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Farooq H, Harfoot M, Rahbek C, Geldmann J. Threats to reptiles at global and regional scales. Curr Biol 2024:S0960-9822(24)00447-0. [PMID: 38657609 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Reptiles are an important, yet often understudied, taxon in nature conservation. They play a significant role in ecosystems1 and can serve as indicators of environmental health, often responding more rapidly to human pressures than other vertebrate groups.2 At least 21% of reptiles are currently assessed as threatened with extinction by the IUCN.3 However, due to the lack of comprehensive global assessments until recently, they have been omitted from spatial studies addressing conservation or spatial prioritization (e.g., Rosauer et al.,4,5,6,7,8 Fritz and Rahbek,4,5,6,7,8 Farooq et al.,4,5,6,7,8 Meyer et al., 4,5,6,7,8 and Farooq et al.4,5,6,7,8). One important knowledge gap in conservation is the lack of spatially explicit information on the main threats to biodiversity,9 which significantly hampers our ability to respond effectively to the current biodiversity crisis.10,11 In this study, we calculate the probability of a reptile species in a specific location being affected by one of seven biodiversity threats-agriculture, climate change, hunting, invasive species, logging, pollution, and urbanization. We conducted the analysis at a global scale, using a 50 km × 50 km grid, and evaluated the impact of these threats by studying their relationship with the risk of extinction. We find that climate change, logging, pollution, and invasive species are most linked to extinction risk. However, we also show that there is considerable geographical variation in these results. Our study highlights the importance of going beyond measuring the intensity of threats to measuring the impact of these separately for various biogeographical regions of the world, with different historical contingencies, as opposed to a single global analysis treating all regions the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harith Farooq
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lúrio University, Pemba 958, Mozambique; Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden.
| | - Mike Harfoot
- Vizzuality, Calle de Fuencarral, Madrid 28010, Spain
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; Center for Global Mountain Biodiversity, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M 5230, Denmark
| | - Jonas Geldmann
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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Sorensen JA, Milkovich PJ, Khorsandi F, Gorucu S, Weichelt BP, Scott E, Johnson A. Tractors, Trees, and Rollover Protective Structures: A Cause for Concern. J Agromedicine 2024; 29:162-167. [PMID: 38240313 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2024.2305322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Injury and fatality events that are caused by tree work and tractor-related activities contribute to the already elevated rates of work-related injuries in the agriculture and logging sectors. This brief report highlights the circumstances surrounding these events, as well as a number of surveillance sources that identify the extent to which they contribute to the injury burden in these hazardous industries. These data sources include fatality investigations, agricultural injury news reports, consumer product injury data captured from emergency rooms and near-miss reporting data captured from individuals participating in the National Rollover Protective Structure Rebate Program (NRRP). Several recommendations for further research and interventional efforts are outlined, with particular consideration of the manner in which rollbars have been involved in falling object incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Sorensen
- Northeast Center for Occupational Health and Safety, Bassett Research Institute, Cooperstown, NY, USA
| | - Pamela J Milkovich
- Northeast Center for Occupational Health and Safety, Bassett Research Institute, Cooperstown, NY, USA
| | - Farzaneh Khorsandi
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Serap Gorucu
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bryan P Weichelt
- National Farm Medicine Center • National Children's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety (NCCRAHS), Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Erika Scott
- Northeast Center for Occupational Health and Safety, Bassett Research Institute, Cooperstown, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Johnson
- Northeast Center for Occupational Health and Safety, Bassett Research Institute, Cooperstown, NY, USA
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Lindenmayer D, Zylstra P. Identifying and managing disturbance-stimulated flammability in woody ecosystems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023. [PMID: 38105616 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Many forest types globally have been subject to an increase in the frequency of, and area burnt by, high-severity wildfire. Here we explore the role that previous disturbance has played in increasing the extent and severity of subsequent forest fires. We summarise evidence documenting and explaining the mechanisms underpinning a pulse of flammability that may follow disturbances such as fire, logging, clearing or windthrow (a process we term disturbance-stimulated flammability). Disturbance sometimes initiates a short initial period of low flammability, but then drives an extended period of increased flammability as vegetation regrows. Our analysis initially focuses on well-documented cases in Australia, but we also discuss where these pattens may apply elsewhere, including in the Northern Hemisphere. We outline the mechanisms by which disturbance drives flammability through disrupting the ecological controls that limit it in undisturbed forests. We then develop and test a conceptual model to aid prediction of woody vegetation communities where such patterns of disturbance-stimulated flammability may occur. We discuss the interaction of ecological controls with climate change, which is driving larger and more severe fires. We also explore the current state of knowledge around the point where disturbed, fire-prone stands are sufficiently widespread in landscapes that they may promote spatial contagion of high-severity wildfire that overwhelms any reduction in fire spread offered by less-flammable stands. We discuss how land managers might deal with the major challenges that changes in landscape cover and altered fire regimes may have created. This is especially pertinent in landscapes now dominated by extensive areas of young forest regenerating after logging, regrowing following broadscale fire including prescribed burning, or regenerating following agricultural land abandonment. Where disturbance is found to stimulate flammability, then key management actions should consider the long-term benefits of: (i) limiting disturbance-based management like logging or burning that creates young forests and triggers understorey development; (ii) protecting young forests from disturbances and assisting them to transition to an older, less-flammable state; and (iii) reinforcing the fire-inhibitory properties of older, less-flammable stands through methods for rapid fire detection and suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Building 141, Linnaeus Way, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
| | - Phil Zylstra
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
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Scott E, Luschen K, Hansen-Ruiz C, Krupa N, Hirabayashi L, Graham J, Jensen N, Jenkins P. Factors associated with injury among Maine logging workers. Am J Ind Med 2023; 66:866-875. [PMID: 37488955 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite dramatic improvements in safety, logging remains one of the most dangerous industries in the United States. The purpose of this study was to explore longitudinal injury trends among Maine logging workers. METHODS Loggers participated in seven quarterly surveys, over the course of 18 months. Categorical and free text data related to traumatic and acute injury, musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), and chronic pain were exported from REDCap into SAS 9.4, Excel, and NVivo, for quantitative and qualitative analysis, respectively. Time to injury was modeled using two different approaches: (1) time to the occurrence of first injury modeled by proportional hazard regression and (2) an intensity model for injury frequency. Two research team members also analyzed qualitative data using a content analysis approach. RESULTS During the study, 204 injuries were reported. Of the 154 participants, 93 (60.4%) reported musculoskeletal pain on at least one survey. The majority of injuries were traumatic, including fractures, sprains, and strains. Lack of health insurance was found to be related to increased risk of first injury [HR = 1.41, 95% CI = 0.97-2.04, p = 0.069]. Variables found to be related to injury intensity at the univariate level were: (1) a lack of health insurance [HR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.04-2.20, p = 0.030], (2) age [HR for 10-year age increase;= 1.12, 95% CI = 0.99-1.27, p = 0.082], and (3) years employed in logging industry [HR for 10-year increase = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.99-1.26, p = 0.052]. Seeking medical attention for injury was not a priority for this cohort, and narratives revealed a trend for self-assessment. A variety of barriers, including finances, prevented loggers from seeking medical attention. DISCUSSION We found that loggers still experience serious, and sometimes disabling, injuries associated with their work. It was unsurprising that many injuries were due to slips, trips, and falls, along with contact with logging equipment and trees/logs. The narratives revealed various obstacles preventing loggers from achieving optimal health. Examples included geographic distance from healthcare, lack of time to access care, and entrenched values that prioritized independence and traditional masculinity. Financial considerations were also consistently cited as a primary barrier to adequate care. CONCLUSION There is a continued need to emphasize occupational health and safety in the logging industry. Implementation of relevant safety programs is key, but it is likely that the benefits of these will not be fully realized until a cultural shift takes place within this industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Scott
- Northeast Center for Occupational Health and Safety in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (NEC), Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Luschen
- Northeast Center for Occupational Health and Safety in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (NEC), Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York, USA
| | - Cristina Hansen-Ruiz
- Northeast Center for Occupational Health and Safety in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (NEC), Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York, USA
| | - Nicole Krupa
- Bassett Medical Center, Bassett Research Institute, Cooperstown, New York, USA
| | - Liane Hirabayashi
- Northeast Center for Occupational Health and Safety in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (NEC), Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York, USA
| | - Judy Graham
- Northeast Center for Occupational Health and Safety in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (NEC), Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York, USA
| | - Nora Jensen
- Northeast Center for Occupational Health and Safety in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (NEC), Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York, USA
| | - Paul Jenkins
- Bassett Medical Center, Bassett Research Institute, Cooperstown, New York, USA
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Ruprecht J, Wisdom MJ, Clark DA, Rowland MM, Levi T. Density-dependent changes in elk resource selection over successional time scales following forest disturbance. Ecol Appl 2023; 33:e2891. [PMID: 37232432 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing need to understand how animals respond to modifications of their habitat following landscape-scale disturbances such as wildfire or timber harvest. Such disturbances can promote increased use by herbivores due to changes in plant community structure that improve forage conditions, but can also cause avoidance if other habitat functions provided by cover are substantially reduced or eliminated. Quantifying the total effects of these disturbances, however, is challenging because they may not fully be apparent unless observed at successional timescales. Further, the effects of disturbances that improve habitat quality may be density dependent, such that the benefits are (1) less valuable to high-density populations because the per-capita benefits are reduced when shared among more users or, alternatively, (2) more valuable to animals living in high densities because resources may be more depleted from the greater intraspecific competition. We used 30 years of telemetry data on elk occurring at two distinct population densities to quantify changes in space use at diel, monthly, and successional timescales following timber harvest. Elk selected logged areas at night only, with selection strongest during midsummer, and peak selection occurring 14 years post harvest, but persisting for 26-33 years. This pattern of increased selection at night following a reduction in overhead canopy cover is consistent with elk exploiting improved nutritional conditions for foraging. The magnitude of selection for logged areas was 73% higher for elk at low population density, consistent with predictions from the ideal free distribution. Yet elk avoided these same areas during daytime for up to 28 years post logging and instead selected untreated forest, suggesting a role for cover to meet other life history requirements. Our results demonstrate that while landscape-scale disturbances can lead to increased selection by large herbivores and suggest that the improvement in foraging conditions can persist over short-term successional timescales, the magnitude of the benefits may not be equal across population densities. Further, the enduring avoidance of logging treatments during the daytime indicates a need for structurally intact forests and suggests that a mosaic of forest patches of varying successional stages and structural completeness is likely to be the most beneficial to large herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Ruprecht
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael J Wisdom
- USDA Pacific Northwest Research Station, US Forest Service, La Grande, Oregon, USA
| | - Darren A Clark
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, La Grande, Oregon, USA
| | - Mary M Rowland
- USDA Pacific Northwest Research Station, US Forest Service, La Grande, Oregon, USA
| | - Taal Levi
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Ottaviani Aalmo G, Spinelli R, Magagnotti N, Visser R. Quantitative and qualitative workload assessment in steep terrain forest operations: fostering a safer work environment through yarder automation. Ergonomics 2023; 66:717-729. [PMID: 36111707 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2123562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Many forestry roles have changed from being manual tasks with a high physical workload to being a machine operator task with a high mental workload. Automation can support a decrease in mental fatigue by removing tasks that are repetitive and monotonous for the operators. Cable yarding presents an ideal opportunity for early adoption of automation technology; specifically the carriage movement along a defined corridor. A Valentini V-850 cable yarder was used in an Italian harvesting setting, in order to gauge the ergonomic benefit of carriage control automation. The study showed that automating yarder carriage movements improved the ergonomic situation of the workers directly involved in the related primary tasks. However, the caveat is that improving one work task may negatively affect the other work tasks, and therefore introducing automation to a worksite must be done after considering all impacts on the whole system. Practitioner summary: Automation decreased the winch operator's mental workload while improving overall productivity. At the same time, the mental and physiological workload of the operator tasked with bucking were slightly increased. Ideally, winch automation should be coupled with bucking mechanisation to balance the intervention and boost both operator well-being and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Ottaviani Aalmo
- Division of Food Production and Society, Department of Economy and Society, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | | | | | - Rien Visser
- School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Iglesias‐Carrasco M, Medina I, Ord TJ. Global effects of forest modification on herpetofauna communities. Conserv Biol 2023; 37:e13998. [PMID: 36073314 PMCID: PMC10099509 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As the area covered by human-modified environments grows, it is increasingly important to understand the responses of communities to the novel habitats created, especially for sensitive and threatened taxa. We aimed to improve understanding of the major evolutionary and ecological processes that shape the assemblage of amphibian and reptile communities to forest modifications. To this end, we compiled a global data set of amphibian and reptile surveys in natural, disturbed (burned, logged), and transformed (monocultures, polyspecific plantations) forest communities to assess the richness, phylogenetic diversity, and composition of those communities, as well as the morphological disparity among taxa between natural and modified forest habitats. Forest transformations led to a diversity reduction of 15.46% relative to the statistically nonsignificant effect of disturbances. Transformations also led to a community composition that was 39.4% dissimilar to that on natural forests, compared with 16.1% difference in disturbances. Modifications did not affect the morphological disparity of communities (p = 0.167 and 0.744), and we found little evidence of taxon-specific responses to anthropic impacts. Monocultures and polyspecific plantations detrimentally affected the conservation and ecological value of both amphibian and reptile communities and altered the evolutionary processes shaping these communities, whereas forests with lower impact disturbances might, to some extent, serve as reservoirs of species. Although different mechanisms might buffer the collapse of herpetological communities, preserving remaining natural forests is necessary for conserving communities in the face of future anthropic pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maider Iglesias‐Carrasco
- Evolution and Ecology of Sexual Interactions GroupDoñana Biological Station‐CSICSevillaSpain
- Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Iliana Medina
- School of BioSciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria3010Australia
| | - Terry J. Ord
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and the School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South WalesKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
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Mills MB, Malhi Y, Ewers RM, Kho LK, Teh YA, Both S, Burslem DFRP, Majalap N, Nilus R, Huaraca Huasco W, Cruz R, Pillco MM, Turner EC, Reynolds G, Riutta T. Tropical forests post- logging are a persistent net carbon source to the atmosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214462120. [PMID: 36623189 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214462120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Logged and structurally degraded tropical forests are fast becoming one of the most prevalent land-use types throughout the tropics and are routinely assumed to be a net carbon sink because they experience rapid rates of tree regrowth. Yet this assumption is based on forest biomass inventories that record carbon stock recovery but fail to account for the simultaneous losses of carbon from soil and necromass. Here, we used forest plots and an eddy covariance tower to quantify and partition net ecosystem CO2 exchange in Malaysian Borneo, a region that is a hot spot for deforestation and forest degradation. Our data represent the complete carbon budget for tropical forests measured throughout a logging event and subsequent recovery and found that they constitute a substantial and persistent net carbon source. Consistent with existing literature, our study showed a significantly greater woody biomass gain across moderately and heavily logged forests compared with unlogged forests, but this was counteracted by much larger carbon losses from soil organic matter and deadwood in logged forests. We estimate an average carbon source of 1.75 ± 0.94 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 within moderately logged plots and 5.23 ± 1.23 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 in unsustainably logged and severely degraded plots, with emissions continuing at these rates for at least one-decade post-logging. Our data directly contradict the default assumption that recovering logged and degraded tropical forests are net carbon sinks, implying the amount of carbon being sequestered across the world's tropical forests may be considerably lower than currently estimated.
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Stas SM, Spracklen BD, Willetts PD, Le TC, Tran HD, Le TT, Ngo DT, Le AV, Le HT, Rutishauser E, Schwendike J, Marsham JH, van Kuijk M, Jew EKK, Phillips OL, Spracklen DV. Implications of tropical cyclones on damage and potential recovery and restoration of logged forests in Vietnam. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20210081. [PMID: 36373926 PMCID: PMC9661952 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many natural forests in Southeast Asia are degraded following decades of logging. Restoration of these forests is delayed by ongoing logging and tropical cyclones, but the implications for recovery are largely uncertain. We analysed meteorological, satellite and forest inventory plot data to assess the effect of Typhoon Doksuri, a major tropical cyclone, on the forest landscapes of central Vietnam consisting of natural forests and plantations. We estimated the return period for a cyclone of this intensity to be 40 years. Plantations were almost twice as likely to suffer cyclone damage compared to natural forests. Logged natural forests (9-12 years after cessation of government-licensed logging) were surveyed before and after the storm with 2 years between measurements and remained a small biomass carbon sink (0.1 ± 0.3 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) over this period. The cyclone reduced the carbon sink of recovering natural forests by an average of 0.85 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, less than the carbon loss due to ongoing unlicensed logging. Restoration of forest landscapes in Southeast Asia requires a reduction in unlicensed logging and prevention of further conversion of degraded natural forests to plantations, particularly in landscapes prone to tropical cyclones where natural forests provide a resilient carbon sink. This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding forest landscape restoration: reinforcing scientific foundations for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Stas
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - B. D. Spracklen
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - P. D. Willetts
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - T. C. Le
- Viet Nature Conservation Centre, PO Box 89, No. 6 Dinh Le Street, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - H. D. Tran
- Viet Nature Conservation Centre, PO Box 89, No. 6 Dinh Le Street, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - T. T. Le
- Viet Nature Conservation Centre, PO Box 89, No. 6 Dinh Le Street, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - D. T. Ngo
- Center for Agriculture Forestry Research and Development, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung Street, Hue, Viet Nam
| | - A. V. Le
- Center for Agriculture Forestry Research and Development, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung Street, Hue, Viet Nam
| | - H. T. Le
- Center for Agriculture Forestry Research and Development, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung Street, Hue, Viet Nam
| | - E. Rutishauser
- Info Flora, Conservatory and Botanical Gardens, PO Box 71, CH-1292 Chambésy-Genève, Switzerland
| | - J. Schwendike
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - J. H. Marsham
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - M. van Kuijk
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80084, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E. K. K. Jew
- University of York, Heslington, York YO8 5DD, UK
| | - O. L. Phillips
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - D. V. Spracklen
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Grzywiński W, Turowski R, Jelonek T, Tomczak A. Physiological workload of workers employed during motor-manual timber harvesting in young alder stands in different seasons. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2022; 35:437-447. [PMID: 35450979 PMCID: PMC10464815 DOI: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the physiological strain experienced by workers employed in motor-manual timber harvesting performed in winter and summer, and the applicability of heart rate indices for estimating energy expenditure. MATERIAL AND METHODS The heart rates (HR) of 2 teams consisting of 2 persons working simultaneously during felling and forwarding, in both winter and summer, were measured. Heart rate at work (HRwork), resting heart rate (HRrest), relative heart rate (%HRR), ratio of working heart rate to resting heart rate, and 50% level were used to estimate the physiological workload in particular jobs. The HRindex (HRwork/HRrest) equation was used to estimate the energy expenditure (EE). RESULTS For all jobs, significantly higher physiological workload and energy expenditure were recorded during winter. CONCLUSIONS The season significantly affects the physiological workload during logging operations. If there is no possibility of harvesting wood in summer, in order to limit the workload of workers during winter activity, attention should be paid to the proper organization of work and selection of workers. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2022;35(4):437-47.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Grzywiński
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Jelonek
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Tomczak
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań, Poland
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Nunes CA, Berenguer E, França F, Ferreira J, Lees AC, Louzada J, Sayer EJ, Solar R, Smith CC, Aragão LEOC, Braga DL, de Camargo PB, Cerri CEP, de Oliveira RC Jr, Durigan M, Moura N, Oliveira VHF, Ribas C, Vaz-de-Mello F, Vieira I, Zanetti R, Barlow J. Linking land-use and land-cover transitions to their ecological impact in the Amazon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202310119. [PMID: 35759674 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202310119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activities pose a major threat to tropical forest biodiversity and ecosystem services. Although the impacts of deforestation are well studied, multiple land-use and land-cover transitions (LULCTs) occur in tropical landscapes, and we do not know how LULCTs differ in their rates or impacts on key ecosystem components. Here, we quantified the impacts of 18 LULCTs on three ecosystem components (biodiversity, carbon, and soil), based on 18 variables collected from 310 sites in the Brazilian Amazon. Across all LULCTs, biodiversity was the most affected ecosystem component, followed by carbon stocks, but the magnitude of change differed widely among LULCTs and individual variables. Forest clearance for pasture was the most prevalent and high-impact transition, but we also identified other LULCTs with high impact but lower prevalence (e.g., forest to agriculture). Our study demonstrates the importance of considering multiple ecosystem components and LULCTs to understand the consequences of human activities in tropical landscapes.
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12
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Scott E, Hirabayashi L, Graham J, Krupa N, Jenkins P. Not Quite Out of the Woods: Overall Health and Chronic Disease Risk Factors among Maine Logging Workers. J Occup Environ Med 2022; 64:236-242. [PMID: 35244088 PMCID: PMC8887842 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research reports on the health status, including chronic disease risk factors, among Maine loggers. METHODS Loggers completed a survey and health screenings were held across Maine, collecting data on a variety of health endpoints. RESULTS Seventy-five loggers participated. The majority were men (97.1%) with a median age of 46, and a mean BMI of 30.6 kg/m2 (SD 4.9). Nearly half of those screened (45.9%) had blood pressure at the level of stage II hypertension. Loggers with at least a single joint abnormality were 38.4%. The health screening cohort was similar to the non-health screening cohort for many attributes. CONCLUSIONS Future research should focus on tailored interventions to improve cardiovascular and musculoskeletal risk factors among loggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Scott
- Northeast Center for Occupational Health and Safety in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (NEC), Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, NY (Dr Scott, Hirabayashi, Graham), Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, NY (Ms Krupa, Dr Jenkins)
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13
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Chiew LY, Hackett TD, Brodie JF, Teoh SW, Burslem DFRP, Reynolds G, Deere NJ, Vairappan CS, Slade EM. Tropical forest dung beetle-mammal dung interaction networks remain similar across an environmental disturbance gradient. J Anim Ecol 2021; 91:604-617. [PMID: 34954816 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Conservation outcomes could be greatly enhanced if strategies addressing anthropogenic land-use change considered the impacts of these changes on entire communities as well as on individual species. Examining how species interactions change across gradients of habitat disturbance allows us to predict the cascading consequences of species extinctions and the response of ecological networks to environmental change. We conducted the first detailed study of changes in a commensalist network of mammals and dung beetles across an environmental disturbance gradient, from primary tropical forest to plantations, which varied in above-ground carbon density (ACD) and mammal communities. Mammal diversity changed only slightly across the gradient, remaining high even in oil palm plantations and fragmented forest. Dung beetle species richness, however, declined in response to lower ACD and was particularly low in plantations and the most disturbed forest sites. Three of the five network metrics (nestedness, network specialization, and functionality) were significantly affected by changes in dung beetle species richness and ACD, but mammal diversity was not an important predictor of network structure. Overall, the interaction networks remained structurally and functionally similar across the gradient, only becoming simplified (i.e., with fewer dung beetle species and fewer interactions) in the most disturbed sites. We suggest that the high diversity of mammals, even in disturbed forests, combined with the generalist feeding patterns of dung beetles, confer resilience to the commensalist dung beetle-mammal networks. This study highlights the importance of protecting logged and fragmented forests to maintain interaction networks and potentially prevent extinction cascades in human-modified systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuen Chiew
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, University Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,South East Asia Rainforest Research Partnership (SEARRP), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Talya D Hackett
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Jedediah F Brodie
- Division of Biological Sciences and Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana Missoula, MT, 59802, USA
| | - Shu Woan Teoh
- Division of Biological Sciences and Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana Missoula, MT, 59802, USA
| | - David F R P Burslem
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Glen Reynolds
- South East Asia Rainforest Research Partnership (SEARRP), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Nicolas J Deere
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Charles S Vairappan
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, University Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Eleanor M Slade
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.,Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Dr, 637459, Singapore
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14
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Michael J, Gorucu S. Occupational tree felling fatalities: 2010-2020. Am J Ind Med 2021; 64:969-977. [PMID: 34459007 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Logging and landscape work are among the most hazardous occupations, and one of the most dangerous tasks in these occupations is tree felling. While much research has been conducted to examine fatalities from logging and landscape services, there is a dearth of research looking specifically at tree felling. There is a need to focus on hazards associated with tree felling activities so that proactive prevention strategies can be developed. METHODS An Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) database was used to identify occupational tree-felling fatalities in the United States during the period from 2010 through the first half of 2020. We compared data for the two industry segments of logging and landscaping services. RESULTS There were 314 fatalities over the period. The victims were overwhelmingly male with the median age being 43. Struck-by was the number one event type causing fatalities, with the head being the number one body part involved in fatalities. Falls from elevation was the only event type significantly different between the logging and landscaping industries. Poor decision-making is noted as a key component of fatal incidents, but bystanders were fatally injured due to the actions of others. CONCLUSIONS Tree felling is one of the most hazardous activities for both loggers and commercial landscapers and is a common cause of fatalities; significant differences in events and source are encountered in those two occupations. Loggers should continue efforts to adopt mechanized harvesting methods. Landscape services tree fellers should receive training related to fall prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judd Michael
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering Pennsylvania State University, University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Serap Gorucu
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
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15
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Bowd EJ, Banks SC, Bissett A, May TW, Lindenmayer DB. Disturbance alters the forest soil microbiome. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:419-447. [PMID: 34687569 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Billions of microorganisms perform critical below-ground functions in all terrestrial ecosystems. While largely invisible to the naked eye, they support all higher lifeforms, form symbiotic relationships with ~90% of terrestrial plant species, stabilize soils, and facilitate biogeochemical cycles. Global increases in the frequency of disturbances are driving major changes in the structure and function of forests. However, despite their functional significance, the disturbance responses of forest microbial communities are poorly understood. Here, we explore the influence of disturbance on the soil microbiome (archaea, fungi and bacteria) of some of the world's tallest and most carbon-dense forests, the Mountain Ash forests of south-eastern Australia. From 80 sites, we identified 23,277 and 19,056 microbial operational taxonomic units from the 0-10 cm and 20-30 cm depths of soil respectively. From this extensive data set, we found the diversity and composition of these often cryptic communities has been altered by human and natural disturbance events. For instance, the diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi declined with clearcut logging, the diversity of archaea declined with salvage logging, and bacterial diversity and overall microbial diversity declined with the number of fires. Moreover, we identified key associations between edaphic (soil properties), environmental (slope, elevation) and spatial variables and the composition of all microbial communities. Specifically, we found that soil pH, manganese, magnesium, phosphorus, iron and nitrate were associated with the composition of all microbial communities. In a period of widespread degradation of global forest ecosystems, our findings provide an important and timely insight into the disturbance responses of soil microbial communities, which may influence key ecological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elle J Bowd
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sam C Banks
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,College of Engineering, IT and the Environment, Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Andrew Bissett
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Tom W May
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David B Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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16
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Berenguer E, Lennox GD, Ferreira J, Malhi Y, Aragão LEOC, Barreto JR, Del Bon Espírito-Santo F, Figueiredo AES, França F, Gardner TA, Joly CA, Palmeira AF, Quesada CA, Rossi LC, de Seixas MMM, Smith CC, Withey K, Barlow J. Tracking the impacts of El Niño drought and fire in human-modified Amazonian forests. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2019377118. [PMID: 34282005 PMCID: PMC8325159 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019377118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With humanity facing an unprecedented climate crisis, the conservation of tropical forests has never been so important - their vast terrestrial carbon stocks can be turned into emissions by climatic and human disturbances. However, the duration of these effects is poorly understood, and it is unclear whether impacts are amplified in forests with a history of previous human disturbance. Here, we focus on the Amazonian epicenter of the 2015-16 El Niño, a region that encompasses 1.2% of the Brazilian Amazon. We quantify, at high temporal resolution, the impacts of an extreme El Niño (EN) drought and extensive forest fires on plant mortality and carbon loss in undisturbed and human-modified forests. Mortality remained higher than pre-El Niño levels for 36 mo in EN-drought-affected forests and for 30 mo in EN-fire-affected forests. In EN-fire-affected forests, human disturbance significantly increased plant mortality. Our investigation of the ecological and physiological predictors of tree mortality showed that trees with lower wood density, bark thickness and leaf nitrogen content, as well as those that experienced greater fire intensity, were more vulnerable. Across the region, the 2015-16 El Niño led to the death of an estimated 2.5 ± 0.3 billion stems, resulting in emissions of 495 ± 94 Tg CO2 Three years after the El Niño, plant growth and recruitment had offset only 37% of emissions. Our results show that limiting forest disturbance will not only help maintain carbon stocks, but will also maximize the resistance of Amazonian forests if fires do occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Berenguer
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom;
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth D Lennox
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém 66095-100, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-10, Brazil
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Rodrigues Barreto
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Paisagens e Conservação, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Fernando Del Bon Espírito-Santo
- Institute of Space and Earth Observation Science at Space Park Leicester, Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Axa Emanuelle S Figueiredo
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus 69080-971, Brazil
| | - Filipe França
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carlos A Joly
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Alessandro F Palmeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-10, Brazil
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Quesada
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus 69080-971, Brazil
| | - Liana Chesini Rossi
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil
| | | | - Charlotte C Smith
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran Withey
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
- Setor de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-900, Brazil
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17
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Masci F, Spatari G, Giorgianni CM, Pernigotti E, Antonangeli LM, Bordoni V, Magenta Biasina A, Pietrogrande L, Colosio C. Hand-Wrist Disorders in Chainsaw Operators: A Follow-Up Study in a Group of Italian Loggers. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18147217. [PMID: 34299668 PMCID: PMC8307102 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the mechanization process implemented in arboriculture, logging tasks are still manually performed by chainsaw operators, which therefore are exposed to the risk of developing hand-wrist musculoskeletal disorders. Our research aimed to: (a) define whether the slight changes observed in 2017 showed an evolution to overt diseases; (b) study some risk determinants for these diseases such as age, working experience, and performing a secondary job. We recruited in a two-year follow-up study, 38 male forestry workers performing logging tasks employed in the Sicilian Forestry Department located in Enna. All the subjects underwent: (1) personal data collection; (2) administration of questionnaire addressed at upper limbs symptoms with a hand chart; (3) physical examination of the upper limbs, including Tinel’s and Phalen’s maneuvers; (4) ultrasound investigation of the hand-wrist area. In the two-year follow-up study we registered an overall increasing in wrist disorders, thus we can assume that forestry workers may be a target population for wrist diseases and deserve a particular attention in workers’ health surveillance programs. Interestingly, the prevalence of wrist-hand disorders resulted to be higher in younger workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Masci
- Department of Health Sciences of the University of Milano and International Centre for Rural Health of the Occupational Health Unit of the Hospitals Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142 Milano, Italy; (L.M.A.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giovanna Spatari
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.S.); (C.M.G.)
| | - Concetto Mario Giorgianni
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.S.); (C.M.G.)
| | - Elisa Pernigotti
- Post Graduate School in Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy;
| | - Laura Maria Antonangeli
- Department of Health Sciences of the University of Milano and International Centre for Rural Health of the Occupational Health Unit of the Hospitals Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142 Milano, Italy; (L.M.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Vittorio Bordoni
- Post Graduate School in Occupational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy;
| | - Alberto Magenta Biasina
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology School of Santi Paolo and Carlo ASST of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy;
| | - Luca Pietrogrande
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy;
| | - Claudio Colosio
- Department of Health Sciences of the University of Milano and International Centre for Rural Health of the Occupational Health Unit of the Hospitals Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142 Milano, Italy; (L.M.A.); (C.C.)
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18
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Bowd EJ, McBurney L, Blair DP, Lindenmayer DB. Temporal patterns of forest seedling emergence across different disturbance histories. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:9254-9292. [PMID: 34306621 PMCID: PMC8293764 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest ecosystems experience a myriad of natural and anthropogenic disturbances that shape ecological communities. Seedling emergence is a critical, preliminary stage in the recovery of forests post disturbance and is triggered by a series of abiotic and biotic changes. However, the long-term influence of different disturbance histories on patterns of seedling emergence is poorly understood.Here, we address this research gap by using an 11-year dataset gathered between 2009 and 2020 to quantify the influence of different histories of natural (wildfire) and anthropogenic (clearcut and postfire salvage logging) disturbances on emerging seedlings in early-successional Mountain Ash forests in southeastern Australia. We also describe patterns of seedling emergence across older successional forests varying in stand age (stands that regenerated in <1900s, 1939, 1970-90, and 2007-11).Seedling emergence was highest in the first three years post disturbance. Stand age and disturbance history significantly influenced the composition and abundance of plant seedlings. Specifically, in salvage-logged forests, plant seedlings were the most different from similarly aged forests with other disturbance histories. For instance, relative to clearcut and unlogged, burnt forests of the same age, salvage logging had the lowest overall richness, the lowest counts of Acacia seedlings, and an absence of common species including Acacia obliquinervia, Acacia frigescens, Cassinia arcuealta, Olearia argophylla, Pimelea axiflora, Polyscias sambucifolia, and Prosanthera melissifolia over the survey period. Synthesis: Our findings provide important new insights into the influence of different disturbance histories on regenerating forests and can help predict plant community responses to future disturbances, which may influence forest recovery under altered disturbance regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elle J. Bowd
- Fenner School of Environment and SocietyCollege of ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Lachlan McBurney
- Fenner School of Environment and SocietyCollege of ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - David P. Blair
- Fenner School of Environment and SocietyCollege of ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - David B. Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and SocietyCollege of ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
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19
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Bowd EJ, Banks SC, Bissett A, May TW, Lindenmayer DB. Direct and indirect disturbance impacts in forests. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1225-1236. [PMID: 33830614 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Human and natural disturbances are key drivers of change in forest ecosystems. Yet, the direct and indirect mechanisms which underpin these changes remain poorly understood at the ecosystem level. Here, using structural equation modelling across a 150+ year chronosequence, we disentangle the direct and indirect effects of major disturbances in a temperate forest ecosystem. We show that wildfires, logging and post-fire (salvage) logging can affect plant and microbial communities and abiotic soil properties both directly and indirectly through plant-soil-microbial interactions. We quantified 68 direct and indirect disturbance effects across these components, with the majority resulting in ecosystem-wide adverse effects. Indirect disturbance effects accounted for 43% of total disturbance effects, with some amplifying or partially mitigating direct disturbance effects. Overall, human disturbances were associated with more negative effects than natural disturbances. Our analyses provide novel insights into the multifaceted dynamics of forest disturbances and the mechanisms which underpin their relative impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elle J Bowd
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Sam C Banks
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.,Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, College of Engineering, IT and the Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - Andrew Bissett
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS, 700, Australia
| | - Tom W May
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Birdwood Ave, Melbourne, Vic., 3004, Australia
| | - David B Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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20
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Lundstrom EW, Myers DJ, Lundstrom WJ, Rauscher KJ, Fullen M. A comparison of owner/operator and worker perspectives on workplace safety in the West Virginia logging industry. Am J Ind Med 2021; 64:301-309. [PMID: 33522629 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The logging industry is known to have one of the highest rates of fatal and nonfatal occupational injuries in the United States. Perspectives on why this study is so hazardous may differ between logging company owners/operators and workers. In this study, we explored and compared the safety perspectives of logging company owners/operators and workers in West Virginia. METHODS Using a mixed-methods approach, we analyzed survey (n = 245) and interview (n = 14) data collected in 2015 from logging company owners/operators and workers in West Virginia. Survey data were analyzed via logistic regression; interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Response patterns were contrasted by occupational status (owners/operators vs. workers) in both analyses. RESULTS Owners/operators and workers agreed on several aspects of workplace safety including the importance of personal protective equipment and the benefits of mechanization when timber harvesting. Key differences observed between owners/operators and workers included why injuries are underreported and the effects of production pressures on safety. CONCLUSION While there was much agreement, owners/operators and workers in the West Virginia logging industry reported differences in key domains of workplace safety. These differences should be taken into account when designing and implementing safety programs in the logging industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Lundstrom
- West Virginia University Safety and Health Extension West Virginia University Extension Service Morgantown West Virginia USA
| | - Douglas J. Myers
- Department of Community and Environmental Health Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
| | - Wayne J. Lundstrom
- West Virginia University Safety and Health Extension West Virginia University Extension Service Morgantown West Virginia USA
| | - Kimberly J. Rauscher
- Department of Community and Environmental Health Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
| | - Mark Fullen
- West Virginia University Safety and Health Extension West Virginia University Extension Service Morgantown West Virginia USA
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21
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Kaisin O, Fuzessy L, Poncin P, Brotcorne F, Culot L. A meta-analysis of anthropogenic impacts on physiological stress in wild primates. Conserv Biol 2021; 35:101-114. [PMID: 33037677 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As humanity continues to alter the environment extensively, comprehending the effect of anthropogenic disturbances on the health, survival, and fitness of wildlife is a crucial question for conservation science. Many primate populations occupy suboptimal habitats prone to diverse anthropogenic disturbances that may be sources of acute and chronic stress. Quantification of glucocorticoid (GC) concentrations has repeatedly been used to explore the impact of disturbances on physiological stress. Although it is still debated, prolonged elevation of GC levels may impair reproduction, growth, and immune system activity of individuals. We quantified the effect of anthropogenic disturbances on physiological stress in primates with a global meta-analysis based on data from 26 articles, covering 24 distinct species in 13 different countries. Anthropogenic disturbances were classified into 6 distinct categories: habitat loss, habitat degradation, ongoing logging, hunting, tourism, and other human activities. We calculated effect sizes (Hedges' g) with the standardized mean difference in GC concentrations between primates affected by human activity and their undisturbed conspecifics. We ran random-effects models and subgroup analyses to estimate the overall effect as well as a cumulative effect size for each disturbance category. Overall, primates inhabiting sites subject to anthropogenic disturbances exhibited significantly higher GC levels (g = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.28-0.93). Habitat loss and hunting were overall associated with increased GC concentrations, whereas the cumulative effects of the other disturbances were not statistically significant. Biologically, high GC levels may increase fitness by enabling individuals to overcome the challenges linked to anthropogenic disturbances. However, primates in disturbed environments may have sustained elevated GC levels. To strengthen future research, it is necessary to control confounding factors systematically (e.g., diet, reproductive status, predatory pressure, and resource availability) and improve understanding of the link between GC levels and the health, fitness, and survival of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Kaisin
- Research Unit SPHERES, University of Liège, Avenue de Longwy 185, Arlon, 6700, Belgium
- Laboratório de Primatologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida 24A, 1515, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Lisieux Fuzessy
- Laboratório de Primatologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida 24A, 1515, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Pascal Poncin
- Research Unit FOCUS, University of Liège, Allée du six Août 11, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Fany Brotcorne
- Research Unit SPHERES, University of Liège, Avenue de Longwy 185, Arlon, 6700, Belgium
| | - Laurence Culot
- Laboratório de Primatologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida 24A, 1515, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, 13506-900, Brazil
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- César Marín
- Institute of Agri-food, Animal and Environmental Sciences (ICA3), Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando, 3070000, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8320000, Chile
| | - Petr Kohout
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague, CZ-142 20, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, CZ-128 44, Czechia
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Scott E, Hirabayashi L, Graham J, Franck K, Krupa N, Jenkins P. Health and safety in the Maine woods: Assemblage and baseline characteristics of a longitudinal cohort of logging workers. Am J Ind Med 2020; 63:907-916. [PMID: 32725891 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Logging remains one of the most hazardous industries in the United States, despite many safety improvements made in the last decades. Currently, we know little about regional trends in health conditions of logging workers, especially in the Northeast. However, the forest products industry is a critical component of the Northeast's economy, especially in the State of Maine. METHODS This paper reports on the baseline data of a longitudinal cohort study involving Maine loggers, aimed to assess the health and safety of the industry. RESULTS Three hundred twenty-five are included in these analyses, 246 mechanized loggers, and 79 conventional. On average mechanized loggers worked longer days (11.8 vs 9.7 hours) and had longer commutes from home to the woodlot (72.6 vs 40.7 minutes) than conventional loggers. For health factors, mechanized and conventional loggers had similar responses. Nearly two-thirds of both mechanized and conventional loggers had an annual physical in the previous year, and 36.3% had seen a health specialist during that same time period. The overall work-related injury and illness rate is 6.8 of 100 workers for this cohort. CONCLUSIONS These factors contribute to a need to work with the community on transforming logging into a safer and healthier profession for the current workforce, as well as the workforce of the future. This study provides the basis for an appropriate intervention, in collaboration with the loggers and industry stakeholders, to improve the lives of these vital workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Scott
- Northeast Center for Occupational Health and Safety in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (NEC), Bassett Medical Center Cooperstown New York
| | - Liane Hirabayashi
- Northeast Center for Occupational Health and Safety in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (NEC), Bassett Medical Center Cooperstown New York
| | - Judy Graham
- Northeast Center for Occupational Health and Safety in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (NEC), Bassett Medical Center Cooperstown New York
| | - Katherine Franck
- Northeast Center for Occupational Health and Safety in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (NEC), Bassett Medical Center Cooperstown New York
| | - Nicole Krupa
- Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center Cooperstown New York
| | - Paul Jenkins
- Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center Cooperstown New York
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Boissier O, Feer F, Henry PY, Forget PM. Modifications of the rain forest frugivore community are associated with reduced seed removal at the community level. Ecol Appl 2020; 30:e02086. [PMID: 32011762 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tropical rain forests worldwide are under increasing pressure from human activities, which are altering key ecosystem processes such as plant-animal interactions. However, while the direct impact of anthropogenic disturbance on animal communities has been well studied, the consequences of such defaunation for mutualistic interactions such as seed dispersal remains chiefly understood at the plant species level. We asked whether communities of endozoochorous tree species had altered seed removal in forests affected by hunting and logging and if this could be related to modifications of the frugivore community. At two contrasting forest sites in French Guiana, Nouragues (protected) and Montagne de Kaw (hunted and partly logged), we focused on four families of animal-dispersed trees (Sapotaceae, Myristicaceae, Burseraceae, and Fabaceae), which represent 88% of all endozoochorous trees that were fruiting at the time and location of the study. We assessed the abundance of the seed dispersers and predators of these four focal families by conducting diurnal distance sampling along line transects. Densities of several key seed dispersers such as large-bodied primates were greatly reduced at Montagne de Kaw, where the specialist frugivore Ateles paniscus is probably extinct. In parallel, we estimated seed removal rates from fruit and seed counts conducted in 1-m2 quadrats placed on the ground beneath fruiting trees. Seed removal rates dropped from 77% at Nouragues to 47 % at Montagne de Kaw, confirming that the loss of frugivores associated with human disturbance impacts seed removal at the community level. In contrast to Sapotaceae, whose seeds are dispersed by mammals only, weaker declines in seed removal for Burseraceae and Myristicaceae suggest that some compensation may occur for these bird- and mammal-dispersed families, possibly because of the high abundance of Toucans at the disturbed site. The defaunation process currently occurring across many tropical forests could dramatically reduce the diversity of entire communities of animal-dispersed trees through seed removal limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Boissier
- UMR 7179 MNHN - CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 1, avenue du Petit Château, 91800, Brunoy, France
| | - François Feer
- UMR 7179 MNHN - CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 1, avenue du Petit Château, 91800, Brunoy, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Henry
- UMR 7179 MNHN - CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 1, avenue du Petit Château, 91800, Brunoy, France
| | - Pierre-Michel Forget
- UMR 7179 MNHN - CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 1, avenue du Petit Château, 91800, Brunoy, France
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25
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Swinfield T, Both S, Riutta T, Bongalov B, Elias D, Majalap‐Lee N, Ostle N, Svátek M, Kvasnica J, Milodowski D, Jucker T, Ewers RM, Zhang Y, Johnson D, Teh YA, Burslem DFRP, Malhi Y, Coomes D. Imaging spectroscopy reveals the effects of topography and logging on the leaf chemistry of tropical forest canopy trees. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:989-1002. [PMID: 31845482 PMCID: PMC7027875 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Logging, pervasive across the lowland tropics, affects millions of hectares of forest, yet its influence on nutrient cycling remains poorly understood. One hypothesis is that logging influences phosphorus (P) cycling, because this scarce nutrient is removed in extracted timber and eroded soil, leading to shifts in ecosystem functioning and community composition. However, testing this is challenging because P varies within landscapes as a function of geology, topography and climate. Superimposed upon these trends are compositional changes in logged forests, with species with more acquisitive traits, characterized by higher foliar P concentrations, more dominant. It is difficult to resolve these patterns using traditional field approaches alone. Here, we use airborne light detection and ranging-guided hyperspectral imagery to map foliar nutrient (i.e. P, nitrogen [N]) concentrations, calibrated using field measured traits, over 400 km2 of northeastern Borneo, including a landscape-level disturbance gradient spanning old-growth to repeatedly logged forests. The maps reveal that canopy foliar P and N concentrations decrease with elevation. These relationships were not identified using traditional field measurements of leaf and soil nutrients. After controlling for topography, canopy foliar nutrient concentrations were lower in logged forest than in old-growth areas, reflecting decreased nutrient availability. However, foliar nutrient concentrations and specific leaf area were greatest in relatively short patches in logged areas, reflecting a shift in composition to pioneer species with acquisitive traits. N:P ratio increased in logged forest, suggesting reduced soil P availability through disturbance. Through the first landscape scale assessment of how functional leaf traits change in response to logging, we find that differences from old-growth forest become more pronounced as logged forests increase in stature over time, suggesting exacerbated phosphorus limitation as forests recover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Swinfield
- Forest Ecology and Conservation GroupDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Centre for Conservation ScienceRoyal Society for the Protection of BirdsCambridgeUK
| | - Sabine Both
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
- Environmental and Rural ScienceUniversity of New EnglandArmidaleNSWAustralia
| | - Terhi Riutta
- Environmental Change InstituteSchool of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Boris Bongalov
- Forest Ecology and Conservation GroupDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Dafydd Elias
- Centre for Ecology & HydrologyLancaster Environment CentreLancasterUK
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
| | | | - Nicholas Ostle
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
| | - Martin Svátek
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and GeobiocoenologyFaculty of Forestry and Wood TechnologyMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Jakub Kvasnica
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and GeobiocoenologyFaculty of Forestry and Wood TechnologyMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - David Milodowski
- School of GeoSciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- National Centre for Earth ObservationUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Tommaso Jucker
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | | | - Yi Zhang
- Forest Ecology and Conservation GroupDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - David Johnson
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Yit Arn Teh
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | | | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change InstituteSchool of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - David Coomes
- Forest Ecology and Conservation GroupDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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26
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Lagerstrom E, Magzamen S, Brazile W, Stallones L, Ayers P, Rosecrance J. A Case Study in the Application of the Systematic Approach to Training in the Logging Industry. Safety (Basel) 2019; 5:43. [PMID: 37539374 PMCID: PMC10398536 DOI: 10.3390/safety5030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to develop and assess a targeted emergency first-aid and safety training program for professional loggers in Montana. There were two key objectives for the program: (1) participant demonstration of recall and retention of key concepts and (2) improved participant reception in comparison to the previous year's training program. The Systematic Approach to Training provided the overall model for the development and conduct of the training program. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were used to assess the effectiveness of the training program. The training program was administered to 873 loggers. Pre-, post-, and follow-up examinations were used to assess recall and retention of key learning objectives, while surveys were used to assess learner reception of the updated training program. Post-training survey data indicated increases in training applicability, understanding of learning objectives, and overall course enjoyment of the updated program in comparison to the previous year's training program. Participants scored significantly higher on the post-training exams, which demonstrated recall of key training objectives. The results obtained by the training evaluation will guide future research and the continued development of the training program to align with ongoing analysis activities and participant suggestions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Lagerstrom
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - William Brazile
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Lorann Stallones
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Paul Ayers
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - John Rosecrance
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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27
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Souza AF, Longhi SJ. Disturbance history mediates climate change effects on subtropical forest biomass and dynamics. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:7184-7199. [PMID: 31380042 PMCID: PMC6662394 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The responses of forest communities to interacting anthropogenic disturbances like climate change and logging are poorly known. Subtropical forests have been heavily modified by humans and their response to climate change is poorly understood. We investigated the 9-year change observed in a mixed conifer-hardwood Atlantic forest mosaic that included both mature and selectively logged forest patches in subtropical South America. We used demographic monitoring data within 10 1 ha plots that were subjected to distinct management histories (plots logged until 1955, until 1987, and unlogged) to test the hypothesis that climate change affected forest structure and dynamics differentially depending on past disturbances. We determined the functional group of all species based on life-history affinities as well as many functional traits like leaf size, specific leaf area, wood density, total height, stem slenderness, and seed size data for the 66 most abundant species. Analysis of climate data revealed that minimum temperatures and rainfall have been increasing in the last few decades of the 20th century. Floristic composition differed mainly with logging history categories, with only minor change over the nine annual census intervals. Aboveground biomass increased in all plots, but increases were higher in mature unlogged forests, which showed signs of forest growth associated with increased CO2, temperature, and rainfall/treefall gap disturbance at the same time. Logged forests showed arrested succession as indicated by reduced abundances of Pioneers and biomass-accumulators like Large Seeded Pioneers and Araucaria, as well as reduced functional diversity. Management actions aimed at creating regeneration opportunities for long-lived pioneers are needed to restore community functional diversity, and ecosystem services such as increased aboveground biomass accumulation. We conclude that the effects of climate drivers on the dynamics of Brazilian mixed Atlantic forests vary with land-use legacies, and can differ importantly from the ones prevalent in better known tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre F. Souza
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia, CBUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do NorteNatalBrazil
| | - Solon Jonas Longhi
- PPG Engenharia Florestal, Depto. Ciências FlorestaisUniversidade Federal de Santa MariaSanta MariaBrazil
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28
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Granados A, Bernard H, Brodie JF. The influence of logging on vertebrate responses to mast fruiting. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:892-902. [PMID: 30895613 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Periods of extreme food abundance, such as irregular masting events, can dramatically affect animal populations and communities, but the extent to which anthropogenic disturbances alter animal responses to mast events is not clear. In South-East Asia, dipterocarp trees reproduce in mast fruiting events every 2-10 years in some of the largest masting events on the planet. These trees, however, are targeted for selective logging, reducing the intensity of fruit production and potentially affecting multiple trophic levels. Moreover, animal responses to resource pulse events have largely been studied in systems where the major mast consumers have been extirpated. We sought to evaluate the influence of human-induced habitat disturbance on animal responses to masting in a system where key mast consumers remain extant. We used motion-triggered camera traps to quantify terrestrial mammal and bird occurrences in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, relative to variation in fruit biomass from 69 plant families during a major (2014) and minor (2015) masting event and a non-mast year (2013), in both logged and unlogged forests. Bearded pigs (Sus barbatus) showed the clearest responses to masting and occurrence rates were highest in unlogged forest in the year following the major mast, suggesting that the pulse in fruit availability increased immigration or reproduction. We also detected local-scale spatial tracking of dipterocarp fruits in bearded pigs in unlogged forest, while this was equivocal in other species. In contrast, pigs and other vertebrate taxa in our study showed limited response to spatial or temporal variation in fruit availability in logged forest. Our findings suggest that vertebrates, namely bearded pigs, may respond to masting via movement and increased reproduction, but that these responses may be attenuated by habitat disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alys Granados
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Gunung Palung Orangutan Project, Ketapang, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Henry Bernard
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jedediah F Brodie
- Division of Biological Sciences and Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Longo
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Michael Keller
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
- International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Rio Piedras, 00926, Puerto Rico
- Embrapa Agricultural Informatics, Campinas, SP, 13083-886, Brazil
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30
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Krishnan V, Robinson N, Firn J, Applegate G, Herbohn J, Schmidt S. Without management interventions, endemic wet-sclerophyll forest is transitioning to rainforest in World Heritage listed K'gari (Fraser Island), Australia. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:1378-1393. [PMID: 30805167 PMCID: PMC6374652 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Wet-sclerophyll forests are unique ecosystems that can transition to dry-sclerophyll forests or to rainforests. Understanding of the dynamics of these forests for conservation is limited. We evaluated the long-term succession of wet-sclerophyll forest on World Heritage listed K'gari (Fraser Island)-the world's largest sand island. We recorded the presence and growth of tree species in three 0.4 hectare plots that had been subjected to selective logging, fire, and cyclone disturbance over 65 years, from 1952 to 2017. Irrespective of disturbance regimes, which varied between plots, rainforest trees recruited at much faster rates than the dominant wet-sclerophyll forest trees, narrowly endemic species Syncarpia hillii and more common Lophostemon confertus. Syncarpia hillii did not recruit at the plot with the least disturbance and recruited only in low numbers at plots with more prominent disturbance regimes in the ≥10 cm at breast height size. Lophostemon confertus recruited at all plots but in much lower numbers than rainforest trees. Only five L. confertus were detected in the smallest size class (<10 cm diameter) in the 2017 survey. Overall, we find evidence that more pronounced disturbance regimes than those that have occurred over the past 65 years may be required to conserve this wet-sclerophyll forest, as without intervention, transition to rainforest is a likely trajectory. Fire and other management tools should therefore be explored, in collaboration with Indigenous landowners, to ensure conservation of this wet-sclerophyll forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vithya Krishnan
- School of Agriculture and Food ScienceUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Nicole Robinson
- School of Agriculture and Food ScienceUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Jennifer Firn
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological SciencesQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Grahame Applegate
- Tropical Forests and People Research CentreUniversity of the Sunshine CoastMaroochydoreQueenslandAustralia
| | - John Herbohn
- School of Agriculture and Food ScienceUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Tropical Forests and People Research CentreUniversity of the Sunshine CoastMaroochydoreQueenslandAustralia
| | - Susanne Schmidt
- School of Agriculture and Food ScienceUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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31
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Collins L, Bradstock R, Ximenes F, Horsey B, Sawyer R, Penman T. Aboveground forest carbon shows different responses to fire frequency in harvested and unharvested forests. Ecol Appl 2019; 29:e01815. [PMID: 30326546 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sequestration of carbon in forest ecosystems has been identified as an effective strategy to help mitigate the effects of global climate change. Prescribed burning and timber harvesting are two common, co-occurring, forest management practices that may alter forest carbon pools. Prescribed burning for forest management, such as wildfire risk reduction, may shorten inter-fire intervals and potentially reduce carbon stocks. Timber harvesting may further increase the susceptibility of forest carbon to losses in response to frequent burning regimes by redistributing carbon stocks from the live pools into the dead pools, causing mechanical damage to retained trees and shifting the demography of tree communities. We used a 27-yr experiment in a temperate eucalypt forest to examine the effect of prescribed burning frequency and timber harvesting on aboveground carbon (AGC). Total AGC was reduced by ~23% on harvested plots when fire frequency increased from zero to seven fires, but was not affected by fire frequency on unharvested plots. The reduction in total AGC associated with increasing fire frequency on harvested plots was driven by declines in large coarse woody debris (≥10 cm diameter) and large trees (≥20 cm diameter). Small tree (<20 cm DBH) AGC increased with fire frequency on harvested plots, but decreased on unharvested plots. Carbon in dead standing trees decreased with increasing fire frequency on unharvested plots, but was unaffected on harvested plots. Small coarse woody debris (<10 cm diameter) was largely unaffected by fire frequency and harvesting. Total AGC on harvested plots was between 67% and 82% of that on unharvested plots, depending on burning treatment. Our results suggest that AGC in historically harvested forests may be susceptible to declines in response to increases in prescribed burning frequency. Consideration of historic harvesting will be important in understanding the effect of prescribed burning programs on forest carbon budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Collins
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management of Bushfire, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Ross Bradstock
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management of Bushfire, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Fabiano Ximenes
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Forest Science Unit, Locked Bag 5123, Parramatta, New South Wales, 2124, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Horsey
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management of Bushfire, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Robert Sawyer
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management of Bushfire, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Trent Penman
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Science, University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria, 3363, Australia
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Campbell LAD, Tkaczynski PJ, Mouna M, Derrou A, Oukannou L, Majolo B, van Lavieren E. Behavioural thermoregulation via microhabitat selection of winter sleeping areas in an endangered primate: implications for habitat conservation. R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:181113. [PMID: 30662730 PMCID: PMC6304142 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Strategic microhabitat selection allows animals in seasonally cold environments to reduce homeostatic energy costs, particularly overnight when thermoregulatory demands are greatest. Suitable sleeping areas may therefore represent important resources for winter survival. Knowledge of microhabitat use and potential impacts of anthropogenic habitat modification can aid species conservation through development of targeted habitat management plans. Wild, endangered Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) in logged cedar-oak forest were studied to investigate (1) the hypothesis that macaques select winter sleeping areas with microhabitat characteristics that may reduce thermoregulatory costs, and, if so, (2) how to minimize damage to sleeping areas from logging. Macaques slept only in Atlas cedars (Cedrus atlantica). Consistent with predictions, macaques preferred sleeping in sheltered topography and dense vegetation, which may reduce exposure to wind, precipitation and cold, and preferred large trees that facilitate social huddling. This suggests that Barbary macaques employ strategic nocturnal microhabitat selection to reduce thermoregulatory costs and thus suitable sleeping areas may influence winter survival. To minimize negative impacts of logging on macaque sleeping areas, results suggest avoiding logging in topographical depressions and maintaining cedar densities greater than 250 ha-1 with average breast height greater than 60 cm. This study demonstrates how animal behaviour can be used to guide species-specific habitat management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz A. D. Campbell
- Moroccan Primate Conservation Foundation, Azrou, Morocco
- WildCRU, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patrick J. Tkaczynski
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary Social and Inter-Disciplinary Anthropology, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Mohamed Mouna
- Agdal Institut Scientifique, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | | | | | - Els van Lavieren
- Moroccan Primate Conservation Foundation, Azrou, Morocco
- Conservation International Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
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33
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Shenkin A, Bolker B, Peña-Claros M, Licona JC, Ascarrunz N, Putz FE. Interactive effects of tree size, crown exposure and logging on drought-induced mortality. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2018.0189. [PMID: 30297480 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Large trees in the tropics are reportedly more vulnerable to droughts than their smaller neighbours. This pattern is of interest due to what it portends for forest structure, timber production, carbon sequestration and multiple other values given that intensified El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are expected to increase the frequency and intensity of droughts in the Amazon region. What remains unclear is what characteristics of large trees render them especially vulnerable to drought-induced mortality and how this vulnerability changes with forest degradation. Using a large-scale, long-term silvicultural experiment in a transitional Amazonian forest in Bolivia, we disentangle the effects of stem diameter, tree height, crown exposure and logging-induced degradation on risks of drought-induced mortality during the 2004/2005 ENSO event. Overall, tree mortality increased in response to drought in both logged and unlogged plots. Tree height was a much stronger predictor of mortality than stem diameter. In unlogged plots, tree height but not crown exposure was positively associated with drought-induced mortality, whereas in logged plots, neither tree height nor crown exposure was associated with drought-induced mortality. Our results suggest that, at the scale of a site, hydraulic factors related to tree height, not air humidity, are a cause of elevated drought-induced mortality of large trees in unlogged plots.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Shenkin
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA .,Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Benjamin Bolker
- Departments of Mathematics & Statistics and Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada 8S 4K1
| | - Marielos Peña-Claros
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Carlos Licona
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal (IBIF), Casilla 6204, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Nataly Ascarrunz
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal (IBIF), Casilla 6204, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Francis E Putz
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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34
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Brown CJ, Hamilton RJ. Estimating the footprint of pollution on coral reefs with models of species turnover. Conserv Biol 2018; 32:949-958. [PMID: 29333706 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ecological communities typically change along gradients of human impact, although it is difficult to estimate the footprint of impacts for diffuse threats such as pollution. We developed a joint model (i.e., one that includes multiple species and their interactions with each other and environmental covariates) of benthic habitats on lagoonal coral reefs and used it to infer change in benthic composition along a gradient of distance from logging operations. The model estimated both changes in abundances of benthic groups and their compositional turnover, a type of beta diversity. We used the model to predict the footprint of turbidity impacts from past and recent logging. Benthic communities far from logging were dominated by branching corals, whereas communities close to logging had higher cover of dead coral, massive corals, and soft sediment. Recent impacts were predicted to be small relative to the extensive impacts of past logging because recent logging has occurred far from lagoonal reefs. Our model can be used more generally to estimate the footprint of human impacts on ecosystems and evaluate the benefits of conservation actions for ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Brown
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Richard J Hamilton
- The Nature Conservancy, Asia Pacific Resource Centre, 48 Montague Road, QLD 4101, South Brisbane, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, QLD 4811, Townsville, Australia
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Nkomo H, Niranjan I, Reddy P. Effectiveness of Health and Safety Training in Reducing Occupational Injuries Among Harvesting Forestry Contractors in KwaZulu-Natal. Workplace Health Saf 2018; 66:499-507. [PMID: 29962302 DOI: 10.1177/2165079918774367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Forestry work is generally characterized by a combination of personal and environmental risks in health and safety. Employers need to ensure intensive and continuous safety training to mitigate these risks; however, the efficacy of this training is seldom evaluated. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of health and safety training in reducing injuries and improving knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions toward safety among forestry workers in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 harvesting contract workers employed at a forestry company in KZN. A questionnaire to assess the efficiency of health and safety training was administered. In addition, a retrospective review of the injury register and medical records of employees who sustained work-related injuries from 2009 to 2013 was completed. The company injury data for harvesting contractors reported 68 lost-time injuries during postcommencement of training. Slip, trip, and fall injuries were the most reported cause of injuries, particularly among manual harvesters. Respondents who were male, younger in age, and with less experience had an increased risk of occupational injury. Most participants displayed adequate knowledge of safety and were able to translate training into practice. The health and safety training initiative was successful in reducing injuries and increasing workers' awareness of, and responsibility for, health and safety issues.
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Riutta T, Malhi Y, Kho LK, Marthews TR, Huaraca Huasco W, Khoo M, Tan S, Turner E, Reynolds G, Both S, Burslem DFRP, Teh YA, Vairappan CS, Majalap N, Ewers RM. Logging disturbance shifts net primary productivity and its allocation in Bornean tropical forests. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:2913-2928. [PMID: 29364562 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests play a major role in the carbon cycle of the terrestrial biosphere. Recent field studies have provided detailed descriptions of the carbon cycle of mature tropical forests, but logged or secondary forests have received much less attention. Here, we report the first measures of total net primary productivity (NPP) and its allocation along a disturbance gradient from old-growth forests to moderately and heavily logged forests in Malaysian Borneo. We measured the main NPP components (woody, fine root and canopy NPP) in old-growth (n = 6) and logged (n = 5) 1 ha forest plots. Overall, the total NPP did not differ between old-growth and logged forest (13.5 ± 0.5 and 15.7 ± 1.5 Mg C ha-1 year-1 respectively). However, logged forests allocated significantly higher fraction into woody NPP at the expense of the canopy NPP (42% and 48% into woody and canopy NPP, respectively, in old-growth forest vs 66% and 23% in logged forest). When controlling for local stand structure, NPP in logged forest stands was 41% higher, and woody NPP was 150% higher than in old-growth stands with similar basal area, but this was offset by structure effects (higher gap frequency and absence of large trees in logged forest). This pattern was not driven by species turnover: the average woody NPP of all species groups within logged forest (pioneers, nonpioneers, species unique to logged plots and species shared with old-growth plots) was similar. Hence, below a threshold of very heavy disturbance, logged forests can exhibit higher NPP and higher allocation to wood; such shifts in carbon cycling persist for decades after the logging event. Given that the majority of tropical forest biome has experienced some degree of logging, our results demonstrate that logging can cause substantial shifts in carbon production and allocation in tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terhi Riutta
- School of Geography and the Environment, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- School of Geography and the Environment, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lip Khoon Kho
- School of Geography and the Environment, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Biological Research Division, Tropical Peat Research Institute, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Toby R Marthews
- School of Geography and the Environment, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
| | | | - MinSheng Khoo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Sylvester Tan
- Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Edgar Turner
- Insect Ecology Group, University Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Glen Reynolds
- Danum Valley Field Centre, The Royal Society South East Asia Rainforest Research Partnership, Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Sabine Both
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Yit Arn Teh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Charles S Vairappan
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Noreen Majalap
- Sabah Forestry Department, Forest Research Centre, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Robert M Ewers
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
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Ummul-Nazrah AR, Mohd Hairul MA, Kamin I, Kiew R, Ong PT. Vatica najibiana (Dipterocarpaceae), a new species from limestone in Peninsular Malaysia. PhytoKeys 2018; 98:99-106. [PMID: 29780269 PMCID: PMC5958174 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.98.23903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vatica najibiana Ummul-Nazrah (Dipterocarpaceae), from the Relai Forest Reserve, Gua Musang, Kelantan and Gua Tanggang, Merapoh, Pahang, is described and illustrated. This species is Endangered and known from small populations restricted to two isolated karst limestone hills. The type locality, Relai Forest Reserve limestone, is currently under threat from encroaching oil palm plantations and ongoing logging, which, if it continues, will threaten the Kelantan population with extinction. The morphology of V. najibiana and the similar V. odorata subsp. odorata and V. harmandiana is compared.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Imin Kamin
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ruth Kiew
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Poh Teck Ong
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia
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Granados A, Bernard H, Brodie JF. The combined impacts of experimental defaunation and logging on seedling traits and diversity. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2017.2882. [PMID: 29491176 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals can have both positive (e.g. via seed dispersal) and negative (e.g. via herbivory) impacts on plants. The net effects of these interactions remain difficult to predict and may be affected by overhunting and habitat disturbance, two widespread threats to tropical forests. Recent studies have documented their separate effects on plant recruitment but our understanding of how defaunation and logging interact to influence tropical tree communities is limited. From 2013 to 2016, we followed the fate of marked tree seedlings (n = 1489) from 81 genera in and outside experimental plots. Our plots differentially excluded small, medium and large-bodied mammal herbivores in logged and unlogged forest in Malaysian Borneo. We assessed the effects of experimental defaunation and logging on taxonomic diversity and plant trait (wood density, specific leaf area, fruit size) composition of seedling communities. Although seedling mortality was highest in the presence of all mammal herbivores (44%), defaunation alone did not alter taxonomic diversity nor plant trait composition. However, herbivores (across all body sizes) significantly reduced mean fruit size across the seedling community over time (95% confidence interval (CI): -0.09 to -0.01), particularly in logged forest (95% CI: -0.12 to -0.003). Our findings suggest that impacts of mammal herbivores on plant communities may be greater in forests with a history of disturbance and could subsequently affect plant functional traits and ecological processes associated with forest regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alys Granados
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Henry Bernard
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jedediah F Brodie
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Division of Biological Sciences and Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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Voigt M, Wich SA, Ancrenaz M, Meijaard E, Abram N, Banes GL, Campbell-Smith G, d'Arcy LJ, Delgado RA, Erman A, Gaveau D, Goossens B, Heinicke S, Houghton M, Husson SJ, Leiman A, Sanchez KL, Makinuddin N, Marshall AJ, Meididit A, Miettinen J, Mundry R, Musnanda, Nardiyono, Nurcahyo A, Odom K, Panda A, Prasetyo D, Priadjati A, Purnomo, Rafiastanto A, Russon AE, Santika T, Sihite J, Spehar S, Struebig M, Sulbaran-Romero E, Tjiu A, Wells J, Wilson KA, Kühl HS. Global Demand for Natural Resources Eliminated More Than 100,000 Bornean Orangutans. Curr Biol 2018; 28:761-769.e5. [PMID: 29456144 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Unsustainable exploitation of natural resources is increasingly affecting the highly biodiverse tropics [1, 2]. Although rapid developments in remote sensing technology have permitted more precise estimates of land-cover change over large spatial scales [3-5], our knowledge about the effects of these changes on wildlife is much more sparse [6, 7]. Here we use field survey data, predictive density distribution modeling, and remote sensing to investigate the impact of resource use and land-use changes on the density distribution of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). Our models indicate that between 1999 and 2015, half of the orangutan population was affected by logging, deforestation, or industrialized plantations. Although land clearance caused the most dramatic rates of decline, it accounted for only a small proportion of the total loss. A much larger number of orangutans were lost in selectively logged and primary forests, where rates of decline were less precipitous, but where far more orangutans are found. This suggests that further drivers, independent of land-use change, contribute to orangutan loss. This finding is consistent with studies reporting hunting as a major cause in orangutan decline [8-10]. Our predictions of orangutan abundance loss across Borneo suggest that the population decreased by more than 100,000 individuals, corroborating recent estimates of decline [11]. Practical solutions to prevent future orangutan decline can only be realized by addressing its complex causes in a holistic manner across political and societal sectors, such as in land-use planning, resource exploitation, infrastructure development, and education, and by increasing long-term sustainability [12]. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Voigt
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Serge A Wich
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology, and Palaeoecology, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Marc Ancrenaz
- Borneo Futures, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; HUTAN-Kinabatangan Orangutan Conservation Programme, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Erik Meijaard
- Borneo Futures, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicola Abram
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Living Landscape Alliance, 5 Jupiter House Calleva Park, Berkshire RG7 8NN, UK; Forever Sabah, H30 Gaya Park, Lorong Muntahan 1C, Penampang Road, 88300 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Graham L Banes
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Laura J d'Arcy
- Borneo Nature Foundation, JL. Bukit Raya No. 82, Bukit Raya, Palangka Raya 73112, Indonesia; Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Roberto A Delgado
- Departments of Anthropology and Biological Sciences, Program in Integrative and Evolutionary Biology (IEB), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andi Erman
- Kapuas Hulu Program, GFA/KWF, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - David Gaveau
- Center for International Forestry Research, P.O. Box 0113 BOCBD, Bogor 16000, Indonesia
| | - Benoit Goossens
- Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Danau Girang Field Centre, c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, 88100 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stefanie Heinicke
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Max Houghton
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology, and Palaeoecology, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Simon J Husson
- Orangutan Tropical Peatland Project, The Center for International Cooperation in the Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatlands (CIMTROP), University of Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Andrew J Marshall
- Department of Anthropology, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Program in the Environment, and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ari Meididit
- Biology Faculty, Universitas Nasional (UNAS), Jakarta, Indonesia; Central Kalimantan Program, World Wide Fund for Nature-Indonesia (WWF-Indonesia), JL. Krakatau No. 12, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan 73112, Indonesia
| | - Jukka Miettinen
- Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing (CRISP), National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 119076, Singapore
| | - Roger Mundry
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Musnanda
- The Nature Conservancy (TNC) Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nardiyono
- Austindo Nusantara Jaya, Jakarta 12910, Indonesia
| | - Anton Nurcahyo
- College of Arts and Social Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kisar Odom
- Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOSF), JL. Papandayan No.10, Bogor 16151 West Java, Indonesia
| | - Adventus Panda
- Central Kalimantan Program, World Wide Fund for Nature-Indonesia (WWF-Indonesia), JL. Krakatau No. 12, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan 73112, Indonesia
| | - Didik Prasetyo
- The Indonesian Association of Primatologists (PERHAPPI), Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | - Purnomo
- The Nature Conservancy (TNC) Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Anne E Russon
- Psychology Department, Glendon College of York University, 2275 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON M4N 3M6, Canada
| | - Truly Santika
- Borneo Futures, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jamartin Sihite
- Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOSF), JL. Papandayan No.10, Bogor 16151 West Java, Indonesia; Restorasi Habitat Orangutan Indonesia (RHOI), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Stephanie Spehar
- Anthropology Program, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI, USA
| | - Matthew Struebig
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK
| | - Enrique Sulbaran-Romero
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albertus Tjiu
- West Kalimantan Program, World Wide Fund for Nature-Indonesia (WWF-Indonesia), JL. Karna Sosial, Gg. Wonoyoso 2 No. 3, Pontianak 78124 West Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Jessie Wells
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kerrie A Wilson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hjalmar S Kühl
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Genet H, He Y, Lyu Z, McGuire AD, Zhuang Q, Clein J, D'Amore D, Bennett A, Breen A, Biles F, Euskirchen ES, Johnson K, Kurkowski T, Kushch Schroder S, Pastick N, Rupp TS, Wylie B, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Zhu Z. The role of driving factors in historical and projected carbon dynamics of upland ecosystems in Alaska. Ecol Appl 2018; 28:5-27. [PMID: 29044791 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It is important to understand how upland ecosystems of Alaska, which are estimated to occupy 84% of the state (i.e., 1,237,774 km2 ), are influencing and will influence state-wide carbon (C) dynamics in the face of ongoing climate change. We coupled fire disturbance and biogeochemical models to assess the relative effects of changing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ), climate, logging and fire regimes on the historical and future C balance of upland ecosystems for the four main Landscape Conservation Cooperatives (LCCs) of Alaska. At the end of the historical period (1950-2009) of our analysis, we estimate that upland ecosystems of Alaska store ~50 Pg C (with ~90% of the C in soils), and gained 3.26 Tg C/yr. Three of the LCCs had gains in total ecosystem C storage, while the Northwest Boreal LCC lost C (-6.01 Tg C/yr) because of increases in fire activity. Carbon exports from logging affected only the North Pacific LCC and represented less than 1% of the state's net primary production (NPP). The analysis for the future time period (2010-2099) consisted of six simulations driven by climate outputs from two climate models for three emission scenarios. Across the climate scenarios, total ecosystem C storage increased between 19.5 and 66.3 Tg C/yr, which represents 3.4% to 11.7% increase in Alaska upland's storage. We conducted additional simulations to attribute these responses to environmental changes. This analysis showed that atmospheric CO2 fertilization was the main driver of ecosystem C balance. By comparing future simulations with constant and with increasing atmospheric CO2 , we estimated that the sensitivity of NPP was 4.8% per 100 ppmv, but NPP becomes less sensitive to CO2 increase throughout the 21st century. Overall, our analyses suggest that the decreasing CO2 sensitivity of NPP and the increasing sensitivity of heterotrophic respiration to air temperature, in addition to the increase in C loss from wildfires weakens the C sink from upland ecosystems of Alaska and will ultimately lead to a source of CO2 to the atmosphere beyond 2100. Therefore, we conclude that the increasing regional C sink we estimate for the 21st century will most likely be transitional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Genet
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
| | - Yujie He
- Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Zhou Lyu
- Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - A David McGuire
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
| | - Qianlai Zhuang
- Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Joy Clein
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
| | - David D'Amore
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Juneau, Alaska, 99801, USA
| | - Alec Bennett
- Scenarios Network for Alaska and Arctic Planning, International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
| | - Amy Breen
- Scenarios Network for Alaska and Arctic Planning, International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
| | - Frances Biles
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Juneau, Alaska, 99801, USA
| | - Eugénie S Euskirchen
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
| | - Kristofer Johnson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, 19073, USA
| | - Tom Kurkowski
- Scenarios Network for Alaska and Arctic Planning, International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
| | - Svetlana Kushch Schroder
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Neal Pastick
- Stinger Ghaffarian Technologies Inc., contractor to the U.S. Geological Survey, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 57198, USA
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - T Scott Rupp
- Scenarios Network for Alaska and Arctic Planning, International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
| | - Bruce Wylie
- U.S. Geological Survey, The Earth Resources Observation Systems Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 57198, USA
| | | | - Xiaoping Zhou
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon, 97208, USA
| | - Zhiliang Zhu
- U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, 12201, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in mechanization, logging continues to be one of the most dangerous occupations in the United States. Logging in the Intermountain West region (Montana and Idaho) is especially hazardous due to steep terrain, extreme weather, and remote work locations. METHODS We implemented a mixed-methods approach combining analyses of workers' compensation claims and focus groups to identify factors associated with injuries and fatalities in the logging industry. RESULTS Inexperienced workers (>6 months experience) accounted for over 25% of claims. Sprain/strain injuries were the most common, accounting for 36% of claims, while fatalities had the highest median claim cost ($274 411). Focus groups identified job tasks involving felling trees, skidding, and truck driving as having highest risk. CONCLUSIONS Injury prevention efforts should focus on training related to safe work methods (especially for inexperienced workers), the development of a safety culture and safety leadership, as well as implementation of engineering controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Lagerstrom
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado
| | - John Rosecrance
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado
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Granados A, Brodie JF, Bernard H, O'Brien MJ. Defaunation and habitat disturbance interact synergistically to alter seedling recruitment. Ecol Appl 2017; 27:2092-2101. [PMID: 28660670 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate granivores destroy plant seeds, but whether animal-induced seed mortality alters plant recruitment varies with habitat context, seed traits, and among granivore species. An incomplete understanding of seed predation makes it difficult to predict how widespread extirpations of vertebrate granivores in tropical forests might affect tree communities, especially in the face of habitat disturbance. Many tropical forests are simultaneously affected by animal loss as well as habitat disturbance, but the consequences of each for forest regeneration are often studied separately or additively, and usually on a single plant demographic stage. The combined impacts of these threats could affect plant recruitment in ways that are not apparent when studied in isolation. We used wire cages to exclude large (elephants), medium, (sambar deer, bearded pigs, muntjac deer), and small (porcupines, chevrotains) ground-dwelling mammalian granivores and herbivores in logged and unlogged forests in Malaysian Borneo. We assessed the interaction between habitat disturbance (selective logging) and experimental defaunation on seed survival, germination, and seedling establishment in five dominant dipterocarp tree species spanning a 21-fold gradient in seed size. Granivore-induced seed mortality was consistently higher in logged forest. Germination of unpredated seeds was reduced in logged forest and in the absence of small to large-bodied mammals. Experimental defaunation increased germination and reduced seed removal but had little effect on seed survival. Seedling recruitment however, was more likely where logging and animal loss occurred together. The interacting effects of logging and hunting could therefore, actually increase seedling establishment, suggesting that the loss of mammals in disturbed forest could have important consequences for forest regeneration and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alys Granados
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jedediah F Brodie
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Division of Biological Sciences and Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - Henry Bernard
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Michael J O'Brien
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120, La Cañada, Almería, Spain
- The South East Asia Rainforest Research Partnership, Danum Valley Field Centre, P.O. Box 60282, 91112, Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia
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Scott E, Bell E, Krupa N, Hirabayashi L, Jenkins P. Data processing and case identification in an agricultural and logging morbidity surveillance study: Trends over time. Am J Ind Med 2017; 60:811-820. [PMID: 28766767 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agriculture and logging are dangerous industries, and though data on fatal injury exists, less is known about non-fatal injury. Establishing a non-fatal injury surveillance system is a top priority. Pre-hospital care reports and hospitalization data were explored as a low-cost option for ongoing surveillance of occupational injury. METHODS Using pre-hospital care report free-text and location codes, along with hospital ICD-9-CM external cause of injury codes, we created a surveillance system that tracked farm and logging injuries. RESULTS In Maine and New Hampshire, 1585 injury events were identified (2008-2010). The incidence of injuries was 12.4/1000 for agricultural workers, compared to 10.4/1000 to 12.2/1000 for logging workers. CONCLUSIONS These estimates are consistent with other recent estimates. This system is limited to traumatic injury for which medical treatment is administered, and is limited by the accuracy of coding and spelling. This system has the potential to be both sustainable and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Scott
- Northeast Center for Occupational Health and Safety in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (NEC); Bassett Healthcare Network; Cooperstown New York
| | - Erin Bell
- Northeast Center for Occupational Health and Safety in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (NEC); Bassett Healthcare Network; Cooperstown New York
| | - Nicole Krupa
- Northeast Center for Occupational Health and Safety in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (NEC); Bassett Healthcare Network; Cooperstown New York
| | - Liane Hirabayashi
- Northeast Center for Occupational Health and Safety in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (NEC); Bassett Healthcare Network; Cooperstown New York
| | - Paul Jenkins
- Northeast Center for Occupational Health and Safety in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (NEC); Bassett Healthcare Network; Cooperstown New York
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Spinelli R, Aminti G, De Francesco F. Postural risk assessment of mechanised firewood processing. Ergonomics 2017; 60:375-383. [PMID: 27215281 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2016.1172738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The study assessed the postural risk of mechanised firewood processing with eight machines, representing the main technology solutions available on the market. Assessment was conducted with the Ovako Working posture Analysis System (OWAS) on 1000 still frames randomly extracted from videotaped work samples. The postural risk associated with firewood processing was variable and associated with technology type. Simple, manually operated new machines incurred a higher postural risk compared with semi- or fully automatic machines. In contrast, new semi-automatic and automatic machines were generally free from postural risk. In all cases, attention should be paid to postural risk that may occur during blockage resolution. The study did not cover the postural risk of firewood processing sites as a whole. The study provided useful information for selecting firewood processing machinery and for improving firewood machinery design, as part of a more articulate strategy aimed at enhancing the safety of firewood processing work sites. Practitioner Summary: The postural risk associated with mechanised firewood processing (eg cutting and splitting) depends on the type of equipment. Postural risk is highest (OWAS Action Category 2) with new in-line machines, designed for operation by a single worker. Fully automatic machines present minimum postural risk, except during blockage resolution.
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Conway SH, Pompeii LA, Casanova V, Douphrate DI. A qualitative assessment of safe work practices in logging in the southern United States. Am J Ind Med 2017; 60:58-68. [PMID: 27747911 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The logging industry is recognized as one of the most dangerous professions in the U.S., but little is known about safety management practices on remote logging sites. METHODS A total of six focus group sessions were held among logging supervisors and front line crew members in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas (N = 27 participants). RESULTS Participants perceived that logging was a dangerous profession, but its risks had been mitigated in several ways, most notably through mechanization of timber harvesting. Log trucking-related incidents were widely identified as the primary source of risk for injury and death on logging work sites. Human error, in general, and being out of the machinery on the work site were highlighted as additional sources of risk. CONCLUSIONS Participants indicated high levels of personal motivation to work in a safe manner but tended to underestimate workplace hazards and expressed widely varying levels of co-worker trust. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:58-68, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie H. Conway
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, Environmental Sciences; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health; Houston Texas
| | - Lisa A. Pompeii
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, Environmental Sciences; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health; Houston Texas
| | - Vanessa Casanova
- Department of Occupational Health Sciences; University of Texas Health Science Center Northeast; Tyler Texas
| | - David I. Douphrate
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in San Antonio
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Abstract
Exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) emitted by chainsaws can negatively impact health in forestry workers. This exploratory study measures CO concentration within the breathing zone of chainsaw operators during motor-manual operations, and discusses the potential influences on CO exposure levels. A CO monitoring instrument was paired with a concurrent video recording of task activities to enable correlation of exact working operations to critical exposure levels. Multiple streams of meteorological data were also collected from sensors worn by the eight professional tree fellers/log makers. Time-weighted averages were applied to investigate levels of CO exposure during a nominal 1-hr monitoring period. The differing task demands and environment were found to influence worker exposure to CO, supporting previous research. Pending further investigation, a number of possible actions are recommended to reduce observed high exposure levels and/or emission concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brionny Hooper
- a Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), Forest Systems , New Zealand
| | - Richard Parker
- a Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), Forest Systems , New Zealand
| | - Christine Todoroki
- a Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), Forest Systems , New Zealand
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47
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LaManna JA, Martin TE. Logging impacts on avian species richness and composition differ across latitudes and foraging and breeding habitat preferences. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1657-1674. [PMID: 27723232 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the causes underlying changes in species diversity is a fundamental pursuit of ecology. Animal species richness and composition often change with decreased forest structural complexity associated with logging. Yet differences in latitude and forest type may strongly influence how species diversity responds to logging. We performed a meta-analysis of logging effects on local species richness and composition of birds across the world and assessed responses by different guilds (nesting strata, foraging strata, diet, and body size). This approach allowed identification of species attributes that might underlie responses to this anthropogenic disturbance. We only examined studies that allowed forests to regrow naturally following logging, and accounted for logging intensity, spatial extent, successional regrowth after logging, and the change in species composition expected due to random assembly from regional species pools. Selective logging in the tropics and clearcut logging in temperate latitudes caused loss of species from nearly all forest strata (ground to canopy), leading to substantial declines in species richness (up to 27% of species). Few species were lost or gained following any intensity of logging in lower-latitude temperate forests, but the relative abundances of these species changed substantially. Selective logging at higher-temperate latitudes generally replaced late-successional specialists with early-successional specialists, leading to no net changes in species richness but large changes in species composition. Removing less basal area during logging mitigated the loss of avian species from all forests and, in some cases, increased diversity in temperate forests. This meta-analysis provides insights into the important role of habitat specialization in determining differential responses of animal communities to logging across tropical and temperate latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A LaManna
- Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Natural Sciences Room 205, Missoula, MT, 59812, U.S.A
| | - Thomas E Martin
- Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, U.S. Geological Survey, University of Montana, Natural Sciences Room 205, Missoula, MT, 59812, U.S.A
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48
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Toyama H, Kajisa T, Tagane S, Mase K, Chhang P, Samreth V, Ma V, Sokh H, Ichihashi R, Onoda Y, Mizoue N, Yahara T. Effects of logging and recruitment on community phylogenetic structure in 32 permanent forest plots of Kampong Thom, Cambodia. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140008. [PMID: 25561669 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological communities including tropical rainforest are rapidly changing under various disturbances caused by increasing human activities. Recently in Cambodia, illegal logging and clear-felling for agriculture have been increasing. Here, we study the effects of logging, mortality and recruitment of plot trees on phylogenetic community structure in 32 plots in Kampong Thom, Cambodia. Each plot was 0.25 ha; 28 plots were established in primary evergreen forests and four were established in secondary dry deciduous forests. Measurements were made in 1998, 2000, 2004 and 2010, and logging, recruitment and mortality of each tree were recorded. We estimated phylogeny using rbcL and matK gene sequences and quantified phylogenetic α and β diversity. Within communities, logging decreased phylogenetic diversity, and increased overall phylogenetic clustering and terminal phylogenetic evenness. Between communities, logging increased phylogenetic similarity between evergreen and deciduous plots. On the other hand, recruitment had opposite effects both within and between communities. The observed patterns can be explained by environmental homogenization under logging. Logging is biased to particular species and larger diameter at breast height, and forest patrol has been effective in decreasing logging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Toyama
- Center for Asian Conservation Ecology, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kajisa
- Center for Asian Conservation Ecology, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Tagane
- Center for Asian Conservation Ecology, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Keiko Mase
- Center for Asian Conservation Ecology, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Phourin Chhang
- Institute of Forest and Wildlife Research and Development, Forestry Administration, 40 Preah Norodom Blvd, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Vanna Samreth
- Department of Forestry Management and Community Forestry, Forestry Administration, Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, 40 Preah Norodom Blvd, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Vuthy Ma
- Institute of Forest and Wildlife Research and Development, Forestry Administration, 40 Preah Norodom Blvd, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Heng Sokh
- Institute of Forest and Wildlife Research and Development, Forestry Administration, 40 Preah Norodom Blvd, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ryuji Ichihashi
- Center for Asian Conservation Ecology, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Division of Environmental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Nobuya Mizoue
- Center for Asian Conservation Ecology, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Tetsukazu Yahara
- Center for Asian Conservation Ecology, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Brodie JF, Giordano AJ, Dickson B, Hebblewhite M, Bernard H, Mohd-Azlan J, Anderson J, Ambu L. Evaluating multispecies landscape connectivity in a threatened tropical mammal community. Conserv Biol 2015; 29:122-132. [PMID: 25065425 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Habitat corridors are important tools for maintaining connectivity in increasingly fragmented landscapes, but generally they have been considered in single-species approaches. Corridors intended to facilitate the movement of multiple species could increase persistence of entire communities, but at the likely cost of being less efficient for any given species than a corridor intended specifically for that species. There have been few tests of the trade-offs between single- and multispecies corridor approaches. We assessed single-species and multispecies habitat corridors for 5 threatened mammal species in tropical forests of Borneo. We generated maps of the cost of movement across the landscape for each species based on the species' local abundance as estimated through hierarchical modeling of camera-trap data with biophysical and anthropogenic covariates. Elevation influenced local abundance of banded civets (Hemigalus derbyanus) and sun bears (Helarctos malayanus). Increased road density was associated with lower local abundance of Sunda clouded leopards (Neofelis diardi) and higher local abundance of sambar deer (Rusa unicolor). Pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) local abundance was lower in recently logged areas. An all-species-combined connectivity scenario with least-cost paths and 1 km buffers generated total movement costs that were 27% and 23% higher for banded civets and clouded leopards, respectively, than the connectivity scenarios for those species individually. A carnivore multispecies connectivity scenario, however, increased movement cost by 2% for banded civets and clouded leopards. Likewise, an herbivore multispecies scenario provided more effective connectivity than the all-species-combined scenario for sambar and macaques. We suggest that multispecies habitat connectivity plans be tailored to groups of ecologically similar, disturbance-sensitive species to maximize their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedediah F Brodie
- Departments of Zoology & Botany, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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50
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Berenguer E, Ferreira J, Gardner TA, Aragão LEOC, De Camargo PB, Cerri CE, Durigan M, Cosme De Oliveira Junior R, Vieira ICG, Barlow J. A large-scale field assessment of carbon stocks in human-modified tropical forests. Glob Chang Biol 2014; 20:3713-26. [PMID: 24865818 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tropical rainforests store enormous amounts of carbon, the protection of which represents a vital component of efforts to mitigate global climate change. Currently, tropical forest conservation, science, policies, and climate mitigation actions focus predominantly on reducing carbon emissions from deforestation alone. However, every year vast areas of the humid tropics are disturbed by selective logging, understory fires, and habitat fragmentation. There is an urgent need to understand the effect of such disturbances on carbon stocks, and how stocks in disturbed forests compare to those found in undisturbed primary forests as well as in regenerating secondary forests. Here, we present the results of the largest field study to date on the impacts of human disturbances on above and belowground carbon stocks in tropical forests. Live vegetation, the largest carbon pool, was extremely sensitive to disturbance: forests that experienced both selective logging and understory fires stored, on average, 40% less aboveground carbon than undisturbed forests and were structurally similar to secondary forests. Edge effects also played an important role in explaining variability in aboveground carbon stocks of disturbed forests. Results indicate a potential rapid recovery of the dead wood and litter carbon pools, while soil stocks (0-30 cm) appeared to be resistant to the effects of logging and fire. Carbon loss and subsequent emissions due to human disturbances remain largely unaccounted for in greenhouse gas inventories, but by comparing our estimates of depleted carbon stocks in disturbed forests with Brazilian government assessments of the total forest area annually disturbed in the Amazon, we show that these emissions could represent up to 40% of the carbon loss from deforestation in the region. We conclude that conservation programs aiming to ensure the long-term permanence of forest carbon stocks, such as REDD+, will remain limited in their success unless they effectively avoid degradation as well as deforestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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