlying tooth diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Darrin Hulsey
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, 78464, Germany
| | - Karly E Cohen
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Washington, WA 98195, USA
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5HD, UK
| | - Nidal Karagic
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, 78464, Germany
| | - Axel Meyer
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, 78464, Germany
| | - Craig T Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alexa Sadier
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Adam P Summers
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Washington, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gareth J Fraser
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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17
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Dirks W, Lemmers SAM, Ngoubangoye B, Herbert A, Setchell JM. Odontochronologies in male and female mandrills (
Mandrillus sphinx
) and the development of dental sexual dimorphism. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 172:528-544. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Dirks
- Department of AnthropologyDurham University Durham UK
| | - Simone A. M. Lemmers
- Department of AnthropologyDurham University Durham UK
- Science and Technology in Archaeology Research CenterThe Cyprus Institute Nicosia Cyprus
| | | | - Anaïs Herbert
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre Internationale de Recherches Médicales Franceville Gabon
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18
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Scarpetta SG, Bell CJ. Novel and Bizarre Abnormalities of the Tooth Row in Side-Blotched Lizards (Uta) and Rock Lizards (Petrosaurus). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:2014-2025. [PMID: 31587495 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Multiple tooth rows along the dentary or maxilla are present in many bony and cartilaginous fishes but occur infrequently in amniotes. Although two partially overlapping rows of teeth or a few doubled tooth positions were both previously reported in extant and extinct lizards, multiple rows of teeth across the entire dental or maxillary shelf were not previously documented in any lizard taxon. Here, we report one specimen of the side-blotched lizard Uta stansburiana and two specimens of the rock lizard Petrosaurus mearnsi that have two or more marginal tooth rows that overlap for most of the dental shelf. We also describe several other phrynosomatid lizard specimens with one or two doubled tooth positions per marginal tooth-bearing skeletal element. We examined 520 total specimens of pleurodont iguanian lizards and verified that aberrant tooth row and tooth position morphologies were almost exclusively present in phrynosomatid lizards. We hypothesize that developmental irregularities in the number of odontogenic bands or in the function of zones of inhibition may have resulted in the observed tooth row abnormalities. The expression of multiple tooth rows or doubled tooth positions may be phylogenetically informative morphologies of phrynosomatid lizards. This bears further investigation from developmental, genetic, ecological, and phylogenetic perspectives. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy Anat Rec, 303:2014-2025, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G Scarpetta
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Christopher J Bell
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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19
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Morphological features of tooth development and replacement in the rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 109:104576. [PMID: 31593891 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dental development mechanisms in mammals are highly studied using the mouse as a biological model. However, the mouse has a single, unreplaced, set of teeth. Features of mammalian tooth replacement are thus poorly known. In this paper, we study mammalian tooth development and replacement using the European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, as a new model. Using 3D-reconstructions associated with histological sections, we obtained the complete description of the histo-morphological chronology of dental development and replacement in rabbit. We also describe in the dentin the presence of holes opening the pulp cavity in newborns. These holes are quickly repaired with a new and fast apposition of dentin from the pre-existing odontoblasts. The detailed dental morphogenesis chronology presented allows us to propose the rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus as a suitable model to study mammalian tooth replacement.
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20
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Li L, Tang Q, Wang A, Chen Y. Regrowing a tooth: in vitro and in vivo approaches. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 61:126-131. [PMID: 31493737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Biologically oriented regenerative dentistry in an attempt to regrow a functional tooth by harnessing the natural healing capabilities of dental tissues has become a recent trend challenging the current dental practice on repairing the damaged or missing tooth. In this review, we outline the conceptual development on the in situ revitalization of the tooth replacement capability lost during evolution, the updated progress in stem-cell-based in vivo repair of the damaged tooth, and the recent endeavors for in vitro generation of an implantable bioengineered tooth germ. Thereafter, we summarize the major challenges that need to be overcome in order to provide the rationale and directions for the success of fully functional tooth regeneration in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Li
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| | - Qinghuang Tang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Amy Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
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21
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Martz JW, Small BJ. Non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs from the Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic) of the Eagle Basin, northern Colorado: Dromomeron romeri (Lagerpetidae) and a new taxon, Kwanasaurus williamparkeri (Silesauridae). PeerJ 2019; 7:e7551. [PMID: 31534843 PMCID: PMC6730537 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The “red siltstone” member of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation in the Eagle Basin of Colorado contains a diverse assemblage of dinosauromorphs falling outside of Dinosauria. This assemblage is the northernmost known occurrence of non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs in North America, and probably falls within the Revueltian land vertebrate estimated biochronozone (215–207 Ma, middle to late Norian). Lagerpetids are represented by proximal femora and a humerus referable to Dromomeron romeri. Silesaurids (non-dinosaurian dinosauriforms) are the most commonly recovered dinosauromorph elements, consisting of dentaries, maxillae, isolated teeth, humeri, illia, femora, and possibly a scapula and tibiae. These elements represent a new silesaurid, Kwanasaurus williamparkeri, gen. et sp. nov., which possesses several autapomorphies: a short, very robust maxilla with a broad ascending process, a massive ventromedial process, a complex articular surface for the lacrimal and jugal, and 12 teeth; 14 dentary teeth; an ilium with an elongate and blade-like preacetabular process and concave acetabular margin; a femur with an extremely thin medial distal condyle and a depression on the distal end anterior to the crista tibiofibularis. The recognition of K. williamparkeri further demonstrates the predominantly Late Triassic diversity and widespread geographic distribution across Pangea of the sister clade to Asilisaurus, here named Sulcimentisauria. Silesaurid dentition suggests a variety of dietary specializations from faunivory and omnivory in the Middle Triassic and early Late Triassic (Carnian), to herbivory in the Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian), with the latter specialization possibly coinciding with the radiation of Sulcimentisauria across Pangea. The extremely robust maxilla and folidont teeth of K. williamparkei may represent a strong herbivorous dietary specialization among silesaurids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Martz
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, TX, USA.,Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Department of Earth Sciences, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Bryan J Small
- The Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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22
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Langer MC, McPhee BW, Marsola JCDA, Roberto-da-Silva L, Cabreira SF. Anatomy of the dinosaur Pampadromaeus barberenai (Saurischia-Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic Santa Maria Formation of southern Brazil. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212543. [PMID: 30785940 PMCID: PMC6382151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sauropodomorphs are the most abundant and diverse clade of Triassic dinosaurs, but the taxonomy of their earliest (Carnian) representatives is still poorly understood. One such taxon is Pampadromaeus barberenai, represented by a nearly complete disarticulated skeleton recovered from the upper part of the Santa Maria Formation of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Here, the osteology of Pam. barberenai is fully described for the first time. Detailed comparisons with other Carnian sauropodomorphs reveal a unique anatomy, corroborating its status as a valid species. Potential autapomorphies of Pam. barberenai can be seen in the articulation of the sacral zygapophyses, the length of the pectoral epipodium, the shape of the distal articulation of the femur and the proximal articulation of metatarsal 1. A novel phylogenetic study shows that relationships among the Carnian sauropodomorphs are poorly constrained, possibly because they belong to a "zone of variability", where homoplasy abounds. Yet, there is some evidence that Pam. barberenai may nest within Saturnaliidae, along with Saturnalia tupiniquim and Chromogisaurus novasi, which represents the sister group to the larger sauropodomorphs, i.e. Bagualosauria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Cardoso Langer
- Laboratório de Paleontologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Blair Wayne McPhee
- Laboratório de Paleontologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
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23
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24
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Hanai T, Tsuihiji T. Description of Tooth Ontogeny and Replacement Patterns in a Juvenile Tarbosaurus bataar (Dinosauria: Theropoda) Using CT-Scan Data. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:1210-1225. [PMID: 30378771 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Teeth are continually replaced in most of non-mammalian gnathostomes to maintain their functional dentitions. To clarify the tooth replacement patterns in tyrannosaurid theropod dinosaurs, we examined well-preserved dentitions (both premaxillae, left maxilla, partial right maxilla, and both dentaries) of a juvenile Tarbosaurus bataar (MPC-D 107/7) using X-ray computed tomographic (CT) imaging. Three-dimensional (3D) rendering of the dentitions and staging of replacement teeth allowed quantitative analyses of the tooth ontogeny and replacement patterns in this specimen. These strategies were validated by comparing the results between MPC-D 107/7 and extant crocodilians, which are taxa that have previously been studied using non-CT methods. 3D-rendered dentitions of MPC-D 107/7 showed alternate replacement patterns between odd- and even-numbered alveoli. Such patterns were discontinuous at the premaxilla-maxilla junctions, suggesting the division of replacement patterns between the two dentitions possessing morpho-functionally different features. The replacement process in the odd-numbered alveoli of the left maxilla sequentially proceeded from distal alveoli. Meanwhile, in the both dentaries, there were simple alternate patterns in which functional teeth would be simultaneously shed out in every second alveoli. Such a simple alternation had never been reported in the adult tyrannosaurid dentaries. Under this pattern, the half of functional teeth in a single dentition would be shed at the same time, which may hamper foraging functions. We conclude that the simple alternate patterns found in the dentary dentitions of MPC-D 107/7 represent transient condition in juvenile tyrannosaurids, suggesting ontogenetic changes in tooth replacement patterns in the tyrannosaurid dentary. Anat Rec, 302:1210-1225, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Hanai
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanobu Tsuihiji
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Bendel EM, Kammerer CF, Kardjilov N, Fernandez V, Fröbisch J. Cranial anatomy of the gorgonopsian Cynariops robustus based on CT-reconstruction. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207367. [PMID: 30485338 PMCID: PMC6261584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gorgonopsia is one of the major clades of non-mammalian synapsids, and includes an array of large-bodied carnivores that were the top terrestrial predators of the late Permian. Most research on the clade has focused on these largest members; small-bodied gorgonopsians are relatively little-studied. Here, we redescribe a small gorgonopsian skull (MB.R.999) from the late Permian (Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone) of South Africa on the basis of neutron and synchrotron CT reconstructions, which yield new data on internal cranial morphology in Gorgonopsia. Because of the largely undistorted nature of MB.R.999, we were also able to reconstruct unossified areas such as the brain endocast and the otic labyrinth. MB.R.999 can be referred to the taxon Cynariops robustus based on its general skull proportions, postcanine tooth count, preparietal morphology, and vomerine morphology. We refer additional small gorgonopsian specimens from the Victoria West area to Cynariops robustus, and consider Cynarioides grimbeeki and Cynarioides laticeps to be synonymous with C. robustus. Inclusion of Cynariops in a phylogenetic analysis of Gorgonopsia recovers it within a large clade of African taxa, more closely related to Lycaenops and rubidgeines than Eriphostoma or Gorgonops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Bendel
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian F. Kammerer
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- Evolutionary Studies Institute & School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nikolay Kardjilov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin–Institute of Applied Materials, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vincent Fernandez
- Imaging and Analysis Centre, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Jörg Fröbisch
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
- Evolutionary Studies Institute & School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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26
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He Y, Makovicky PJ, Xu X, You H. High-resolution computed tomographic analysis of tooth replacement pattern of the basal neoceratopsian Liaoceratops yanzigouensis informs ceratopsian dental evolution. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5870. [PMID: 29651146 PMCID: PMC5897341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The dental morphology and tooth replacement pattern of Liaoceratops yanzigouensis, the earliest known neoceratopsian, are important for our understanding of the evolution of the ceratopsian dental system. Here we describe the dental morphology and tooth replacement of Liaoceratops yanzigouensis based on high-resolution computed tomographic (CT) scan data of three specimens including the holotype, the first study for basal ceratopsian. The three-dimensional reconstructions reveal some important new information, including: three teeth in the premaxilla in one side, two more teeth in the dentary than in the maxilla, incipiently developed mesial grooves on some crowns, two generations of replacement teeth within some tooth families; and most functional teeth were under heavy resorption by the replacement process, but still remained functional. Comparisons of tooth pair positions from opposite sides in the four jaw quadrants of three specimens revealed a degree of bilateral symmetry in replacement pattern. Reconstruction of Zahnreihen yields an avergae z-spacing of 2.58 with simultaneous front-to-back tooth replacement. Our study presents the earliest evidence of derived neoceratopsian traits of the complex dental batteries in ceratopsids. Most significantly, our models reveal the tracts of partially resorbed functional teeth which appears to track the growth of the jaws, traits previously undocumented in Ceratopsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming He
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China.
| | - Peter J Makovicky
- Department of Geology, The Field Museum, Chicago, llinois, 60640, United States of America
| | - Xing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100046, China
| | - Hailu You
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100046, China
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27
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Lamoureux DO, LeBlanc ARH, Caldwell MW. Tooth germ initiation patterns in a developing dentition: An in vivo study of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. J Morphol 2018; 279:616-625. [PMID: 29399866 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The transparency of soft tissue in Xenopus laevis tadpoles and the anterior-posterior orientation of their developing tooth germs in the upper jaw offer a unique opportunity for the in vivo charting of the first 15-20 days of the developing dentition. Twenty-two X. laevis tadpoles were anesthetized daily and their mouths opened to record the first appearance, position, and development of tooth germs in the upper jaw. The initiation patterns revealed considerable variability between animals, and even between the jaw quadrants in the same animal. This variability appears within a structural boundary and the results are consistent with the presence of an odontogenic band. The final length of dental rows far exceeded the jaw growth for each quadrant during the recording period. This in vivo investigation underlines the limits of cross-sectional studies, and in particular the assumption that tooth germs initiate at the same position in the dental row. The tooth germ initiation patterns in this study did not align with the predictions of standard models for the development of the dentition-Zahnreihen, Clone, and New Progress Zone theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis O Lamoureux
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - Aaron R H LeBlanc
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - Michael W Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9
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28
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Fulks BA, Callaghan KX, Tewksbury CD, Gerstner GE. Relationships between chewing rate, occlusion, cephalometric anatomy, muscle activity, and masticatory performance. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 83:161-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Brink KS, Chen YC, Wu YN, Liu WM, Shieh DB, Huang TD, Sun CK, Reisz RR. Dietary adaptions in the ultrastructure of dinosaur dentine. J R Soc Interface 2017; 13:rsif.2016.0626. [PMID: 27974573 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Teeth are key to understanding the feeding ecology of both extant and extinct vertebrates. Recent studies have highlighted the previously unrecognized complexity of dinosaur dentitions and how specific tooth tissues and tooth shapes differ between taxa with different diets. However, it is unknown how the ultrastructure of these tooth tissues contributes to the differences in feeding style between taxa. In this study, we use third harmonic generation microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to examine the ultrastructure of the dentine in herbivorous and carnivorous dinosaurs to understand how the structure of this tissue contributes to the overall utility of the tooth. Morphometric analyses of dentinal tubule diameter, density and branching rates reveal a strong signal for dietary preferences, with herbivorous saurischian and ornithischian dinosaurs consistently having higher dentinal tubule density than their carnivorous relatives. We hypothesize that this relates to the hardness of the dentine, where herbivorous taxa have dentine that is more resistant to breakage and wear at the dentine-enamel junction than carnivorous taxa. This study advocates the detailed study of dentine and the use of advanced microscopy techniques to understand the evolution of dentition and feeding ecology in extinct vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin S Brink
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5 L 1C6
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ya-Na Wu
- Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Min Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Dar-Bin Shieh
- Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Timothy D Huang
- Dinosaur Evolution Research Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130012, People's Republic of China.,National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Kuang Sun
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics and Center for Optoelectronic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Institute of Physics and Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Robert R Reisz
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5 L 1C6.,Dinosaur Evolution Research Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130012, People's Republic of China.,National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, Republic of China
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30
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Sciscio L, Knoll F, Bordy EM, de Kock MO, Redelstorff R. Digital reconstruction of the mandible of an adult Lesothosaurus diagnosticus with insight into the tooth replacement process and diet. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3054. [PMID: 28265518 PMCID: PMC5335715 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragmentary caudal ends of the left and right mandible assigned to Lesothosaurus diagnosticus, an early ornithischian, was recently discovered in the continental red bed succession of the upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) at Likhoele Mountain (Mafeteng District) in Lesotho. Using micro-CT scanning, this mandible could be digitally reconstructed in 3D. The replacement teeth within the better preserved (left) dentary were visualised. The computed tomography dataset suggests asynchronous tooth replacement in an individual identified as an adult on the basis of bone histology. Clear evidence for systematic wear facets created by attrition is lacking. The two most heavily worn teeth are only apically truncated. Our observations of this specimen as well as others do not support the high level of dental wear expected from the semi-arid palaeoenvironment in which Lesothosaurus diagnosticus lived. Accordingly, a facultative omnivorous lifestyle, where seasonality determined the availability, quality, and abundance of food is suggested. This would have allowed for adaptability to episodes of increased environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Sciscio
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fabien Knoll
- Fundación Conjunto Paleontológico de Teruel-Dinópolis, Teruel, Spain
| | - Emese M. Bordy
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michiel O. de Kock
- Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ragna Redelstorff
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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31
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Exceptionally prolonged tooth formation in elasmosaurid plesiosaurians. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172759. [PMID: 28241059 PMCID: PMC5328283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elasmosaurid plesiosaurians were globally prolific marine reptiles that dominated the Mesozoic seas for over 70 million years. Their iconic body-plan incorporated an exceedingly long neck and small skull equipped with prominent intermeshing ‘fangs’. How this bizarre dental apparatus was employed in feeding is uncertain, but fossilized gut contents indicate a diverse diet of small pelagic vertebrates, cephalopods and epifaunal benthos. Here we report the first plesiosaurian tooth formation rates as a mechanism for servicing the functional dentition. Multiple dentine thin sections were taken through isolated elasmosaurid teeth from the Upper Cretaceous of Sweden. These specimens revealed an average of 950 daily incremental lines of von Ebner, and infer a remarkably protracted tooth formation cycle of about 2–3 years–other polyphyodont amniotes normally take ~1–2 years to form their teeth. Such delayed odontogenesis might reflect differences in crown length and function within an originally uneven tooth array. Indeed, slower replacement periodicity has been found to distinguish larger caniniform teeth in macrophagous pliosaurid plesiosaurians. However, the archetypal sauropterygian dental replacement system likely also imposed constraints via segregation of the developing tooth germs within discrete bony crypts; these partly resorbed to allow maturation of the replacement teeth within the primary alveoli after displacement of the functional crowns. Prolonged dental formation has otherwise been linked to tooth robustness and adaption for vigorous food processing. Conversely, elasmosaurids possessed narrow crowns with an elongate profile that denotes structural fragility. Their apparent predilection for easily subdued prey could thus have minimized this potential for damage, and was perhaps coupled with selective feeding strategies that ecologically optimized elasmosaurids towards more delicate middle trophic level aquatic predation.
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32
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33
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Thewissen JGM, Hieronymus TL, George JC, Suydam R, Stimmelmayr R, McBurney D. Evolutionary aspects of the development of teeth and baleen in the bowhead whale. J Anat 2017; 230:549-566. [PMID: 28070906 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In utero, baleen whales initiate the development of several dozens of teeth in upper and lower jaws. These tooth germs reach the bell stage and are sometimes mineralized, but toward the end of prenatal life they are resorbed and no trace remains after birth. Around the time that the germs disappear, the keratinous baleen plates start to form in the upper jaw, and these form the food-collecting mechanism. Baleen whale ancestors had two generations of teeth and never developed baleen, and the prenatal teeth of modern fetuses are usually interpreted as an evolutionary leftover. We investigated the development of teeth and baleen in bowhead whale fetuses using histological and immunohistochemical evidence. We found that upper and lower dentition initially follow similar developmental pathways. As development proceeds, upper and lower tooth germs diverge developmentally. Lower tooth germs differ along the length of the jaw, reminiscent of a heterodont dentition of cetacean ancestors, and lingual processes of the dental lamina represent initiation of tooth bud formation of replacement teeth. Upper tooth germs remain homodont and there is no evidence of a secondary dentition. After these germs disappear, the oral epithelium thickens to form the baleen plates, and the protein FGF-4 displays a signaling pattern reminiscent of baleen plates. In laboratory mammals, FGF-4 is not involved in the formation of hair or palatal rugae, but it is involved in tooth development. This leads us to propose that the signaling cascade that forms teeth in most mammals has been exapted to be involved in baleen plate ontogeny in mysticetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G M Thewissen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Tobin L Hieronymus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - John C George
- Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Barrow, AK, USA
| | - Robert Suydam
- Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Barrow, AK, USA
| | - Raphaela Stimmelmayr
- Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Barrow, AK, USA.,Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Denise McBurney
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
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34
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Wang S, Stiegler J, Amiot R, Wang X, Du GH, Clark JM, Xu X. Extreme Ontogenetic Changes in a Ceratosaurian Theropod. Curr Biol 2016; 27:144-148. [PMID: 28017609 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ontogenetic variation is documented within many dinosaur species, but extreme ontogenetic changes are rare among dinosaurs, particularly among theropods. Here, we analyze 19 specimens of the Jurassic ceratosaurian theropod Limusaurus inextricabilis, representing six ontogenetic stages based on body size and histological data. Among 78 ontogenetic changes we identify in these specimens, the most unexpected one is the change from fully toothed jaws in the hatchling and juvenile individuals to a completely toothless beaked jaw in the more mature individuals, representing the first fossil record of ontogenetic edentulism among the jawed vertebrates. Jaw morphological data, including those derived from Mi-CT and SR-μCT scanning of Limusaurus specimens, reveal dental alveolar vestiges and indicate that ontogenetic tooth loss in Limusaurus is a gradual, complex process. Our discovery has significant implications for understanding the evolution of the beak, an important feeding structure present in several tetrapod clades, including modern birds. This radical morphological change suggests a dietary shift, probably from omnivory for juvenile Limusaurus to herbivory for adult Limusaurus, which is also supported by additional evidence from gastroliths and stable isotopes. Incorporating new ontogenetic information from Limusaurus into phylogenetic analyses demonstrates surprisingly little effect on its placement when data from different stages are used exclusively, in contrast to previous analyses of tyrannosaurids, but produces subtle differences extending beyond the placement of Limusaurus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, 105 West 3(rd) Ring Road North, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 142 Xi-Zhi-Men-Wai Street, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Josef Stiegler
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Romain Amiot
- CNRS UMR 5276, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex 69622, France
| | - Xu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Bei-Tu-Cheng-Xi Road, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guo-Hao Du
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 239 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - James M Clark
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Xing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 142 Xi-Zhi-Men-Wai Street, Beijing 100044, China.
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35
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Witten PE, Harris MP, Huysseune A, Winkler C. Small teleost fish provide new insights into human skeletal diseases. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 138:321-346. [PMID: 28129851 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Small teleost fish such as zebrafish and medaka are increasingly studied as models for human skeletal diseases. Efficient new genome editing tools combined with advances in the analysis of skeletal phenotypes provide new insights into fundamental processes of skeletal development. The skeleton among vertebrates is a highly conserved organ system, but teleost fish and mammals have evolved unique traits or have lost particular skeletal elements in each lineage. Several unique features of the skeleton relate to the extremely small size of early fish embryos and the small size of adult fish used as models. A detailed analysis of the plethora of interesting skeletal phenotypes in zebrafish and medaka pushes available skeletal imaging techniques to their respective limits and promotes the development of new imaging techniques. Impressive numbers of zebrafish and medaka mutants with interesting skeletal phenotypes have been characterized, complemented by transgenic zebrafish and medaka lines. The advent of efficient genome editing tools, such as TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9, allows to introduce targeted deficiencies in genes of model teleosts to generate skeletal phenotypes that resemble human skeletal diseases. This review will also discuss other attractive aspects of the teleost skeleton. This includes the capacity for lifelong tooth replacement and for the regeneration of dermal skeletal elements, such as scales and fin rays, which further increases the value of zebrafish and medaka models for skeletal research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M P Harris
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - C Winkler
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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36
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Vandenplas S, Vandeghinste R, Boutet A, Mazan S, Huysseune A. Slow cycling cells in the continuous dental lamina of Scyliorhinus canicula: new evidence for stem cells in sharks. Dev Biol 2016; 413:39-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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37
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Sassoon J, Foffa D, Marek R. Dental ontogeny and replacement in Pliosauridae. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:150384. [PMID: 26715998 PMCID: PMC4680613 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dental morphology and patterns of tooth replacement in representatives of the clade Pliosauridae (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) are evaluated in detail. The jaws of one basal (Thalassiodracon hawkinsii) and two derived species (Pliosaurus carpenteri, Pliosaurus kevani) were visualized by μCT scans, and the ontogenetic patterns, or 'movement paths', of replacement teeth could be mapped. Other specimens (Peloneustes philarchus and Pliosaurus westbuyensis) with well-preserved jaws containing functional and replacement teeth in situ were also examined directly, and waves of tooth replacement could be inferred from the degree of in situ tooth development and the fusion between functional and replacement alveoli. The analysis revealed symmetrical tooth eruption over the medial axis throughout the length of the jaw in the basal pliosaurid Thalassiodracon. By contrast, symmetrical tooth eruption patterns occur only along the anterior sections of the jaws of derived pliosaurids. In Pliosaurus, replacement schedules differ in the anterior and posterior portions of the jaws and appear to correlate with differences in tooth morphology and symmetrical replacement. The anterior teeth exhibit longer replacement cycle periods and symmetrical replacement, while shorter cycle periods and asymmetry are seen posteriorly. A longer period suggests slower replacement and is characteristic of large, specialized caniniform teeth in the longer snouted Late Jurassic taxa. Smaller posterior teeth have a shorter period and therefore a faster replacement cycle. The transition from long to short replacement period over the length of the jaw is thought to account for the loss of symmetry. This differentiation could relate to differential tooth function and a type of heterodonty. We therefore propose a new model of pliosaurid tooth replacement patterns and present it in a phylogenetic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judyth Sassoon
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen’s Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - Davide Foffa
- School of GeoSciences, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK
| | - Ryan Marek
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
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38
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Hariharan IK, Wake DB, Wake MH. Indeterminate Growth: Could It Represent the Ancestral Condition? Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015. [PMID: 26216720 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a019174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although we are used to the idea that many organisms stop growing when they reach a predictable size, in many taxa, growth occurs throughout the life of an organism, a phenomenon referred to as indeterminate growth. Our comparative analysis suggests that indeterminate growth may indeed represent the ancestral condition, whereas the permanent arrest of growth may be a more derived state. Consistent with this idea, in diverse taxa, the basal branches show indeterminate growth, whereas more derived branches arrest their growth. Importantly, in some closely related taxa, the termination of growth has evolved in mechanistically distinct ways. Also, even within a single organism, different organs can differ with respect to whether they terminate their growth or not. Finally, the study of tooth development indicates that, even at the level of a single tissue, multiple determinate patterns of growth can evolve from an ancestral one that is indeterminate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iswar K Hariharan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - David B Wake
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Marvalee H Wake
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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39
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Goldberg M, Kellermann O, Dimitrova-Nakov S, Harichane Y, Baudry A. Comparative studies between mice molars and incisors are required to draw an overview of enamel structural complexity. Front Physiol 2014; 5:359. [PMID: 25285079 PMCID: PMC4168675 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of dentistry, the murine incisor has long been considered as an outstanding model to study amelogenesis. However, it clearly appears that enamel from wild type mouse incisors and molars presents several structural differences. In incisor, exclusively radial enamel is observed. In molars, enamel displays a high level of complexity since the inner part is lamellar whereas the outer enamel shows radial and tangential structures. Recently, the serotonin 2B receptor (5-HT2BR) was shown to be involved in ameloblast function and enamel mineralization. The incisors from 5HT2BR knockout (KO) mice exhibit mineralization defects mostly in the outer maturation zone and porous matrix network in the inner zone. In the molars, the mutation affects both secretory and maturation stages of amelogenesis since pronounced alterations concern overall enamel structures. Molars from 5HT2BR KO mice display reduction in enamel thickness, alterations of inner enamel architecture including defects in Hunter-Schreger Bands arrangements, and altered maturation of the outer radial enamel. Differences of enamel structure were also observed between incisor and molar from other KO mice depleted for genes encoding enamel extracellular matrix proteins. Thus, upon mutation, enamel analysis based exclusively on incisor defects would be biased. In view of the functional relationship between enamel structure and tooth morphogenesis, identification of molecular actors involved in amelogenesis requires comparative studies between mice molars and incisors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Goldberg
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Cellules Souches, Signalisation et Prions Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1124 Paris, France
| | - O Kellermann
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Cellules Souches, Signalisation et Prions Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1124 Paris, France
| | - S Dimitrova-Nakov
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Cellules Souches, Signalisation et Prions Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1124 Paris, France
| | - Y Harichane
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Cellules Souches, Signalisation et Prions Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1124 Paris, France
| | - A Baudry
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Cellules Souches, Signalisation et Prions Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1124 Paris, France
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40
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Gobiconodon (Mammalia) from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia and Revision of Gobiconodontidae. J MAMM EVOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-014-9267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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41
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Lai WF, Lee JM, Jung HS. Molecular and engineering approaches to regenerate and repair teeth in mammals. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1691-701. [PMID: 24270857 PMCID: PMC11113857 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Continuous replacement of teeth throughout the lifespan of an individual is possibly basal for most of the vertebrates including fish and reptiles; however, mammals generally have a limited capacity of tooth renewal. The ability to induce cellular differentiation in adults to replace lost or damaged cells in mammals, or to tissue-engineer organs in vitro, has hence become one of the major goals of regenerative medicine. In this article, we will revisit some of the important signals and tissue interactions that regulate mammalian tooth development, and will offer a synopsis of the latest progress in tooth regeneration and repair via molecular and engineering approaches. It is hoped that this article will not only offer an overview of recent technologies in tooth regeneration and repair but will also stimulate more interdisciplinary research in this field to turn the pursuit of tooth regeneration and repair into practical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Fu Lai
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS Project, Oral Science Research Institute, College of Dentistry, Yonsei Center of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemum-gu, Seoul, 120-752 Korea
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS Project, Oral Science Research Institute, College of Dentistry, Yonsei Center of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemum-gu, Seoul, 120-752 Korea
| | - Han-Sung Jung
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS Project, Oral Science Research Institute, College of Dentistry, Yonsei Center of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemum-gu, Seoul, 120-752 Korea
- Oral Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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42
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Neenan JM, Li C, Rieppel O, Bernardini F, Tuniz C, Muscio G, Scheyer TM. Unique method of tooth replacement in durophagous placodont marine reptiles, with new data on the dentition of Chinese taxa. J Anat 2014; 224:603-13. [PMID: 24517163 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The placodonts of the Triassic period (~252-201 mya) represent one of the earliest and most extreme specialisations to a durophagous diet of any known reptile group. Exceptionally enlarged crushing tooth plates on the maxilla, dentary and palatine cooperated to form functional crushing areas in the buccal cavity. However, the extreme size of these teeth, combined with the unusual way they occluded, constrained how replacement occurred. Using an extensive micro-computed tomographic dataset of 11 specimens that span all geographic regions and placodont morphotypes, tooth replacement patterns were investigated. In addition, the previously undescribed dental morphologies and formulae of Chinese taxa are described for the first time and incorporated into the analysis. Placodonts have a unique tooth replacement pattern and results follow a phylogenetic trend. The plesiomorphic Placodus species show many replacement teeth at various stages of growth, with little or no discernible pattern. On the other hand, the more derived cyamodontoids tend to have fewer replacement teeth growing at any one time, replacing teeth unilaterally and/or in functional units, thus maintaining at least one functional crushing area at all times. The highly derived placochelyids have fewer teeth and, as a result, only have one or two replacement teeth in the upper jaw. This supports previous suggestions that these taxa had an alternative diet to other placodonts. Importantly, all specimens show at least one replacement tooth growing at the most posterior palatine tooth plates, indicating increased wear at this point and thus the most efficient functional crushing area.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Neenan
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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