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Abe H, Gan L, Murata M, Nara K. Habitat fragmentation strongly restricts gene flow in endangered ectomycorrhizal fungal populations: Evidence from Rhizopogon togasawarius, specific to Pseudotsuga japonica, across the entire distribution range. Mol Ecol 2024:e17533. [PMID: 39262289 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Habitat fragmentation reduces gene flow, causing genetic differentiation and diversity loss in endangered species through genetic drift and inbreeding. However, the impact of habitat fragmentation on ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi remains unexplored, despite their critical roles in forest ecosystems. Here, we investigated the population genetic structure and the demographic history of Rhizopogon togasawarius, the ECM fungus specifically colonizing the host tree Pseudotsuga japonica, across its entire distribution range (>200 km). These two species are designated as endangered species on the IUCN Red List since they are found only in small, fragmented forests in Japan. We analysed 236 R. togasawarius individuals from five remaining populations across the Kii Peninsula and the Shikoku Island, separated by a sea channel. Simple sequence repeat analyses using 20 loci revealed strong genetic differentiation among populations (FST = 0.255), even significant in the nearest population pair separated by a distance of only 8 km (FST = 0.075), indicating extremely limited gene flow between populations. DIYABC-RF analyses implied that population divergence occurred approximately 6000 generations ago between the two regions, and nearly 1500 generations ago between the nearest populations within Shikoku Island, related to past climate events. Because of prolonged genetic isolation, significant inbreeding was confirmed in four of five populations, where effective population sizes became very small (Ne = 9.0-58.0). Although evaluation of extinction risks for microorganisms is challenging, our conservation genetic results indicated that habitat fragmentation increases extinction risk through population genetic mechanisms, and therefore should not be overlooked in biodiversity conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Abe
- Evaluation of Natural Environment Laboratory, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Lu Gan
- Evaluation of Natural Environment Laboratory, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masao Murata
- Akita Forestry Research and Training Center, Akita, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Nara
- Evaluation of Natural Environment Laboratory, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
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Livne-Luzon S, Avidar M, Herol L, Rog I, Klein T, Shemesh H. Inter-generational consistency of the ectomycorrhizal fungal community in a mixed pine-cedar post-fire stand. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae094. [PMID: 39046267 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The mutualistic interaction between trees and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) can have a major effect on forest dynamics and specifically on seedling establishment. Here, we compared the EMF community composition associated with the roots of young saplings and mature trees of two co-habiting Pinaceae: Pinus halepensis and Cedrus deodara growing together in a post-fire forest plot, using fungal ITS metabarcoding. We found that the differences in the EMF community between the two sapling groups were mostly attributed to changes in the relative abundance of specific fungal species, with little species turnover. Specifically, Tomentella showed high abundance on pine roots, while Tuber, Russula and Sebacina were more common on the roots of cedars. The physical proximity to a specific host species was correlated with the EMF community composition of young saplings. Specifically, regardless of the sapling's own identity, the roots of saplings growing next to mature cedars had higher abundance of Tuber species, while Tomentella coerulea (Höhn. & Litsch), Russula densifolia (Secr. ex Gillet) and Tuber nitidum (Vittadini) dominated saplings next to mature pines. Cedar saplings' shoot structure was correlated with a specific EMF species. Overall, these results suggest that when germinating next to mature trees, the EMF community of saplings could be determined by extrinsic factors such as the small-scale distribution of mature trees in the forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stav Livne-Luzon
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Mor Avidar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tel-Hai College, 12208, Israel
| | - Lior Herol
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tel-Hai College, 12208, Israel
| | - Ido Rog
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tamir Klein
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Hagai Shemesh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tel-Hai College, 12208, Israel
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3
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Liu J, Ding C, Teng C, Zhang W, Su X, Zhu W. Impacts of litter microbial community on litter decomposition in the absence of soil microorganisms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0023924. [PMID: 38483156 PMCID: PMC11022580 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00239-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
What is the effect of phyllosphere microorganisms on litter decomposition in the absence of colonization by soil microorganisms? Here, we simulated the litter standing decomposition stage in the field to study the differences in the composition and structure of the phyllosphere microbial community after the mixed decomposition of Populus × canadensis and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica litter. After 15 months of mixed decomposition, we discovered that litters that were not in contact with soil had an antagonistic effect (the actual decomposition rate was 18.18%, which is lower than the expected decomposition rate) and the difference between the litters themselves resulted in a negative response to litter decomposition. In addition, there was no significant difference in bacterial and fungal community diversity after litter decomposition. The litter bacterial community was negatively responsive to litter properties and positively responsive to the fungal community. Importantly, we found that bacterial communities had a greater impact on litter decomposition than fungi. This study has enriched our understanding of the decomposition of litter itself and provided a theoretical basis for further exploring the "additive and non-additive effects" of litter decomposition and the mechanism of microbial drive. IMPORTANCE The study of litter decomposition mechanism plays an important role in the material circulation of the global ecosystem. However, previous studies have often looked at contact with soil as the starting point for decomposition. But actually, standing litter is very common in forest ecosystems. Therefore, we used field simulation experiments to simulate the decomposition of litters without contact with soil for 15 months, to explore the combined and non-added benefits of the decomposition of mixed litters, and to study the influence of microbial community composition on the decomposition rate while comparing the differences of microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Liu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Changjun Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Teng
- Liaoning Non-Ferrous Geological Exploration and Research Institute Co. Ltd., Shenyang, China
| | - Weixi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxu Zhu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Nelson AR, Fegel TS, Danczak RE, Caiafa MV, Roth HK, Dunn OI, Turvold CA, Borch T, Glassman SI, Barnes RT, Rhoades CC, Wilkins MJ. Soil microbiome feedbacks during disturbance-driven forest ecosystem conversion. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae047. [PMID: 38502869 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Disturbances cause rapid changes to forests, with different disturbance types and severities creating unique ecosystem trajectories that can impact the underlying soil microbiome. Pile burning-the combustion of logging residue on the forest floor-is a common fuel reduction practice that can have impacts on forest soils analogous to those following high-severity wildfire. Further, pile burning following clear-cut harvesting can create persistent openings dominated by nonwoody plants surrounded by dense regenerating conifer forest. A paired 60-year chronosequence of burn scar openings and surrounding regenerating forest after clear-cut harvesting provides a unique opportunity to assess whether belowground microbial processes mirror aboveground vegetation during disturbance-induced ecosystem shifts. Soil ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity was reduced the first decade after pile burning, which could explain poor tree seedling establishment and subsequent persistence of herbaceous species within the openings. Fine-scale changes in the soil microbiome mirrored aboveground shifts in vegetation, with short-term changes to microbial carbon cycling functions resembling a postfire microbiome (e.g. enrichment of aromatic degradation genes) and respiration in burn scars decoupled from substrate quantity and quality. Broadly, however, soil microbiome composition and function within burn scar soils converged with that of the surrounding regenerating forest six decades after the disturbances, indicating potential microbial resilience that was disconnected from aboveground vegetation shifts. This work begins to unravel the belowground microbial processes that underlie disturbance-induced ecosystem changes, which are increasing in frequency tied to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia R Nelson
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Timothy S Fegel
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO 80526, United States
| | - Robert E Danczak
- Division of Biological Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, United States
| | - Marcos V Caiafa
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Holly K Roth
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Oliver I Dunn
- The Environmental Studies Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO 80946, United States
| | - Cosette A Turvold
- The Environmental Studies Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO 80946, United States
| | - Thomas Borch
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Sydney I Glassman
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Rebecca T Barnes
- The Environmental Studies Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO 80946, United States
| | - Charles C Rhoades
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO 80526, United States
| | - Michael J Wilkins
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
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Cheng Z, Wu S, Pan H, Lu X, Liu Y, Yang L. Cortinarius and Tomentella Fungi Become Dominant Taxa in Taiga Soil after Fire Disturbance. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1113. [PMID: 37998918 PMCID: PMC10672602 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi have important ecological functions in the soil of forests, where they decompose organic matter, provide plants with nutrients, increase plant water uptake, and improve plant resistance to adversity, disease, and disturbance. A forest fire presents a serious disturbance of the local ecosystem and can be considered an important component affecting the function of ecosystem biomes; however, the response of soil fungi to fire disturbance is largely unknown. To investigate the effects of fire disturbance on the community composition and diversity of soil fungi in a taiga forest, we collected soil from plots that had undergone a light, moderate, and heavy fire 10 years previously, with the inclusion of a fire-free control. The present soil fungi were characterized using Illumina MiSeq technology, and the sequences were analyzed to identify differences in the community composition and diversity in response to the changed soil physicochemical properties. The results showed that the Chao1 index, which characterizes the alpha diversity of the fungi, did not change significantly. In contrast, the Shannon index increased significantly (p < 0.05) and the Simpson index decreased significantly (p < 0.05) following a light or heavy fire disturbance compared to the control. The relative abundance of Basidiomycota was significantly higher in the soil of the fire sites than that in the control (p < 0.01), and the relative abundance of Ascomycota was significantly lower (p < 0.01). The results of principal coordinates analyses (PCoAs) showed that fire disturbance highly significantly affected the beta diversity of soil fungi (p < 0.001), while the results of canonical correlation analysis (CCA) indicated that the available nitrogen (AN), moisture content (MC), pH, available potassium (AK), and total nitrogen (TN) contents of the soil significantly affected the compositional structure and diversity of the soil fungal communities. The results of functional prediction showed that the majority of the detected soil fungi were symbiotrophs, followed by saprotrophs and saprotroph-symbiotrophs, with ectomycorrhiza being the dominant functional taxon. Fire disturbance significantly reduced the relative abundance of ectomycorrhiza (p < 0.05). This study illustrates that fire disturbance alters the structural composition, diversity, dominance, and relative abundance of the guilds of soil fungal communities in taiga forest, and strongly affected the beta diversity of soil fungi, with AN, MC, pH, AK, and TN being the most important factors affecting their community structure. The results may provide a useful reference for the restoration and rehabilitation of taiga forests after fire disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity, Institute of Natural Resources and Ecology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150040, China; (Z.C.); (H.P.); (X.L.)
- Heilongjiang Huzhong National Nature Reserve, Daxing’anling 165038, China
| | - Song Wu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Institute of Scientifc and Technical Information of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150028, China;
| | - Hong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity, Institute of Natural Resources and Ecology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150040, China; (Z.C.); (H.P.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity, Institute of Natural Resources and Ecology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150040, China; (Z.C.); (H.P.); (X.L.)
| | - Yongzhi Liu
- Heilongjiang Huzhong National Nature Reserve, Daxing’anling 165038, China
| | - Libin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity, Institute of Natural Resources and Ecology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150040, China; (Z.C.); (H.P.); (X.L.)
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6
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Fischer MS, Patel NJ, de Lorimier PJ, Traxler MF. Prescribed fire selects for a pyrophilous soil sub-community in a northern California mixed conifer forest. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:2498-2515. [PMID: 37553729 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Prescribed fire is a critical strategy for mitigating the effects of catastrophic wildfires. While the above-ground response to fire has been well-documented, fewer studies have addressed the effect of prescribed fire on soil microorganisms. To understand how soil microbial communities respond to prescribed fire, we sampled four plots at a high temporal resolution (two burned, two controls), for 17 months, in a mixed conifer forest in northern California, USA. Using amplicon sequencing, we found that prescribed fire significantly altered both fungal and bacterial community structure. We found that most differentially abundant fungal taxa had a positive fold-change, while differentially abundant bacterial taxa generally had a negative fold-change. We tested the null hypothesis that these communities assembled due to neutral processes (i.e., drift and/or dispersal), finding that >90% of taxa fit this neutral prediction. However, a dynamic sub-community composed of burn-associated indicator taxa that were positively differentially abundant was enriched for non-neutral amplicon sequence variants, suggesting assembly via deterministic processes. In synthesizing these results, we identified 15 pyrophilous taxa with a significant and positive response to prescribed burns. Together, these results lay the foundation for building a process-driven understanding of microbial community assembly in the context of the classical disturbance regime of fire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika S Fischer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Neem J Patel
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Phillip J de Lorimier
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Matthew F Traxler
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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7
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David AS, Hernandez DJ, Menges ES, Sclater VL, Afkhami ME, Searcy CA. Heterogeneous landscape promotes distinct microbial communities in an imperiled scrub ecosystem. Mycologia 2023; 115:739-748. [PMID: 37812522 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2258268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Habitat heterogeneity is a key driver of biodiversity of macroorganisms, yet how heterogeneity structures belowground microbial communities is not well understood. Importantly, belowground microbial communities may respond to any number of abiotic, biotic, and spatial drivers found in heterogeneous environments. Here, we examine potential drivers of prokaryotic and fungal communities in soils across the heterogenous landscape of the imperiled Florida scrub, a pyrogenic ecosystem where slight differences in elevation lead to large changes in water and nutrient availability and vegetation composition. We employ a comprehensive, large-scale sampling design to characterize the communities of prokaryotes and fungi associated with three habitat types and two soil depths (crust and subterranean) to evaluate (i) differences in microbial communities across these heterogeneous habitats, (ii) the relative roles of abiotic, biotic, and spatial drivers in shaping community structure, and (iii) the distribution of fungal guilds across these habitats. We sequenced soils from 40 complete replicates of habitat × soil depth combinations and sequenced the prokaryotic 16S and fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions using Illumina MiSeq. Habitat heterogeneity generated distinct communities of soil prokaryotes and fungi. Spatial distance played a role in structuring crust communities, whereas subterranean microbial communities were primarily structured by the shrub community, whose roots they presumably interacted with. This result helps to explain the unexpected transition we observed between arbuscular mycorrhiza-dominated soils at low-elevation habitats to ectomycorrhiza-dominated soils at high-elevation habitats. Our results challenge previous notions of environmental determinism of microbial communities and generate new hypotheses regarding symbiotic relationships across heterogeneous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S David
- Archbold Biological Station, 123 Main Drive, Venus, Florida 33960
| | - Damian J Hernandez
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146
| | - Eric S Menges
- Archbold Biological Station, 123 Main Drive, Venus, Florida 33960
| | | | - Michelle E Afkhami
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146
| | - Christopher A Searcy
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146
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8
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Greenwood L, Nimmo DG, Egidi E, Price JN, McIntosh R, Frew A. Fire shapes fungal guild diversity and composition through direct and indirect pathways. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:4921-4939. [PMID: 37452603 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Fire has shaped global ecosystems for millennia by directly killing organisms and indirectly altering habitats and resources. All terrestrial ecosystems, including fire-prone ecosystems, rely on soil-inhabiting fungi, where they play vital roles in ecological processes. Yet our understanding of how fire regimes influence soil fungi remains limited and our knowledge of these interactions in semiarid landscapes is virtually absent. We collected soil samples and vegetation measurements from sites across a gradient in time-since-fire ages (0-75 years-since-fire) and fire frequency (burnt 0-5 times during the recent 29-year period) in a semiarid heathland of south-eastern Australia. We characterized fungal communities using ITS amplicon-sequencing and assigned fungi taxonomically to trophic guilds. We used structural equation models to examine direct, indirect and total effects of time-since-fire and fire frequency on total fungal, ectomycorrhizal, saprotrophic and pathogenic richness. We used multivariate analyses to investigate how total fungal, ectomycorrhizal, saprotrophic and pathogenic species composition differed between post-fire successional stages and fire frequency classes. Time-since-fire was an important driver of saprotrophic richness; directly, saprotrophic richness increased with time-since-fire, and indirectly, saprotrophic richness declined with time-since-fire (resulting in a positive total effect), mediated through the impact of fire on substrates. Frequently burnt sites had lower numbers of saprotrophic and pathogenic species. Post-fire successional stages and fire frequency classes were characterized by distinct fungal communities, with large differences in ectomycorrhizal species composition. Understanding the complex responses of fungal communities to fire can be improved by exploring how the effects of fire flow through ecosystems. Diverse fire histories may be important for maintaining the functional diversity of fungi in semiarid regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Greenwood
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Thurgoona, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dale G Nimmo
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Thurgoona, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eleonora Egidi
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jodi N Price
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Thurgoona, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Adam Frew
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
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Kabeshita L, Sloat LL, Fischer EV, Kampf S, Magzamen S, Schultz C, Wilkins MJ, Kinnebrew E, Mueller ND. Pathways framework identifies wildfire impacts on agriculture. NATURE FOOD 2023; 4:664-672. [PMID: 37550540 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-023-00803-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires are a growing concern to society and the environment in many parts of the world. Within the United States, the land area burned by wildfires has steadily increased over the past 40 years. Agricultural land management is widely understood as a force that alters fire regimes, but less is known about how wildfires, in turn, impact the agriculture sector. Based on an extensive literature review, we identify three pathways of impact-direct, downwind and downstream-through which wildfires influence agricultural resources (soil, water, air and photosynthetically active radiation), labour (agricultural workers) and products (crops and livestock). Through our pathways framework, we highlight the complexity of wildfire-agriculture interactions and the need for collaborative, systems-oriented research to better quantify the magnitude of wildfire impacts and inform the adaptation of agricultural systems to an increasingly fire-prone future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Kabeshita
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Lindsey L Sloat
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Land and Carbon Lab, World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Emily V Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie Kampf
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Courtney Schultz
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Michael J Wilkins
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Eva Kinnebrew
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Nathaniel D Mueller
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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10
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Ishikawa A, Nara K. Primary succession of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Alnus sieboldiana on Izu-Oshima Island, Japan. MYCORRHIZA 2023:10.1007/s00572-023-01112-w. [PMID: 37233830 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-023-01112-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The primary succession of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi has been well described for Pinus and Salix, but the succession for other pioneer hosts is almost unknown. Here, we investigated ECM fungal communities of Alnus sieboldiana at different host growth stages in a primary successional volcanic site on Izu-Oshima Island, Japan. ECM root tips were collected from 120 host individuals, encompassing seedling, sapling, and mature tree stages. The taxonomic identity of the ECM fungi was determined based on rDNA internal transcribed spacer region sequences. Nine molecular taxonomic units were detected from a total of 807 root tips. The initial ECM fungal community on the pioneer seedlings was composed of only three species, where an undescribed Alpova species (Alpova sp.) was exclusively frequent. With host growth, other ECM fungal species were added to the communities, while the initial colonizers remained even at mature tree stages. Thus, the ECM fungal composition significantly changed along host growth stages and showed the nested community structure. Although most of the ECM fungi confirmed in this study had a broad Holarctic geographical distribution, the Alpova sp. had no previous records in other regions. These results suggest that a locally evolved Alpova sp. plays an essential role in the initial seedling establishment of A. sieboldiana at early successional volcanic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ishikawa
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan.
| | - Kazuhide Nara
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan
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11
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Porter TM, Smenderovac E, Morris D, Venier L. All boreal forest successional stages needed to maintain the full suite of soil biodiversity, community composition, and function following wildfire. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7978. [PMID: 37198223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30732-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Wildfire is a natural disturbance in boreal forest systems that has been predicted to increase in frequency, intensity, and extent due to climate change. Most studies tend to assess the recovery of one component of the community at a time but here we use DNA metabarcoding to simultaneously monitor soil bacteria, fungi, and arthropods along an 85-year chronosequence following wildfire in jack pine-dominated ecosites. We describe soil successional and community assembly processes to better inform sustainable forest management practices. Soil taxa showed different recovery trajectories following wildfire. Bacteria shared a large core community across stand development stages (~ 95-97% of their unique sequences) and appeared to recover relatively quickly by crown closure. By comparison fungi and arthropods shared smaller core communities (64-77% and 68-69%, respectively) and each stage appeared to support unique biodiversity. We show the importance of maintaining a mosaic ecosystem that represents each stand development stage to maintain the full suite of biodiversity in soils following wildfire, especially for fungi and arthropods. These results will provide a useful baseline for comparison when assessing the effects of human disturbance such as harvest or for assessing the effects of more frequent wildfire events due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita M Porter
- Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Canada.
- University of Guelph, Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Emily Smenderovac
- Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Canada
| | - Dave Morris
- Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa Venier
- Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Canada
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12
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Karlsen-Ayala E, Jusino MA, Gazis R, Smith ME. Habitat matters: The role of spore bank fungi in early seedling establishment of Florida slash pines. FUNGAL ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2022.101210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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13
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DeVan MR, Johnstone JF, Mack MC, Hollingsworth TN, Taylor DL. Host identity affects the response of mycorrhizal fungal communities to high severity fires in Alaskan boreal forests. FUNGAL ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2022.101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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14
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Shemesh H, Bruns TD, Peay KG, Kennedy PG, Nguyen NH. Changing balance between dormancy and mortality determines the trajectory of ectomycorrhizal fungal spore longevity over a 15-yr burial experiment. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:11-15. [PMID: 36519214 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Shemesh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Tel-Hai, 1220800, Israel
| | - Thomas D Bruns
- University and Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-2465, USA
| | - Kabir G Peay
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Peter G Kennedy
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Nhu H Nguyen
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
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15
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Hopkins JR, Huffman JM, Jones NJ, Platt WJ, Sikes BA. Pyrophilic Plants Respond to Postfire Soil Conditions in a Frequently Burned Longleaf Pine Savanna. Am Nat 2023; 201:389-403. [PMID: 36848518 DOI: 10.1086/722569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFire-plant feedbacks engineer recurrent fires in pyrophilic ecosystems like savannas. The mechanisms sustaining these feedbacks may be related to plant adaptations that trigger rapid responses to fire's effects on soil. Plants adapted for high fire frequencies should quickly regrow, flower, and produce seeds that mature rapidly and disperse postfire. We hypothesized that the offspring of such plants would germinate and grow rapidly, responding to fire-generated changes in soil nutrients and biota. We conducted an experiment using longleaf pine savanna plants that were paired on the basis of differences in reproduction and survival under annual ("more" pyrophilic) versus less frequent ("less" pyrophilic) fire regimes. Seeds were planted in different soil inoculations from experimental fires of varying severity. The more pyrophilic species displayed high germination rates followed by species-specific rapid growth responses to soil location and fire severity effects on soils. In contrast, the less pyrophilic species had lower germination rates that were not responsive to soil treatments. This suggests that rapid germination and growth constitute adaptations to frequent fires and that plants respond differently to fire severity effects on soil abiotic factors and microbes. Furthermore, variable plant responses to postfire soils may influence plant community diversity and fire-fuel feedbacks in pyrophilic ecosystems.
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Martín-Pinto P, Fernández C, Santos M, Fontúrbel T, Oria-de-Rueda JA, Vázquez-Veloso A, Stadler T, Mediavilla O, Sanz-Benito I. Unaltered fungal community after fire prevention treatments over widespread Mediterranean rockroses (Halimium lasianthum). Sci Rep 2023; 13:608. [PMID: 36635464 PMCID: PMC9837117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27945-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mediterranean ecosystems are frequently invaded by pyrophytic scrubs such as Halimium lasianthum that colonize areas traditionally used by livestock. A diverse fungal community is associated with this kind of vegetation, playing an important ecological role in these ecosystems. However, uncontrolled expansion of these shrubs considerably increases the risk of wildfires in these stands and, hence, fire-prevention treatments are needed. To investigate the long-term effects of two different forest-fire-prevention treatments on the soil fungal community, we analyzed these communities 9 years after prescribed burning or mechanical shredding were carried out in scrubland dominated by H. lasianthum. Neither of the fire-prevention treatments had a negative long-term effect on the abundance or richness of ectomycorrhizal fungi. However, saprotrophs and lichenized fungi experienced negative effects. Soil fertility significantly affected the distribution of fungi according to their functional groups, and pH was the most influential variable in terms of the distribution of edible species. Our findings indicate that forest management practices to prevent forest fires does not negatively affect the fungal community in the long-term, but for lichens and decomposers. Moreover, prescribed burning is suggested as a more economical way of reducing the risk of wildfires without affecting the ecology of the fungal community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Martín-Pinto
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute UVa-INIA, Avenida Madrid, S/N, 34004, Palencia, Spain. .,Department of Vegetal Production and Natural Resources, University of Valladolid, Avenida Madrid, S/N, 34004, Palencia, Spain.
| | - Cristina Fernández
- Centro de Investigación Forestal-Lourizán, Xunta de Galicia, P.O. Box. 127, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - María Santos
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute UVa-INIA, Avenida Madrid, S/N, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Fontúrbel
- Centro de Investigación Forestal-Lourizán, Xunta de Galicia, P.O. Box. 127, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Juan Andrés Oria-de-Rueda
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute UVa-INIA, Avenida Madrid, S/N, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Aitor Vázquez-Veloso
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute UVa-INIA, Avenida Madrid, S/N, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Tim Stadler
- University for Sustainable Development Eberswalde, Schickler Street 5, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Olaya Mediavilla
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute UVa-INIA, Avenida Madrid, S/N, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Ignacio Sanz-Benito
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute UVa-INIA, Avenida Madrid, S/N, 34004 Palencia, Spain
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17
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Pulido-Chavez MF, Randolph JWJ, Zalman C, Larios L, Homyak PM, Glassman SI. Rapid bacterial and fungal successional dynamics in first year after chaparral wildfire. Mol Ecol 2022; 32:1685-1707. [PMID: 36579900 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The rise in wildfire frequency and severity across the globe has increased interest in secondary succession. However, despite the role of soil microbial communities in controlling biogeochemical cycling and their role in the regeneration of post-fire vegetation, the lack of measurements immediately post-fire and at high temporal resolution has limited understanding of microbial secondary succession. To fill this knowledge gap, we sampled soils at 17, 25, 34, 67, 95, 131, 187, 286, and 376 days after a southern California wildfire in fire-adapted chaparral shrublands. We assessed bacterial and fungal biomass with qPCR of 16S and 18S and richness and composition with Illumina MiSeq sequencing of 16S and ITS2 amplicons. Fire severely reduced bacterial biomass by 47%, bacterial richness by 46%, fungal biomass by 86%, and fungal richness by 68%. The burned bacterial and fungal communities experienced rapid succession, with 5-6 compositional turnover periods. Analogous to plants, turnover was driven by "fire-loving" pyrophilous microbes, many of which have been previously found in forests worldwide and changed markedly in abundance over time. Fungal secondary succession was initiated by the Basidiomycete yeast Geminibasidium, which traded off against the filamentous Ascomycetes Pyronema, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. For bacteria, the Proteobacteria Massilia dominated all year, but the Firmicute Bacillus and Proteobacteria Noviherbaspirillum increased in abundance over time. Our high-resolution temporal sampling allowed us to capture post-fire microbial secondary successional dynamics and suggest that putative tradeoffs in thermotolerance, colonization, and competition among dominant pyrophilous microbes control microbial succession with possible implications for ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fabiola Pulido-Chavez
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - James W J Randolph
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Cassandra Zalman
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
| | - Loralee Larios
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Peter M Homyak
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Sydney I Glassman
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
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18
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Orumaa A, Agan A, Anslan S, Drenkhan T, Drenkhan R, Kauer K, Köster K, Tedersoo L, Metslaid M. Long-term effects of forest fires on fungal community and soil properties along a hemiboreal Scots pine forest fire chronosequence. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158173. [PMID: 35988616 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We studied long-term effects of forest fires on the dynamics of soil fungal community along a post-fire chronosequence in hemiboreal Scots pine stands in north-western Estonia. Effects of fire on soil and fungi were studied on six sites that differed in time since fire (10, 21, 36, 67, 78 and 181 years ago), without further management interventions. Soil fungal communities along the chronosequence were dominated by soil saprotrophs and ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi. Across the chronosequence, the most dominant phylum was Ascomycota. The most abundant OTUs were identified as Umbelopsis sp., Hyaloscyphaceae sp. and Pezoloma ericae with relative abundances of 9.5, 8.9 and 6.8 %, respectively. Fungal species richness was similar among sample areas except in the area where fire occurred 36 years ago, where it was significantly lower. There were considerable differences in EcM fungal species composition along the chronosequence. The most recently burned site had Piloderma sphaerosporum, Pseudotomentella sp. and Clavulinaceae sp. as most abundant EcM OTUs while in three oldest burned areas Clavulinaceae sp. and Cortinarius sp. were abundant. Soil C and N stocks were lower in the most recently burned area but differences with other areas were not statistically significant. Soil pH had a significant effect on fungal species composition. Older areas had substantially lower pH compared to more recently burned areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argo Orumaa
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Ahto Agan
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sten Anslan
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiia Drenkhan
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; Forest Health and Biodiversity, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rein Drenkhan
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karin Kauer
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kajar Köster
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7 (Natura), 80130 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marek Metslaid
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
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19
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Thomas PW, Thomas HW. Mycorrhizal fungi and invertebrates: Impacts on Tuber melanosporum ascospore dispersal and lifecycle by isopod mycophagy. FOOD WEBS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2022.e00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Wang R, Wang Y, Guerin-Laguette A, Zhang P, Colinas C, Yu F. Factors influencing successful establishment of exotic Pinus radiata seedlings with co-introduced Lactarius deliciosus or local ectomycorrhizal fungal communities. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:973483. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.973483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An introduction of exotic or non-native trees may fail due to a lack of suitable fungal partners. We planted exotic Pinus radiata in Xifeng, Guizhou Southwest China. Strategies to introduce P. radiata seedlings either colonized with an ectomycorrhizal fungus (EcMF), Lactarius deliciosus, or expect them to form familiar/new associations with local EcMF in a new habitat were studied to know how P. radiata could be successfully established over a period of 2.5 years. Plant height and needle nutrient acquisition, the persistence of the co-introduced L. deliciosus, and fungal community composition in rhizosphere soil and root tips were analyzed. In addition, a greenhouse bioassay experiment of local soil to assess the differences in the EcMF community between exotic and native pine seedlings was also conducted. The current results demonstrated that P. radiata could establish in the Xifeng plantation with or without co-introduced L. deliciosus. The co-introduced L. deliciosus might be naturalized with P. radiata in the new area since it has been fruited for 2 years with high relative abundance in mycorrhizosphere soil. L. deliciosus pre-colonization significantly altered the mycorrhizosphere fungal composition and it had a positive correlation with nitrogen acquisition of P. radiata. Host identity had no effect on fungal composition since exotic P. radiata and native P. massoniana recruited similar local fungal communities in early establishment or in plantation. The cosmopolitan species Suillus placidus, with high relative abundance, formed a familiar association with P. radiata. The greenhouse bioassay experiment further showed that Suillus sp. contributed relatively higher total extracellular enzymes by forming ectomycorrhizas with P. radiata and the same type of ectomycorrhiza of P. radiata and P. massoniana showed different enzymatic functions. Our study indicated that exotic P. radiata could be a suitable tree capable to get established successfully in the Xifeng plantation either by interaction with the co-introduced L. deliciosus or with a local EcMF, but we should be cautious about large-scale planting of P. radiata. L. deliciosus persisted in plantation and more attention should be paid to local EcMF community changes induced by the introduced L. deliciosus.
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21
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García-Carmona M, Lepinay C, García-Orenes F, Baldrian P, Arcenegui V, Cajthaml T, Mataix-Solera J. Moss biocrust accelerates the recovery and resilience of soil microbial communities in fire-affected semi-arid Mediterranean soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157467. [PMID: 35868386 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
After wildfires in Mediterranean ecosystems, ruderal mosses are pioneer species, stabilizing the soil surface previous to the establishment of vascular vegetation. However, little is known about the implication of pioneer moss biocrusts for the recovery and resilience of soils in early post-fire stages in semi-arid areas. Therefore, we studied the effects of the burgeoning biocrust on soil physicochemical and biochemical properties and the diversity and composition of microbial communities after a moderate-to-high wildfire severity. Seven months after the wildfire, the biocrust softened the strong impact of the fire in soils, affecting the diversity and composition of bacteria and fungi community compared to the uncrusted soils exposed to unfavourable environmental stress. Soil moisture, phosphorous, and enzyme activities representing the altered biogeochemical cycles after the fire, were the main explanatory variables for biocrust microbial community composition under the semi-arid conditions. High bacterial diversity was found in soils under mosses, while long-lasting legacies are expected in the fungal community, which showed greater sensitivity to the fire. The composition of bacterial and fungal communities at several taxonomical levels was profoundly altered by the presence of the moss biocrust, showing a rapid successional transition toward the unburned soil community. Pioneer moss biocrust play an important role improving the resilience of soil microbial communities. In the context of increasing fire intensity, studying the moss biocrust effects on the recovery of soils microbiome is essential to understanding the resistance and resilience of Mediterranean forests to wildfires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minerva García-Carmona
- GEA-Environmental Soil Science Group, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Clémentine Lepinay
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Fuensanta García-Orenes
- GEA-Environmental Soil Science Group, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Petr Baldrian
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Victoria Arcenegui
- GEA-Environmental Soil Science Group, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Tomáš Cajthaml
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jorge Mataix-Solera
- GEA-Environmental Soil Science Group, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
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22
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Tanunchai B, Schroeter SA, Ji L, Wahdan SFM, Hossen S, Lehnert AS, Grünberg H, Gleixner G, Buscot F, Schulze ED, Noll M, Purahong W. More than you can see: Unraveling the ecology and biodiversity of lichenized fungi associated with leaves and needles of 12 temperate tree species using high-throughput sequencing. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:907531. [PMID: 36187953 PMCID: PMC9523249 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.907531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, lichen surveys are generally based on the examination of fruiting bodies. Lichens in the mycelial stage, in spores, or awaiting conditions for fruiting body formation are usually overlooked, even though they are important for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem functions. This study aimed to explore the lichenized fungal community composition and richness associated with leaves and needles of 12 temperate tree species using Illumina MiSeq-based amplicon sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 2 region. Picea abies harbored the highest richness and number of lichenized fungal species. We found that the lichenized fungus Physcia adscendens dominated the leaves and needles of the most temperate tree species. Eleven lichenized fungal species detected in this study were recorded for the first time on leaves and needles. In addition, we identified Athallia cerinella, Fellhanera bouteillei, and Melanohalea exasperata that are on the German national red lists. Lichenized fungal richness was higher in conifer compared to broadleaf trees. Overall, tree species (within coniferous trees) and tree types (broadleaved vs. coniferous trees) harbored significantly different lichenized fungal community compositions pointing out the importance of host species. Diversity and community composition patterns of lichenized fungi were correlated mainly with tree species. Our study demonstrates that the diversity of foliicolous lichens associated with leaves and needles of 12 temperate tree species can be appropriately analyzed and functionally assigned using the ITS-based high-throughput sequencing. We highlighted the importance of conifers for maintaining the biodiversity of foliicolous lichens. Based on the discovery of many red list lichens, our methodological approach and results are important contributions to subsequent actions in the bio-conversation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjawan Tanunchai
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Simon Andreas Schroeter
- Biogeochemical Processes Department, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Li Ji
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle (Saale), Germany
- School of Forestry, Central South of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Sara Fareed Mohamed Wahdan
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Shakhawat Hossen
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Sophie Lehnert
- Biogeochemical Processes Department, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Gerd Gleixner
- Biogeochemical Processes Department, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - François Buscot
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ernst-Detlef Schulze
- Biogeochemical Processes Department, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Noll
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany
- Matthias Noll
| | - Witoon Purahong
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle (Saale), Germany
- *Correspondence: Witoon Purahong
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23
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Baeza-Guzmán Y, Medel-Ortiz R, Trejo Aguilar D, Garibay-Orijel R. Medium-distance soil foragers dominate the Pinus hartwegii ectomycorrhizal community at the 3900 m Neotropical treeline. Symbiosis 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-022-00869-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Miyamoto Y, Maximov TC, Kononov A, Sugimoto A. Soil propagule banks of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with <i>Larix cajanderi</i> above the treeline in the Siberian Arctic. MYCOSCIENCE 2022; 63:142-148. [PMID: 37090475 PMCID: PMC10042316 DOI: 10.47371/mycosci.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microbial symbionts are essential for plant niche expansion into novel habitats. Dormant propagules of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi are thought to play an important role in seedling establishment in invasion fronts; however, propagule bank communities above the treeline are poorly understood in the Eurasian Arctic, where treelines are expected to advance under rapid climate change. To investigate the availability of EM fungal propagules, we collected 100 soil samples from Arctic tundra sites and applied bioassay experiments using Larix cajanderi as bait seedlings. We detected 11 EM fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) by obtaining entire ITS regions. Suillus clintonianus was the most frequently observed OTU, followed by Cenococcum geophilum and Sebacinales OTU1. Three Suillus and one Rhizopogon species were detected in the bioassay seedlings, indicating the availability of Larix-specific suilloid spores at least 30 km from the contemporary treeline. Spores of S. clintonianus and S. spectabilis remained infective after preservation for 14 mo and heat treatment at 60 °C, implying the durability of the spores. Long-distance dispersal capability and spore resistance to adverse conditions may represent ecological strategies employed by suilloid fungi to quickly associate with emerging seedlings of compatible hosts in treeless habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trofim C. Maximov
- Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences
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Ecological and genomic responses of soil microbiomes to high-severity wildfire: linking community assembly to functional potential. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:1853-1863. [PMID: 35430593 PMCID: PMC9213548 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing wildfire severity, which is common throughout the western United States, can have deleterious effects on plant regeneration and large impacts on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling rates. Soil microbes are pivotal in facilitating these elemental cycles, so understanding the impact of increasing fire severity on soil microbial communities is critical. Here, we assess the long-term impact of high-severity fires on the soil microbiome. We find that high-severity wildfires result in a multi-decadal (>25 y) recovery of the soil microbiome mediated by concomitant differences in aboveground vegetation, soil chemistry, and microbial assembly processes. Our results depict a distinct taxonomic and functional successional pattern of increasing selection in post-fire soil microbial communities. Changes in microbiome composition corresponded with changes in microbial functional potential, specifically altered C metabolism and enhanced N cycling potential, which related to rates of potential decomposition and inorganic N availability, respectively. Based on metagenome-assembled genomes, we show that bacterial genomes enriched in our earliest site (4 y since fire) harbor distinct traits such as a robust stress response and a high potential to degrade pyrogenic, polyaromatic C that allow them to thrive in post-fire environments. Taken together, these results provide a biological basis for previously reported process rate measurements and explain the temporal dynamics of post-fire biogeochemistry, which ultimately constrains ecosystem recovery.
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Maltz MR, Carey CJ, Freund HL, Botthoff JK, Hart SC, Stajich JE, Aarons SM, Aciego SM, Blakowski M, Dove NC, Barnes ME, Pombubpa N, Aronson EL. Landscape Topography and Regional Drought Alters Dust Microbiomes in the Sierra Nevada of California. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:856454. [PMID: 35836417 PMCID: PMC9274194 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.856454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dust provides an ecologically significant input of nutrients, especially in slowly eroding ecosystems where chemical weathering intensity limits nutrient inputs from underlying bedrock. In addition to nutrient inputs, incoming dust is a vector for dispersing dust-associated microorganisms. While little is known about dust-microbial dispersal, dust deposits may have transformative effects on ecosystems far from where the dust was emitted. Using molecular analyses, we examined spatiotemporal variation in incoming dust microbiomes along an elevational gradient within the Sierra Nevada of California. We sampled throughout two dry seasons and found that dust microbiomes differed by elevation across two summer dry seasons (2014 and 2015), which corresponded to competing droughts in dust source areas. Dust microbial taxa richness decreased with elevation and was inversely proportional to dust heterogeneity. Likewise, dust phosphorus content increased with elevation. At lower elevations, early season dust microbiomes were more diverse than those found later in the year. The relative abundances of microbial groups shifted during the summer dry season. Furthermore, mutualistic fungal diversity increased with elevation, which may have corresponded with the biogeography of their plant hosts. Although dust fungal pathogen diversity was equivalent across elevations, elevation and sampling month interactions for the relative abundance, diversity, and richness of fungal pathogens suggest that these pathogens differed temporally across elevations, with potential implications for humans and wildlife. This study shows that landscape topography and droughts in source locations may alter the composition and diversity of ecologically relevant dust-associated microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia R. Maltz
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Center for Conservation Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- BREATHE Center, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Chelsea J. Carey
- Point Blue Conservation Sciences, Petaluma, CA, United States
- Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Hannah L. Freund
- Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Jon K. Botthoff
- Center for Conservation Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Stephen C. Hart
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Jason E. Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Sarah M. Aarons
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Sarah M. Aciego
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
- Noctilucent Aviation, Bridgeport, TX, United States
| | - Molly Blakowski
- Department of Watershed Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Nicholas C. Dove
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Environmental Systems Graduate Group, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Morgan E. Barnes
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Environmental Systems Graduate Group, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Biological Sciences, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Nuttapon Pombubpa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Emma L. Aronson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Center for Conservation Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- BREATHE Center, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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27
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Fox S, Sikes BA, Brown SP, Cripps CL, Glassman SI, Hughes K, Semenova-Nelsen T, Jumpponen A. Fire as a driver of fungal diversity - A synthesis of current knowledge. Mycologia 2022; 114:215-241. [PMID: 35344467 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.2024422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fires occur in most terrestrial ecosystems where they drive changes in the traits, composition, and diversity of fungal communities. Fires range from rare, stand-replacing wildfires to frequent, prescribed fires used to mimic natural fire regimes. Fire regime factors, including burn severity, fire intensity, and timing, vary widely and likely determine how fungi respond to fires. Despite the importance of fungi to post-fire plant communities and ecosystem functioning, attempts to identify common fungal responses and their major drivers are lacking. This synthesis addresses this knowledge gap and ranges from fire adaptations of specific fungi to succession and assembly fungal communities as they respond to spatially heterogenous burning within the landscape. Fires impact fungi directly and indirectly through their effects on fungal survival, substrate and habitat modifications, changes in environmental conditions, and/or physiological responses of the hosts with which fungi interact. Some specific pyrophilous, or "fire-loving," fungi often appear after fire. Our synthesis explores whether such taxa can be considered cosmopolitan, and whether they are truly fire-adapted or simply opportunists adapted to rapidly occupy substrates and habitats made available by fires. We also discuss the possible inoculum sources of post-fire fungi and explore existing conceptual models and ecological frameworks that may be useful in generalizing fungal fire responses. We conclude with identifying research gaps and areas that may best transform the current knowledge and understanding of fungal responses to fire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Fox
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506.,Department of Natural Resources and Society, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844
| | - Benjamin A Sikes
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Shawn P Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152
| | - Cathy L Cripps
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717
| | - Sydney I Glassman
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Karen Hughes
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Tatiana Semenova-Nelsen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Ari Jumpponen
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
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28
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Enright DJ, Frangioso KM, Isobe K, Rizzo DM, Glassman SI. Mega‐fire in Redwood Tanoak Forest Reduces Bacterial and Fungal Richness and Selects for Pyrophilous Taxa that are Phylogenetically Conserved. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:2475-2493. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.16399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J. Enright
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology University of California 3401 Watkins Drive Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Kerri M. Frangioso
- Department of Plant Pathology University of California 1 Shields Ave Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Kazuo Isobe
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo 1‐1‐1 Yayoi, Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo 113‐8657
| | - David M. Rizzo
- Department of Plant Pathology University of California 1 Shields Ave Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Sydney I. Glassman
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology University of California 3401 Watkins Drive Riverside CA 92521 USA
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29
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Gill NS, Turner MG, Brown CD, Glassman SI, Haire SL, Hansen WD, Pansing ER, St Clair SB, Tomback DF. Limitations to Propagule Dispersal Will Constrain Postfire Recovery of Plants and Fungi in Western Coniferous Forests. Bioscience 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Many forest species are adapted to long-interval, high-severity fires, but the intervals between severe fires are decreasing with changes in climate, land use, and biological invasions. Although the effects of changing fire regimes on some important recovery processes have previously been considered, the consequences for the dispersal of propagules (plant seeds and fungal spores) in forest communities have not. We characterize three mechanisms by which changing fire regimes disrupt propagule dispersal in mesic temperate, boreal, and high-elevation forests: reduced abundance and altered spatial distributions of propagule source populations, less effective dispersal of propagules by wind, and altered behavior of animal dispersers and propagule predators. We consider how disruptions to propagule dispersal may interact with other factors that are also influenced by fire regime change, potentially increasing risk of forest conversion. Finally, we highlight urgent research topics regarding how dispersal limitation may shape twenty-first century forest recovery after stand-replacing fire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Gill
- Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States
| | - Monica G Turner
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Carissa D Brown
- Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | | | - Sandra L Haire
- Haire Laboratory for Landscape Ecology, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | | | | | | | - Diana F Tomback
- University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States
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30
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Policelli N, Vietorisz C, Bhatnagar JM, Nuñez MA. Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Invasions in Southern South America. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12994-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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31
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Okada KH, Matsuda Y. Soil spore bank communities of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Pseudotsuga japonica forests and neighboring plantations. MYCORRHIZA 2022; 32:83-93. [PMID: 34989868 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungal spores play an important role in seedling establishment and forest regeneration, especially in areas where compatible host tree species are absent. However, compared to other Pinaceae trees with a wide distribution, limited information is available for the interaction between the endangered Pseudotsuga trees and EcM fungi, especially the spore bank. The aim of this study was to investigate EcM fungal spore bank communities in soil in remnant patches of Japanese Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga japonica) forest. We conducted a bioassay of 178 soil samples collected from three P. japonica forests and their neighboring arbuscular mycorrhizal artificial plantations, using the more readily available North American Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) as bait seedlings. EcM fungal species were identified by a combination of morphotyping and DNA sequencing of the ITS region. We found that EcM fungal spore banks were present not only in P. japonica forests but also in neighboring plantations. Among the 13 EcM fungal species detected, Rhizopogon togasawarius had the second highest frequency and was found in all plots, regardless of forest type. Species richness estimators differed significantly among forest types. The community structure of EcM fungal spore banks differed significantly between study sites but not between forest types. These results indicate that EcM fungal spore banks are not restricted to EcM forests and extend to surrounding forest dominated by arbuscular mycorrhizal trees, likely owing to the durability of EcM fungal spores in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Henry Okada
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Matsuda
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
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32
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Mino L, Kolp MR, Fox S, Reazin C, Zeglin L, Jumpponen A. Watershed and fire severity are stronger determinants of soil chemistry and microbiomes than within-watershed woody encroachment in a tallgrass prairie system. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6445025. [PMID: 34849770 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fire can impact terrestrial ecosystems by changing abiotic and biotic conditions. Short fire intervals maintain grasslands and communities adapted to frequent, low-severity fires. Shrub encroachment that follows longer fire intervals accumulates fuel and can increase fire severity. This patchily distributed biomass creates mosaics of burn severities in the landscape-pyrodiversity. Afforded by a scheduled burn of a watershed protected from fires for 27 years, we investigated effects of woody encroachment and burn severity on soil chemistry and soil-inhabiting bacteria and fungi. We compared soils before and after fire within the fire-protected, shrub-encroached watershed and soils in an adjacent, annually burned and non-encroached watershed. Organic matter and nutrients accumulated in the fire-protected watershed but responded less to woody encroachment within the encroached watershed. Bioavailable nitrogen and phosphorus and fungal and bacterial communities responded to high-severity burn regardless of encroachment. Low-severity fire effects on soil nutrients differed, increased bacterial but decreased fungal diversity and effects of woody encroachment within the encroached watershed were minimal. High-severity burns in the fire-protected watershed led to a novel soil system state distinct from non-encroached and encroached soil systems. We conclude that severe fires may open grassland restoration opportunities to manipulate soil chemistry and microbial communities in shrub-encroached habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mino
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Matthew R Kolp
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, 520B Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg, 1311 Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Sam Fox
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Chris Reazin
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Lydia Zeglin
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Ari Jumpponen
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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33
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Effects of Early, Small-Scale Nitrogen Addition on Germination and Early Growth of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) Seedlings and on the Recruitment of the Root-Associated Fungal Community. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12111589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is one of the most economically important species to the Swedish forest industry, and cost-efficient planting methods are needed to ensure successful reestablishment after harvesting forest stands. While the majority of clear-cuts are replanted with pre-grown seedlings, direct seeding can be a viable option on poorer sites. Organic fertilizer has been shown to improve planted seedling establishment, but the effect on direct seeding is less well known. Therefore, at a scarified (disc trencher harrowed) clear-cut site in northern Sweden, we evaluated the effect of early, small-scale nitrogen addition on establishment and early recruitment of fungi from the disturbed soil community by site-planted Scots pine seeds. Individual seeds were planted using a moisture retaining germination matrix containing 10 mg nitrogen in the form of either arginine phosphate or ammonium nitrate. After one growing season, we collected seedlings and assessed the fungal community of seedling roots and the surrounding soil. Our results demonstrate that early, small-scale N addition increases seedling survival and needle carbon content, that there is rapid recruitment of ectomycorrhizal fungi to the roots and rhizosphere of the young seedlings and that this rapid recruitment was modified but not prevented by N addition.
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34
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Turner MG, Braziunas KH, Hansen WD, Hoecker TJ, Rammer W, Ratajczak Z, Westerling AL, Seidl R. The magnitude, direction, and tempo of forest change in Greater Yellowstone in a warmer world with more fire. ECOL MONOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica G. Turner
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Kristin H. Braziunas
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Winslow D. Hansen
- Earth Institute Columbia University New York City New York 10025 USA
| | - Tyler J. Hoecker
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Werner Rammer
- School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Zak Ratajczak
- Department of Biology Kansas State University Manhattan Kansas 66506‐4901 USA
| | - A. Leroy Westerling
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute and School of Engineering University of California‐Merced Merced California 95343 USA
| | - Rupert Seidl
- School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich 85354 Freising Germany
- Berchtesgaden National Park 83471 Berchtesgaden Germany
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35
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Bowd EJ, Banks SC, Bissett A, May TW, Lindenmayer DB. Disturbance alters the forest soil microbiome. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:419-447. [PMID: 34687569 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Billions of microorganisms perform critical below-ground functions in all terrestrial ecosystems. While largely invisible to the naked eye, they support all higher lifeforms, form symbiotic relationships with ~90% of terrestrial plant species, stabilize soils, and facilitate biogeochemical cycles. Global increases in the frequency of disturbances are driving major changes in the structure and function of forests. However, despite their functional significance, the disturbance responses of forest microbial communities are poorly understood. Here, we explore the influence of disturbance on the soil microbiome (archaea, fungi and bacteria) of some of the world's tallest and most carbon-dense forests, the Mountain Ash forests of south-eastern Australia. From 80 sites, we identified 23,277 and 19,056 microbial operational taxonomic units from the 0-10 cm and 20-30 cm depths of soil respectively. From this extensive data set, we found the diversity and composition of these often cryptic communities has been altered by human and natural disturbance events. For instance, the diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi declined with clearcut logging, the diversity of archaea declined with salvage logging, and bacterial diversity and overall microbial diversity declined with the number of fires. Moreover, we identified key associations between edaphic (soil properties), environmental (slope, elevation) and spatial variables and the composition of all microbial communities. Specifically, we found that soil pH, manganese, magnesium, phosphorus, iron and nitrate were associated with the composition of all microbial communities. In a period of widespread degradation of global forest ecosystems, our findings provide an important and timely insight into the disturbance responses of soil microbial communities, which may influence key ecological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elle J Bowd
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sam C Banks
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,College of Engineering, IT and the Environment, Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Andrew Bissett
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Tom W May
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David B Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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36
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Dove NC, Klingeman DM, Carrell AA, Cregger MA, Schadt CW. Fire alters plant microbiome assembly patterns: integrating the plant and soil microbial response to disturbance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:2433-2446. [PMID: 33525047 PMCID: PMC8251558 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that the plant microbiome is a strong determinant of plant health. While the ability to manipulate the microbiome in plants and ecosystems recovering from disturbance may be useful, our understanding of the plant microbiome in regenerating plant communities is currently limited. Using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region amplicon sequencing, we characterized the leaf, stem, fine root, rhizome, and rhizosphere microbiome of < 1-yr-old aspen saplings and the associated bulk soil after a recent high-intensity prescribed fire across a burn severity gradient. Consistent with previous studies, we found that soil microbiomes are responsive to fire. We extend these findings by showing that certain plant tissue microbiomes also change in response to fire. Differences in soil microbiome compositions could be attributed to soil chemical characteristics, but, generally, plant tissue microbiomes were not related to plant tissue elemental concentrations. Using source tracking modeling, we also show that fire influences the relative dominance of microbial inoculum and the vertical inheritance of the sapling microbiome from the parent tree. Overall, our results demonstrate how fire impacts plant microbiome assembly, diversity, and composition and highlights potential for further research towards increasing plant fitness and ecosystem recovery after fire events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C. Dove
- Biosciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Dawn M. Klingeman
- Biosciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Alyssa A. Carrell
- Biosciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Melissa A. Cregger
- Biosciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTN37996USA
| | - Christopher W. Schadt
- Biosciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTN37996USA
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37
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Livne-Luzon S, Perlson O, Avidan Y, Sivan G, Bruns TD, Shemesh H. A non-linear effect of the spatial structure of the soil ectomycorrhizal spore bank on the performance of pine seedlings. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:325-333. [PMID: 33620587 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The spatial structure of the environment is known to affect ecological processes. Unlike the spatial structure of negative interactions, such as competition and predation, the role of spatial structure in positive interaction has received less attention. We tested how the spatial structure of spores of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) in the soil affects the growth of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) seedlings. Spores were spatially distributed at four different levels of patchiness (1 patch, 4 patches, 8 patches and complete mixing) in 4 L pots (all pots received the same total amount of spores). Based on previous findings, we hypothesized that plant performance would gradually increase from the single patch treatment to the complete mixing. However, we found a non-linear response to patchiness. Specifically, plants were largest in the single patch and complete mixing while those in the 4 and 8 patch treatments were the smallest. This non-monotonic response, which might be the result of spatially determined colonization timing or community composition, suggests that the spatial structure of EMF spores has a complex effect on seedling growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stav Livne-Luzon
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Oren Perlson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Galilee, Israel
| | - Yael Avidan
- Department of Desert Ecology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Blaustein Institutes of Desert Research, Mitrani Beersheba, Israel
| | - Guy Sivan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Galilee, Israel
| | - Thomas D Bruns
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Hagai Shemesh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Galilee, Israel.
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38
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Ammitzboll H, Jordan GJ, Baker SC, Freeman J, Bissett A. Diversity and abundance of soil microbial communities decline, and community compositions change with severity of post-logging fire. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:2434-2448. [PMID: 33772907 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of logging and fire on forest soil communities is integral to our knowledge of forest ecology and effective resource management. The resulting changes in soil biota have substantial impacts on forest succession and associated ecosystem processes. We quantified bacterial and fungal abundance, diversity and community composition across a logging and burn severity gradient, approximately one month after fire, in temperate wet eucalypt forests in Tasmania, Australia. Using amplicon sequencing and real-time quantitative PCR of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal ITS1 region, we demonstrate that (i) burn severity is a strong driver of soil microbial community composition, (ii) logging and high severity burning substantially reduce the biomass and diversity of soil bacteria and fungi, and (iii) the impacts of logging and burning on soil microbial communities are largely restricted to the top 10 cm of soil, with weak impacts on the subsoil. The impacts of disturbance on microbial community composition are greater than the effects of site-to-site edaphic differences. Fire also drives more divergence in community composition than logging alone. Key microbial taxa driving differences in severely burnt soils include bacterial genera implicated in plant-growth promotion and producing antifungal compounds as well as saprotrophic fungi that are also capable of forming ectomycorrhizal associations. Our research suggests that low-moderate severity burns are important for maintaining diversity and biomass in soil microbial communities but having a range of burn severities across a site contributes to the overall diversity of habitat conditions providing for both microbial and plant diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Ammitzboll
- Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.,ARC Industrial Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | | | - Susan C Baker
- Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.,ARC Industrial Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Jules Freeman
- Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.,Forest Genetics, Scion, Rotorua, New Zealand
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39
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Livne-Luzon S, Shemesh H, Osem Y, Carmel Y, Migael H, Avidan Y, Tsafrir A, Glassman SI, Bruns TD, Ovadia O. High resilience of the mycorrhizal community to prescribed seasonal burnings in eastern Mediterranean woodlands. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:203-216. [PMID: 33475801 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-01010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fire effects on ecosystems range from destruction of aboveground vegetation to direct and indirect effects on belowground microorganisms. Although variation in such effects is expected to be related to fire severity, another potentially important and poorly understood factor is the effect of fire seasonality on soil microorganisms. We carried out a large-scale field experiment examining the effects of spring (early-dry season) versus autumn (late-dry- season) burns on the community composition of soil fungi in a typical Mediterranean woodland. Although the intensity and severity of our prescribed burns were largely consistent between the two burning seasons, we detected differential fire season effects on the composition of the soil fungal community, driven by changes in the saprotrophic fungal guild. The community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi, assayed both in pine seedling bioassays and from soil sequencing, appeared to be resilient to the variation inflicted by seasonal fires. Since changes in the soil saprotrophic fungal community can directly influence carbon emission and decomposition rates, we suggest that regardless of their intensity and severity, seasonal fires may cause changes in ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stav Livne-Luzon
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel.
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Hagai Shemesh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Kiryat Shmona, 1220800, Israel
| | - Yagil Osem
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Sciences, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Yohay Carmel
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hen Migael
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Kiryat Shmona, 1220800, Israel
| | - Yael Avidan
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
| | - Anat Tsafrir
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Sydney I Glassman
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, UC Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Thomas D Bruns
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3102, USA
| | - Ofer Ovadia
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel.
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Qin Q, Liu Y. Changes in microbial communities at different soil depths through the first rainy season following severe wildfire in North China artificial Pinus tabulaeformis forest. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 280:111865. [PMID: 33360742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wildfire could result in dramatic changes to soil temperatures and environments, with immediate, short- or long-lasting impacts on soil microbes. However, relatively little research has documented how fire disturbance, soil depth, time variation and their interactions affect soil microbial communities in wet conditions. This study investigated a severe wildfire influenced on bacterial and fungal communities at four soil depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-15 and 15-20 cm) after two quarters (with similar precipitation and exactly during the rainy season). Soil sampling was conducted in a burned site relative to an undisturbed contiguous site in the North China artificial Pinus tabulaeformis forest. Results indicated that fire had significant effects on bacterial and fungal richness, diversity, composition and structure, including most impacts on the surface mineral soil (0-5 cm) within the first period post-fire and minor impacts on the subsoils (5-20 cm) up to the second period. The microbial richness and some dominant taxa in the undisturbed soils changed with time and depth, suggesting spatiotemporal variation in soil microbial communities although the effects of rainfall were weakened. These differences in microbes between burned and undisturbed soils were mainly driven by soil pH, whereas organic matter and available potassium mediated the distribution of microbial communities along depth and time, respectively. In addition, fungal community was more sensitive to fire and time than bacterial community but an opposite result was found in depth. Nevertheless, soil microbes showed some signs of adaptation to fire. This work advocate that non-intervention should be considered in the short term after a fire or low-intensity water replenishment in the case of aridity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Qin
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China.
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Resources and Ecosystem Process, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China.
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41
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Fire and local factors shape ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with Pinus ponderosa in mountains of the Madrean Sky Island Archipelago. FUNGAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.101013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Miyamoto Y, Danilov AV, Bryanin SV. The dominance of Suillus species in ectomycorrhizal fungal communities on Larix gmelinii in a post-fire forest in the Russian Far East. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:55-66. [PMID: 33159597 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00995-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires can negatively affect ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal communities. However, potential shifts in community structures due to wildfires have rarely been evaluated in the forests of eastern Eurasia, where surface fires are frequent. We investigated EM fungal communities in a Larix gmelinii-dominated forest that burned in 2003 in Zeya, in the Russian Far East. A total of 120 soil samples were collected from burned and adjacent unburned forest sites. The EM fungal root tips were morphotyped and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were obtained for fungal identification. We detected 147 EM fungal operational taxonomic units, and EM fungal richness was 25% lower at the burned site than at the unburned site. EM fungal composition was characterized by the occurrence of disturbance-adapted fungi (Amphinema and Wilcoxina) at the burned site and late-successional fungi (Lactarius, Russula and Cortinarius) at the unburned site. These findings suggest that the EM fungal communities did not recover to pre-fire levels 16 years after the fire. Suillus species were the dominant EM fungi on L. gmelinii, with greater richness and frequency at the burned site. Both Larix and Suillus exhibit adaptive traits to quickly colonize fire-disturbed habitats. Frequent surface fires common to eastern Eurasia are likely to play important roles in maintaining Larix forests, concomitantly with their closely associated EM fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Miyamoto
- Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Aleksandr V Danilov
- Institute of Geology and Nature Management, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Blagoveshchensk, Russia
| | - Semyon V Bryanin
- Institute of Geology and Nature Management, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Blagoveshchensk, Russia
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43
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Hopkins JR, Semenova-Nelsen T, Sikes BA. Fungal community structure and seasonal trajectories respond similarly to fire across pyrophilic ecosystems. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 97:5956485. [PMID: 33150937 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fire alters microbial community composition, and is expected to increase in frequency due to climate change. Testing whether microbes in different ecosystems will respond similarly to increased fire disturbance is difficult though, because fires are often unpredictable and hard to manage. Fire recurrent or pyrophilic ecosystems, however, may be useful models for testing the effects of frequent disturbance on microbes. We hypothesized that across pyrophilic ecosystems, fire would drive similar alterations to fungal communities, including altering seasonal community dynamics. We tested fire's effects on fungal communities in two pyrophilic ecosystems, a longleaf pine savanna and tallgrass prairie. Fire caused similar fungal community shifts, including (i) driving immediate changes that favored taxa able to survive fire and take advantage of post-fire environments and (ii) altering seasonal trajectories due to fire-associated changes to soil nutrient availability. This suggests that fire has predictable effects on fungal community structure and intra-annual community dynamics in pyrophilic ecosystems, and that these changes could significantly alter fungal function. Parallel fire responses in these key microbes may also suggest that recurrent fires drive convergent changes across ecosystems, including less fire-frequented systems that may start burning more often due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Hopkins
- University of Kansas, Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, 2041 Haworth Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.,University of Kansas, Kansas Biological Survey, 2101 Constant Avenue, Takeru Higuchi Hall, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Tatiana Semenova-Nelsen
- University of Kansas, Kansas Biological Survey, 2101 Constant Avenue, Takeru Higuchi Hall, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Benjamin A Sikes
- University of Kansas, Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, 2041 Haworth Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.,University of Kansas, Kansas Biological Survey, 2101 Constant Avenue, Takeru Higuchi Hall, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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44
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Smith GR, Edy LC, Peay KG. Contrasting fungal responses to wildfire across different ecosystem types. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:844-854. [PMID: 33295012 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Wildfire affects our planet's biogeochemistry both by burning biomass and by driving changes in ecological communities and landcover. Some plants and ecosystem types are threatened by increasing fire pressure while others respond positively to fire, growing in local and regional abundance when it occurs regularly. However, quantifying total ecosystem response to fire demands consideration of impacts not only on aboveground vegetation, but also on soil microbes like fungi, which influence decomposition and nutrient mineralization. If fire-resistant soil fungal communities co-occur with similarly adapted plants, these above- and belowground ecosystem components should shift and recover in relative synchrony after burning. If not, fire might decouple ecosystem processes governed by these different communities, affecting total functioning. Here, we use a natural experiment to test whether fire-dependent ecosystems host unique, fire-resistant fungal communities. We surveyed burned and unburned areas across two California ecosystem types with differing fire ecologies in the immediate aftermath of a wildfire, finding that the soil fungal communities of fire-dependent oak woodlands differ from those of neighbouring mixed evergreen forests. We discovered furthermore that the latter are more strongly altered compositionally by fire than the former, suggesting that differences in fungal community structure support divergent community responses to fire across ecosystems. Our results thus indicate that fire-dependent ecosystems may host fire-resistant fungal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Reuben Smith
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Global Ecosystem Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lucy C Edy
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kabir G Peay
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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45
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Soil Fungal Communities under Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. Plantation Forests of Different Ages in Ethiopia. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11101109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The cultivation of plantation forests is likely to change the diversity and composition of soil fungal communities. At present, there is scant information about these communities in Ethiopian plantation forest systems. We assessed the soil fungal communities in Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. stands aged 5, 11, or 36-years-old using DNA metabarcoding of ITS2 amplicons. The ecological conditions of each plot, such as climate, altitude, and soil, were similar. Stand age and soil fertility influenced soil fungal species diversity and ecological guilds. In total, 2262 fungal operational taxonomic units were identified, of which 2% were ectomycorrhizal (ECM). The diversity of ECM fungi was higher in the 5 and 36-year-old stands than in the 11-year-old P. patula stands. Contrary to our expectations, a high level of ECM species diversity was observed in young stands, suggesting that these ECM species could compensate for the effects of nutrient stress in these stands. Our results also suggested that the abundance of plant pathogens and saprotrophs was not affected by stand age. This study provides baseline information about fungal community changes across tree stands of different ages in P. patula plantations in Ethiopia that are likely related to ECM fungi in young stands where relatively low soil fertility prevails. However, given that the plots were established in a single stand for each age class for each treatment, this study should be considered as a case study and, therefore, caution should be exercised when applying the conclusions to other stands.
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46
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Hopkins JR, Huffman JM, Platt WJ, Sikes BA. Frequent fire slows microbial decomposition of newly deposited fine fuels in a pyrophilic ecosystem. Oecologia 2020; 193:631-643. [PMID: 32699992 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04699-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Frequent fires maintain nearly 50% of terrestrial ecosystems, and drive ecosystem changes that govern future fires. Since fires are dependent on available plant or fine fuels, ecosystem processes that alter fine fuel loads like microbial decomposition are particularly important and could modify future fires. We hypothesized that variation in short-term fire history would influence fuel dynamics in such ecosystems. We predicted that frequent fires within a short-time period would slow microbial decomposition of new fine fuels. We expected that fire effects would differ based on dominant substrates and that fire history would also alter soil nutrient availability, indirectly slowing decomposition. We measured decomposition of newly deposited fine fuels in a Longleaf pine savanna, comparing plots that burned 0, 1, 2, or 3 times between 2014 and 2016, and which were located in either close proximity to or away from overstory pines (Longleaf pine, Pinus palustris). Microbial decomposition was slower in plots near longleaf pines and, as the numbers of fires increased, decomposition slowed. We then used structural equation modeling to assess pathways for these effects (number of fires, 2016 fuel/fire characteristics, and soil chemistry). Increased fire frequency was directly associated with decreased microbial decomposition. While increased fires decreased nutrient availability, changes in nutrients were not associated with decomposition. Our findings indicate that increasing numbers of fires over short-time intervals can slow microbial decomposition of newly deposited fine fuels. This could favor fine fuel accumulation and drive positive feedbacks on future fires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Hopkins
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 2101 Constant Avenue Takeru Higuchi Hall, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA.
| | - Jean M Huffman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
| | - William J Platt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
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Větrovský T, Morais D, Kohout P, Lepinay C, Algora C, Awokunle Hollá S, Bahnmann BD, Bílohnědá K, Brabcová V, D'Alò F, Human ZR, Jomura M, Kolařík M, Kvasničková J, Lladó S, López-Mondéjar R, Martinović T, Mašínová T, Meszárošová L, Michalčíková L, Michalová T, Mundra S, Navrátilová D, Odriozola I, Piché-Choquette S, Štursová M, Švec K, Tláskal V, Urbanová M, Vlk L, Voříšková J, Žifčáková L, Baldrian P. GlobalFungi, a global database of fungal occurrences from high-throughput-sequencing metabarcoding studies. Sci Data 2020; 7:228. [PMID: 32661237 PMCID: PMC7359306 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0567-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi are key players in vital ecosystem services, spanning carbon cycling, decomposition, symbiotic associations with cultivated and wild plants and pathogenicity. The high importance of fungi in ecosystem processes contrasts with the incompleteness of our understanding of the patterns of fungal biogeography and the environmental factors that drive those patterns. To reduce this gap of knowledge, we collected and validated data published on the composition of soil fungal communities in terrestrial environments including soil and plant-associated habitats and made them publicly accessible through a user interface at https://globalfungi.com . The GlobalFungi database contains over 600 million observations of fungal sequences across > 17 000 samples with geographical locations and additional metadata contained in 178 original studies with millions of unique nucleotide sequences (sequence variants) of the fungal internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 1 and 2 representing fungal species and genera. The study represents the most comprehensive atlas of global fungal distribution, and it is framed in such a way that third-party data addition is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Větrovský
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Morais
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kohout
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Clémentine Lepinay
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Camelia Algora
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Sandra Awokunle Hollá
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Doreen Bahnmann
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Květa Bílohnědá
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Brabcová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Federica D'Alò
- Laboratory of Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Zander Rainier Human
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Mayuko Jomura
- Department of Forest Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Miroslav Kolařík
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kvasničková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Salvador Lladó
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Rubén López-Mondéjar
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tijana Martinović
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Mašínová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Meszárošová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Michalčíková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Michalová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Sunil Mundra
- Department of Biology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Diana Navrátilová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Iñaki Odriozola
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Sarah Piché-Choquette
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Štursová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Švec
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Tláskal
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Urbanová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Vlk
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Voříšková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Žifčáková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Baldrian
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic.
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Carey CJ, Glassman SI, Bruns TD, Aronson EL, Hart SC. Soil microbial communities associated with giant sequoia: How does the world's largest tree affect some of the world's smallest organisms? Ecol Evol 2020; 10:6593-6609. [PMID: 32724535 PMCID: PMC7381575 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) is an iconic conifer that lives in relict populations on the western slopes of the California Sierra Nevada. In these settings, it is unusual among the dominant trees in that it associates with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi rather than ectomycorrhizal fungi. However, it is unclear whether differences in microbial associations extend more broadly to nonmycorrhizal components of the soil microbial community. To address this question, we used next-generation amplicon sequencing to characterize bacterial/archaeal and fungal microbiomes in bulk soil (0-5 cm) beneath giant sequoia and co-occurring sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) individuals. We did this across two groves with distinct parent material in Yosemite National Park, USA. We found tree-associated differences were apparent despite a strong grove effect. Bacterial/archaeal richness was greater beneath giant sequoia than sugar pine, with a core community double the size. The tree species also harbored compositionally distinct fungal communities. This pattern depended on grove but was associated with a consistently elevated relative abundance of Hygrocybe species beneath giant sequoia. Compositional differences between host trees correlated with soil pH and soil moisture. We conclude that the effects of giant sequoia extend beyond mycorrhizal mutualists to include the broader community and that some but not all host tree differences are grove-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sydney I. Glassman
- Department of Microbiology and Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Thomas D. Bruns
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Emma L. Aronson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Stephen C. Hart
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences and the Sierra Nevada Research InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaMercedCAUSA
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49
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Smith JM, Whiteside MD, Jones MD. Rapid nitrogen loss from ectomycorrhizal pine germinants signaled by their fungal symbiont. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:407-417. [PMID: 32363468 PMCID: PMC7314718 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00959-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi supply their plant partners with nitrogen but can also retain substantial amounts. The concentration of nitrogen in the soil and the amount of carbon supplied from the host seem to influence the proportion of N retained by the fungus. In an experiment designed to determine whether differential supply of nitrogen to two plants influenced nitrogen transfer from fungus to plant within a mycorrhizal network, we observed rapid, substantial loss of nitrogen from pine seedlings. The loss occurred when the mycorrhizal fungus experienced a sudden increase in nitrogen supply. We grew Pinus contorta seedlings in association with Suillus tomentosus in low-nitrogen microcosms where some nitrogen was accessible only by hyphae. After 70 days, foliage of some seedlings was treated with nitrogen. Three days later, hyphal nutrient media were replaced with water or a solution containing nitrogen. Foliar treatment did not affect nitrogen transfer by the fungus to shoots, but by day 75, seedling nitrogen contents had dropped by 60% in microcosms where nitrogen had been added to the hyphal compartments. Those seedlings retained only 55% of the nitrogen originally present in the seed. Loss of nitrogen did not occur if water was added or the hyphae were severed. Because of the severing effect, we concluded that S. tomentosus triggered the loss of seedling nitrogen. Nitrogen may have been lost through increased root exudation or transfer to the fungus. Access to nitrogen from nutrient-rich germinants would benefit rhizosphere microorganisms, including ectomycorrhizal fungi colonizing pine from spores after wildfire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Smith
- Biology Department and Okanagan Institute of Biodiversity Resilience and Ecosystem Services, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
- Xeriscape Endemic Nursery & Ecological Solutions, West Kelowna, British Columbia, V1Z 1Z9, Canada
| | - Matthew D Whiteside
- Biology Department and Okanagan Institute of Biodiversity Resilience and Ecosystem Services, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Melanie D Jones
- Biology Department and Okanagan Institute of Biodiversity Resilience and Ecosystem Services, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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50
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Yang T, Tedersoo L, Lin X, Fitzpatrick MC, Jia Y, Liu X, Ni Y, Shi Y, Lu P, Zhu J, Chu H. Distinct fungal successional trajectories following wildfire between soil horizons in a cold-temperate forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:572-587. [PMID: 32155671 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soil fungi represent a major component of below-ground biodiversity that determines the succession and recovery of forests after disturbance. However, their successional trajectories and driving mechanisms following wildfire remain unclear. We examined fungal biomass, richness, composition and enzymes across three soil horizons (Oe, A1 and A2) along a near-complete fire chronosequence (1, 2, 8, 14, 30, 49 and c. 260 yr) in cold-temperate forests of the Great Khingan Mountains, China. The importance of soil properties, spatial distance and tree composition were also tested. Ectomycorrhizal fungal richness and β-glucosidase activity were strongly reduced by burning and significantly increased with 'time since fire' in the Oe horizon but not in the mineral horizons. Time since fire and soil C : N ratio were the primary drivers of fungal composition in the Oe and A1/A2 horizons, respectively. Ectomycorrhizal fungal composition was remarkably sensitive to fire history in the Oe horizon, while saprotroph community was strongly affected by time since fire in the deeper soil horizon and this effect emerged 18 years after fire in the A2 horizon. Our study demonstrates pronounced horizon-dependent successional trajectories following wildfire and indicates interactive effects of time since fire, soil stoichiometry and spatial distance in the reassembly of below-ground fungal communities in a cold and fire-prone region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Beijing Road 71, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Xingwu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Beijing Road 71, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Matthew C Fitzpatrick
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Centre for Environmental Science, Frostburg, MD, 21531, USA
| | - Yunsheng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Beijing Road 71, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Beijing Road 71, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yingying Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Beijing Road 71, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Beijing Road 71, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Pengpeng Lu
- Microbiology Institute of Shaanxi, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xiying Road 76, Xi'an, 710043, China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Beijing Road 71, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Haiyan Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Beijing Road 71, Nanjing, 210008, China
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