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Zhang D, Ji H, Wang S, Chen M, Liu H. Parity changed fecal microbiota of sows and its correlation with milk long-chain fatty acid profiles. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:4. [PMID: 38170312 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12852-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to characterize the fecal microbiota profiles of gestating sows, along with the fecal microbiota and milk fatty acid contents of lactating sows and their correlations with reproductive performance at different parities. The results showed that the microbiota of third parity gestating sows contained a greater abundance of Prevotella compared to the other two parity groups, while lactating sows exhibiting higher reproductive performance at fifth parity exhibited a greater abundance of Lactobacillus species. The lactating sows with higher reproductive performance also exhibited higher total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and higher total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels relative to sows with lower reproductive performance at all three analyzed parities, especially sows at fifth parity produced the lowest total saturated fatty acid (SFA) levels, and showed the highest C18:1n9c and C18:2n6c concentrations. In correlational analyses, the abundance of Oligella, Lactobacillus, and Corynebacterium was highly positively correlated with C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c, and C20:4n6. Overall, these results provide a rational basis for efforts to improve sow reproductive performance through the provision of precisely regulated nutrition. KEY POINTS: • Clear differences in the fecal microbiota were evident between sows of different parities. • Lactating sows with high reproductive performance showed distinct milk fatty acid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Haifeng Ji
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Sixin Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Meixia Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
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2
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Ferreres-Serafini L, Martín-Orúe SM, Sadurní M, Jiménez J, Moreno-Muñoz JA, Castillejos L. Supplementing infant milk formula with a multi-strain synbiotic and osteopontin enhances colonic microbial colonization and modifies jejunal gene expression in lactating piglets. Food Funct 2024; 15:6536-6552. [PMID: 38807503 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00489b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
A total of ninety-six weaned piglets were assigned to four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 design. The treatments included: a standard milk formula (CTR); CTR + probiotics (6.4 × 108 cfu L-1Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 and 1.1 × 108 cfu L-1Lactobacillus rhamnosus NH001) + prebiotics (galacto-oligosaccharides 4.36 g L-1 and human-milk-oligosaccharide 0.54 g L-1) (SYN); CTR + osteopontin (0.43 g L-1) (OPN); and CTR + SYN + OPN (CON). Daily records including feed intake, body weight, and clinical signs, were maintained throughout the 15-day trial. At the end of the study samples from blood, digestive content, and gut tissues were collected to determine serum TNF-α, intestinal fermentative activity (SCFA and ammonia), colonic microbiota (16S rRNA Illumina-MiSeq), histomorphology, and jejunal gene expression (Open-Array). No statistical differences were found in weight gain; however, the animals supplemented with osteopontin exhibited higher feed intake. In terms of clinical signs, synbiotic supplementation led to a shorter duration of diarrhoea episodes. Regarding gut health, the sequenced faecal microbiota revealed better control of potentially dysbiotic bacteria with the CON diet at day 15. In the colon compartment, a significant increase in SCFA concentration, a decrease in ammonia concentration, and a significant decrease in intraepithelial lymphocyte counts were particularly observed in CON animals. The supplemented diets were also associated with modified jejunal gene expression. The synbiotic combination was characterized by the upregulation of genes related to intestinal maturation (ALPI, SI) and nutrient transport (SLC13A1, SLC15A1, SLC5A1, SLC7A8), and the downregulation of genes related to the response to pathogens (GBP1, IDO, TLR4) or the inflammatory response (IDO, IL-1β, TGF-β1). Osteopontin promoted the upregulation of a digestive function gene (GCG). Correlational analysis between the microbiota population and various intestinal environmental factors (SCFA concentration, histology, and gene expression) proposes mechanisms of communication between the gut microbiota and the host. In summary, these results suggest an improvement in the colonic colonization process and a better modulation of the immune response when milk formula is supplemented with the tested synbiotic combined with osteopontin, benefiting from a synergistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Ferreres-Serafini
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Susana Mª Martín-Orúe
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Meritxell Sadurní
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Jesús Jiménez
- Laboratorios Ordesa S.L., Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Moreno-Muñoz
- Laboratorios Ordesa S.L., Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lorena Castillejos
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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3
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Arsenault M, Lillie B, Nadeem K, Khafipour E, Farzan A. Progression of swine fecal microbiota during early stages of life and its association with performance: a longitudinal study. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:182. [PMID: 38789948 PMCID: PMC11127378 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is vital to understand healthy gut microbiota composition throughout early life stages when environments are changing, and immunity is developing. There are limited large-scale longitudinal studies classifying healthy succession of swine microbiota. The objectives of this study were to (a) determine the microbiota composition of fecal samples collected from piglets within a few days after birth until one-week post-weaning, and (b) investigate the associations of early fecal microbiota with pig growth performance in nursery and later growing stages. Fecal samples were collected from nine cohorts of 40 pigs (n = 360) from distinct farrowing sources in Ontario and Quebec, Canada at four timepoints from birth to one-week post-weaning, with pig body weight was recorded at each fecal sampling. RESULTS Microbiota was dominated by the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroides and Proteobacteria. There were notable differences in genera abundance between pigs from different provinces and farming systems. Over the early life stage, the genera Bacteroides, Escherichia/Shigella, and Clostridium cluster XIVa were abundant preweaning, while Prevotella dominated post-weaning. Hierarchical clustering identified three major stages of microbiota development, each associated with distinct composition. Stage one occurs from birth to 7 days, stage two from 7 days after birth until weaning, and stage three from weaning to one-week post-weaning. Three enterotypes were identified in stage two that showed differences in growth before weaning, and in the grower production stage. Piglets with a microbiota enterotype characterized by higher abundance of Prevotella and unclassified Ruminococcaceae had lower growth performance in the pre-weaning stage, and the growing stage. CONCLUSION These findings help identify the timing of microbiota shifts across early swine life which may be the optimal time for external intervention to shift the microbiota to a beneficial state. The project findings should help decrease antimicrobial use, increase animal welfare, and have positive economic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brandon Lillie
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Khurram Nadeem
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Abdolvahab Farzan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Collins A, Bowring B. Pre-Treatment with Bromelain Prevents Intestinal Dysbiosis in Pigs with Post-Weaning Diarrhea, without Increasing Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3229. [PMID: 37893953 PMCID: PMC10603644 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are especially vulnerable to intestinal pathogens and dysbiosis in the first two weeks after weaning. Infection with enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli (ETEC) in combination with poor nutrition and hygiene can lead to diarrhea, poor growth and increased mortality. While neomycin and zinc oxide can prevent post-weaning diarrhea (PWD), their broad-spectrum activity also kills commensal microbiota and can lead to the emergence of heavy metal and antimicrobial resistance. Bromelain prevents attachment of F4 ETEC to intestinal enterocytes by cleaving the host receptor. In controlled environmental facilities, weaned pigs treated with either therapeutic levels of neomycin sulfate, zinc oxide, bromelain or non-treated were monitored for diarrhea, weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, excretion of F4 ETEC, changes to their intestinal microbiomes and antimicrobial resistance in E. coli. The treatment effects were evaluated at weaning, during two weeks of treatment and for three weeks after treatments ceased. Minimal clinical signs of PWD were observed, except in zinc-treated pigs post treatment. Intestinal dysbiosis was observed in response to diarrhea and in pigs treated with both neomycin and zinc. Antimicrobial resistance increased in commensal E. coli isolated from neomycin- and zinc-treated pigs. In contrast, bromelain controlled PWD and prevented intestinal dysbiosis without inducing antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Collins
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
| | - Bethany Bowring
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, the Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia;
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Tóth Š, Fagová Z, Holodová M, Zeidan D, Hartel P, Čurgali K, Mechírová E, Maretta M, Nemcová R, Gancarčíková S, Danková M. Influence of Escherichia coli infection on intestinal mucosal barrier integrity of germ-free piglets. Life Sci 2023; 331:122036. [PMID: 37633417 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We focused on investigating the influence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) on the intestinal barrier. MATERIAL AND METHODS We studied changes in the distribution and secretory activities of goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells (EECs), as well as changes in the population of mast cells (MCs) in the jejunal and colonic mucosa of germ-free (GF) piglets as a healthy control group and GF piglets whose intestines were colonised with E. coli bacteria on day 5. KEY FINDINGS The results suggest that the colon of GF piglets is more resistant and less prone to coliform bacterial infection compared to the jejunum. This can be confirmed by a lower degree of histopathological injury index as well as an improvement of the morphometric parameters of the colonic mucosa, together with a significantly increased (p < 0.05) expression of MUC1/EMA, and ZO-3. We also observed a significant decrease in the population of activated MCs (p < 0.001) and EECs (p < 0.001). These findings may indicate a rapid response and better preparation of the intestinal barrier for possible pathological attacks and the subsequent development of mucosal lesions during the development and progression of the intestinal diseases. SIGNIFICANCE To date, gut-targeted therapeutic approaches that can modulate bacterial translocation and chronic inflammation are still in their infancy but represent one of the most promising areas of research for the development of new effective treatments or clinical strategies in the future. Therefore, a better understanding of these processes can significantly contribute to the development of these targeted strategies for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štefan Tóth
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Fagová
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Monika Holodová
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Dema Zeidan
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Patrick Hartel
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Kristína Čurgali
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Mechírová
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Milan Maretta
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology and L. Pasteur University Hospital, Trieda SNP 1, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Radomíra Nemcová
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Komenského 73, 041 70 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Soňa Gancarčíková
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Komenského 73, 041 70 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Marianna Danková
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology, Sasinkova 4, 811 04 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Kiernan DP, O’Doherty JV, Sweeney T. The Effect of Maternal Probiotic or Synbiotic Supplementation on Sow and Offspring Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Health, and Performance. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2996. [PMID: 37835602 PMCID: PMC10571980 DOI: 10.3390/ani13192996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens has prompted the reduction in antibiotic and antimicrobial use in commercial pig production. This has led to increased research efforts to identify alternative dietary interventions to support the health and development of the pig. The crucial role of the GIT microbiota in animal health and performance is becoming increasingly evident. Hence, promoting an improved GIT microbiota, particularly the pioneer microbiota in the young pig, is a fundamental focus. Recent research has indicated that the sow's GIT microbiota is a significant contributor to the development of the offspring's microbiota. Thus, dietary manipulation of the sow's microbiota with probiotics or synbiotics, before farrowing and during lactation, is a compelling area of exploration. This review aims to identify the potential health benefits of maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation to both the sow and her offspring and to explore their possible modes of action. Finally, the results of maternal sow probiotic and synbiotic supplementation studies are collated and summarized. Maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation offers an effective strategy to modulate the sow's microbiota and thereby enhance the formation of a health-promoting pioneer microbiota in the offspring. In addition, this strategy can potentially reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in the sow and her offspring, enhance the immune potential of the milk, the immune system development in the offspring, and the sow's feed intake during lactation. Although many studies have used probiotics in the maternal sow diet, the most effective probiotic or probiotic blends remain unclear. To this extent, further direct comparative investigations using different probiotics are warranted to advance the current understanding in this area. Moreover, the number of investigations supplementing synbiotics in the maternal sow diet is limited and is an area where further exploration is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon P. Kiernan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - John V. O’Doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Torres Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
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Rutjens S, Vereecke N, Sauer J, Croubels S, Devreese M. Cefquinome shows a higher impact on the pig gut microbiome and resistome compared to ceftiofur. Vet Res 2023; 54:45. [PMID: 37280708 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cephalosporins are licensed for treatment of severe bacterial infections in different species. However, the effect of these antimicrobials on the fecal microbiome and potential spread of resistance-associated genes causes great concern. This highlights the need to understand the impact of cephalosporins on the porcine fecal microbiome and resistome. A combination of long-read 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequencing was applied to investigate the effect of conventional treatment with either ceftiofur (3 mg.kg-1 intramuscular, 3 consecutive days) or cefquinome (2 mg.kg-1 intramuscular, 5 consecutive days) on the porcine microbiome and resistome. Fecal samples were collected from 17 pigs (6 ceftiofur treated, 6 cefquinome treated, 5 control pigs) at four different timepoints. Treatment with ceftiofur resulted in an increase in Proteobacteria members on microbiome level, while on resistome level selection in TetQ containing Bacteroides, CfxA6 containing Prevotella and blaTEM-1 containing Escherichia coli was observed. Cefquinome treatment resulted in a decline in overall species richness (α-diversity) and increase in Proteobacteria members. On genus level, administration of cefquinome significantly affected more genera than ceftiofur (18 vs 8). On resistome level, cefquinome resulted in a significant increase of six antimicrobial resistance genes, with no clear correlation with certain genera. For both antimicrobials, the resistome levels returned back to the control levels 21 days post-treatment. Overall, our study provides novel insights on the effect of specific cephalosporins on the porcine gut microbiome and resistome after conventional intramuscular treatment. These results might contribute to better tailoring of the most ideal treatment strategy for some bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Rutjens
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nick Vereecke
- PathoSense BV, 2500, Lier, Belgium
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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8
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Cull CA, Singu VK, Bromm JJ, Lechtenberg KF, Amachawadi RG, Cull BJ. Effects of Core Antigen Bacterin with an Immunostimulant on Piglet Health and Performance Outcomes When Challenged with Enteric and Respiratory Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:599. [PMID: 36978466 PMCID: PMC10045215 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 90 pigs, approximately one day of age, were used in a 42-day study to evaluate whether Endovac-Porci, a core antigen vaccine with an immunostimulant, provides piglets with broad-spectrum protection against the enteric and respiratory effects of Gram-negative bacteria. This study was a single-site, randomized, prospective, blinded, comparative placebo-controlled design. Individual pigs were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 treatments in a randomized design. An individual pig was considered the experimental unit for the farrowing phase (Study day 0 to 21), and the pen was considered the experimental unit for the nursery phase (Study day 21 to 42). Thus, there were 45 replications per treatment during the farrowing phase and 15 replications per treatment during the nursery phase. Treatments included a control product (saline; CP) and an investigational product (Endovac-Porci; IVP). On Study day 23, all pigs were challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain expressing K88 (F4) fimbriae and Pasteurella multocida. Individual pigs were weighed and feed consumption was measured to determine body weight gain, average daily gain, and feed-to-gain ratio. Clinical and fecal scores and overall health were recorded daily. Overall, administering the IVP to pigs led to an increase (p < 0.01) in body weight gain and average daily gain compared to pigs administered the CP. Pigs administered the IVP had reduced (p < 0.01) mortality compared to pigs administered the CP. There was a Study day × treatment interaction on clinical and fecal scores (p < 0.01). There was also a main effect of Study day where clinical and fecal scores increased (p < 0.01) as the Study day increased. Treatment also had an effect on clinical and fecal scores, where pigs administered the IVP had lower (p < 0.01) clinical and fecal scores compared to pigs administered the CP. In conclusion, administering pigs with the Endovac-Porci vaccination significantly improved the performance (i.e., body weight, body weight gain, and average daily gain) and health (i.e., clinical and fecal scores), while reducing the overall mortality in pigs challenged with E. coli K88 orally and Pasteurella multocida intranasally post-weaning. Results from this study suggest that Endovac-Porci could provide broad-spectrum protection against enteric and respiratory effects of Gram-negative bacteria in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charley A. Cull
- Midwest Veterinary Services, Inc., Oakland, NE 68045, USA; (V.K.S.); (J.J.B.); (K.F.L.); (B.J.C.)
- Central States Research Centre, Inc., Oakland, NE 68045, USA
| | - Vijay K. Singu
- Midwest Veterinary Services, Inc., Oakland, NE 68045, USA; (V.K.S.); (J.J.B.); (K.F.L.); (B.J.C.)
- Central States Research Centre, Inc., Oakland, NE 68045, USA
| | - Jenna J. Bromm
- Midwest Veterinary Services, Inc., Oakland, NE 68045, USA; (V.K.S.); (J.J.B.); (K.F.L.); (B.J.C.)
- Central States Research Centre, Inc., Oakland, NE 68045, USA
| | - Kelly F. Lechtenberg
- Midwest Veterinary Services, Inc., Oakland, NE 68045, USA; (V.K.S.); (J.J.B.); (K.F.L.); (B.J.C.)
- Central States Research Centre, Inc., Oakland, NE 68045, USA
| | - Raghavendra G. Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Brooke J. Cull
- Midwest Veterinary Services, Inc., Oakland, NE 68045, USA; (V.K.S.); (J.J.B.); (K.F.L.); (B.J.C.)
- Central States Research Centre, Inc., Oakland, NE 68045, USA
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9
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Gaire TN, Scott HM, Noyes NR, Ericsson AC, Tokach MD, Menegat MB, Vinasco J, Roenne B, Ray T, Nagaraja TG, Volkova VV. Age influences the temporal dynamics of microbiome and antimicrobial resistance genes among fecal bacteria in a cohort of production pigs. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:2. [PMID: 36624546 PMCID: PMC9830919 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pig gastrointestinal tract hosts a diverse microbiome, which can serve to select and maintain a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG). Studies suggest that the types and quantities of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in fecal bacteria change as the animal host ages, yet the temporal dynamics of AMR within communities of bacteria in pigs during a full production cycle remains largely unstudied. RESULTS A longitudinal study was performed to evaluate the dynamics of fecal microbiome and AMR in a cohort of pigs during a production cycle; from birth to market age. Our data showed that piglet fecal microbial communities assemble rapidly after birth and become more diverse with age. Individual piglet fecal microbiomes progressed along similar trajectories with age-specific community types/enterotypes and showed a clear shift from E. coli/Shigella-, Fusobacteria-, Bacteroides-dominant enterotypes to Prevotella-, Megaspheara-, and Lactobacillus-dominated enterotypes with aging. Even when the fecal microbiome was the least diverse, the richness of ARGs, quantities of AMR gene copies, and counts of AMR fecal bacteria were highest in piglets at 2 days of age; subsequently, these declined over time, likely due to age-related competitive changes in the underlying microbiome. ARGs conferring resistance to metals and multi-compound/biocides were detected predominately at the earliest sampled ages. CONCLUSIONS The fecal microbiome and resistome-along with evaluated descriptors of phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility of fecal bacteria-among a cohort of pigs, demonstrated opposing trajectories in diversity primarily driven by the aging of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara N. Gaire
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - H. Morgan Scott
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Noelle R. Noyes
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Aaron C. Ericsson
- grid.134936.a0000 0001 2162 3504Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Michael D. Tokach
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Mariana B. Menegat
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Javier Vinasco
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Boyd Roenne
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Tui Ray
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - T. G. Nagaraja
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Victoriya V. Volkova
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
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Saladrigas-García M, Durán M, D’Angelo M, Coma J, Pérez JF, Martín-Orúe SM. An insight into the commercial piglet's microbial gut colonization: from birth towards weaning. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:68. [PMID: 36572944 PMCID: PMC9791761 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The establishment of the gut microbiota can be influenced by several perinatal factors, including, most importantly, the maternal microbiota. Moreover, early-life environmental variation affects gut microbial colonization and the intestinal health of offspring throughout life. The present study aimed to explore the development of piglet gut microbiota from birth to weaning in the commercial practice and also to assess how different farm environments could condition this process. Although it is possible to find in the literature other studies with similar objectives this work probably represents one of the few studies that make a systematic evaluation of such differential factors under a real scenario. To achieve this objective, we performed two trials. In a first Trial, we selected 2 farms in which we performed an intensive sampling (5 samples /animal) to characterize the gut colonization pattern during the first days of life and to identify the time window with the greatest impact. Both farms differed in their health status and the use of antimicrobials in the piglets. In a second Trial, we selected 4 additional farms with variable rearing conditions and a distinctive use of antimicrobials in the sows with a simplified sampling pattern (2 samples/animal). Faecal samples were obtained with swabs and DNA was extracted by using the PSP® Spin Stool DNA Kit and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene (V3-V4 region) performed by Illumina MiSeq Platform. RESULTS The present study contributes to a better understanding of microbiome development during the transition from birth to weaning in commercial conditions. Alpha diversity was strongly affected by age, with an increased richness of species through time. Beta diversity decreased after weaning, suggesting a convergent evolvement among individuals. We pinpointed the early intestinal colonizers belonging to Bacteroides, Escherichia-Shigella, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, and Fusobacterium genera. During lactation(d7-d21 of life), the higher relative abundances of Bacteroides and Lactobacillus genera were correlated with a milk-oriented microbiome. As the piglets aged and after weaning (d36 of life), increasing abundances of genera such as Prevotella, Butyricimonas, Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Dorea, Phascolarctobacterium, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, Subdoligranulum, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-002 were observed. These changes indicate the adaptation of the piglets to a cereal-based diet rich in oligosaccharides and starch. Our results also show that the farm can have a significant impact in such a process, evidencing the influence of different environments and rearing systems on the gut microbiota development of the young piglet. Differences between farms were more noticeable after weaning than during lactation with changes in alpha and beta biodiversity and specific taxa. The analysis of such differences suggests that piglets receiving intramuscular amoxicillin (days 2-5 of life) and being offered an acidifying rehydrating solution (Alpha farm in Trial 1) have a greater alpha diversity and more abundant Lactobacillus population. Moreover, the only farm that did not offer any rehydrating solution (Foxtrot farm in Trial 2) showed a lower alpha diversity (day 2 of life) and increased abundance of Enterobacteriaceae (both at 2 and 21 days). The use of in-feed antibiotics in the sows was also associated with structural changes in the piglets' gut ecosystem although without changes in richness or diversity. Significant shifts could be registered in different microbial groups, particularly lower abundances of Fusobacterium in those piglets from medicated sows. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, during the first weeks of life, the pig microbiota showed a relevant succession of microbial groups towards a more homogeneous and stable ecosystem better adapted to the solid dry feed. In this relevant early-age process, the rearing conditions, the farm environment, and particularly the antimicrobial use in piglets and mothers determine changes that could have a relevant impact on gut microbiota maturation. More research is needed to elucidate the relative impact of these farm-induced early life-long changes in the growing pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Saladrigas-García
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Servicio de Nutrición Y Bienestar Animal. Departamento de Ciencia Animal Y de los Alimentos, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Matilde D’Angelo
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Servicio de Nutrición Y Bienestar Animal. Departamento de Ciencia Animal Y de los Alimentos, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Coma
- Grupo Vall Companys, 25191 Lleida, Spain
| | - José Francisco Pérez
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Servicio de Nutrición Y Bienestar Animal. Departamento de Ciencia Animal Y de los Alimentos, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana María Martín-Orúe
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Servicio de Nutrición Y Bienestar Animal. Departamento de Ciencia Animal Y de los Alimentos, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Novel Production Methods of Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Their Innovative Uses in Biomedicine and Industry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238351. [PMID: 36500442 PMCID: PMC9740486 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), a biodegradable polymer obtained from microorganisms and plants, have been widely used in biomedical applications and devices, such as sutures, cardiac valves, bone scaffold, and drug delivery of compounds with pharmaceutical interests, as well as in food packaging. This review focuses on the use of polyhydroxyalkanoates beyond the most common uses, aiming to inform about the potential uses of the biopolymer as a biosensor, cosmetics, drug delivery, flame retardancy, and electrospinning, among other interesting uses. The novel applications are based on the production and composition of the polymer, which can be modified by genetic engineering, a semi-synthetic approach, by changing feeding carbon sources and/or supplement addition, among others. The future of PHA is promising, and despite its production costs being higher than petroleum-based plastics, tools given by synthetic biology, bioinformatics, and machine learning, among others, have allowed for great production yields, monomer and polymer functionalization, stability, and versatility, a key feature to increase the uses of this interesting family of polymers.
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12
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Influence of coliform bacteria infection on intestinal goblet cells secretory activity of germ-free piglets. ACTA MEDICA MARTINIANA 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/acm-2022-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Recently, influence of bacteria colonization on development and maturation of gut wall is getting more into the focus of gastrointestinal research. For years, the main interest and research were aimed to the development and maturation of gut wall and its functional properties in normal conditions, less attention has been paid on the germ-free animals. Germ-free (GF) piglets have clear microbiological background and are reared in sterile environment. GF piglets are regarded as clinically relevant models for studying of human diseases, as these piglets’ manifest similar clinical symptoms to humans. In this study we briefly summarised the main characteristics in the distribution of goblet cells in the wall of jejunum and colon of GF piglets as healthy control (HC) group and piglets, which were experimentally infected by E. coli O149:K88 as ECK group. Neutral mucins were stained with periodic acid-Shiff (PAS) whereas acidic mucins are stained with Alcian blue. Numbers of goblet cells containing total acidic mucins in both, the jejunum and colon, differed significantly between HC and ECK piglets and in the colon, a similar trend was also observed. In the ECK piglets, jejunal goblet cells exhibited decrease in neutral mucins. This change in mucin profile in response to bacterial colonization suggests a potential role as a protective mechanism against pathogenic invasion of the intestinal mucosa during of gut mucosa development in piglets.
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13
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Gaio D, DeMaere MZ, Anantanawat K, Eamens GJ, Falconer L, Chapman TA, Djordjevic S, Darling AE. Phylogenetic diversity analysis of shotgun metagenomic reads describes gut microbiome development and treatment effects in the post-weaned pig. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270372. [PMID: 35749534 PMCID: PMC9232140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive farming practices can increase exposure of animals to infectious agents against which antibiotics are used. Orally administered antibiotics are well known to cause dysbiosis. To counteract dysbiotic effects, numerous studies in the past two decades sought to understand whether probiotics are a valid tool to help re-establish a healthy gut microbial community after antibiotic treatment. Although dysbiotic effects of antibiotics are well investigated, little is known about the effects of intramuscular antibiotic treatment on the gut microbiome and a few studies attempted to study treatment effects using phylogenetic diversity analysis techniques. In this study we sought to determine the effects of two probiotic- and one intramuscularly administered antibiotic treatment on the developing gut microbiome of post-weaning piglets between their 3rd and 9th week of life. Shotgun metagenomic sequences from over 800 faecal time-series samples derived from 126 post-weaning piglets and 42 sows were analysed in a phylogenetic framework. Differences between individual hosts such as breed, litter, and age, were found to be important contributors to variation in the community composition. Host age was the dominant factor in shaping the gut microbiota of piglets after weaning. The post-weaning pig gut microbiome appeared to follow a highly structured developmental program with characteristic post-weaning changes that can distinguish hosts that were born as little as two days apart in the second month of life. Treatment effects of the antibiotic and probiotic treatments were found but were subtle and included a higher representation of Mollicutes associated with intramuscular antibiotic treatment, and an increase of Lactobacillus associated with probiotic treatment. The discovery of correlations between experimental factors and microbial community composition is more commonly addressed with OTU-based methods and rarely analysed via phylogenetic diversity measures. The latter method, although less intuitive than the former, suffers less from library size normalization biases, and it proved to be instrumental in this study for the discovery of correlations between microbiome composition and host-, and treatment factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gaio
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Kay Anantanawat
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Graeme J. Eamens
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, Australia
| | - Linda Falconer
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, Australia
| | - Toni A. Chapman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, Australia
| | - Steven Djordjevic
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Aaron E. Darling
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
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14
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Immunohistochemical visualisation of the enteric nervous system architecture in the germ-free piglets. J Mol Histol 2022; 53:773-780. [PMID: 35689149 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-022-10079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS), considered as separate branch of the autonomic nervous system, is located throughout the length of the gastrointestinal tract as a series of interconnected ganglionic plexuses. Recently, the ENS is getting more in the focus of gastrointestinal research. For years, the main interest and research was aimed to the enteric neurons and their functional properties in normal conditions, less attention has been paid to the germ-free animals. Germ-free (GF) piglets have clear microbiological background and are reared in sterile environment. GF piglets are regarded as clinically relevant models for studying of human diseases, as these piglets' manifest similar clinical symptoms to humans. In this study we briefly summarised the main characteristics in immunohistochemical distribution of ENS elements in the wall of jejunum and colon of germ-free piglets.
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15
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Saladrigas-García M, Solà-Oriol D, López-Vergé S, D'Angelo M, Carmen Collado M, Nielsen B, Faldyna M, Francisco Pérez J, Martín-Orúe SM. Potential effect of two Bacillus probiotic strains on performance and fecal microbiota of breeding sows and their piglets. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6580401. [PMID: 35512239 PMCID: PMC9175292 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of long-term administration of two Bacillus strains was tested on 98 breeding sows and their litters allotted into three treatments: a control group (CON); supplemented with 5 × 108 cfu/kg B. subtilis − 541 (BSU); or with 5 × 108 cfu/kg B. amyloliquefaciens − 516 (BAM). Reproductive and performance variables were recorded over three cycles with 56 dams remaining through the third lactation. Blood and fecal samples were taken longitudinally from 12 sows per treatment on days 8 and 21 of the third lactation and milk samples were taken on day 21. Feces from one piglet per litter was sampled on days 21 and 33 and jejunal gene expression was assessed in two piglets on day 21. Changes in fecal microbiota were assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing (Illumina MiSeq) and gene expression by Open-Array technology. Metabolomic responses were analyzed in milk by NMR and Ig-G and Ig-A specific antibodies were determined by ELISA. No significant differences were observed on feed intake, body weight, or fat mobilization of the sows. However, a significant increase in the total number of piglets born was observed in supplemented sows. Although the increase was seen from the first cycle with BAM, improvements were not seen with BSU until the third cycle. BAM also increased the number of born-alive and weaned piglets. NMR analysis showed an impact of BAM on milk composition. No differences were found in milk or blood immunoglobulins. A different structure of the fecal microbiota was found in supplemented sows, with changes across phylum, family, and genus. These changes were greater at day 8, suggesting a relevant role of probiotics establishing a new intestinal balance after labor. Shifts in the microbiota were also seen in the piglets, with a clearer impact post-weaning than in suckling. In this regard, correlations between microbial groups of sows and piglets showed a higher link with weaned (d33) than with suckling pigs (d21), reinforcing the idea of an early maternal carry-over. No changes due to treatment in jejunal gene expression were detected; however, piglet size had a clear impact on different genes. In summary, the addition of both probiotics, and particularly Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, demonstrated potential benefits on the prolificacy of sows. Daily feeding of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens resulted in an increase in the number of weaned piglets. The high correlations between the compositions of the microbiota of sows and their piglets are evidence of maternal imprinting, with effects lasting beyond weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Saladrigas-García
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - David Solà-Oriol
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Sergi López-Vergé
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Matilde D'Angelo
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia 49860, Spain
| | | | - Martin Faldyna
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno 62132, Czech Republic
| | - José Francisco Pérez
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Susana M Martín-Orúe
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
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16
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He Y, Tiezzi F, Howard J, Huang Y, Gray K, Maltecca C. Exploring the role of gut microbiota in host feeding behavior among breeds in swine. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:1. [PMID: 34979903 PMCID: PMC8722167 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02409-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interplay between the gut microbiota and feeding behavior has consequences for host metabolism and health. The present study aimed to explore gut microbiota overall influence on feeding behavior traits and to identify specific microbes associated with the traits in three commercial swine breeds at three growth stages. Feeding behavior measures were obtained from 651 pigs of three breeds (Duroc, Landrace, and Large White) from an average 73 to 163 days of age. Seven feeding behavior traits covered the information of feed intake, feeder occupation time, feeding rate, and the number of visits to the feeder. Rectal swabs were collected from each pig at 73 ± 3, 123 ± 4, and 158 ± 4 days of age. DNA was extracted and subjected to 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS Differences in feeding behavior traits among breeds during each period were found. The proportion of phenotypic variances of feeding behavior explained by the gut microbial composition was small to moderate (ranged from 0.09 to 0.31). A total of 21, 10, and 35 amplicon sequence variants were found to be significantly (q-value < 0.05) associated with feeding behavior traits for Duroc, Landrace, and Large White across the three sampling time points. The identified amplicon sequence variants were annotated to five phyla, with Firmicutes being the most abundant. Those amplicon sequence variants were assigned to 28 genera, mainly including Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Dorea, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, and Marvinbryantia. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the importance of the gut microbial composition in interacting with the host feeding behavior and identified multiple archaea and bacteria associated with feeding behavior measures in pigs from either Duroc, Landrace, or Large White breeds at three growth stages. Our study provides insight into the interaction between gut microbiota and feeding behavior and highlights the genetic background and age effects in swine microbial studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing He
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, 120 W Broughton Dr, Raleigh, 27607, NC, USA.
| | - Francesco Tiezzi
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, 120 W Broughton Dr, Raleigh, 27607, NC, USA
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144, Firenze, Italy
| | - Jeremy Howard
- Smithfield Premium Genetics, Rose Hill, 28458, NC, USA
| | - Yijian Huang
- Smithfield Premium Genetics, Rose Hill, 28458, NC, USA
| | - Kent Gray
- Smithfield Premium Genetics, Rose Hill, 28458, NC, USA
| | - Christian Maltecca
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, 120 W Broughton Dr, Raleigh, 27607, NC, USA
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17
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Lee A, Le Bon M, Connerton IF, Mellits KH. OUP accepted manuscript. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6576765. [PMID: 35511201 PMCID: PMC9113333 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lee
- Corresponding author: Division of Microbiology, Brewing and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom. Tel: 07845 963223; E-mail:
| | - Melanie Le Bon
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian F Connerton
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth H Mellits
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
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18
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GALIOT L, AUDET I, OUATTARA B, BISSONNETTE N, TALBOT G, RAYMOND F, DESCHESNES T, LAPOINTE J, VERSO LL, LESSARD M, MATTE JJ, GUAY F. Effect of the administration of copper, vitamins A and D and bovine colostrum on performances, antioxidant and micronutrients status and microbiome in lactating piglets on a commercial farm. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Boulbria G, Teixeira-Costa C, Chevance C, Grandin R, Jeusselin J, Berton P, Guennec JL, Normand V, Bouchet F, Brissonnier M, Lebret A. Microbial content of non-fermented liquid feed consumed by sows affects the occurrence of neonatal diarrhoea in their piglets: A case-control study. Vet Rec 2021; 190:e837. [PMID: 34426974 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial colonisation of piglets' intestines starts at birth, especially from contact with sow's faeces. Piglet microbiota could therefore be influenced by the sow's diet. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the microbiological flora of liquid feed for sows can be associated with the development of neonatal diarrhoea. METHODS This study was carried out on 10 case farms with neonatal diarrhoea and 10 control farms without neonatal diarrhoea. On each farm, a microbiological analysis of gestating and lactating liquid feed was performed. A generalised linear model was used to study the impact of the liquid feed microbiological counts and pH on the probability of neonatal diarrhoea developing. RESULTS For thermotolerant coliforms, sulphite-reducing bacteria, heterotrophic bacteria and lactic-acid bacteria counts, there was no significant difference between case and control farms. The higher the count of total coliforms, enterococci and yeasts in sow non-fermented liquid feed, the greater the probability of observing neonatal diarrhoea. Moreover, taking into account total coliforms and yeasts counts together is highly predictive of neonatal diarrhoea risk. CONCLUSION This study offers new perspectives of investigation and understanding of neonatal diarrhoea in breeding farms feeding sows with a non-fermented liquid feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaël Boulbria
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, Noyal-Pontivy, France.,rezoolution Pig Consulting Services, ZA de Gohélève, Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | | | - Céline Chevance
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, Noyal-Pontivy, France.,rezoolution Pig Consulting Services, ZA de Gohélève, Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Romane Grandin
- École Supérieure d'Agriculture Angers Loire, Angers, France
| | - Justine Jeusselin
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, Noyal-Pontivy, France.,rezoolution Pig Consulting Services, ZA de Gohélève, Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Pauline Berton
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Jean Le Guennec
- Labofarm-Finalab Veterinary Laboratories Group, Loudéac, France
| | - Valérie Normand
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, Noyal-Pontivy, France.,rezoolution Pig Consulting Services, ZA de Gohélève, Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Franck Bouchet
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, Noyal-Pontivy, France.,rezoolution Pig Consulting Services, ZA de Gohélève, Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | | | - Arnaud Lebret
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, Noyal-Pontivy, France.,rezoolution Pig Consulting Services, ZA de Gohélève, Noyal-Pontivy, France
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20
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Lührmann A, Ovadenko K, Hellmich J, Sudendey C, Belik V, Zentek J, Vahjen W. Characterization of the fecal microbiota of sows and their offspring from German commercial pig farms. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256112. [PMID: 34398927 PMCID: PMC8367078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies to combat microbiota-associated health problems are of high interest in pig production. Successful intervention strategies with beneficial long-term effects are still missing. Most studies on pig microbiota have been conducted under standardized experimental conditions, but the situation in commercial farms differs dramatically. This study describes the fecal microbiota in German commercial pig farms under practical conditions. The study is part of the larger project "Optibiom" that aims to use bacterial composition and farm metadata to formulate tailor-made solutions for farm-specific health maintenance strategies. Special consideration is given to the sow-piglet relationship. Fecal samples from sows and their piglets were collected at two time points each in 20 different farms (sows ante- and postpartum and piglets before and after weaning). The extracted DNA was sequenced with Illumina 16S rDNA sequencing. For data analysis and visualization, differential abundance analyses, as well as hierarchical clustering and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) were performed. A new "family unit" was implemented to compare farms based on the association between the microbiota in sows and their offspring. There are distinct changes in the microbial communities in sows before and after birth as well as in suckling and post-weaning piglets. The suckling pig microbiota is particularly different from all other groups and shows a lower bacterial diversity. While dominant genera in antepartum sows further displace the abundance of non-dominant genera postpartum, the opposite was true for piglets, where non-dominant bacteria in the suckling phase became dominant after weaning. The family unit for sows and their piglets led to separate cluster formation for some farms. The results indicate that the sow-piglet relationship is one driving force for the observed differences of the pig farms. The next step in the analysis will be the combination of metadata (feeding, housing and management practices) to find farm-specific differences that can be exploited to formulate a farm-specific health maintenance strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Lührmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie
Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ksenia Ovadenko
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, System Modeling Group, Institute of
Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin,
Germany
| | - Justinus Hellmich
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie
Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Sudendey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie
Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vitaly Belik
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, System Modeling Group, Institute of
Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin,
Germany
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie
Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilfried Vahjen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie
Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Gaio D, DeMaere MZ, Anantanawat K, Chapman TA, Djordjevic SP, Darling AE. Post-weaning shifts in microbiome composition and metabolism revealed by over 25 000 pig gut metagenome-assembled genomes. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34370660 PMCID: PMC8549361 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a previously described metagenomics dataset of 27 billion reads, we reconstructed over 50 000 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of organisms resident in the porcine gut, 46.5 % of which were classified as >70 % complete with a <10 % contamination rate, and 24.4 % were nearly complete genomes. Here, we describe the generation and analysis of those MAGs using time-series samples. The gut microbial communities of piglets appear to follow a highly structured developmental programme in the weeks following weaning, and this development is robust to treatments including an intramuscular antibiotic treatment and two probiotic treatments. The high resolution we obtained allowed us to identify specific taxonomic ‘signatures’ that characterize the gut microbial development immediately after weaning. Additionally, we characterized the carbohydrate repertoire of the organisms resident in the porcine gut. We tracked the abundance shifts of 294 carbohydrate active enzymes, and identified the species and higher-level taxonomic groups carrying each of these enzymes in their MAGs. This knowledge can contribute to the design of probiotics and prebiotic interventions as a means to modify the piglet gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gaio
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew Z DeMaere
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kay Anantanawat
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Toni A Chapman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aaron E Darling
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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22
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Wen C, van Dixhoorn I, Schokker D, Woelders H, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Rebel JMJ, Smidt H. Environmentally enriched housing conditions affect pig welfare, immune system and gut microbiota in early life. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:52. [PMID: 34321110 PMCID: PMC8320228 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional pig housing and management conditions are associated with gastrointestinal pathophysiology and disease susceptibility in early life. Developing new strategies to reduce both therapeutic and prophylactic antibiotic use is urgent for the sustainable swine production globally. To this end, housing methodology providing effective environmental enrichment could be a promising alternative approach to reduce antibiotic usage, as it has been proven to positively influence pig welfare and immune status and reduce susceptibility to infections. It is, however, poorly understood how this enriched housing affects systemic and local pulmonary immune status and gut microbiota colonization during early life. In the present study, we compared the effects of two housing conditions, i.e., conventional housing: (CH) versus enriched housing (EH), on immune status and gut microbiota from birth until 61 days of age. RESULTS The expected benefits of enrichment on pig welfare were confirmed as EH pigs showed more positive behaviour, less aggression behaviour during the weaning transition and better human animal relation during the post weaning phase. Regarding the pigs' immune status, EH pigs had higher values of haemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume in haematological profiles and higher percentages of T cells and cytotoxic T cells in peripheral blood. Furthermore, EH pigs showed higher ex vivo secretion of IL1ß and TNF-α after lipopolysaccharide stimulation of whole blood than CH pigs. The structure of the developing faecal microbiota of CH and EH pigs significantly differed as early as day 12 with an increase in the relative abundance of several bacterial groups known to be involved in the production of short chain fatty acids, such as Prevotella_2, Christensenellaceae_R_7_group and Ruminococcus gauvreauii group. Furthermore, the main difference between both housing conditions post weaning was that on day 61, CH pigs had significantly larger inter-individual variation of ileal and colonic microbiota than EH pigs. In addition to housing, other intrinsic factors (e.g., sex) were associated with gut microbiota development and immune competence. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the known welfare benefits for pigs, environmentally enriched housing also positively drives important aspects of the development of the immune system and the establishment of gut microbiota in early life. Consequently, EH may contribute to increasing productivity of pigs and reducing antibiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifang Wen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid van Dixhoorn
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkjan Schokker
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henri Woelders
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johanna M. J. Rebel
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Jurburg SD, Bossers A. Age Matters: Community Assembly in the Pig Fecal Microbiome in the First Month of Life. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:564408. [PMID: 33790871 PMCID: PMC8006452 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.564408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the wealth of research into strategies for microbiome modulation, studies of microbiome management in pig hosts have found mixed results. A refined understanding of the patterns of microbiome assembly during the host’s early life, when management strategies are most commonly applied, is necessary for the development of successful management practices. Here, we study the development of the pig gut microbial community in a monitoring experiment, sampling the microbiome of pigs in a commercial farm intensively during the first month of life. We found that the community’s taxonomic richness increased linearly with host age. Furthermore, rapid changes across communities occurred in stages, and non-linear patterns in relative abundance were commonly observed among dominant taxa across host age, consistent with primary succession. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the patterns of microbiome assembly during host development, and identify successional stages as windows of opportunity for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D Jurburg
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research iDiv (Halle/Jena/Leipzig), Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alex Bossers
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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24
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Effect of xylanase and xylo-oligosaccharide supplementation on growth performance and faecal bacterial community composition in growing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Human Milk-Fed Piglets Have a Distinct Small Intestine and Circulatory Metabolome Profile Relative to That of Milk Formula-Fed Piglets. mSystems 2021; 6:6/1/e01376-20. [PMID: 33563783 PMCID: PMC7883546 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01376-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exclusive HM feeding for newborns is recommended at least for the first 6 months of life. However, when breastfeeding is not possible, MF is recommended as a substitute. The impact of human milk (HM) feeding compared with cow’s milk formula (MF) feeding on small intestinal and circulatory metabolome patterns has not been fully investigated. Therefore, 2-day-old male piglets were fed HM or MF (n = 26/group) from postnatal day 2 (PND 2) through 21 and were weaned to a solid diet until PND 51. The small intestine (gastrointestinal [GI]) contents, serum, and urine were collected from subsets of piglets at PND 21 and PND 51. Samples were subjected to primary metabolomics analyses at the West Coast Metabolomics Center, UC Davis. The metabolome data assessment and the statistical analyses were performed with MetaboAnalyst software. Compared with MF feeding, at PND 21, HM feeding resulted in a higher abundance of fucose in the jejunum and urine and a greater concentration of myo-inositol in serum. In HM-fed piglets, 1,5-anhydroglucitol was higher in the duodenum, serum, and urine at PND 21. Additionally, the HM group had higher levels of urinary kynurenic acid at PND 21. Correlations between bacterial genera and altered metabolites in ileum revealed that Turicibacter sp. and Campylobacter sp. were positively correlated with maltotriose and panose at PND 21, while ileal Campylobacter sp. was negatively correlated with fumaric acid. At PND 51, no significant metabolites were identified between HM and MF diet groups. The metabolites associated with the neonatal diets may serve as the substrates and signals that contribute to the physiological effects in HM and MF during infancy, with a subset reflecting diet-associated differences in microbial metabolism and ecology. IMPORTANCE Exclusive HM feeding for newborns is recommended at least for the first 6 months of life. However, when breastfeeding is not possible, MF is recommended as a substitute. Due to the challenges associated with sample collection from infants fed HM or MF, their gut metabolism is poorly understood. Thus, an established piglet model from our team was used to determine the metabolite profile in relation to host, diet, and microbiota. The current study is the first to provide novel insights across the small intestine metabolism and its association with circulatory metabolites in the HM group relative to the MF group at the weaning and postweaning period. Data also demonstrate that during the neonatal period, diet, host, and microbial metabolism contribute to the lumen and circulatory metabolite profile. Furthermore, small intestinal lumen metabolome can be tracked in the urine as a biomarker of dietary differences, which would be a useful tool for clinical interventions.
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26
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Trevisi P, Luise D, Correa F, Bosi P. Timely Control of Gastrointestinal Eubiosis: A Strategic Pillar of Pig Health. Microorganisms 2021; 9:313. [PMID: 33546450 PMCID: PMC7913656 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pig gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is an open ecosystem in which microorganisms and their host are mutually involved and continually adapt to different factors and problems which may or may not be host dependent or due to the production system. The aim of the present review is to highlight the factors affecting the GIT microbial balance in young pigs, focusing on the pre- and post-weaning phases, to define a road map for improving pig health and the production efficiency of the food chain. Birth and weaning body weight, physiological maturation, colostrum and milk (composition and intake), genetic background, environmental stressors and management practices, antibiotic use and diet composition are considered. Overall, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the effect that some factors, including weaning age, the use of creep feed, the composition of the colostrum and milk and the use of antibiotics, may have on the gut microbiome of piglets. Furthermore, the information on the gut microbiome of piglets is mainly based on the taxonomy description, while there is a lack of knowledge regarding the functional modification of the microbiota, essential for the exploitation of microbiota potential for modulating pig physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (D.L.); (F.C.); (P.B.)
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27
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Luise D, Spinelli E, Correa F, Nicodemo A, Bosi P, Trevisi P. The effect of a single, early-life administration of a probiotic on piglet growth performance and faecal microbiota until weaning. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1952909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Luise
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Spinelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Correa
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Bosi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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28
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Hansen LHB, Nielsen B, Boll EJ, Skjøt-Rasmussen L, Wellejus A, Jørgensen L, Lauridsen C, Canibe N. Functional in vitro screening of probiotic strains for inoculation of piglets as a prophylactic measure towards Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 180:106126. [PMID: 33333101 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), being the major cause of post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) in newly weaned piglets, induces poor performance and economic losses in pig production. This functional in vitro screening study investigated probiotic strains for use in suckling piglets as a prophylactic strategy towards PWD. Nine strains were evaluated based on their ability to: enhance intestinal epithelial barrier function, reduce adherence of ETEC F18 to intestinal cells, inhibit growth of ETEC F18, and grow on porcine milk oligosaccharides. Strains included in the screening were of the species Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium and Bacillus. Our in vitro screening demonstrated genus-, species and strain-specific differences in the mode of action of the tested probiotic strains. Some of the tested bifidobacteria were able to grow on the two porcine milk oligosaccharides, 3'-sialyllactose sodium salt (3'SL) and Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), whereas most lactic acid bacteria strains and both Bacillus subtilis strains failed to do so. All probiotic strains inhibited growth of ETEC F18 on agar plates. All but the bifidobacteria reduced binding of ETEC F18 to Caco-2 cell monolayers, with the Enterococcus faecium strain having the most profound effect. All three lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis counteracted the ETEC F18-induced permeability across Caco-2 cell monolayers with the E. faecium strain exhibiting the most pronounced protective effect. The findings from this in vitro screening study indicate that, when selecting probiotic strains for suckling piglets as a prophylactic strategy towards PWD, it would be advantageous to choose a multi-species product including strains with different modes of action in order to increase the likelihood of achieving beneficial effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H B Hansen
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Animal Health Innovation, Bøge Allé 10-12, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark; Aarhus University, Department of Animal Science, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - B Nielsen
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Animal Health Innovation, Bøge Allé 10-12, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - E J Boll
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Animal Health Innovation, Bøge Allé 10-12, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - L Skjøt-Rasmussen
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Animal Health Innovation, Bøge Allé 10-12, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - A Wellejus
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Human Health Innovation, Bøge Allé 10-12, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - L Jørgensen
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Animal Health Commercial Development, Bøge Allé 10-12, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - C Lauridsen
- Aarhus University, Department of Animal Science, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - N Canibe
- Aarhus University, Department of Animal Science, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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29
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Li B, Zeng Q, Song Y, Gao Z, Jiang L, Ma H, He J. The effect of fly maggot in pig feeding diets on growth performance and gut microbial balance in Ningxiang pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1867-1874. [PMID: 31733000 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fly maggot meal has been regarded as one of the substitutes of fish meal and soybean meal in pig feed. However, its effects on pig growth performance and faecal micro-organism remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary fly maggot meal on fattening performance, plasma indices related to gut hormones, immunity and faecal microbial communities composition of finishing pigs. A total of 40 Ningxiang fattening pigs were randomly allocated to two dietary treatments and pigs in each group were arranged by control group (CK) diet or 8% maggot meal group (MMG) diet for 45 days respectively. Growth performance, indices of gut hormones and immunity in plasma were evaluated. Microbiota composition in faeces was determined using 16S rDNA Amplicon Sequencing. The results showed that dietary MMG did not affect gut hormones and immune proteins in the trial compared with CK group (p > .05). However, dietary MMG significantly increased average daily gain (ADG). The population of the Firmicutes in MMG treatment was increased, while the percentage of the Bacteroidetes was decreased (p < .05). In particular, the number of Clostridiales related to hydrolyzed sugar and protein were increased (p < .05). It can inhibit the growth of harmful intestinal bacteria, promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and effectively improve the ability of digestion and absorption of nutrients. In conclusion, a diet containing 8% MMG changed the proportion of intestinal micro-organisms in finishing pigs, especially the higher richness of Firmicutes, and promoted the fattening ability of pigs to a certain extent. These changes should benefit finishing pig production during fattening period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qinghua Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Ningxiang Pig Breeding Farm of Dalong Livestock Technology Co. Ltd., Ningxiang, China
| | - Yukun Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhendong Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Liang Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Haiming Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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30
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Oh JK, Chae JP, Pajarillo EAB, Kim SH, Kwak MJ, Eun JS, Chee SW, Whang KY, Kim SH, Kang DK. Association between the body weight of growing pigs and the functional capacity of their gut microbiota. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13418. [PMID: 32648357 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal microbiota impact host's biological activities, including digestion of indigestible feed components, energy harvest, and immunity. In this study, fecal microbiota of high body weight (HW) and low body weight (LW) growing pigs at 103 days of age were compared. Principal coordinates analysis separated the HW and LW groups into two clusters, indicating their potential differences between microbial community composition. Although the abundances of two major phyla, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, did not significantly differ between the HW and LW groups, some genera showed significant differences. Among them, Peptococcus and Eubacterium exhibited strong positive correlations with body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) (Rho > 0.40), whereas Treponema, Desulfovibrio, Parabacteroides, and Ruminococcaceae_unclassified exhibited strong negative correlations with BW and ADG (Rho < -0.40). Based on these results, the structure of intestinal microbiota may affect growth traits in pigs through host-microbe interactions. Further in-depth studies will provide insights into how best to reshape host-microbe interactions in pigs and other animals as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Kyoung Oh
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Pyo Chae
- Biotechnology Research Institute, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sung Hun Kim
- Biotechnology Research Institute, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jin Kwak
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Su Eun
- Biotechnology Research Institute, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Woo Chee
- Biotechnology Research Institute, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Youn Whang
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Hun Kim
- Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Kyung Kang
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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31
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Achard CS, Dupouy V, Cauquil L, Arpaillange N, Bousquet-Melou A, Floc’h NL, Zemb O. Early Inoculation of Microbial Suspension in Suckling Piglets Affects the Transmission of Maternal Microbiota and the Associated Antibiotic Resistance Genes. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101576. [PMID: 33066283 PMCID: PMC7602062 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance of microbes thriving in the animal gut is a growing concern for public health as it may serve as a hidden reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). We compared 16 control piglets to 24 piglets fed for 3 weeks with S1 or S2 fecal suspensions from two sows that were not exposed to antibiotics for at least 6 months: the first suspension decreased the erythromycin resistance gene ermB and the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase gene conferring resistance to kanamycine (aphA3), while the second decreased the tetracycline resistance gene tetL, with an unexpected increase in ARGs. Using 16S RNA sequencing, we identified microbial species that are likely to carry ARGs, such as the lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase lnuB, the cephalosporinase cepA, and the tetracycline resistance genes tetG and tetM, as well as microbes that never co-exist with the tetracycline resistance gene tetQ, the erythromycin resistance gene ermG and aphA3. Since 73% of the microbes detected in the sows were not detected in the piglets at weaning, a neutral model was applied to estimate whether a microbial species is more important than chance would predict. This model confirmed that force-feeding modifies the dynamics of gut colonization. In conclusion, early inoculation of gut microbes is an interesting possibility to stimulate gut microbiota towards a desirable state in pig production, but more work is needed to be able to predict which communities should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S. Achard
- Génétique Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage (GenPhySE), Université de Toulouse, Institut National De Recherche Pour L’agriculture, L’alimentation Et L’environnement (INRAE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse (INPT), École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France; (C.S.A.); (L.C.)
- Lallemand SAS, 19 rue des Briquetiers, BP 59, 31702 Blagnac CEDEX, France
| | - Veronique Dupouy
- Innovations thérapeutiques et résistances (INTHERES), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31300 Toulouse, France; (V.D.); (N.A.); (A.B.-M.)
| | - Laurent Cauquil
- Génétique Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage (GenPhySE), Université de Toulouse, Institut National De Recherche Pour L’agriculture, L’alimentation Et L’environnement (INRAE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse (INPT), École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France; (C.S.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Nathalie Arpaillange
- Innovations thérapeutiques et résistances (INTHERES), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31300 Toulouse, France; (V.D.); (N.A.); (A.B.-M.)
| | - Alain Bousquet-Melou
- Innovations thérapeutiques et résistances (INTHERES), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31300 Toulouse, France; (V.D.); (N.A.); (A.B.-M.)
| | - Nathalie Le Floc’h
- Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l’Animal et les Systèmes d’Élevage (PEGASE), Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France;
| | - Olivier Zemb
- Génétique Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage (GenPhySE), Université de Toulouse, Institut National De Recherche Pour L’agriculture, L’alimentation Et L’environnement (INRAE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse (INPT), École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France; (C.S.A.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence:
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32
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Gao H, Yang Y, Cao Z, Ran J, Zhang C, Huang Y, Yang M, Zhao S, An Q, Pan H. Characteristics of the Jejunal Microbiota in 35-Day-Old Saba and Landrace Piglets. Pol J Microbiol 2020; 69:367-378. [PMID: 33574866 PMCID: PMC7810115 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2020-041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The balanced microbiological system is a significant hallmark of piglet health. One of the crucial factors affecting intestinal microbiota is the host’s genetics. This study explored the difference in the diversity of jejunal microbiota between Saba (SB) and Landrace (LA) piglets. Nine Saba and nine Landrace piglets were fed with sow’s milk until day 35. Jejunal contents were harvested for 16S rRNA sequencing. The birth weight, body weight, and average daily gain of Saba piglets were lower than those of Landrace piglets (p < 0.01). Firmicutes were the main phylum in Saba and Landrace piglets, and the Saba piglets had a higher (p < 0.05) abundance of Bacteroidetes compared with Landrace piglets. The two most abundant genera were Lactobacilli and Clostridium XI in the jejunum of Landrace and Saba piglets. Compared with Landrace piglets, the Saba piglets had significantly lower (p < 0.05) abundance of Veillonella, Streptococcus, and Saccharibacteria genera incertae sedis. The functional prediction showed that “d-glutamine and d-glutamate metabolism” and “one carbon pool by folate” pathways were enriched in Saba piglets, while “limonene and pinene degradation”, “tryptophan metabolism”, and “sulfur relay system” pathways were enriched in Landrace piglets. In summary, the growth performance was higher for Landrace piglets compared with Saba piglets due to their genetic characteristics. The rich diversity and fewer infection-associated taxa were observed in Saba piglets, partially accounting for their higher adaptability to environmental perturbations than Landrace piglets. Furthermore, different pig breeds may regulate their health through different metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Gao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhenhui Cao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jinming Ran
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Chunyong Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Minghua Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Sumei Zhao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Qingcong An
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Hongbin Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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Evaluation of Oral Administration of Lactobacillus plantarum CAM6 Strain as an Alternative to Antibiotics in Weaned Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10071218. [PMID: 32708975 PMCID: PMC7401644 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Currently, due to intensive production, pigs are weaned early, which generates stress due to separation from the sow, metabolic disorders, and decreased productive performance. Thus, sub-therapeutic antibiotics have been used to alleviate these detrimental effects; however, it has been shown that these practices create microbial resistance and cross-resistance to other microorganisms. Although the European Union banned antibiotic growth promoters (AGP), many countries in the world still use them widely. In the present study, oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum CAM6 in weaned pigs improved productive performance from the second experimental week and increased total serum levels of IgA without causing adverse effects on health indicators and acid-base balance. These results suggest this probiotic bacterium can be used as an alternative to antibiotics in weaned pigs. Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effect of oral administration of Lactobacillusplantarum CAM6 strain as an alternative to antibiotics in weaned pigs on productive parameters, blood biochemical profile, and IgA serum levels. Thirty-six 21-day-old weaned piglets were randomly assigned to three groups with three replicates of four piglets each. Treatments consisted of a basal diet (BD; T0) without probiotics or antibiotics; BD + antibiotics and the same basal diet used in T0 plus oral administration of 5 mL × 109 CFU/mL of L. plantarum CAM-6 (T2). During the study (21 to 49 days of age) T2 obtained a similar live weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio when compared to the T1. Both treatments were better in these variables compared to T0 (p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, T2 increased serum IgA levels (p ≤ 0.05). Additionally, hematological parameters and acid-base balance remained similar in all groups. However, significant reductions in the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, platelets, and metabolic hydrogen ions were observed in T1 (p ≤ 0.05). The results of this study suggest that supplementation with L. plantarum CAM6 can be an alternative to antibiotics. Studies to evaluate its efficacy under commercial conditions and water administration require further evaluation.
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Si J, Feng L, Gao J, Huang Y, Zhang G, Mo J, Zhu S, Qi W, Liang J, Lan G. Evaluating the association between feed efficiency and the fecal microbiota of early-life Duroc pigs using 16S rRNA sequencing. AMB Express 2020; 10:115. [PMID: 32562009 PMCID: PMC7305293 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the predication efficiency of porcine production performance at early stage will contribute to reducing the breeding and production costs. The intestinal microbiota had received plenty of attention in recent years due to their influence on host health and performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the fecal microbiota at early growth period and porcine feed efficiency (FE) under a commercial feeding environment. Ninety-one pigs were reordered according to the residual feed intake (RFI) values between day 90 on test and day 160 off test, 9 lowest RFI pigs and 9 highest RFI pigs were selected as the LRFI group and the HRFI group, respectively. Fecal samples from pigs in the early grower phase (day 80) were performed for microbial diversity, composition, and predicted functionality by using 16S rRNA sequencing. The results showed that no significant differences in microbial alpha diversity were observed between two RFI groups, whereas, some RFI-associated compositional differences were revealed. In particular, the microbiota of the LRFI group (more feed-efficient) had significantly higher levels of some members of Clostridiales and Bacteroidales (e.g., g_1_68 and g_norank_f_p_2534_18B5), which may promoted FE through protecting gut barrier function, compared with those of the HRFI pigs. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis found that the LRFI pigs were likely have microbiota with higher levels of amino acid metabolism. Moreover, redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that litter size, parity, and date of birth had significant effects on the bacterial community structure. These results improved our knowledge of the porcine early-life fecal microbiota and its potential link underlying RFI, which would be useful for future development of microbial biomarkers for predicting and improving porcine FE as well as investigation of targets for dietary strategies.
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Patil Y, Gooneratne R, Ju XH. Interactions between host and gut microbiota in domestic pigs: a review. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:310-334. [PMID: 31760878 PMCID: PMC7524349 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1690363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that pig gut microbiota plays a critical role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis as well as in a myriad of physiological, neurological and immunological functions; including protection from pathogens and digestion of food materials - some of which would be otherwise indigestible by the pig. A rich and diverse gut microbial ecosystem (balanced microbiota) is the hallmark of good health; while qualitative and quantitative perturbations in the microbial composition can lead to development of various diseases. Alternatively, diseases caused by stressors or other factors have been shown to negatively impact the microbiota. This review focuses primarily on how commensal microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs influence biochemical, physiological, immunological, and metabolic processes within the host animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadnyavalkya Patil
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Wine, Food, and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
- Shenzhen Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Wine, Food, and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Xiang-Hong Ju
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Shenzhen Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
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Bugenyi AW, Cho HS, Heo J. Association between oropharyngeal microbiome and weight gain in piglets during pre and post weaning life. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:247-262. [PMID: 32292932 PMCID: PMC7142290 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.2.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Birth weight and subsequent weight gain is of critical importance in the survival and performance of piglets on a commercial swine farm setting. Oropharyngeal microbiome could influence immunity, and feeding behavior thus impacting health and weight gain. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to profile the composition and predicted metabolic functionality of the oropharyngeal microbiota in 8 piglets (4 with a birthweight ≤ 1.0 kg and 4 with a birthweight ≥ 1.7 kg) at 11, 26, and 63 days of age. We found 9 genera that were significantly associated with average daily gain (ADG) at 11 days (false discovery rate, FDR < 0.05) and 26 days of age (FDR < 0.1), respectively. The microbial functional profile revealed several pathways associated with ADG (FDR < 0.05). Among these, pathways related to degradation of catechols showed a positive association with ADG at 11, 26, and 63 days of age, implying a potential to breakdown the host-derived catecholamines. We also noted that pathways related to the biodegradation of nucleosides and nucleotides increased with ADG during the pre-weaning phase, while those involved in their biosynthesis decreased. Our findings provide insights into the oropharyngeal microbial memberships and metabolic pathways that are involved in a piglet's weight gain. Thus, providing a basis for the development of strategies aimed at improving weight gain in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wange Bugenyi
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Heo
- International Agricultural Development and Cooperation Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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37
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Kasper C, Ruiz-Ascacibar I, Stoll P, Bee G. Investigating the potential for genetic improvement of nitrogen and phosphorus efficiency in a Swiss large white pig population using chemical analysis. J Anim Breed Genet 2020; 137:545-558. [PMID: 32198799 PMCID: PMC7586817 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Pig production contributes to environmental pollution through excretion of phosphorus and nitrogenous compounds. European pig production requires annual imports of currently 36 million tons of soya bean, because domestic plant protein sources often do not meet the required protein quality. Most of the mineral phosphate sources are also imported. It is therefore desirable to improve nutrient deposition efficiency through selective breeding, that is to realise similar growth rates and carcass compositions as currently achieved but with a lower intake of dietary crude protein or phosphate. For a preliminary evaluation of the potential of selecting for increased nutrient deposition efficiency, we estimated genetic parameters for nitrogen and phosphorus efficiencies in a Swiss Large White pig population including 294 individuals. Nutrient efficiency phenotypes were obtained from wet‐chemistry analyses of pigs of various live weights. Heritability of nitrogen efficiency was estimated at 41%. Heritability of phosphorus efficiency was very low (0.3%), but positive genetic correlations with nitrogen efficiency suggest that breeding for nitrogen efficiency would positively affect phosphorus efficiency. Further studies are needed to improve the quality of estimates and to obtain accurate high‐throughput measures of nutrient efficiency to be implemented on farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kasper
- Swine Research Unit, Agroscope Posieux, Posieux, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter Stoll
- Swine Research Unit, Agroscope Posieux, Posieux, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Bee
- Swine Research Unit, Agroscope Posieux, Posieux, Switzerland
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38
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Development of Swine's Digestive Tract Microbiota and Its Relation to Production Indices-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030527. [PMID: 32245217 PMCID: PMC7143181 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Proper cooperation between digestive system microbiota and the host is an important issue in maintaining proper health condition, and—in the case of farm animals—production indices. In the case of pigs, microbiota significantly affect production parameters such as meat quality, growth rate or improvement of immune response to infections. Understanding of pig digestive system microbiota and factors affecting this is an important issue. This may enable improvement of animal performance and stabilization of microbiota during their growth, reducing the risk of metabolic or systemic diseases. Abstract The development of research methods and tools related to microbiome investigation, as well as widened knowledge and awareness concerning the significance of microorganisms inhabiting mammalian organisms, has led to an increasing popularity of studies in this field. This review paper presents some issues related to the swine microbiome, its development starting from an early age of life and its status in adult animals, as well as factors affecting the microbiome in pigs. Attention is paid to the role of probiotics and prebiotics as alternatives to antibiotics in the context of post-weaning diarrhea treatment, and to the role of microorganisms inhabiting the digestive tract of pigs in performance indices formation. In veterinary and pork production practice, understanding of the swine microbiome and its relationships with the host organism may be useful in the prevention of some diseases and also in improvement of performance results of animals.
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Massacci FR, Berri M, Lemonnier G, Guettier E, Blanc F, Jardet D, Rossignol MN, Mercat MJ, Doré J, Lepage P, Rogel-Gaillard C, Estellé J. Late weaning is associated with increased microbial diversity and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii abundance in the fecal microbiota of piglets. Anim Microbiome 2020; 2:2. [PMID: 33499995 PMCID: PMC7807523 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-020-0020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In pig production systems, weaning is a crucial period characterized by nutritional, environmental, and social stresses. Piglets transition from a milk-based diet to a solid, more complex plant-based diet, and their gut physiology must adapt accordingly. It is well established that piglets weaned later display improved health, better wean-to-finish growth performance, and lower mortality rates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of weaning age on fecal microbiota diversity and composition in piglets. Forty-eight Large White piglets were divided into 4 groups of 12 animals that were weaned at different ages: 14 days (early weaning), 21 days (a common weaning age in intensive pig farming), 28 days (idem), and 42 days (late weaning). Microbiota composition was assessed in each group by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene using fecal samples taken on the day of weaning, 7 days later, and at 60 days of age. Results In each group, there were significant differences in fecal microbiota composition before and after weaning (p < 0.05), confirming that weaning can drastically change the gut microbiota. Microbiota diversity was positively correlated with weaning age: microbial alpha diversity and richness were higher in piglets weaned at 42 days of age both on the day of weaning and 7 days later. The abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was also higher in piglets weaned at 42 days of age. Conclusions Overall, these results show that late weaning increased gut microbiota diversity and the abundance of F. prausnitzii, a microorganism with positive effects in humans. Piglets might thus derive a competitive advantage from later weaning because they have more time to accumulate a higher diversity of potentially beneficial microbes prior to the stressful and risky weaning period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Romana Massacci
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France. .,Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. .,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche 'Togo Rosati', Perugia, Italy.
| | | | - Gaetan Lemonnier
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Fany Blanc
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Deborah Jardet
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | - Joël Doré
- MICALIS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,MetaGenoPolis, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Patricia Lepage
- MICALIS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Jordi Estellé
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Menegat MB, DeRouchey JM, Woodworth JC, Dritz SS, Tokach MD, Goodband RD. Effects of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 on sow and progeny performance, fecal consistency, and fecal microbes during gestation, lactation, and nursery periods1,2. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:3920-3937. [PMID: 31292631 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of providing a dietary probiotic, Bacillus subtilis C-3102, to sows during gestation and lactation and to progeny after weaning on performance, fecal consistency, and fecal microbes. For the sow portion of the study, 29 sows and litters were used from day 30 of gestation until weaning. Sow treatments consisted of control diet or probiotic diet with B. subtilis C-3102 at 500,000 cfu/g of gestation feed and 1,000,000 cfu/g of lactation feed. For the nursery portion of the study, 358 weaned pigs, progeny of sows on study, were used in a 42-d nursery study. Nursery treatments consisted of control diet or probiotic diet with B. subtilis C-3102 and prebiotics at 500,000 cfu/g of nursery feed. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with sow treatment (control or probiotic diet) as main plot and nursery treatment (control or probiotic diet) as subplot. Performance, fecal consistency by fecal score method, and fecal microbes by isolation and enumeration method were assessed. In lactation, probiotic-fed sows tended (P = 0.057) to have increased feed intake, but it did not improve (P > 0.05) sow or litter performance in lactation. In the nursery, there were no (P > 0.10) interactions or main effects of sow or nursery treatments on overall growth performance. However, pigs born from control-fed sows had greater (P < 0.05) average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and body weight in late nursery than pigs born from probiotic-fed sows. Fecal score evaluation of nursing and nursery pigs indicated no influence (P > 0.05) of sow or nursery treatments on fecal consistency. Fecal microbial analysis revealed a modest modification in fecal microbial population by increasing (P < 0.05) the number of total Bacillus sp. in probiotic-fed sows and nursery pigs. Nursing piglets born from probiotic-fed sows carried over (P < 0.05) this modification in fecal microbial population preweaning. In conclusion, providing a probiotic based on B. subtilis C-3102 to sows during gestation and lactation and to progeny after weaning did not elicit noteworthy improvements in performance or fecal consistency, but there was a benefit on sow lactation feed intake. Fecal microbial analysis indicated a maternal-progeny intestinal microbiota relationship with pigs born from probiotic-fed sows displaying similar fecal microbial population as sows. However, pigs born from probiotic-fed sows demonstrated reduced growth rate and feed consumption in late nursery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana B Menegat
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Steve S Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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Lépine AFP, Konstanti P, Borewicz K, Resink JW, de Wit NJ, Vos PD, Smidt H, Mes JJ. Combined dietary supplementation of long chain inulin and Lactobacillus acidophilus W37 supports oral vaccination efficacy against Salmonella Typhimurium in piglets. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18017. [PMID: 31784576 PMCID: PMC6884548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine use of antibiotics in livestock animals strongly contributed to the creation of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium strains (STM). Vaccination is an alternative to the use of antibiotics but often suffers from low efficacy. The present study investigated whether long-chain inulin (lcITF) and Lactobacillus acidophilus W37 (LaW37) can support vaccination efficacy against STM and if the interventions influence possible gut microbiota changes. Piglets received daily supplementation until sacrifice. Animals were vaccinated on day 25 after birth, one day after weaning, and were challenged with STM on days 52–54. Dietary intervention with lcITF/LaW37 enhanced vaccination efficacy by 2-fold during challenge and resulted in higher relative abundance of Prevotellaceae and lower relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae in faeces. Although strongest microbial effects were observed post STM challenge on day 55, transient effects of the lcITF/LaW37 intervention were also detected on day 10 after birth, and post-weaning on day 30 where increased relative abundance of faecal lactobacilli was correlated with higher faecal consistency. LcITF treatment increased post-weaning feed efficiency and faecal consistency but did not support vaccination efficacy. Vaccination in immune-immature young animals can be enhanced with functional additives which can simultaneously promote health in an ingredient-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia F P Lépine
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Prokopis Konstanti
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaudyna Borewicz
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem Resink
- Trouw Nutrition Research & Development, Stationsstraat 77, 3811 MH, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole J de Wit
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan J Mes
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Li B, Schroyen M, Leblois J, Beckers Y, Bindelle J, Everaert N. The use of inulin and wheat bran only during the starter period or during the entire rearing life of broilers: effects on growth performance, small intestinal maturation, and cecal microbial colonization until slaughter age. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4058-4065. [PMID: 30868160 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inulin and wheat bran were added to broiler diets during the starter period or during the entire rearing period to investigate whether the effects of using these ingredients remained until slaughter age. Diets containing no inulin and no wheat bran (CON), 2% inulin (IN), 10% wheat bran (WB), or 2% inulin + 10% wheat bran (IN+WB) were provided until day 11. Thereafter, each dietary treatment was further divided into a continued diet with supplementation or a control diet, resulting in 7 groups (CON, IN/IN, IN/CON, WB/WB, WB/CON, IN+WB/IN+WB, or IN+WB/CON). On day 40, 12 chickens per group were euthanized. The IN/IN group increased the cecal molar ratio of butyrate but had a lower relative abundance of Lactobacillus (P < 0.05). Additionally, the cecal molar ratio of propionate was higher in the IN/CON group compared to the IN/IN group (P = 0.034). The WB/CON group had the best results on BW and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.05). Only the cecal molar ratio of iso-butyrate was higher in the WB/WB group (P = 0.013). Moreover, compared to the CON group, both WB/WB and WB/CON groups reduced the relative abundances of Bifidobacterium and Escherichia coli, and only the WB/WB group reduced the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05). Both IN+WB/IN+WB and IN+WB/CON groups increased BW until day 21 and lowered the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium (P < 0.05). The IN+WB/IN+WB group increased the cecal molar ratio of butyrate but reduced the molar ratio of propionate with a higher relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the lack of positive effects induced by inulin might be explained by the dose being too high. The beneficial effects on BW, FCR, and microbiota induced by wheat bran during the starter period were lasting when supplementation was stopped, suggesting that wheat bran could be a favorable ingredient during the starter period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Precision livestock and nutrition unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Martine Schroyen
- Precision livestock and nutrition unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Julie Leblois
- Precision livestock and nutrition unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.,Research Foundation for Industry and Agriculture, National Scientific Research Foundation (FRIA-FNRS), 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Beckers
- Precision livestock and nutrition unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Bindelle
- Precision livestock and nutrition unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Nadia Everaert
- Precision livestock and nutrition unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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43
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Lan R, Kim I. Enterococcus faecium supplementation in sows during gestation and lactation improves the performance of sucking piglets. Vet Med Sci 2019; 6:92-99. [PMID: 31769224 PMCID: PMC7036309 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Enterococcus faecium DSM 7,134 supplementation on the performance of sows and their litters. A total of 15 primiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly divided into three treatments with five replicates. Dietary treatments were: CON, basal diet; E1, CON + 0.025% E. faecium; E2, CON + 0.05% E. faecium. No significant differences were observed on body weight and feed intake of lactating sows with E. faecium supplementation, but linearly increased the sow apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and gross energy (GE; p < .05), and decreased piglets pre-weaning mortality (p < .05). Piglets from E. faecium-supplemented sows linearly increased weaning weight, average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed ratio (p < .05), as well as linearly decreased diarrhoea score (p < .05) in the first weaning week. Piglets from E. faecium-supplemented sows linearly increased faecal Lactobacillus and Enterococci counts (p < .05), while linearly decreased faecal Escherichia coli counts (p < .05) after weaning. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of E. faecium improved the ATTD of DM, N and GE in lactating sows, as well as improved body weight, ADG and shifted faecal microbiota in their litters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Lan
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan,, Choongnam, South Korea
| | - Inho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan,, Choongnam, South Korea
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Goertz S, de Menezes AB, Birtles RJ, Fenn J, Lowe AE, MacColl ADC, Poulin B, Young S, Bradley JE, Taylor CH. Geographical location influences the composition of the gut microbiota in wild house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) at a fine spatial scale. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222501. [PMID: 31557179 PMCID: PMC6767902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of the mammalian gut microbiota can be influenced by a multitude of environmental variables such as diet and infections. Studies investigating the effect of these variables on gut microbiota composition often sample across multiple separate populations and habitat types. In this study we explore how variation in the gut microbiota of the house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) on the Isle of May, a small island off the east coast of Scotland, is associated with environmental and biological factors. Our study focuses on the effects of environmental variables, specifically trapping location and surrounding vegetation, as well as the host variables sex, age, body weight and endoparasite infection, on the gut microbiota composition across a fine spatial scale in a freely interbreeding population. We found that differences in gut microbiota composition were significantly associated with the trapping location of the host, even across this small spatial scale. Sex of the host showed a weak association with microbiota composition. Whilst sex and location could be identified as playing an important role in the compositional variation of the gut microbiota, 75% of the variation remains unexplained. Whereas other rodent studies have found associations between gut microbiota composition and age of the host or parasite infections, the present study could not clearly establish these associations. We conclude that fine spatial scales are important when considering gut microbiota composition and investigating differences among individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Goertz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United
Kingdom
| | | | - Richard J. Birtles
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford,
Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Fenn
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United
Kingdom
| | - Ann E. Lowe
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United
Kingdom
| | | | - Benoit Poulin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United
Kingdom
| | - Stuart Young
- IUCN SSC Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group, c/o Chester Zoo, Chester,
United Kingdom
| | - Janette E. Bradley
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United
Kingdom
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Verschuren LMG, Schokker D, Bergsma R, Jansman AJM, Molist F, Calus MPL. Prediction of nutrient digestibility in grower-finisher pigs based on faecal microbiota composition. J Anim Breed Genet 2019; 137:23-35. [PMID: 31531910 PMCID: PMC6972985 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbiota play an important role in total tract nutrient digestion, especially when fibrous diets are fed to pigs. This study aimed to use metagenomics to predict faecal nutrient digestibility in grower‐finisher pigs. The study design consisted of 160 three‐way crossbreed grower‐finisher pigs (80 female and 80 male) which were either fed a diet based on corn/soybean meal or a more fibrous diet based on wheat/barley/by‐products. On the day before slaughter, faecal samples were collected and used to determine faecal digestibility of dry matter, ash, organic matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre and non‐starch polysaccharides. The faecal samples were also sequenced for the 16S hypervariable region of bacteria (V3/V4) to profile the faecal microbiome. With these data, we calculated the between‐animal variation in faecal nutrient digestibility associated with variation in the faecal microbiome, that is the “microbiability”. The microbiability values were significantly greater than zero for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre and non‐starch polysaccharides, ranging from 0.58 to 0.93, as well as for crude fat with a value of 0.37, but not significantly different from zero for ash. Using leave‐one‐out cross‐validation, we estimated the accuracy of predicting digestibility values of individual pigs based on their faecal microbiota composition. The accuracies of prediction for crude fat and ash digestibility were virtually 0, and for the other nutrients, the accuracies ranged from 0.42 to 0.63. In conclusion, the faecal microbiota composition gave high microbiability values for faecal digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre and non‐starch polysaccharides. The accuracies of prediction are relatively low if the interest is in precisely predicting faecal nutrient digestibility of individual pigs, but are promising from the perspective of ranking animals in a genetic selection context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne M G Verschuren
- Topigs Norsvin Research Center B.V., Beuningen, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rob Bergsma
- Topigs Norsvin Research Center B.V., Beuningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Mario P L Calus
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Peng X, Wang R, Hu L, Zhou Q, Liu Y, Yang M, Fang Z, Lin Y, Xu S, Feng B, Li J, Jiang X, Zhuo Y, Li H, Wu D, Che L. Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 administration improves the intestinal health and immunity in neonatal piglets infected by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:72. [PMID: 31452881 PMCID: PMC6702752 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the effects of oral administration of Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 (E. faecium) on intestinal development, immunological parameters and gut microbiota of neonatal piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 (ETEC). A total of 96 1-day-old sow-reared piglets were randomly assigned to 2 groups, with 48 piglets in each group. The piglets were from 16 litters (6 piglets each litter), and 3 piglets each litter were allocated to the E. faecium-supplemented (PRO) group, while the other 3 piglets were allocated to the control (CON) group. After colostrum intake, piglets in the PRO group were orally administrated with 3 × 109 CFU E. faecium per day for a period of one week. On day 8, one piglet per litter from each group was challenged (CON+ETEC, PRO+ETEC) or not (CON-ETEC, PRO-ETEC) with ETEC in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. On day 10 (2 days after challenge), blood and tissue samples were obtained from piglets. Results Before ETEC challenge, there were no significant differences for the average daily gain (ADG) and fecal score between the two groups of piglets. After ETEC challenge, the challenged piglets had greater fecal score compared to the non-challenged piglets, whereas E. faecium administration was able to decrease the fecal score. Piglets challenged with ETEC had shorter villous height, deeper crypt depth, and reduced number of goblet cells in the jejunum and decreased mRNA abundance of claudin-1 in the ileum, whereas increased the percentage of lymphocytes, concentrations of IL-1β in the plasma and TNF-α in the ileal mucosa, as well as increased the mRNA abundances of innate immunity-related genes in the ileum tissue. These deleterious effects caused by ETEC were partly alleviated by feeding E. faecium. In addition, piglets in PRO-ETEC group had decreased the percentage of CD8+ T cells of the peripheral blood when compared to those in CON-ETEC group. Moreover, E. faecium administration increased Verrucomicrobia at phylum level and decreased Bilophila at genus level. Conclusions These results suggest that oral administration of E. faecium alleviated the intestinal injury and diarrhea severity of neonatal piglets challenged by ETEC, partly through improving the intestinal microbiota and immune response. This offers a potential strategy of dietary intervention against intestinal impairment by ETEC in neonatal piglets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-019-0376-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Peng
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People's Republic of China
| | - Ru Wang
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Hu
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Yang
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People's Republic of China.,Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Department, Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lin
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Feng
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhuo
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Li
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People's Republic of China
| | - De Wu
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People's Republic of China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People's Republic of China
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Developing Gut Microbiota Exerts Colonisation Resistance to Clostridium (syn. Clostridioides) difficile in Piglets. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7080218. [PMID: 31357520 PMCID: PMC6723027 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7080218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium (syn. Clostridioides) difficile is considered a pioneer colonizer and may cause gut infection in neonatal piglets. The aim of this study was to explore the microbiota-C. difficile associations in pigs. We used the DNA from the faeces of four sows collected during the periparturient period and from two to three of their piglets (collected weekly until nine weeks of age) for the determination of bacterial community composition (sequencing) and C. difficile concentration (qPCR). Furthermore, C. difficile-negative faeces were enriched in a growth medium, followed by qPCR to verify the presence of this bacterium. Clostridium-sensu-stricto-1 and Lactobacillus spp. predominated the gut microbiota of the sows and their offspring. C. difficile was detected at least once in the faeces of all sows during the entire sampling period, albeit at low concentrations. Suckling piglets harboured C. difficile in high concentrations (up to log10 9.29 copy number/g faeces), which gradually decreased as the piglets aged. Enrichment revealed the presence of C. difficile in previously C. difficile-negative sow and offspring faeces. In suckling piglets, the C. difficile level was negatively correlated with carbohydrate-fermenting bacteria, and it was positively associated with potential pathogens. Shannon and richness diversity indices were negatively associated with the C. difficile counts in suckling piglets. This study showed that gut microbiota seems to set conditions for colonisation resistance against C. difficile in the offspring. However, this conclusion requires further research to include host-specific factors.
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Kiros TG, Luise D, Derakhshani H, Petri R, Trevisi P, D’Inca R, Auclair E, van Kessel AG. Effect of live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on the performance and cecum microbial profile of suckling piglets. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219557. [PMID: 31329605 PMCID: PMC6645501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One mechanism through which S. cerevisiae may improve the performance of pigs is by altering the composition of the gut microbiota, a response that may be enhanced by early postnatal supplementation of probiotics. To test this hypothesis, newborn piglets (16 piglets/group) were treated with either S. cerevisiae yeast (5 x 109 cfu/pig: Low) or (2.5 x 1010 cfu/piglet: High) or equivalent volume of sterile water (Control) by oral gavage every other day starting from day 1 of age until weaning (28±1 days of age). Piglet body weight was recorded on days 1, 3, 7, 10, 17, 24 and 28 and average daily gain (ADG) calculated for the total period. At weaning, piglets were euthanized to collect cecum content for microbial profiling by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. ADG was higher in both Low and High yeast groups than in Control group (P<0.05). Alpha diversity analyses indicated a more diverse microbiota in the Control group compared with Low yeast group; the High yeast being intermediate (P < 0.01). Similarly, Beta diversity analyses indicated differences among treatments (P = 0.03), mainly between Low yeast and Control groups (P = 0.02). The sparse Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (sPLS-DA) indicated that Control group was discriminated by a higher abundance of Veillonella, Dorea, Oscillospira and Clostridium; Low yeast treated pigs by higher Blautia, Collinsella and Eubacterium; and High yeast treated pigs by higher Eubacterium, Anaerostipes, Parabacteroides, Mogibacterium and Phascolarctobacterium. Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis showed that piglet ADG was positively correlated with genus Prevotella in High yeast group. Yeast supplementation significantly affected microbial diversity in cecal contents of suckling piglets associated with an improvement of short chain fatty acid producing bacteria in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, yeast treatment improved piglet performance and shaped the piglet cecum microbiota composition in a dose dependent way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadele G. Kiros
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Diana Luise
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Hooman Derakhshani
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Renee Petri
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Romain D’Inca
- Phileo-Lesaffre Animal Care, Marcq-en-Baroeul, France
| | - Eric Auclair
- Phileo-Lesaffre Animal Care, Marcq-en-Baroeul, France
| | - Andrew G. van Kessel
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Wang X, Jiang X, Wu F, Ma Y, Che X, Chen X, Liu P, Zhang W, Ma X, Chen G. Microbial Poly‐3‐Hydroxybutyrate (PHB) as a Feed Additive for Fishes and Piglets. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1900132. [PMID: 31119892 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Synthetic and Systems BiologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084 China
| | - Xiao‐Ran Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Synthetic and Systems BiologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084 China
| | - Fuqing Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Synthetic and Systems BiologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084 China
- Center for Nano and Micro‐MechanicsTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084 China
- MOE Key Lab for Industrial BiocatalysisTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084 China
| | - Yiming Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Synthetic and Systems BiologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084 China
- Center for Nano and Micro‐MechanicsTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084 China
| | - Xuemei Che
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Synthetic and Systems BiologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084 China
- Center for Nano and Micro‐MechanicsTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084 China
| | - Xiyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal NutritionChina Agricultural UniversityNo. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road Beijing 100193 China
| | - Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal NutritionChina Agricultural UniversityNo. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road Beijing 100193 China
| | - Wenbing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education)Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266003 China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal NutritionChina Agricultural UniversityNo. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road Beijing 100193 China
| | - Guo‐Qiang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Synthetic and Systems BiologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084 China
- Center for Nano and Micro‐MechanicsTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084 China
- MOE Key Lab for Industrial BiocatalysisTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084 China
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Porcine Feed Efficiency-Associated Intestinal Microbiota and Physiological Traits: Finding Consistent Cross-Locational Biomarkers for Residual Feed Intake. mSystems 2019; 4:4/4/e00324-18. [PMID: 31213524 PMCID: PMC6581691 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00324-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal feed efficiency (FE) in pigs is important for economic and environmental reasons. Previous research identified FE-associated bacterial taxa within the intestinal microbiota of growing pigs. This study investigated whether FE-associated bacteria and selected FE-associated physiological traits were consistent across geographic locations (Republic of Ireland [ROI] [two batches of pigs, ROI1 and ROI2], Northern Ireland [NI], and Austria [AT]), where differences in genetic, dietary, and management factors were minimized. Pigs (n = 369) were ranked, within litter, on divergence in residual feed intake (RFI), and 100 extremes were selected (50 with high RFI and 50 with low RFI) across geographic locations for intestinal microbiota analysis using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and examination of FE-associated physiological parameters. Microbial diversity varied by geographic location and intestinal sampling site but not by RFI rank, except in ROI2, where more-feed-efficient pigs had greater ileal and cecal diversity. Although none of the 188 RFI-associated taxonomic differences found were common to all locations/batches, Lentisphaerae, Ruminococcaceae, RF16, Mucispirillum, Methanobrevibacter, and two uncultured genera were more abundant within the fecal or cecal microbiota of low-RFI pigs in two geographic locations and/or in both ROI batches. These are major contributors to carbohydrate metabolism, which was reflected in functional predictions. Fecal volatile fatty acids and salivary cortisol were the only physiological parameters that differed between RFI ranks. Despite controlling genetics, diet specification, dietary phases, and management practices in each rearing environment, the rearing environment, encompassing maternal influence, herd health status, as well as other factors, appears to impact intestinal microbiota more than FE.IMPORTANCE Interest in the role of intestinal microbiota in determining FE in pigs has increased in recent years. However, it is not known if the same FE-associated bacteria are found across different rearing environments. In this study, geographic location and intestinal sampling site had a greater influence on the pig gut microbiome than FE. This presents challenges when aiming to identify consistent reliable microbial biomarkers for FE. Nonetheless, seven FE-associated microbial taxa were common across two geographic locations and/or two batches within one location, and these indicated a potentially "healthier" and metabolically more capable microbiota in more-feed-efficient pigs. These taxa could potentially be employed as biomarkers for FE, although bacterial consortia, rather than individual taxa, may be more likely to predict FE. They may also merit consideration for use as probiotics or could be targeted by dietary means as a strategy for improving FE in pigs in the future.
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