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Mataveli G, Jones MW, Carmenta R, Sanchez A, Dutra DJ, Chaves M, de Oliveira G, Anderson LO, Aragão LEOC. Deforestation falls but rise of wildfires continues degrading Brazilian Amazon forests. Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e17202. [PMID: 38362838 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
In 2023, Brazil achieved positive environmental strides in the Amazon, with a 22% reduction in deforestation rates and a 16% decline in total fire counts compared with 2022, attributed to renewed environmental policy implementation. However, despite progress, deforestation remains above the target, and forest wildfires in old‐growth Amazonian forests surged by 152% in 2023 versus 2022, threatening biodiversity and carbon stocks. The rise in fires poses challenges for traditional farmers, impacts urban areas' air quality, and necessitates urgent measures like enhanced firefighting capabilities and long‐term strategies for fire‐free production chains to protect the Amazonian standing forests—a global socio‐environmental asset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Mataveli
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
- School of Environmental Sciences, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, UK
| | - Matthew W Jones
- School of Environmental Sciences, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, UK
| | - Rachel Carmenta
- School of Global Development, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, UK
| | - Alber Sanchez
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Débora J Dutra
- National Centre for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disaster (CEMADEN), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Michel Chaves
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences and Engineering, Tupã, Brazil
| | - Gabriel de Oliveira
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Stokes School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Liana O Anderson
- National Centre for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disaster (CEMADEN), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
- Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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da Conceição Bispo P, Picoli MCA, Marimon BS, Marimon Junior BH, Peres CA, Menor IO, Silva DE, de Figueiredo Machado F, Alencar AAC, de Almeida CA, Anderson LO, Aragão LEOC, Breunig FM, Bustamante M, Dalagnol R, Diniz-Filho JAF, Ferreira LG, Ferreira ME, Fisch G, Galvão LS, Giarolla A, Gomes AR, de Marco Junior P, Kuck TN, Lehmann CER, Lemes MR, Liesenberg V, Loyola R, Macedo MN, de Souza Mendes F, do Couto de Miranda S, Morton DC, Moura YM, Oldekop JA, Ramos-Neto MB, Rosan TM, Saatchi S, Sano EE, Segura-Garcia C, Shimbo JZ, Silva TSF, Trevisan DP, Zimbres B, Wiederkehr NC, Silva-Junior CHL. Overlooking vegetation loss outside forests imperils the Brazilian Cerrado and other non-forest biomes. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:12-13. [PMID: 37932387 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02256-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Polyanna da Conceição Bispo
- Department of Geography, School of Environment, Education and Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Remote Sensing Applied to Tropical Environments Group, Manchester, UK.
| | - Michelle C A Picoli
- Remote Sensing Applied to Tropical Environments Group, Manchester, UK
- WeForest, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Beatriz Schwantes Marimon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Peres
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Imma Oliveras Menor
- AMAP (Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations), CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Caceres, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia de Figueiredo Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade, Ecologia e Conservação, Núcleo de Estudos Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Porto Nacional, Brazil
- A Vida no Cerrado (AVINC), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ane A C Alencar
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Cláudio A de Almeida
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Liana O Anderson
- National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division (DIOTG), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Fábio Marcelo Breunig
- Remote Sensing Applied to Tropical Environments Group, Manchester, UK
- Departamento de Geografia, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Mercedes Bustamante
- Department of Ecology, University of Brasília (UnB) and Brazilian Research Network on Global Climate Change - Rede Clima, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dalagnol
- Remote Sensing Applied to Tropical Environments Group, Manchester, UK
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - José Alexandre F Diniz-Filho
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Brazil
- INCT in Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Laerte G Ferreira
- Institute of Socioenvironmental Studies, Remote Sensing and GIS Lab, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Manuel E Ferreira
- Institute of Socioenvironmental Studies, Remote Sensing and GIS Lab, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fisch
- Agricultural Department, University of Taubaté (UNITAU), Taubaté, Brazil
| | - Lênio Soares Galvão
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division (DIOTG), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Angélica Giarolla
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tahisa N Kuck
- Remote Sensing Applied to Tropical Environments Group, Manchester, UK
- Instituto de Estudos Avançados - Brazilian Airforce, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Caroline E R Lehmann
- Tropical Diversity, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Murilo Ruv Lemes
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Veraldo Liesenberg
- Remote Sensing Applied to Tropical Environments Group, Manchester, UK
- Department of Forest Engineering, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Lages, Brazil
| | - Rafael Loyola
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Brazil
- INCT in Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, Goiânia, Brazil
- International Institute for Sustainability (IIS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia N Macedo
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), Brasília, Brazil
- Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yhasmin M Moura
- Remote Sensing Applied to Tropical Environments Group, Manchester, UK
| | - Johan A Oldekop
- Global Development Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Thais M Rosan
- Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Sassan Saatchi
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Carlota Segura-Garcia
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julia Z Shimbo
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Thiago S F Silva
- Remote Sensing Applied to Tropical Environments Group, Manchester, UK
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Diego P Trevisan
- Remote Sensing Applied to Tropical Environments Group, Manchester, UK
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Barbara Zimbres
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Celso H L Silva-Junior
- Remote Sensing Applied to Tropical Environments Group, Manchester, UK
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), Brasília, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biodiversity Conservation, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
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Heinrich V, House J, Gibbs DA, Harris N, Herold M, Grassi G, Cantinho R, Rosan TM, Zimbres B, Shimbo JZ, Melo J, Hales T, Sitch S, Aragão LEOC. Mind the gap: reconciling tropical forest carbon flux estimates from earth observation and national reporting requires transparency. Carbon Balance Manag 2023; 18:22. [PMID: 37982938 PMCID: PMC10662451 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-023-00240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of different approaches calculating the anthropogenic carbon net flux from land, leads to estimates that vary considerably. One reason for these variations is the extent to which approaches consider forest land to be "managed" by humans, and thus contributing to the net anthropogenic flux. Global Earth Observation (EO) datasets characterising spatio-temporal changes in land cover and carbon stocks provide an independent and consistent approach to estimate forest carbon fluxes. These can be compared against results reported in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (NGHGIs) to support accurate and timely measuring, reporting and verification (MRV). Using Brazil as a primary case study, with additional analysis in Indonesia and Malaysia, we compare a Global EO-based dataset of forest carbon fluxes to results reported in NGHGIs. RESULTS Between 2001 and 2020, the EO-derived estimates of all forest-related emissions and removals indicate that Brazil was a net sink of carbon (- 0.2 GtCO2yr-1), while Brazil's NGHGI reported a net carbon source (+ 0.8 GtCO2yr-1). After adjusting the EO estimate to use the Brazilian NGHGI definition of managed forest and other assumptions used in the inventory's methodology, the EO net flux became a source of + 0.6 GtCO2yr-1, comparable to the NGHGI. Remaining discrepancies are due largely to differing carbon removal factors and forest types applied in the two datasets. In Indonesia, the EO and NGHGI net flux estimates were similar (+ 0.6 GtCO2 yr-1), but in Malaysia, they differed in both magnitude and sign (NGHGI: -0.2 GtCO2 yr-1; Global EO: + 0.2 GtCO2 yr-1). Spatially explicit datasets on forest types were not publicly available for analysis from either NGHGI, limiting the possibility of detailed adjustments. CONCLUSIONS By adjusting the EO dataset to improve comparability with carbon fluxes estimated for managed forests in the Brazilian NGHGI, initially diverging estimates were largely reconciled and remaining differences can be explained. Despite limited spatial data available for Indonesia and Malaysia, our comparison indicated specific aspects where differing approaches may explain divergence, including uncertainties and inaccuracies. Our study highlights the importance of enhanced transparency, as set out by the Paris Agreement, to enable alignment between different approaches for independent measuring and verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Heinrich
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
- Section 1.4 Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Helmholtz GFZ German Research Centre of Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Jo House
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Martin Herold
- Section 1.4 Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Helmholtz GFZ German Research Centre of Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, Germany
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giacomo Grassi
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Roberta Cantinho
- Centre for Sustainable Development (CDS), University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Thais M Rosan
- Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Barbara Zimbres
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Julia Z Shimbo
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Joana Melo
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Tristram Hales
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephen Sitch
- Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José Dos Campos, Brazil
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4
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Peripato V, Levis C, Moreira GA, Gamerman D, Ter Steege H, Pitman NCA, de Souza JG, Iriarte J, Robinson M, Junqueira AB, Trindade TB, de Almeida FO, Moraes CDP, Lombardo U, Tamanaha EK, Maezumi SY, Ometto JPHB, Braga JRG, Campanharo WA, Cassol HLG, Leal PR, de Assis MLR, da Silva AM, Phillips OL, Costa FRC, Flores BM, Hoffman B, Henkel TW, Umaña MN, Magnusson WE, Valderrama Sandoval EH, Barlow J, Milliken W, Lopes MA, Simon MF, van Andel TR, Laurance SGW, Laurance WF, Torres-Lezama A, Assis RL, Molino JF, Mestre M, Hamblin M, Coelho LDS, Lima Filho DDA, Wittmann F, Salomão RP, Amaral IL, Guevara JE, de Almeida Matos FD, Castilho CV, Carim MDJV, Cárdenas López D, Sabatier D, Irume MV, Martins MP, Guimarães JRDS, Bánki OS, Piedade MTF, Ramos JF, Luize BG, Novo EMMDL, Núñez Vargas P, Silva TSF, Venticinque EM, Manzatto AG, Reis NFC, Terborgh J, Casula KR, Demarchi LO, Honorio Coronado EN, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Montero JC, Schöngart J, Feldpausch TR, Quaresma AC, Aymard C GA, Baraloto C, Castaño Arboleda N, Engel J, Petronelli P, Zartman CE, Killeen TJ, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Schietti J, Sousa TR, Vasquez R, Rincón LM, Berenguer E, Ferreira J, Mostacedo B, do Amaral DD, Castellanos H, de Medeiros MB, Andrade A, Camargo JL, Farias EDS, Magalhães JLL, Mendonça Nascimento HE, de Queiroz HL, Brienen R, Cardenas Revilla JD, Stevenson PR, Araujo-Murakami A, Barçante Ladvocat Cintra B, Feitosa YO, Barbosa FR, Carpanedo RDS, Duivenvoorden JF, de Noronha JDC, Rodrigues DDJ, Mogollón HF, Ferreira LV, Householder JE, Lozada JR, Comiskey JA, Draper FC, de Toledo JJ, Damasco G, Dávila N, García-Villacorta R, Lopes A, Cornejo Valverde F, Alonso A, Dallmeier F, Gomes VHF, Jimenez EM, Neill D, Peñuela Mora MC, de Aguiar DPP, Arroyo L, Antunes Carvalho F, Coelho de Souza F, Feeley KJ, Gribel R, Pansonato MP, Ríos Paredes M, Brasil da Silva I, Ferreira MJ, Fine PVA, Fonty É, Guedes MC, Licona JC, Pennington T, Peres CA, Villa Zegarra BE, Parada GA, Pardo Molina G, Vos VA, Cerón C, Maas P, Silveira M, Stropp J, Thomas R, Baker TR, Daly D, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Vieira ICG, Weiss Albuquerque B, Fuentes A, Klitgaard B, Marcelo-Peña JL, Silman MR, Tello JS, Vriesendorp C, Chave J, Di Fiore A, Hilário RR, Phillips JF, Rivas-Torres G, von Hildebrand P, Pereira LDO, Barbosa EM, de Matos Bonates LC, Doza HPD, Zárate Gómez R, Gallardo Gonzales GP, Gonzales T, Malhi Y, de Andrade Miranda IP, Mozombite Pinto LF, Prieto A, Rudas A, Ruschel AR, Silva N, Vela CIA, Zent EL, Zent S, Cano A, Carrero Márquez YA, Correa DF, Costa JBP, Galbraith D, Holmgren M, Kalamandeen M, Lobo G, Nascimento MT, Oliveira AA, Ramirez-Angulo H, Rocha M, Scudeller VV, Sierra R, Tirado M, van der Heijden G, Vilanova Torre E, Ahuite Reategui MA, Baider C, Balslev H, Cárdenas S, Casas LF, Farfan-Rios W, Ferreira C, Linares-Palomino R, Mendoza C, Mesones I, Urrego Giraldo LE, Villarroel D, Zagt R, Alexiades MN, de Oliveira EA, Garcia-Cabrera K, Hernandez L, Palacios Cuenca W, Pansini S, Pauletto D, Ramirez Arevalo F, Sampaio AF, Valenzuela Gamarra L, Aragão LEOC. More than 10,000 pre-Columbian earthworks are still hidden throughout Amazonia. Science 2023; 382:103-109. [PMID: 37797008 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade2541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Indigenous societies are known to have occupied the Amazon basin for more than 12,000 years, but the scale of their influence on Amazonian forests remains uncertain. We report the discovery, using LIDAR (light detection and ranging) information from across the basin, of 24 previously undetected pre-Columbian earthworks beneath the forest canopy. Modeled distribution and abundance of large-scale archaeological sites across Amazonia suggest that between 10,272 and 23,648 sites remain to be discovered and that most will be found in the southwest. We also identified 53 domesticated tree species significantly associated with earthwork occurrence probability, likely suggesting past management practices. Closed-canopy forests across Amazonia are likely to contain thousands of undiscovered archaeological sites around which pre-Columbian societies actively modified forests, a discovery that opens opportunities for better understanding the magnitude of ancient human influence on Amazonia and its current state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Peripato
- Division of Earth Observation and Geoinformatics, General Coordination of Earth Sciences, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Levis
- Postgraduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Guido A Moreira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Dani Gamerman
- Departamento de Métodos Estatísticos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Jonas G de Souza
- Department of Humanities, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Iriarte
- Department of Archaeology, College of Humanities, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mark Robinson
- Department of Archaeology, College of Humanities, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - André Braga Junqueira
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thiago B Trindade
- Instituto do Património Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN), Centro Nacional de Arqueologia (CNA), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Fernando O de Almeida
- Departamento de Arqueologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Laranjeiras, SE, Brazil
| | - Claide de Paula Moraes
- Programa de Antropologia e Arqueologia, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA), Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Shira Y Maezumi
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jean P H B Ometto
- Division of Earth Observation and Geoinformatics, General Coordination of Earth Sciences, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - José R G Braga
- Division of Earth Observation and Geoinformatics, General Coordination of Earth Sciences, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Wesley A Campanharo
- Division of Earth Observation and Geoinformatics, General Coordination of Earth Sciences, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique L G Cassol
- Division of Earth Observation and Geoinformatics, General Coordination of Earth Sciences, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Philipe R Leal
- Division of Earth Observation and Geoinformatics, General Coordination of Earth Sciences, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro L R de Assis
- Division of Earth Observation and Geoinformatics, General Coordination of Earth Sciences, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana M da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Geography, Institute of Geography, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia R C Costa
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Monteiro Flores
- Postgraduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Terry W Henkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Maria Natalia Umaña
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William E Magnusson
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Elvis H Valderrama Sandoval
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK
| | - William Milliken
- Department for Ecosystem Stewardship, Royal Botanic Gardens, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Maria Aparecida Lopes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Fragomeni Simon
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Tinde R van Andel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Susan G W Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Armando Torres-Lezama
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Conjunto Forestal, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Rafael L Assis
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Mickaël Mestre
- Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives, Bègles, France
| | - Michelle Hamblin
- Direction des Affaires Culturelles (DAC Guyane), Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Luiz de Souza Coelho
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Florian Wittmann
- Wetland Department, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Rastatt, Germany
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Rafael P Salomão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas e Botânica Tropical, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Belém, PA, Brazil
- Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Iêda Leão Amaral
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Juan Ernesto Guevara
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Universidad de las Américas, Campus Queri, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Carolina V Castilho
- Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, Embrapa Roraima, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil
| | | | - Dairon Cárdenas López
- Herbario Amazónico Colombiano, Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas (SINCHI), Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Daniel Sabatier
- AMAP, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mariana Victória Irume
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Maria Pires Martins
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Olaf S Bánki
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - José Ferreira Ramos
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Bruno Garcia Luize
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Evlyn Márcia Moraes de Leão Novo
- Division of Earth Observation and Geoinformatics, General Coordination of Earth Sciences, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Percy Núñez Vargas
- Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC), Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | | | - Eduardo Martins Venticinque
- Departamento de Ecologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Neidiane Farias Costa Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - John Terborgh
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Department of Biology and Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Katia Regina Casula
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Layon O Demarchi
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Euridice N Honorio Coronado
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
- School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Abel Monteagudo Mendoza
- Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC), Cusco, Cusco, Peru
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru
| | - Juan Carlos Montero
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Jochen Schöngart
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Adriano Costa Quaresma
- Wetland Department, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Rastatt, Germany
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Gerardo A Aymard C
- Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), UNELLEZ-Guanare, Guanare, Portuguesa, Venezuela
| | - Chris Baraloto
- International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB), Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nicolás Castaño Arboleda
- Herbario Amazónico Colombiano, Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas (SINCHI), Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Julien Engel
- AMAP, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB), Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Pascal Petronelli
- Paracou research station, UMR EcoFoG Université de Guyane, Campus agronomique, Kourou Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Charles Eugene Zartman
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Beatriz S Marimon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon-Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Juliana Schietti
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Thaiane R Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Lorena M Rincón
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Bonifacio Mostacedo
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Hernán Castellanos
- Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas de Guayana, Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Puerto Ordaz, Bolivar, Venezuela
| | - Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Ana Andrade
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - José Luís Camargo
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Emanuelle de Sousa Farias
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA), Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane (Fiocruz Amazônia), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Leonardo Lima Magalhães
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Helder Lima de Queiroz
- Diretoria Técnico-Científica, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Tefé, AM, Brazil
| | - Roel Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Pablo R Stevenson
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Yuri Oliveira Feitosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Flávia Rodrigues Barbosa
- Institute of Natural, Human, and Social Sciences (ICNHS), Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Rainiellen de Sá Carpanedo
- Institute of Natural, Human, and Social Sciences (ICNHS), Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Joost F Duivenvoorden
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Janaína da Costa de Noronha
- Institute of Natural, Human, and Social Sciences (ICNHS), Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Domingos de Jesus Rodrigues
- Institute of Natural, Human, and Social Sciences (ICNHS), Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | | | | | - John Ethan Householder
- Wetland Department, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Rastatt, Germany
| | - José Rafael Lozada
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - James A Comiskey
- Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, Fredericksburg, VA, USA
- Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Freddie C Draper
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - José Julio de Toledo
- Departamento de Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, Universidade Federal do Amapá (UNIFAP), Macapá, AP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Damasco
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nállarett Dávila
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Roosevelt García-Villacorta
- Programa Restauración de Ecosistemas (PRE), Centro de Innovación Científica Amazónica (CINCIA), Tambopata, Madre de Dios, Peru
- Peruvian Center for Biodiversity and Conservation (PCBC), Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - Aline Lopes
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia (UNB), Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Alfonso Alonso
- Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Francisco Dallmeier
- Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Vitor H F Gomes
- Escola de Negócios Tecnologia e Inovação, Centro Universitário do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Environmental Science Program, Geosciences Department, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Eliana M Jimenez
- Grupo de Ecología y Conservación de Fauna y Flora Silvestre, Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Imani, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Amazonia, Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia
| | - David Neill
- Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
| | | | - Daniel P P de Aguiar
- Procuradoria-Geral de Justiça, Ministério Público do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Luzmila Arroyo
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Fernanda Antunes Carvalho
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Coelho de Souza
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Kenneth J Feeley
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Rogerio Gribel
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Petratti Pansonato
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Izaias Brasil da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology Bionorte, Federal University of Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
| | - Maria Julia Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Ethnobiology and Nature Conservation, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Pernambuco, PB, Brazil
| | - Paul V A Fine
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Émile Fonty
- AMAP, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Direction régionale de la Guyane, Office national des forêts, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | | | - Juan Carlos Licona
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Toby Pennington
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Tropical Diversity Section, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Carlos A Peres
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Germaine Alexander Parada
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Guido Pardo Molina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales de la Amazonía, Universidad Autónoma del Beni José Ballivián, Campus Universitario Final, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia
| | - Vincent Antoine Vos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales de la Amazonía, Universidad Autónoma del Beni José Ballivián, Campus Universitario Final, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia
| | - Carlos Cerón
- Escuela de Biología Herbario Alfredo Paredes, Universidad Central, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Paul Maas
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marcos Silveira
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
| | - Juliana Stropp
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Thomas
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Tim R Baker
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Doug Daly
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, NY, USA
| | - Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco
- Herbario HAG, Universidad Nacional Amazónica de Madre de Dios (UNAMAD), Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru
| | | | - Bianca Weiss Albuquerque
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Fuentes
- Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Universitario UMSA, La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bente Klitgaard
- Department for Accelerated Taxonomy, Royal Botanic Gardens, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - José Luis Marcelo-Peña
- Departamento Académico de Ingenieria Forestal y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Jaén, Jaén, Cajamarca, Peru
| | - Miles R Silman
- Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - J Sebastián Tello
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Jerome Chave
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, Université Paul Sabatier CNRS UMR 5174 EDB, Toulouse, France
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Estación de Biodiversidad Tiputini, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito-USFQ, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Renato Richard Hilário
- Departamento de Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, Universidade Federal do Amapá (UNIFAP), Macapá, AP, Brazil
| | | | - Gonzalo Rivas-Torres
- Estación de Biodiversidad Tiputini, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito-USFQ, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Edelcilio Marques Barbosa
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Zárate Gómez
- PROTERRA, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | | | | | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Oxford, England, UK
| | | | | | - Adriana Prieto
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Agustín Rudas
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Ademir R Ruschel
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Natalino Silva
- Instituto de Ciência Agrárias, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - César I A Vela
- Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería Forestal, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru
| | - Egleé L Zent
- Laboratory of Human Ecology, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, DC, Venezuela
| | - Stanford Zent
- Laboratory of Human Ecology, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, DC, Venezuela
| | - Angela Cano
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
- Cambridge University Botanic Garden, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Diego F Correa
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science (CBCS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - Milena Holmgren
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Gelderland, Netherlands
| | - Michelle Kalamandeen
- School of Earth, Environment and Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guilherme Lobo
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Trindade Nascimento
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Oliveira
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hirma Ramirez-Angulo
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Conjunto Forestal, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Maira Rocha
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Veridiana Vizoni Scudeller
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Emilio Vilanova Torre
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Conjunto Forestal, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
- Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Cláudia Baider
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- The Mauritius Herbarium, Agricultural Services, Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Henrik Balslev
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sasha Cárdenas
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Luisa Fernanda Casas
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - William Farfan-Rios
- Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC), Cusco, Cusco, Peru
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Living Earth Collaborative, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cid Ferreira
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Reynaldo Linares-Palomino
- Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Casimiro Mendoza
- Escuela de Ciencias Forestales (ESFOR), Universidad Mayor de San Simon (UMSS), Sacta, Cochabamba, Bolivia
- FOMABO, Manejo Forestal en las Tierras Tropicales de Bolivia, Sacta, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Italo Mesones
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Daniel Villarroel
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
- Fundación Amigos de la Naturaleza (FAN), Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Miguel N Alexiades
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Edmar Almeida de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Karina Garcia-Cabrera
- Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Lionel Hernandez
- Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas de Guayana, Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Puerto Ordaz, Bolivar, Venezuela
| | | | - Susamar Pansini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Daniela Pauletto
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (FOPROP), Campus Tapajós, Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Fredy Ramirez Arevalo
- Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - Adeilza Felipe Sampaio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Division of Earth Observation and Geoinformatics, General Coordination of Earth Sciences, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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5
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Gatti LV, Cunha CL, Marani L, Cassol HLG, Messias CG, Arai E, Denning AS, Soler LS, Almeida C, Setzer A, Domingues LG, Basso LS, Miller JB, Gloor M, Correia CSC, Tejada G, Neves RAL, Rajao R, Nunes F, Filho BSS, Schmitt J, Nobre C, Corrêa SM, Sanches AH, Aragão LEOC, Anderson L, Von Randow C, Crispim SP, Silva FM, Machado GBM. Increased Amazon carbon emissions mainly from decline in law enforcement. Nature 2023; 621:318-323. [PMID: 37612502 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The Amazon forest carbon sink is declining, mainly as a result of land-use and climate change1-4. Here we investigate how changes in law enforcement of environmental protection policies may have affected the Amazonian carbon balance between 2010 and 2018 compared with 2019 and 2020, based on atmospheric CO2 vertical profiles5,6, deforestation7 and fire data8, as well as infraction notices related to illegal deforestation9. We estimate that Amazonia carbon emissions increased from a mean of 0.24 ± 0.08 PgC year-1 in 2010-2018 to 0.44 ± 0.10 PgC year-1 in 2019 and 0.52 ± 0.10 PgC year-1 in 2020 (± uncertainty). The observed increases in deforestation were 82% and 77% (94% accuracy) and burned area were 14% and 42% in 2019 and 2020 compared with the 2010-2018 mean, respectively. We find that the numbers of notifications of infractions against flora decreased by 30% and 54% and fines paid by 74% and 89% in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Carbon losses during 2019-2020 were comparable with those of the record warm El Niño (2015-2016) without an extreme drought event. Statistical tests show that the observed differences between the 2010-2018 mean and 2019-2020 are unlikely to have arisen by chance. The changes in the carbon budget of Amazonia during 2019-2020 were mainly because of western Amazonia becoming a carbon source. Our results indicate that a decline in law enforcement led to increases in deforestation, biomass burning and forest degradation, which increased carbon emissions and enhanced drying and warming of the Amazon forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana V Gatti
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil.
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Camilla L Cunha
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Luciano Marani
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Henrique L G Cassol
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Gustavo Messias
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Egidio Arai
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana S Soler
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Claudio Almeida
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Alberto Setzer
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Lucas Gatti Domingues
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN), São Paulo, Brazil
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Luana S Basso
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - John B Miller
- Global Monitoring Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Manuel Gloor
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Caio S C Correia
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Graciela Tejada
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Raiane A L Neves
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Raoni Rajao
- Remote Sensing Center, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Felipe Nunes
- Remote Sensing Center, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Britaldo S S Filho
- Remote Sensing Center, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jair Schmitt
- Remote Sensing Center, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carlos Nobre
- Instituto de Estudos Avançados (IEA), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio M Corrêa
- Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alber H Sanches
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Liana Anderson
- Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais (CEMADEN), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Celso Von Randow
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Stephane P Crispim
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Francine M Silva
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Guilherme B M Machado
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
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6
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Ferreira IJM, Campanharo WA, Fonseca MG, Escada MIS, Nascimento MT, Villela DM, Brancalion P, Magnago LFS, Anderson LO, Nagy L, Aragão LEOC. Potential aboveground biomass increase in Brazilian Atlantic Forest fragments with climate change. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:3098-3113. [PMID: 36883779 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fragmented tropical forest landscapes preserve much of the remaining biodiversity and carbon stocks. Climate change is expected to intensify droughts and increase fire hazard and fire intensities, thereby causing habitat deterioration, and losses of biodiversity and carbon stock losses. Understanding the trajectories that these landscapes may follow under increased climate pressure is imperative for establishing strategies for conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Here, we used a quantitative predictive modelling approach to project the spatial distribution of the aboveground biomass density (AGB) by the end of the 21st century across the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (AF) domain. To develop the models, we used the maximum entropy method with projected climate data to 2100, based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 from the fifth Assessment Report. Our AGB models had a satisfactory performance (area under the curve > 0.75 and p value < .05). The models projected a significant increase of 8.5% in the total carbon stock. Overall, the projections indicated that 76.9% of the AF domain would have suitable climatic conditions for increasing biomass by 2100 considering the RCP 4.5 scenario, in the absence of deforestation. Of the existing forest fragments, 34.7% are projected to increase their AGB, while 2.6% are projected to have their AGB reduced by 2100. The regions likely to lose most AGB-up to 40% compared to the baseline-are found between latitudes 13° and 20° south. Overall, although climate change effects on AGB vary latitudinally for the 2071-2100 period under the RCP 4.5 scenario, our model indicates that AGB stocks can potentially increase across a large fraction of the AF. The patterns found here are recommended to be taken into consideration during the planning of restoration efforts, as part of climate change mitigation strategies in the AF and elsewhere in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marcelo Trindade Nascimento
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, LCA, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Dora M Villela
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, LCA, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Pedro Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Liana Oighenstein Anderson
- National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN), Parque Tecnológico de São José dos Campos, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
- Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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7
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Silva-Junior CHL, Silva FB, Arisi BM, Mataveli G, Pessôa ACM, Carvalho NS, Reis JBC, Silva Júnior AR, Motta NACS, E Silva PVM, Ribeiro FD, Siqueira-Gay J, Alencar A, Saatchi S, Aragão LEOC, Anderson LO, Melo M. Brazilian Amazon indigenous territories under deforestation pressure. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5851. [PMID: 37037850 PMCID: PMC10085996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies showed that Brazilian Amazon indigenous territories (ITs) are efficient models for preserving forests by reducing deforestation, fires, and related carbon emissions. Considering the importance of ITs for conserving socio-environmental and cultural diversity and the recent climb in the Brazilian Amazon deforestation, we used official remote sensing datasets to analyze deforestation inside and outside indigenous territories within Brazil's Amazon biome during the 2013-2021 period. Deforestation has increased by 129% inside ITs since 2013, followed by an increase in illegal mining areas. In 2019-2021, deforestation was 195% higher and 30% farther from the borders towards the interior of indigenous territories than in previous years (2013-2018). Furthermore, about 59% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions within ITs in 2013-2021 (96 million tons) occurred in the last three years of analyzed years, revealing the magnitude of increasing deforestation to climate impacts. Therefore, curbing deforestation in indigenous territories must be a priority for the Brazilian government to secure these peoples' land rights, ensure the forests' protection and regulate the global climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso H L Silva-Junior
- Institute of Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles - UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory - JPL, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, Brazil.
| | - Fabrício B Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meio Ambiente, Universidade Ceuma - UNICEUMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Mataveli
- National Institute for Space Research - INPE, São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana C M Pessôa
- National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters - Cemaden, São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - João B C Reis
- National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters - Cemaden, São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Admo R Silva Júnior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Nathalia A C S Motta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meio Ambiente, Universidade Ceuma - UNICEUMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ane Alencar
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia - IPAM, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Sassan Saatchi
- Institute of Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles - UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory - JPL, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- National Institute for Space Research - INPE, São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Liana O Anderson
- National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters - Cemaden, São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maycon Melo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meio Ambiente, Universidade Ceuma - UNICEUMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
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8
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Heinrich VHA, Vancutsem C, Dalagnol R, Rosan TM, Fawcett D, Silva-Junior CHL, Cassol HLG, Achard F, Jucker T, Silva CA, House J, Sitch S, Hales TC, Aragão LEOC. The carbon sink of secondary and degraded humid tropical forests. Nature 2023; 615:436-442. [PMID: 36922608 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05679-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The globally important carbon sink of intact, old-growth tropical humid forests is declining because of climate change, deforestation and degradation from fire and logging1-3. Recovering tropical secondary and degraded forests now cover about 10% of the tropical forest area4, but how much carbon they accumulate remains uncertain. Here we quantify the aboveground carbon (AGC) sink of recovering forests across three main continuous tropical humid regions: the Amazon, Borneo and Central Africa5,6. On the basis of satellite data products4,7, our analysis encompasses the heterogeneous spatial and temporal patterns of growth in degraded and secondary forests, influenced by key environmental and anthropogenic drivers. In the first 20 years of recovery, regrowth rates in Borneo were up to 45% and 58% higher than in Central Africa and the Amazon, respectively. This is due to variables such as temperature, water deficit and disturbance regimes. We find that regrowing degraded and secondary forests accumulated 107 Tg C year-1 (90-130 Tg C year-1) between 1984 and 2018, counterbalancing 26% (21-34%) of carbon emissions from humid tropical forest loss during the same period. Protecting old-growth forests is therefore a priority. Furthermore, we estimate that conserving recovering degraded and secondary forests can have a feasible future carbon sink potential of 53 Tg C year-1 (44-62 Tg C year-1) across the main tropical regions studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola H A Heinrich
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Christelle Vancutsem
- Fincons Group, Milan, Italy
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Ricardo Dalagnol
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Thais M Rosan
- Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Dominic Fawcett
- Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Celso H L Silva-Junior
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, Brazil
| | - Henrique L G Cassol
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Tommaso Jucker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Carlos A Silva
- Forest Biometrics and Remote Sensing Lab (Silva Lab), School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jo House
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stephen Sitch
- Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tristram C Hales
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
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9
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Fawcett D, Sitch S, Ciais P, Wigneron JP, Silva‐Junior CHL, Heinrich V, Vancutsem C, Achard F, Bastos A, Yang H, Li X, Albergel C, Friedlingstein P, Aragão LEOC. Declining Amazon biomass due to deforestation and subsequent degradation losses exceeding gains. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:1106-1118. [PMID: 36415966 PMCID: PMC10100003 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the Amazon, deforestation and climate change lead to increased vulnerability to forest degradation, threatening its existing carbon stocks and its capacity as a carbon sink. We use satellite L-Band Vegetation Optical Depth (L-VOD) data that provide an integrated (top-down) estimate of biomass carbon to track changes over 2011-2019. Because the spatial resolution of L-VOD is coarse (0.25°), it allows limited attribution of the observed changes. We therefore combined high-resolution annual maps of forest cover and disturbances with biomass maps to model carbon losses (bottom-up) from deforestation and degradation, and gains from regrowing secondary forests. We show an increase of deforestation and associated degradation losses since 2012 which greatly outweigh secondary forest gains. Degradation accounted for 40% of gross losses. After an increase in 2011, old-growth forests show a net loss of above-ground carbon between 2012 and 2019. The sum of component carbon fluxes in our model is consistent with the total biomass change from L-VOD of 1.3 Pg C over 2012-2019. Across nine Amazon countries, we found that while Brazil contains the majority of biomass stocks (64%), its losses from disturbances were disproportionately high (79% of gross losses). Our multi-source analysis provides a pessimistic assessment of the Amazon carbon balance and highlights the urgent need to stop the recent rise of deforestation and degradation, particularly in the Brazilian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Fawcett
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and EconomyUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Stephen Sitch
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and EconomyUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement LSCECEA CNRS UVSQ, Centre d'Etudes Orme de MerisiersGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | | | - Celso H. L. Silva‐Junior
- Institute of Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Biodiversidade e ConservaçãoUniversidade Federal do MaranhãoSão LuísBrazil
| | - Viola Heinrich
- School of Geographical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Christelle Vancutsem
- FINCONs GroupMilanItaly
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)BogorIndonesia
| | | | - Ana Bastos
- Department of Biogeochemical IntegrationMax Planck Institute for BiogeochemistryJenaGermany
| | - Hui Yang
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement LSCECEA CNRS UVSQ, Centre d'Etudes Orme de MerisiersGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
- Department of Biogeochemical IntegrationMax Planck Institute for BiogeochemistryJenaGermany
| | - Xiaojun Li
- INRAE, UMR ISPAUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Clément Albergel
- European Space Agency Climate OfficeECSAT, Harwell CampusDidcotOxfordshireUK
| | - Pierre Friedlingstein
- Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Environment, Science and EconomyUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
- LMD/IPSL, ENS PSL Université, Ècole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de ParisSorbonne Université, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Luiz E. O. C. Aragão
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and EconomyUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
- Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences LaboratorySão José dos CamposBrazil
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics DivisionNational Institute for Space ResearchSão José dos CamposBrazil
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10
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Lapola DM, Pinho P, Barlow J, Aragão LEOC, Berenguer E, Carmenta R, Liddy HM, Seixas H, Silva CVJ, Silva-Junior CHL, Alencar AAC, Anderson LO, Armenteras D, Brovkin V, Calders K, Chambers J, Chini L, Costa MH, Faria BL, Fearnside PM, Ferreira J, Gatti L, Gutierrez-Velez VH, Han Z, Hibbard K, Koven C, Lawrence P, Pongratz J, Portela BTT, Rounsevell M, Ruane AC, Schaldach R, da Silva SS, von Randow C, Walker WS. The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation. Science 2023; 379:eabp8622. [PMID: 36701452 DOI: 10.1126/science.abp8622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 2.5 × 106 square kilometers of the Amazon forest are currently degraded by fire, edge effects, timber extraction, and/or extreme drought, representing 38% of all remaining forests in the region. Carbon emissions from this degradation total up to 0.2 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C year-1), which is equivalent to, if not greater than, the emissions from Amazon deforestation (0.06 to 0.21 Pg C year-1). Amazon forest degradation can reduce dry-season evapotranspiration by up to 34% and cause as much biodiversity loss as deforestation in human-modified landscapes, generating uneven socioeconomic burdens, mainly to forest dwellers. Projections indicate that degradation will remain a dominant source of carbon emissions independent of deforestation rates. Policies to tackle degradation should be integrated with efforts to curb deforestation and complemented with innovative measures addressing the disturbances that degrade the Amazon forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lapola
- Laboratório de Ciência do Sistema Terrestre - LabTerra, Centro de Pesquisas Meteorológicas e Climáticas Aplicadas à Agricultura - CEPAGRI, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pinho
- Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais da Amazônia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.,Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.,Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Hannah M Liddy
- Columbia Climate School, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hugo Seixas
- Laboratório de Ciência do Sistema Terrestre - LabTerra, Centro de Pesquisas Meteorológicas e Climáticas Aplicadas à Agricultura - CEPAGRI, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila V J Silva
- Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais da Amazônia, Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.,BeZero Carbon Ltd, London, UK
| | - Celso H L Silva-Junior
- Institute of Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Ane A C Alencar
- Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais da Amazônia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Liana O Anderson
- Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kim Calders
- Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology Laboratory, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Belgium.,School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Bruno L Faria
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Norte de Minas Gerais, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Joice Ferreira
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Luciana Gatti
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kathleen Hibbard
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Headquarters, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Charles Koven
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Peter Lawrence
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Julia Pongratz
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Mark Rounsevell
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.,University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alex C Ruane
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Celso von Randow
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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11
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Mataveli G, de Oliveira G, Silva-Junior CHL, Stark SC, Carvalho N, Anderson LO, Gatti LV, Aragão LEOC. Record-breaking fires in the Brazilian Amazon associated with uncontrolled deforestation. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1792-1793. [PMID: 36396971 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01945-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Mataveli
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, Brazil.
| | | | - Celso H L Silva-Junior
- Institute of Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Scott C Stark
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Nathália Carvalho
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Liana O Anderson
- National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Luciana V Gatti
- General Coordination of Earth Science, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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12
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Bastos A, Ciais P, Sitch S, Aragão LEOC, Chevallier F, Fawcett D, Rosan TM, Saunois M, Günther D, Perugini L, Robert C, Deng Z, Pongratz J, Ganzenmüller R, Fuchs R, Winkler K, Zaehle S, Albergel C. On the use of Earth Observation to support estimates of national greenhouse gas emissions and sinks for the Global stocktake process: lessons learned from ESA-CCI RECCAP2. Carbon Balance Manag 2022; 17:15. [PMID: 36183029 PMCID: PMC9526973 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-022-00214-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Global Stocktake (GST), implemented by the Paris Agreement, requires rapid developments in the capabilities to quantify annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals consistently from the global to the national scale and improvements to national GHG inventories. In particular, new capabilities are needed for accurate attribution of sources and sinks and their trends to natural and anthropogenic processes. On the one hand, this is still a major challenge as national GHG inventories follow globally harmonized methodologies based on the guidelines established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, but these can be implemented differently for individual countries. Moreover, in many countries the capability to systematically produce detailed and annually updated GHG inventories is still lacking. On the other hand, spatially-explicit datasets quantifying sources and sinks of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from Earth Observations (EO) are still limited by many sources of uncertainty. While national GHG inventories follow diverse methodologies depending on the availability of activity data in the different countries, the proposed comparison with EO-based estimates can help improve our understanding of the comparability of the estimates published by the different countries. Indeed, EO networks and satellite platforms have seen a massive expansion in the past decade, now covering a wide range of essential climate variables and offering high potential to improve the quantification of global and regional GHG budgets and advance process understanding. Yet, there is no EO data that quantifies greenhouse gas fluxes directly, rather there are observations of variables or proxies that can be transformed into fluxes using models. Here, we report results and lessons from the ESA-CCI RECCAP2 project, whose goal was to engage with National Inventory Agencies to improve understanding about the methods used by each community to estimate sources and sinks of GHGs and to evaluate the potential for satellite and in-situ EO to improve national GHG estimates. Based on this dialogue and recent studies, we discuss the potential of EO approaches to provide estimates of GHG budgets that can be compared with those of national GHG inventories. We outline a roadmap for implementation of an EO carbon-monitoring program that can contribute to the Paris Agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bastos
- Dept. of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire Des Sciences du Climat Et de L'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stephen Sitch
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences Laboratory, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Frédéric Chevallier
- Laboratoire Des Sciences du Climat Et de L'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Dominic Fawcett
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Thais M Rosan
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Marielle Saunois
- Laboratoire Des Sciences du Climat Et de L'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Lucia Perugini
- Division On Climate Change Impacts On Agriculture, Forests and Ecosystem Services (IAFES), Foundation Euro-Mediterranean Center On Climate Change (CMCC), Viterbo, Italy
| | - Colas Robert
- Dept. AFOLU, Citepa, 42 rue de Paradis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Zhu Deng
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Julia Pongratz
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Luisenstr. 37, 80333, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstr. 53, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Richard Fuchs
- Land Use Change & Climate Research Group, IMK-IFU, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Karina Winkler
- Land Use Change & Climate Research Group, IMK-IFU, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Laboratory of Geoinformation and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research (WUR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sönke Zaehle
- Dept. of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Clément Albergel
- European Space Agency Climate Office, ECSAT, Harwell Campus, Didcot, UK
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13
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Cunha HFV, Andersen KM, Lugli LF, Santana FD, Aleixo IF, Moraes AM, Garcia S, Di Ponzio R, Mendoza EO, Brum B, Rosa JS, Cordeiro AL, Portela BTT, Ribeiro G, Coelho SD, de Souza ST, Silva LS, Antonieto F, Pires M, Salomão AC, Miron AC, de Assis RL, Domingues TF, Aragão LEOC, Meir P, Camargo JL, Manzi AO, Nagy L, Mercado LM, Hartley IP, Quesada CA. Direct evidence for phosphorus limitation on Amazon forest productivity. Nature 2022; 608:558-562. [PMID: 35948632 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The productivity of rainforests growing on highly weathered tropical soils is expected to be limited by phosphorus availability1. Yet, controlled fertilization experiments have been unable to demonstrate a dominant role for phosphorus in controlling tropical forest net primary productivity. Recent syntheses have demonstrated that responses to nitrogen addition are as large as to phosphorus2, and adaptations to low phosphorus availability appear to enable net primary productivity to be maintained across major soil phosphorus gradients3. Thus, the extent to which phosphorus availability limits tropical forest productivity is highly uncertain. The majority of the Amazonia, however, is characterized by soils that are more depleted in phosphorus than those in which most tropical fertilization experiments have taken place2. Thus, we established a phosphorus, nitrogen and base cation addition experiment in an old growth Amazon rainforest, with a low soil phosphorus content that is representative of approximately 60% of the Amazon basin. Here we show that net primary productivity increased exclusively with phosphorus addition. After 2 years, strong responses were observed in fine root (+29%) and canopy productivity (+19%), but not stem growth. The direct evidence of phosphorus limitation of net primary productivity suggests that phosphorus availability may restrict Amazon forest responses to CO2 fertilization4, with major implications for future carbon sequestration and forest resilience to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly M Andersen
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Laynara Figueiredo Lugli
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil.,TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Flavia Delgado Santana
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Izabela Fonseca Aleixo
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Anna Martins Moraes
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Garcia
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Raffaello Di Ponzio
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragment Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Erick Oblitas Mendoza
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Brum
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Schmeisk Rosa
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gyovanni Ribeiro
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Sara Deambrozi Coelho
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Lara Siebert Silva
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Felipe Antonieto
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Maria Pires
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Salomão
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragment Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Miron
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil.,Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rafael L de Assis
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil.,Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomas F Domingues
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciência e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,National Institute for Space Research, São Jose dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrick Meir
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - José Luis Camargo
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragment Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Antonio Ocimar Manzi
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil.,National Institute for Space Research, São Jose dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lina M Mercado
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
| | - Iain P Hartley
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Carlos Alberto Quesada
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
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14
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Mataveli G, de Oliveira G, Chaves MED, Dalagnol R, Wagner FH, Ipia AHS, Silva‐Junior CHL, Aragão LEOC. Science‐based planning can support law enforcement actions to curb deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Conserv Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Mataveli
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division National Institute for Space Research (INPE) São José dos Campos Brazil
| | | | - Michel E. D. Chaves
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division National Institute for Space Research (INPE) São José dos Campos Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dalagnol
- NASA ‐ Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA
| | - Fabien H. Wagner
- NASA ‐ Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA
| | - Alber H. S. Ipia
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division National Institute for Space Research (INPE) São José dos Campos Brazil
| | - Celso H. L. Silva‐Junior
- NASA ‐ Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA
- Department of Agricultural Engineering State University of Maranhão São Luís Brazil
| | - Luiz E. O. C. Aragão
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division National Institute for Space Research (INPE) São José dos Campos Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter UK
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15
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Berenguer E, Lennox GD, Ferreira J, Malhi Y, Aragão LEOC, Barreto JR, Del Bon Espírito-Santo F, Figueiredo AES, França F, Gardner TA, Joly CA, Palmeira AF, Quesada CA, Rossi LC, de Seixas MMM, Smith CC, Withey K, Barlow J. Tracking the impacts of El Niño drought and fire in human-modified Amazonian forests. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2019377118. [PMID: 34282005 PMCID: PMC8325159 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019377118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With humanity facing an unprecedented climate crisis, the conservation of tropical forests has never been so important - their vast terrestrial carbon stocks can be turned into emissions by climatic and human disturbances. However, the duration of these effects is poorly understood, and it is unclear whether impacts are amplified in forests with a history of previous human disturbance. Here, we focus on the Amazonian epicenter of the 2015-16 El Niño, a region that encompasses 1.2% of the Brazilian Amazon. We quantify, at high temporal resolution, the impacts of an extreme El Niño (EN) drought and extensive forest fires on plant mortality and carbon loss in undisturbed and human-modified forests. Mortality remained higher than pre-El Niño levels for 36 mo in EN-drought-affected forests and for 30 mo in EN-fire-affected forests. In EN-fire-affected forests, human disturbance significantly increased plant mortality. Our investigation of the ecological and physiological predictors of tree mortality showed that trees with lower wood density, bark thickness and leaf nitrogen content, as well as those that experienced greater fire intensity, were more vulnerable. Across the region, the 2015-16 El Niño led to the death of an estimated 2.5 ± 0.3 billion stems, resulting in emissions of 495 ± 94 Tg CO2 Three years after the El Niño, plant growth and recruitment had offset only 37% of emissions. Our results show that limiting forest disturbance will not only help maintain carbon stocks, but will also maximize the resistance of Amazonian forests if fires do occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Berenguer
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom;
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth D Lennox
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém 66095-100, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-10, Brazil
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Rodrigues Barreto
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Paisagens e Conservação, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Fernando Del Bon Espírito-Santo
- Institute of Space and Earth Observation Science at Space Park Leicester, Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Axa Emanuelle S Figueiredo
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus 69080-971, Brazil
| | - Filipe França
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carlos A Joly
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Alessandro F Palmeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-10, Brazil
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Quesada
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus 69080-971, Brazil
| | - Liana Chesini Rossi
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil
| | | | - Charlotte C Smith
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran Withey
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
- Setor de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-900, Brazil
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16
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Pletsch MAJS, Silva Junior CHL, Penha TV, Körting TS, Silva MES, Pereira G, Anderson LO, Aragão LEOC. The 2020 Brazilian Pantanal fires. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20210077. [PMID: 34161516 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120210077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhaela A J S Pletsch
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Divisão de Observação da Terra e Geoinformática, Avenida dos Astronautas, 1758, Jd. Granja, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Celso H L Silva Junior
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Divisão de Observação da Terra e Geoinformática, Avenida dos Astronautas, 1758, Jd. Granja, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA), Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Cidade Universitária Paulo VI, Avenida Lourenço Vieira da Silva, 1000, Jardim São Cristóvão, 65055-310 São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Thales V Penha
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Departamento de Geografia, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 338, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thales S Körting
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Divisão de Observação da Terra e Geoinformática, Avenida dos Astronautas, 1758, Jd. Granja, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria E S Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Departamento de Geografia, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 338, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Pereira
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Departamento de Geografia, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 338, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Departamento de Geografia, Praça Frei Orlando, 170, Centro, 36307-352 São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Liana O Anderson
- Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais (CEMADEN), Estrada Dr. Altino Bondensan, 500, Eugênio de Melo, 12247-016 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Divisão de Observação da Terra e Geoinformática, Avenida dos Astronautas, 1758, Jd. Granja, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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17
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Draper FC, Costa FRC, Arellano G, Phillips OL, Duque A, Macía MJ, Ter Steege H, Asner GP, Berenguer E, Schietti J, Socolar JB, de Souza FC, Dexter KG, Jørgensen PM, Tello JS, Magnusson WE, Baker TR, Castilho CV, Monteagudo-Mendoza A, Fine PVA, Ruokolainen K, Coronado ENH, Aymard G, Dávila N, Sáenz MS, Paredes MAR, Engel J, Fortunel C, Paine CET, Goret JY, Dourdain A, Petronelli P, Allie E, Andino JEG, Brienen RJW, Pérez LC, Manzatto ÂG, Zambrana NYP, Molino JF, Sabatier D, Chave J, Fauset S, Villacorta RG, Réjou-Méchain M, Berry PE, Melgaço K, Feldpausch TR, Sandoval EV, Martinez RV, Mesones I, Junqueira AB, Roucoux KH, de Toledo JJ, Andrade AC, Camargo JL, Del Aguila Pasquel J, Santana FD, Laurance WF, Laurance SG, Lovejoy TE, Comiskey JA, Galbraith DR, Kalamandeen M, Aguilar GEN, Arenas JV, Guerra CAA, Flores M, Llampazo GF, Montenegro LAT, Gomez RZ, Pansonato MP, Moscoso VC, Vleminckx J, Barrantes OJV, Duivenvoorden JF, de Sousa SA, Arroyo L, Perdiz RO, Cravo JS, Marimon BS, Junior BHM, Carvalho FA, Damasco G, Disney M, Vital MS, Diaz PRS, Vicentini A, Nascimento H, Higuchi N, Van Andel T, Malhi Y, Ribeiro SC, Terborgh JW, Thomas RS, Dallmeier F, Prieto A, Hilário RR, Salomão RP, Silva RDC, Casas LF, Vieira ICG, Araujo-Murakami A, Arevalo FR, Ramírez-Angulo H, Torre EV, Peñuela MC, Killeen TJ, Pardo G, Jimenez-Rojas E, Castro W, Cabrera DG, Pipoly J, de Sousa TR, Silvera M, Vos V, Neill D, Vargas PN, Vela DM, Aragão LEOC, Umetsu RK, Sierra R, Wang O, Young KR, Prestes NCCS, Massi KG, Huaymacari JR, Gutierrez GAP, Aldana AM, Alexiades MN, Baccaro F, Céron C, Muelbert AE, Rios JMG, Lima AS, Lloyd JL, Pitman NCA, Gamarra LV, Oroche CJC, Fuentes AF, Palacios W, Patiño S, Torres-Lezama A, Baraloto C. Amazon tree dominance across forest strata. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:757-767. [PMID: 33795854 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The forests of Amazonia are among the most biodiverse plant communities on Earth. Given the immediate threats posed by climate and land-use change, an improved understanding of how this extraordinary biodiversity is spatially organized is urgently required to develop effective conservation strategies. Most Amazonian tree species are extremely rare but a few are common across the region. Indeed, just 227 'hyperdominant' species account for >50% of all individuals >10 cm diameter at 1.3 m in height. Yet, the degree to which the phenomenon of hyperdominance is sensitive to tree size, the extent to which the composition of dominant species changes with size class and how evolutionary history constrains tree hyperdominance, all remain unknown. Here, we use a large floristic dataset to show that, while hyperdominance is a universal phenomenon across forest strata, different species dominate the forest understory, midstory and canopy. We further find that, although species belonging to a range of phylogenetically dispersed lineages have become hyperdominant in small size classes, hyperdominants in large size classes are restricted to a few lineages. Our results demonstrate that it is essential to consider all forest strata to understand regional patterns of dominance and composition in Amazonia. More generally, through the lens of 654 hyperdominant species, we outline a tractable pathway for understanding the functioning of half of Amazonian forests across vertical strata and geographical locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick C Draper
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA. .,School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. .,Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Flavia R C Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Arellano
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Alvaro Duque
- Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Manuel J Macía
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Systems Ecology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory P Asner
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.,Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Juliana Schietti
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jacob B Socolar
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Kyle G Dexter
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul V A Fine
- Department of Intergrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Gerardo Aymard
- UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Mesa de Cavacas, Venezuela.,Compensation International Progress S. A.-Ciprogress Greenlife, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nállarett Dávila
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Mauricio Sánchez Sáenz
- Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Julien Engel
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Fortunel
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - C E Timothy Paine
- Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jean-Yves Goret
- INRA, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CNRS, CIRAD, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, French Guiana
| | | | | | - Elodie Allie
- INRA, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CNRS, CIRAD, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, French Guiana
| | | | | | | | - Ângelo G Manzatto
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | | | | | - Daniel Sabatier
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Jerôme Chave
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB) CNRS/UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Fauset
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | | | | | - Paul E Berry
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karina Melgaço
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Italo Mesones
- Department of Intergrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - André B Junqueira
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil.,Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katherine H Roucoux
- School of Geography & Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - José J de Toledo
- Department of Environment and Development, Federal University of Amapá, Macapa, Brazil
| | - Ana C Andrade
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Flávia D Santana
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Susan G Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas E Lovejoy
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - James A Comiskey
- Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, Fredericksburg, VA, USA.,Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA
| | | | - Michelle Kalamandeen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Living with Lakes Centre, Laurentian University, Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jim Vega Arenas
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquito, Peru
| | | | - Manuel Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquito, Peru
| | | | | | | | | | - Victor Chama Moscoso
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru.,Estación Biológica del Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Peru
| | - Jason Vleminckx
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - Joost F Duivenvoorden
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Luzmila Arroyo
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Ricardo O Perdiz
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Beatriz S Marimon
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Universidad do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon Junior
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Universidad do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Damasco
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mathias Disney
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marcos Salgado Vital
- Centro de Estudos da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | - Pablo R Stevenson Diaz
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes (Colombia), Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Niro Higuchi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - John W Terborgh
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Raquel S Thomas
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Francisco Dallmeier
- Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Washington DC, USA
| | - Adriana Prieto
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Renato R Hilário
- Department of Environment and Development, Federal University of Amapá, Macapa, Brazil
| | - Rafael P Salomão
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia-UFRA/CAPES, Belém, Brazil.,Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brasil
| | | | - Luisa F Casas
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Fundación Natura Colombia, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Hirma Ramírez-Angulo
- Institute of Research for Forestry Development, Universidad de los Andes, Merida, Venezuela
| | - Emilio Vilanova Torre
- Institute of Research for Forestry Development, Universidad de los Andes, Merida, Venezuela.,School of Environmental and Forest Sciences (SEFS), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Guido Pardo
- Universidad Autónoma del Beni, Riberalta, Bolivia
| | - Eliana Jimenez-Rojas
- Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones (IMANI), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Amazonia, Brazil
| | - Wenderson Castro
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | | | - John Pipoly
- Broward County Parks and Recreation, Miami, FL, USA.,Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University-Davie, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Marcos Silvera
- Museu Universitário, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - Vincent Vos
- Universidad Autónoma del Beni, Riberalta, Bolivia
| | - David Neill
- Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Ecuador
| | | | - Dilys M Vela
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Keichi Umetsu
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Universidad do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | | | - Ophelia Wang
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Kenneth R Young
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nayane C C S Prestes
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Universidad do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Klécia G Massi
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | | | - Germaine A Parada Gutierrez
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Ana M Aldana
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes (Colombia), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Miguel N Alexiades
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | | | - Carlos Céron
- Herbario Alfredo Paredes (QAP), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan L Lloyd
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Alfredo F Fuentes
- Instituto de Ecología, Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Walter Palacios
- Universidad Tecnica del Norte, Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sandra Patiño
- Research Institute Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Armando Torres-Lezama
- Institute of Research for Forestry Development, Universidad de los Andes, Merida, Venezuela
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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18
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Pontes-Lopes A, Silva CVJ, Barlow J, Rincón LM, Campanharo WA, Nunes CA, de Almeida CT, Silva Júnior CHL, Cassol HLG, Dalagnol R, Stark SC, Graça PMLA, Aragão LEOC. Drought-driven wildfire impacts on structure and dynamics in a wet Central Amazonian forest. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210094. [PMID: 34004131 PMCID: PMC8131120 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While the climate and human-induced forest degradation is increasing in the Amazon, fire impacts on forest dynamics remain understudied in the wetter regions of the basin, which are susceptible to large wildfires only during extreme droughts. To address this gap, we installed burned and unburned plots immediately after a wildfire in the northern Purus-Madeira (Central Amazon) during the 2015 El-Niño. We measured all individuals with diameter of 10 cm or more at breast height and conducted recensuses to track the demographic drivers of biomass change over 3 years. We also assessed how stem-level growth and mortality were influenced by fire intensity (proxied by char height) and tree morphological traits (size and wood density). Overall, the burned forest lost 27.3% of stem density and 12.8% of biomass, concentrated in small and medium trees. Mortality drove these losses in the first 2 years and recruitment decreased in the third year. The fire increased growth in lower wood density and larger sized trees, while char height had transitory strong effects increasing tree mortality. Our findings suggest that fire impacts are weaker in the wetter Amazon. Here, trees of greater sizes and higher wood densities may confer a margin of fire resistance; however, this may not extend to higher intensity fires arising from climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Pontes-Lopes
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Camila V. J. Silva
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), Brasília 71503-505, Brazil
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Lorena M. Rincón
- National Institute for Research in Amazonia (INPA), Manaus 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Wesley A. Campanharo
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Cássio A. Nunes
- Department of Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Catherine T. de Almeida
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
- Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP/ESALQ), Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Celso H. L. Silva Júnior
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, State University of Maranhão (UEMA), São Luís 65055-310, Brazil
| | - Henrique L. G. Cassol
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dalagnol
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Scott C. Stark
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Luiz E. O. C. Aragão
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
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19
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Lugli LF, Rosa JS, Andersen KM, Di Ponzio R, Almeida RV, Pires M, Cordeiro AL, Cunha HFV, Martins NP, Assis RL, Moraes ACM, Souza ST, Aragão LEOC, Camargo JL, Fuchslueger L, Schaap KJ, Valverde-Barrantes OJ, Meir P, Quesada CA, Mercado LM, Hartley IP. Rapid responses of root traits and productivity to phosphorus and cation additions in a tropical lowland forest in Amazonia. New Phytol 2021; 230:116-128. [PMID: 33341935 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil nutrient availability can strongly affect root traits. In tropical forests, phosphorus (P) is often considered the main limiting nutrient for plants. However, support for the P paradigm is limited, and N and cations might also control tropical forests functioning. We used a large-scale experiment to determine how the factorial addition of nitrogen (N), P and cations affected root productivity and traits related to nutrient acquisition strategies (morphological traits, phosphatase activity, arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation and nutrient contents) in a primary rainforest growing on low-fertility soils in Central Amazonia after 1 yr of fertilisation. Multiple root traits and productivity were affected. Phosphorus additions increased annual root productivity and root diameter, but decreased root phosphatase activity. Cation additions increased root productivity at certain times of year, also increasing root diameter and mycorrhizal colonisation. P and cation additions increased their element concentrations in root tissues. No responses were detected with N addition. Here we showed that rock-derived nutrients determined root functioning in low-fertility Amazonian soils, demonstrating not only the hypothesised importance of P, but also highlighting the role of cations. The changes in fine root traits and productivity indicated that even slow-growing tropical rainforests can respond rapidly to changes in resource availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laynara F Lugli
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, AM, 69060-062, Brazil
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Rennes Drive, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Jessica S Rosa
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, AM, 69060-062, Brazil
| | - Kelly M Andersen
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Rennes Drive, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4RJ, UK
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AB, UK
| | - Raffaello Di Ponzio
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragment Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Renata V Almeida
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragment Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Maria Pires
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, AM, 69060-062, Brazil
| | - Amanda L Cordeiro
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, AM, 69060-062, Brazil
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Hellen F V Cunha
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, AM, 69060-062, Brazil
| | - Nathielly P Martins
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, AM, 69060-062, Brazil
| | - Rafael L Assis
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, AM, 69060-062, Brazil
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0562, Norway
| | - Anna C M Moraes
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, AM, 69060-062, Brazil
| | - Sheila T Souza
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, AM, 69060-062, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Rennes Drive, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4RJ, UK
- National Institute for Space Research, São Jose dos Campos, São Paulo, 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Jose L Camargo
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragment Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Lucia Fuchslueger
- Centre of Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Karst J Schaap
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, AM, 69060-062, Brazil
| | - Oscar J Valverde-Barrantes
- International Centre of Tropical Biodiversity, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33133, USA
| | - Patrick Meir
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AB, UK
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Carlos A Quesada
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, AM, 69060-062, Brazil
| | - Lina M Mercado
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Rennes Drive, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4RJ, UK
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Iain P Hartley
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Rennes Drive, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4RJ, UK
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20
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Heinrich VHA, Dalagnol R, Cassol HLG, Rosan TM, de Almeida CT, Silva Junior CHL, Campanharo WA, House JI, Sitch S, Hales TC, Adami M, Anderson LO, Aragão LEOC. Large carbon sink potential of secondary forests in the Brazilian Amazon to mitigate climate change. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1785. [PMID: 33741981 PMCID: PMC7979697 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropical secondary forests sequester carbon up to 20 times faster than old-growth forests. This rate does not capture spatial regrowth patterns due to environmental and disturbance drivers. Here we quantify the influence of such drivers on the rate and spatial patterns of regrowth in the Brazilian Amazon using satellite data. Carbon sequestration rates of young secondary forests (<20 years) in the west are ~60% higher (3.0 ± 1.0 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) compared to those in the east (1.3 ± 0.3 Mg C ha-1 yr-1). Disturbances reduce regrowth rates by 8-55%. The 2017 secondary forest carbon stock, of 294 Tg C, could be 8% higher by avoiding fires and repeated deforestation. Maintaining the 2017 secondary forest area has the potential to accumulate ~19.0 Tg C yr-1 until 2030, contributing ~5.5% to Brazil's 2030 net emissions reduction target. Implementing legal mechanisms to protect and expand secondary forests whilst supporting old-growth conservation is, therefore, key to realising their potential as a nature-based climate solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola H. A. Heinrich
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ricardo Dalagnol
- grid.419222.e0000 0001 2116 4512Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Henrique L. G. Cassol
- grid.419222.e0000 0001 2116 4512Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Thais M. Rosan
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Catherine Torres de Almeida
- grid.419222.e0000 0001 2116 4512Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Celso H. L. Silva Junior
- grid.419222.e0000 0001 2116 4512Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Wesley A. Campanharo
- grid.419222.e0000 0001 2116 4512Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Joanna I. House
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK ,grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603Cabot institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stephen Sitch
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tristram C. Hales
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marcos Adami
- grid.419222.e0000 0001 2116 4512Amazon Regional Center, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Belém, Brazil
| | - Liana O. Anderson
- National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disaster (CEMADEN), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Luiz E. O. C. Aragão
- grid.419222.e0000 0001 2116 4512Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil ,grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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21
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Vancutsem C, Achard F, Pekel JF, Vieilledent G, Carboni S, Simonetti D, Gallego J, Aragão LEOC, Nasi R. Long-term (1990-2019) monitoring of forest cover changes in the humid tropics. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/10/eabe1603. [PMID: 33674308 PMCID: PMC7935368 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Accurate characterization of tropical moist forest changes is needed to support conservation policies and to quantify their contribution to global carbon fluxes more effectively. We document, at pantropical scale, the extent and changes (degradation, deforestation, and recovery) of these forests over the past three decades. We estimate that 17% of tropical moist forests have disappeared since 1990 with a remaining area of 1071 million hectares in 2019, from which 10% are degraded. Our study underlines the importance of the degradation process in these ecosystems, in particular, as a precursor of deforestation, and in the recent increase in tropical moist forest disturbances (natural and anthropogenic degradation or deforestation). Without a reduction of the present disturbance rates, undisturbed forests will disappear entirely in large tropical humid regions by 2050. Our study suggests that reinforcing actions are needed to prevent the initial degradation that leads to forest clearance in 45% of the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vancutsem
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749-TP 261, I-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy.
| | - F Achard
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749-TP 261, I-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - J-F Pekel
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749-TP 261, I-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - G Vieilledent
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749-TP 261, I-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy
- CIRAD, UMR AMAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, Forêts et Sociétés, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - S Carboni
- GFT Italia Srl, Via Sile 18, Milan, Italy
| | - D Simonetti
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749-TP 261, I-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - J Gallego
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749-TP 261, I-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - L E O C Aragão
- National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - R Nasi
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
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22
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Ziccardi LG, dos Reis M, Graça PMLDA, Gonçalves NB, Pontes‐Lopes A, Aragão LEOC, de Oliveira RP, Clark L, Fearnside PM. Forest fires facilitate growth of herbaceous bamboos in central Amazonia. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Guimarães Ziccardi
- Environmental Dynamics Department National Institute for Research in Amazonia (INPA) Manaus Amazonas Brazil
- Department of Forestry Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - Mateus dos Reis
- Environmental Dynamics Department National Institute for Research in Amazonia (INPA) Manaus Amazonas Brazil
| | | | | | - Aline Pontes‐Lopes
- Remote Sensing Division National Institute for Space Research (INPE) São José dos Campos, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Luiz E. O. C. Aragão
- Remote Sensing Division National Institute for Space Research (INPE) São José dos Campos, São Paulo Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | | | - Lynn Clark
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames IA USA
| | - Philip Martin Fearnside
- Environmental Dynamics Department National Institute for Research in Amazonia (INPA) Manaus Amazonas Brazil
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23
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Berenguer E, Carvalho N, Anderson LO, Aragão LEOC, França F, Barlow J. Improving the spatial-temporal analysis of Amazonian fires. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:469-471. [PMID: 33124173 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in Amazonian fires, accompanied by a substantial increase in research in the subject. Here, we list five common misunderstandings about Amazonian climate, vegetation, fires and the deforestation process to help to support future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Berenguer
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Nathália Carvalho
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Liana O Anderson
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Filipe França
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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24
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Dalagnol R, Wagner FH, Galvão LS, Streher AS, Phillips OL, Gloor E, Pugh TAM, Ometto JPHB, Aragão LEOC. Large-scale variations in the dynamics of Amazon forest canopy gaps from airborne lidar data and opportunities for tree mortality estimates. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1388. [PMID: 33446809 PMCID: PMC7809196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80809-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We report large-scale estimates of Amazonian gap dynamics using a novel approach with large datasets of airborne light detection and ranging (lidar), including five multi-temporal and 610 single-date lidar datasets. Specifically, we (1) compared the fixed height and relative height methods for gap delineation and established a relationship between static and dynamic gaps (newly created gaps); (2) explored potential environmental/climate drivers explaining gap occurrence using generalized linear models; and (3) cross-related our findings to mortality estimates from 181 field plots. Our findings suggest that static gaps are significantly correlated to dynamic gaps and can inform about structural changes in the forest canopy. Moreover, the relative height outperformed the fixed height method for gap delineation. Well-defined and consistent spatial patterns of dynamic gaps were found over the Amazon, while also revealing the dynamics of areas never sampled in the field. The predominant pattern indicates 20-35% higher gap dynamics at the west and southeast than at the central-east and north. These estimates were notably consistent with field mortality patterns, but they showed 60% lower magnitude likely due to the predominant detection of the broken/uprooted mode of death. While topographic predictors did not explain gap occurrence, the water deficit, soil fertility, forest flooding and degradation were key drivers of gap variability at the regional scale. These findings highlight the importance of lidar in providing opportunities for large-scale gap dynamics and tree mortality monitoring over the Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Dalagnol
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research-INPE, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil.
| | - Fabien H Wagner
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research-INPE, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil
- GeoProcessing Division, Foundation for Science, Technology and Space Applications-FUNCATE, São José dos Campos, SP, 12210-131, Brazil
| | - Lênio S Galvão
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research-INPE, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Annia S Streher
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research-INPE, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil
| | | | - Emanuel Gloor
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Thomas A M Pugh
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jean P H B Ometto
- Earth System Sciences Center, National Institute for Space Research-INPE, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research-INPE, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
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25
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Esquivel-Muelbert A, Phillips OL, Brienen RJW, Fauset S, Sullivan MJP, Baker TR, Chao KJ, Feldpausch TR, Gloor E, Higuchi N, Houwing-Duistermaat J, Lloyd J, Liu H, Malhi Y, Marimon B, Marimon Junior BH, Monteagudo-Mendoza A, Poorter L, Silveira M, Torre EV, Dávila EA, Del Aguila Pasquel J, Almeida E, Loayza PA, Andrade A, Aragão LEOC, Araujo-Murakami A, Arets E, Arroyo L, Aymard C GA, Baisie M, Baraloto C, Camargo PB, Barroso J, Blanc L, Bonal D, Bongers F, Boot R, Brown F, Burban B, Camargo JL, Castro W, Moscoso VC, Chave J, Comiskey J, Valverde FC, da Costa AL, Cardozo ND, Di Fiore A, Dourdain A, Erwin T, Llampazo GF, Vieira ICG, Herrera R, Honorio Coronado E, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Jimenez-Rojas E, Killeen T, Laurance S, Laurance W, Levesley A, Lewis SL, Ladvocat KLLM, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Lovejoy T, Meir P, Mendoza C, Morandi P, Neill D, Nogueira Lima AJ, Vargas PN, de Oliveira EA, Camacho NP, Pardo G, Peacock J, Peña-Claros M, Peñuela-Mora MC, Pickavance G, Pipoly J, Pitman N, Prieto A, Pugh TAM, Quesada C, Ramirez-Angulo H, de Almeida Reis SM, Rejou-Machain M, Correa ZR, Bayona LR, Rudas A, Salomão R, Serrano J, Espejo JS, Silva N, Singh J, Stahl C, Stropp J, Swamy V, Talbot J, Ter Steege H, Terborgh J, Thomas R, Toledo M, Torres-Lezama A, Gamarra LV, van der Heijden G, van der Meer P, van der Hout P, Martinez RV, Vieira SA, Cayo JV, Vos V, Zagt R, Zuidema P, Galbraith D. Author Correction: Tree mode of death and mortality risk factors across Amazon forests. Nat Commun 2021; 12:209. [PMID: 33397985 PMCID: PMC7782710 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert
- School of Geography, Earth and Enviornmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. .,School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. .,Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | | | | | - Sophie Fauset
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Martin J P Sullivan
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Kuo-Jung Chao
- International Master Program of Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Niro Higuchi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Jon Lloyd
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Life, Imperial College London Sciences, London, UK
| | - Haiyan Liu
- School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Beatriz Marimon
- UNEMAT - Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso PPG-Ecologia e Conservação, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon Junior
- UNEMAT - Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso PPG-Ecologia e Conservação, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | | | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marcos Silveira
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
| | - Emilio Vilanova Torre
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela.,University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Esteban Alvarez Dávila
- Escuela de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Ambientales, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, Boyacá, Colombia.,Fundación ConVida, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Everton Almeida
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Brazil
| | - Patricia Alvarez Loayza
- Center for Tropical Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, University in Durham, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ana Andrade
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Florestais, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Eric Arets
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Luzmila Arroyo
- Dirección de la Carrera de Biología, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Gerardo A Aymard C
- UNELLEZ-Guanare, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Portuguesa, Venezuela Compensation International Progress S.A. Ciprogress-Greenlife, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Michel Baisie
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, Cirad, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, France
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Center for Tropical Botany, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Jorcely Barroso
- Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus Floresta, Cruzeiro do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lilian Blanc
- UR Forest & Societies, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Damien Bonal
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, Cirad, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, France
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - René Boot
- Department of Biology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Benoit Burban
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, Cirad, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, France
| | - José Luís Camargo
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Florestais, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Wendeson Castro
- Laboratório de Botânica e Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
| | | | - Jerome Chave
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversite Biologique, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - James Comiskey
- Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Antonio Lola da Costa
- Instituto de Geociências, Faculdade de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal do Para, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology and Primate Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Aurélie Dourdain
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, Cirad, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, France
| | - Terry Erwin
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Rafael Herrera
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela.,IIAMA, Universitat Politécnica de València, València, Spain
| | | | | | - Eliana Jimenez-Rojas
- Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Imani, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Amazonia, Leticia, Colombia
| | | | - Susan Laurance
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - William Laurance
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Simon L Lewis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Thomas Lovejoy
- Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Casimiro Mendoza
- Escuela de Ciencias Forestales, Unidad Académica del Trópico, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Paulo Morandi
- UNEMAT - Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso PPG-Ecologia e Conservação, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - David Neill
- Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Ecuador
| | | | | | - Edmar Almeida de Oliveira
- UNEMAT - Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso PPG-Ecologia e Conservação, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Nadir Pallqui Camacho
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Perú
| | - Guido Pardo
- Universidad Autónoma del Beni José Ballivián, Trinidad, Bolivia
| | | | - Marielos Peña-Claros
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - John Pipoly
- Broward County Parks Recreation, Oakland Park, FL, USA
| | - Nigel Pitman
- Keller Science Action Center, Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adriana Prieto
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Thomas A M Pugh
- School of Geography, Earth and Enviornmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Carlos Quesada
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Hirma Ramirez-Angulo
- Institute of Research for Forestry Development (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Simone Matias de Almeida Reis
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,UNEMAT - Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso PPG-Ecologia e Conservação, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Maxime Rejou-Machain
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, Cirad, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, France
| | | | - Lily Rodriguez Bayona
- Centro de Conservacion, Investigacion y Manejo de Areas Naturales, CIMA Cordillera Azul, Lima, Peru
| | - Agustín Rudas
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rafael Salomão
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil.,Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, Brazil
| | - Julio Serrano
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Javier Silva Espejo
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Perú.,Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
| | | | - James Singh
- Guyana Forestry Commission, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Clement Stahl
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, Cirad, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, France
| | | | - Varun Swamy
- Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido, CA, USA
| | - Joey Talbot
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Biodiversity Dynamics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Systems Ecology, Free University, De Boelelaan 1087, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - John Terborgh
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Raquel Thomas
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Marisol Toledo
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | | | | | | | - Peter van der Meer
- Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Simone Aparecida Vieira
- Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Vincent Vos
- Universidad Autónoma del Beni José Ballivián, Trinidad, Bolivia
| | | | - Pieter Zuidema
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | |
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26
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Esquivel-Muelbert A, Phillips OL, Brienen RJW, Fauset S, Sullivan MJP, Baker TR, Chao KJ, Feldpausch TR, Gloor E, Higuchi N, Houwing-Duistermaat J, Lloyd J, Liu H, Malhi Y, Marimon B, Marimon Junior BH, Monteagudo-Mendoza A, Poorter L, Silveira M, Torre EV, Dávila EA, Del Aguila Pasquel J, Almeida E, Loayza PA, Andrade A, Aragão LEOC, Araujo-Murakami A, Arets E, Arroyo L, Aymard C GA, Baisie M, Baraloto C, Camargo PB, Barroso J, Blanc L, Bonal D, Bongers F, Boot R, Brown F, Burban B, Camargo JL, Castro W, Moscoso VC, Chave J, Comiskey J, Valverde FC, da Costa AL, Cardozo ND, Di Fiore A, Dourdain A, Erwin T, Llampazo GF, Vieira ICG, Herrera R, Honorio Coronado E, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Jimenez-Rojas E, Killeen T, Laurance S, Laurance W, Levesley A, Lewis SL, Ladvocat KLLM, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Lovejoy T, Meir P, Mendoza C, Morandi P, Neill D, Nogueira Lima AJ, Vargas PN, de Oliveira EA, Camacho NP, Pardo G, Peacock J, Peña-Claros M, Peñuela-Mora MC, Pickavance G, Pipoly J, Pitman N, Prieto A, Pugh TAM, Quesada C, Ramirez-Angulo H, de Almeida Reis SM, Rejou-Machain M, Correa ZR, Bayona LR, Rudas A, Salomão R, Serrano J, Espejo JS, Silva N, Singh J, Stahl C, Stropp J, Swamy V, Talbot J, Ter Steege H, Terborgh J, Thomas R, Toledo M, Torres-Lezama A, Gamarra LV, van der Heijden G, van der Meer P, van der Hout P, Martinez RV, Vieira SA, Cayo JV, Vos V, Zagt R, Zuidema P, Galbraith D. Tree mode of death and mortality risk factors across Amazon forests. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5515. [PMID: 33168823 PMCID: PMC7652827 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbon sink capacity of tropical forests is substantially affected by tree mortality. However, the main drivers of tropical tree death remain largely unknown. Here we present a pan-Amazonian assessment of how and why trees die, analysing over 120,000 trees representing > 3800 species from 189 long-term RAINFOR forest plots. While tree mortality rates vary greatly Amazon-wide, on average trees are as likely to die standing as they are broken or uprooted-modes of death with different ecological consequences. Species-level growth rate is the single most important predictor of tree death in Amazonia, with faster-growing species being at higher risk. Within species, however, the slowest-growing trees are at greatest risk while the effect of tree size varies across the basin. In the driest Amazonian region species-level bioclimatic distributional patterns also predict the risk of death, suggesting that these forests are experiencing climatic conditions beyond their adaptative limits. These results provide not only a holistic pan-Amazonian picture of tree death but large-scale evidence for the overarching importance of the growth-survival trade-off in driving tropical tree mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert
- School of Geography, Earth and Enviornmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | | | | | - Sophie Fauset
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Martin J P Sullivan
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Kuo-Jung Chao
- International Master Program of Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Niro Higuchi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Jon Lloyd
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Life, Imperial College London Sciences, London, UK
| | - Haiyan Liu
- School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Beatriz Marimon
- UNEMAT - Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso PPG-Ecologia e Conservação, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon Junior
- UNEMAT - Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso PPG-Ecologia e Conservação, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | | | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marcos Silveira
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
| | - Emilio Vilanova Torre
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
- University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Esteban Alvarez Dávila
- Escuela de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Ambientales, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, Boyacá, Colombia
- Fundación ConVida, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Everton Almeida
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Brazil
| | - Patricia Alvarez Loayza
- Center for Tropical Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, University in Durham, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ana Andrade
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Florestais, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Eric Arets
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Luzmila Arroyo
- Dirección de la Carrera de Biología, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Gerardo A Aymard C
- UNELLEZ-Guanare, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Portuguesa, Venezuela Compensation International Progress S.A. Ciprogress-Greenlife, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Michel Baisie
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, Cirad, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, France
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Center for Tropical Botany, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Jorcely Barroso
- Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus Floresta, Cruzeiro do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lilian Blanc
- UR Forest & Societies, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Damien Bonal
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, Cirad, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, France
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - René Boot
- Department of Biology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Benoit Burban
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, Cirad, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, France
| | - José Luís Camargo
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Florestais, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Wendeson Castro
- Laboratório de Botânica e Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
| | | | - Jerome Chave
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversite Biologique, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - James Comiskey
- Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Antonio Lola da Costa
- Instituto de Geociências, Faculdade de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal do Para, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology and Primate Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Aurélie Dourdain
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, Cirad, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, France
| | - Terry Erwin
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Rafael Herrera
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
- IIAMA, Universitat Politécnica de València, València, Spain
| | | | | | - Eliana Jimenez-Rojas
- Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Imani, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Amazonia, Leticia, Colombia
| | | | - Susan Laurance
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - William Laurance
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Simon L Lewis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Thomas Lovejoy
- Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Casimiro Mendoza
- Escuela de Ciencias Forestales, Unidad Académica del Trópico, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Paulo Morandi
- UNEMAT - Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso PPG-Ecologia e Conservação, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - David Neill
- Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Ecuador
| | | | | | - Edmar Almeida de Oliveira
- UNEMAT - Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso PPG-Ecologia e Conservação, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Nadir Pallqui Camacho
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Perú
| | - Guido Pardo
- Universidad Autónoma del Beni José Ballivián, Trinidad, Bolivia
| | | | - Marielos Peña-Claros
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - John Pipoly
- Broward County Parks Recreation, Oakland Park, FL, USA
| | - Nigel Pitman
- Keller Science Action Center, Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adriana Prieto
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Thomas A M Pugh
- School of Geography, Earth and Enviornmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Carlos Quesada
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Hirma Ramirez-Angulo
- Institute of Research for Forestry Development (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Simone Matias de Almeida Reis
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- UNEMAT - Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso PPG-Ecologia e Conservação, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Maxime Rejou-Machain
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, Cirad, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, France
| | | | - Lily Rodriguez Bayona
- Centro de Conservacion, Investigacion y Manejo de Areas Naturales, CIMA Cordillera Azul, Lima, Peru
| | - Agustín Rudas
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rafael Salomão
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, Brazil
| | - Julio Serrano
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Javier Silva Espejo
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Perú
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
| | | | - James Singh
- Guyana Forestry Commission, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Clement Stahl
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, Cirad, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, France
| | | | - Varun Swamy
- Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido, CA, USA
| | - Joey Talbot
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Biodiversity Dynamics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Systems Ecology, Free University, De Boelelaan 1087, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - John Terborgh
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Raquel Thomas
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Marisol Toledo
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | | | | | | | - Peter van der Meer
- Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Simone Aparecida Vieira
- Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Vincent Vos
- Universidad Autónoma del Beni José Ballivián, Trinidad, Bolivia
| | | | - Pieter Zuidema
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | |
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27
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Leal CG, Lennox GD, Ferraz SFB, Ferreira J, Gardner TA, Thomson JR, Berenguer E, Lees AC, Hughes RM, Mac Nally R, Aragão LEOC, de Brito JG, Castello L, Garrett RD, Hamada N, Juen L, Leitão RP, Louzada J, Morello TF, Moura NG, Nessimian JL, Oliveira-Junior JMB, Oliveira VHF, de Oliveira VC, Parry L, Pompeu PS, Solar RRC, Zuanon J, Barlow J. Integrated terrestrial-freshwater planning doubles conservation of tropical aquatic species. Science 2020; 370:117-121. [PMID: 33004520 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba7580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Conservation initiatives overwhelmingly focus on terrestrial biodiversity, and little is known about the freshwater cobenefits of terrestrial conservation actions. We sampled more than 1500 terrestrial and freshwater species in the Amazon and simulated conservation for species from both realms. Prioritizations based on terrestrial species yielded on average just 22% of the freshwater benefits achieved through freshwater-focused conservation. However, by using integrated cross-realm planning, freshwater benefits could be increased by up to 600% for a 1% reduction in terrestrial benefits. Where freshwater biodiversity data are unavailable but aquatic connectivity is accounted for, freshwater benefits could still be doubled for negligible losses of terrestrial coverage. Conservation actions are urgently needed to improve the status of freshwater species globally. Our results suggest that such gains can be achieved without compromising terrestrial conservation goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília G Leal
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. .,Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CEP 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Gareth D Lennox
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
| | - Silvio F B Ferraz
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Joice Ferreira
- EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental, CEP 66095-100, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Toby A Gardner
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Linegatan 87D, 11523, Stockholm Sweden
| | - James R Thomson
- Department of Environment, Land, Water, and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg, Vic, Australia
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.,Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander C Lees
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.,Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Robert M Hughes
- Amnis Opes Institute, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ralph Mac Nally
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences Group (TREES), Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research-INPE, Avenida dos Astronautas, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Janaina G de Brito
- Escola Estadual Maria Miranda Araújo, Secretaria de Educação do Estado de Mato Grosso, Av. Aeroporto, s/n, CEP 78336-000, Colniza, MT, Brazil
| | - Leandro Castello
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rachael D Garrett
- Environmental Policy Lab, Departments of Environmental System Science and Humanities, Social, and Political Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Neusa Hamada
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2.936, Petrópolis, CEP 69067-375, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Leandro Juen
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correia, No. 1, Bairro Guamá, CEP 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Rafael P Leitão
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, CP 486, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Julio Louzada
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CEP 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jorge L Nessimian
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, CEP 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Max B Oliveira-Junior
- Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Rua Vera Paz, s/n (Unidade Tapajós), Bairro Salé, CEP 68040-255, Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo F Oliveira
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CEP 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Vívian C de Oliveira
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2.936, Petrópolis, CEP 69067-375, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Luke Parry
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Paulo S Pompeu
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CEP 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo R C Solar
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, CP 486, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jansen Zuanon
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2.936, Petrópolis, CEP 69067-375, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Jos Barlow
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CEP 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil.,Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel de Oliveira
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Jing M Chen
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Scott C Stark
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Paulo Moutinho
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Liana O Anderson
- National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.,Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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29
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Brancalion PHS, Broadbent EN, de-Miguel S, Cardil A, Rosa MR, Almeida CT, Almeida DRA, Chakravarty S, Zhou M, Gamarra JGP, Liang J, Crouzeilles R, Hérault B, Aragão LEOC, Silva CA, Almeyda-Zambrano AM. Emerging threats linking tropical deforestation and the COVID-19 pandemic. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2020; 18:243-246. [PMID: 33020748 PMCID: PMC7526655 DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical deforestation drivers are complex and can change rapidly in periods of profound societal transformation, such as those during a pandemic. Evidence suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic has spurred illegal, opportunistic forest clearing in tropical countries, threatening forest ecosystems and their resident human communities. A total of 9583 km2 of deforestation alerts from Global Land Analysis & Discovery (GLAD) were detected across the global tropics during the first month following the implementation of confinement measures of local governments to reduce COVID-19 spread, which is nearly double that of 2019 (4732 km2). We present a conceptual framework linking tropical deforestation and the current pandemic. Zoonotic diseases, public health, economy, agriculture, and forests may all be reciprocally linked in complex positive and negative feedback loops with overarching consequences. We highlight the emerging threats to nature and society resulting from this complex reciprocal interplay and possible policy interventions that could minimize these threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H S Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Eben N Broadbent
- Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Sergio de-Miguel
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, E-25280 Solsona, Spain
| | - Adrián Cardil
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, E-25280 Solsona, Spain
- Technosylva Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marcos R Rosa
- Department of Geography, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Catherine T Almeida
- Department of Forest Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Danilo R A Almeida
- Department of Forest Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Shourish Chakravarty
- Forest Advanced Computing and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mo Zhou
- Forest Advanced Computing and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Jingjing Liang
- Forest Advanced Computing and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Renato Crouzeilles
- International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22460-320, Brazil
- International Institute for Sustainability Australia, ACT 2602, Australia
- Mestrado Profissional em Ciências do Meio Ambiente, Universidade Veiga de Almeida, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20271-901, Brazil
| | - Bruno Hérault
- Cirad, UPR Forêts and Societies, Yamoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire
- Forests and Societies, Univiversity of Montpellier, Cirad, Montpellier, France
- Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, INPHB, Yamoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Alberto Silva
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD MD 20740, USA
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Angelica M Almeyda-Zambrano
- Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab, Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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30
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Stark SC, Breshears DD, Aragón S, Villegas JC, Law DJ, Smith MN, Minor DM, Assis RL, Almeida DRA, Oliveira G, Saleska SR, Swann ALS, Moura JMS, Camargo JL, Silva R, Aragão LEOC, Oliveira RC. Reframing tropical savannization: linking changes in canopy structure to energy balance alterations that impact climate. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. Stark
- Department of Forestry Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan48824USA
| | - David D. Breshears
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson Arizona85721USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona85721USA
| | - Susan Aragón
- Center of Integrated Studies of Amazonian Biodiversity (CENBAM) National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA) Manaus Amazonas69067‐375Brazil
- Program of Postgraduate Studies of Natural Resources of the Amazon Federal University of Western Pará (UFOPA) Santarém Pará Brazil
- Institute of Environment, Territory and Renewable Energy (INTE) Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP) Lima Peru
| | - Juan Camilo Villegas
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson Arizona85721USA
- Grupo de Ecología Aplicada Universidad de Antioquia Medellín Colombia
| | - Darin J. Law
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson Arizona85721USA
| | - Marielle N. Smith
- Department of Forestry Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan48824USA
| | - David M. Minor
- Department of Forestry Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan48824USA
- Department of Geographical Sciences University of Maryland at College Park 2181 Samuel J. LeFrak Hall, 7251 Preinkert Drive College Park Maryland20742USA
| | - Rafael Leandro Assis
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, PDBFF Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Av. André Araujo, 2936 ‐ Petrópolis Manaus Amazonas69067‐375Brazil
- Natural History Museum (NHM) University of Oslo (UiO) P.O. Box 1172Blindern Oslo0318Norway
| | - Danilo Roberti Alves Almeida
- Department of Forest Sciences “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture University of São Paulo (USP/ESALQ Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Gabriel Oliveira
- Department of Geography and Planning University of Toronto Toronto OntarioM5S 3G3Canada
- Remote Sensing Division National Institute for Space Research (INPE) São José dos Campos Brazil
| | - Scott R. Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona85721USA
| | - Abigail L. S. Swann
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences and Department of Biology University of Washington Seattle Washington98195USA
| | - José Mauro S. Moura
- Interdisciplinary Training Center Federal University of Western Para Santarém Pará68040‐255Brazil
| | - José Luis Camargo
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, PDBFF Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Av. André Araujo, 2936 ‐ Petrópolis Manaus Amazonas69067‐375Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Silva
- Laboratório de Física e Química da Atmosfera ‐ Bloco 29 Rua Vera Paz Santarém Pará68040‐260Brazil
| | - Luiz E. O. C. Aragão
- Remote Sensing Division National Institute for Space Research (INPE) São José dos Campos Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter UK
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31
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Silva Junior CHL, Aragão LEOC, Anderson LO, Fonseca MG, Shimabukuro YE, Vancutsem C, Achard F, Beuchle R, Numata I, Silva CA, Maeda EE, Longo M, Saatchi SS. Persistent collapse of biomass in Amazonian forest edges following deforestation leads to unaccounted carbon losses. Sci Adv 2020; 6:6/40/eaaz8360. [PMID: 32998890 PMCID: PMC7527213 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz8360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Deforestation is the primary driver of carbon losses in tropical forests, but it does not operate alone. Forest fragmentation, a resulting feature of the deforestation process, promotes indirect carbon losses induced by edge effect. This process is not implicitly considered by policies for reducing carbon emissions in the tropics. Here, we used a remote sensing approach to estimate carbon losses driven by edge effect in Amazonia over the 2001 to 2015 period. We found that carbon losses associated with edge effect (947 Tg C) corresponded to one-third of losses from deforestation (2592 Tg C). Despite a notable negative trend of 7 Tg C year-1 in carbon losses from deforestation, the carbon losses from edge effect remained unchanged, with an average of 63 ± 8 Tg C year-1 Carbon losses caused by edge effect is thus an additional unquantified flux that can counteract carbon emissions avoided by reducing deforestation, compromising the Paris Agreement's bold targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso H L Silva Junior
- Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences Laboratory, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences Laboratory, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Liana O Anderson
- Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences Laboratory, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marisa G Fonseca
- Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences Laboratory, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- Veraterra-Mapping and Environmental Consultancy, Praça Pedro Gomes, s/n, Serra Grande, Uruçuca, BA 45680-000 Brazil
| | - Yosio E Shimabukuro
- Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences Laboratory, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Frédéric Achard
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - René Beuchle
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Izaya Numata
- Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Carlos A Silva
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Eduardo E Maeda
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marcos Longo
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Sassan S Saatchi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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32
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Silva Junior CHL, Heinrich VHA, Freire ATG, Broggio IS, Rosan TM, Doblas J, Anderson LO, Rousseau GX, Shimabukuro YE, Silva CA, House JI, Aragão LEOC. Benchmark maps of 33 years of secondary forest age for Brazil. Sci Data 2020; 7:269. [PMID: 32796858 PMCID: PMC7427968 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00600-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The restoration and reforestation of 12 million hectares of forests by 2030 are amongst the leading mitigation strategies for reducing carbon emissions within the Brazilian Nationally Determined Contribution targets assumed under the Paris Agreement. Understanding the dynamics of forest cover, which steeply decreased between 1985 and 2018 throughout Brazil, is essential for estimating the global carbon balance and quantifying the provision of ecosystem services. To know the long-term increment, extent, and age of secondary forests is crucial; however, these variables are yet poorly quantified. Here we developed a 30-m spatial resolution dataset of the annual increment, extent, and age of secondary forests for Brazil over the 1986-2018 period. Land-use and land-cover maps from MapBiomas Project (Collection 4.1) were used as input data for our algorithm, implemented in the Google Earth Engine platform. This dataset provides critical spatially explicit information for supporting carbon emissions reduction, biodiversity, and restoration policies, enabling environmental science applications, territorial planning, and subsidizing environmental law enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso H L Silva Junior
- Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences lab - TREES, São José dos Campos, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil.
| | | | - Ana T G Freire
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, Brazil
| | - Igor S Broggio
- Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences lab - TREES, São José dos Campos, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | | | - Juan Doblas
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Liana O Anderson
- Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences lab - TREES, São José dos Campos, Brazil
- Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais (Cemaden), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Guillaume X Rousseau
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Agroecologia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA), São Luís, Brazil
| | - Yosio E Shimabukuro
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Silva
- University of Maryland, College Park, United States of America
- University of Florida, Gainesville, United States of America
| | | | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences lab - TREES, São José dos Campos, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
- University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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33
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Sullivan MJP, Lewis SL, Affum-Baffoe K, Castilho C, Costa F, Sanchez AC, Ewango CEN, Hubau W, Marimon B, Monteagudo-Mendoza A, Qie L, Sonké B, Martinez RV, Baker TR, Brienen RJW, Feldpausch TR, Galbraith D, Gloor M, Malhi Y, Aiba SI, Alexiades MN, Almeida EC, de Oliveira EA, Dávila EÁ, Loayza PA, Andrade A, Vieira SA, Aragão LEOC, Araujo-Murakami A, Arets EJMM, Arroyo L, Ashton P, Aymard C. G, Baccaro FB, Banin LF, Baraloto C, Camargo PB, Barlow J, Barroso J, Bastin JF, Batterman SA, Beeckman H, Begne SK, Bennett AC, Berenguer E, Berry N, Blanc L, Boeckx P, Bogaert J, Bonal D, Bongers F, Bradford M, Brearley FQ, Brncic T, Brown F, Burban B, Camargo JL, Castro W, Céron C, Ribeiro SC, Moscoso VC, Chave J, Chezeaux E, Clark CJ, de Souza FC, Collins M, Comiskey JA, Valverde FC, Medina MC, da Costa L, Dančák M, Dargie GC, Davies S, Cardozo ND, de Haulleville T, de Medeiros MB, del Aguila Pasquel J, Derroire G, Di Fiore A, Doucet JL, Dourdain A, Droissart V, Duque LF, Ekoungoulou R, Elias F, Erwin T, Esquivel-Muelbert A, Fauset S, Ferreira J, Llampazo GF, Foli E, Ford A, Gilpin M, Hall JS, Hamer KC, Hamilton AC, Harris DJ, Hart TB, Hédl R, Herault B, Herrera R, Higuchi N, Hladik A, Coronado EH, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Huasco WH, Jeffery KJ, Jimenez-Rojas E, Kalamandeen M, Djuikouo MNK, Kearsley E, Umetsu RK, Kho LK, Killeen T, Kitayama K, Klitgaard B, Koch A, Labrière N, Laurance W, Laurance S, Leal ME, Levesley A, Lima AJN, Lisingo J, Lopes AP, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Lovejoy T, Lovett JC, Lowe R, Magnusson WE, Malumbres-Olarte J, Manzatto ÂG, Marimon BH, Marshall AR, Marthews T, de Almeida Reis SM, Maycock C, Melgaço K, Mendoza C, Metali F, Mihindou V, Milliken W, Mitchard ETA, Morandi PS, Mossman HL, Nagy L, Nascimento H, Neill D, Nilus R, Vargas PN, Palacios W, Camacho NP, Peacock J, Pendry C, Peñuela Mora MC, Pickavance GC, Pipoly J, Pitman N, Playfair M, Poorter L, Poulsen JR, Poulsen AD, Preziosi R, Prieto A, Primack RB, Ramírez-Angulo H, Reitsma J, Réjou-Méchain M, Correa ZR, de Sousa TR, Bayona LR, Roopsind A, Rudas A, Rutishauser E, Abu Salim K, Salomão RP, Schietti J, Sheil D, Silva RC, Espejo JS, Valeria CS, Silveira M, Simo-Droissart M, Simon MF, Singh J, Soto Shareva YC, Stahl C, Stropp J, Sukri R, Sunderland T, Svátek M, Swaine MD, Swamy V, Taedoumg H, Talbot J, Taplin J, Taylor D, ter Steege H, Terborgh J, Thomas R, Thomas SC, Torres-Lezama A, Umunay P, Gamarra LV, van der Heijden G, van der Hout P, van der Meer P, van Nieuwstadt M, Verbeeck H, Vernimmen R, Vicentini A, Vieira ICG, Torre EV, Vleminckx J, Vos V, Wang O, White LJT, Willcock S, Woods JT, Wortel V, Young K, Zagt R, Zemagho L, Zuidema PA, Zwerts JA, Phillips OL. Long-term thermal sensitivity of Earth’s tropical forests. Science 2020; 368:869-874. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw7578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. P. Sullivan
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Simon L. Lewis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Carolina Castilho
- Embrapa Roraima, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Flávia Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Aida Cuni Sanchez
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
| | - Corneille E. N. Ewango
- DR Congo Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Conservation Forestiere (CEFRECOF), Epulu, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Wannes Hubau
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Department of Environment, Laboratory of Wood Technology (Woodlab), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Beatriz Marimon
- UNEMAT - Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina-MT, Brazil
| | | | - Lan Qie
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Ted R. Feldpausch
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Manuel Gloor
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shin-Ichiro Aiba
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Everton C. Almeida
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém - PA, Brazil
| | | | - Esteban Álvarez Dávila
- Escuela de Ciencias Agrícolas, Pecuarias y del Medio Ambiente, National Open University and Distance, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Ana Andrade
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz E. O. C. Aragão
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Luzmila Arroyo
- Dirección de la Carrera de Biología, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Peter Ashton
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gerardo Aymard C.
- Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario, Guanare, Venezuela
| | | | | | - Christopher Baraloto
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Plínio Barbosa Camargo
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jorcely Barroso
- Centro Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, AC, Brazil
| | - Jean-François Bastin
- Institure of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Environment, Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology (CAVELab), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah A. Batterman
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Panama
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, USA
| | - Hans Beeckman
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Serge K. Begne
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Erika Berenguer
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Lilian Blanc
- UR Forest and Societies, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory (ISOFYS), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Bogaert
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Francis Q. Brearley
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Terry Brncic
- Congo Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzavile, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Benoit Burban
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, CIRAD, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310 Kourou, French Guiana
| | - José Luís Camargo
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Wendeson Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
| | - Carlos Céron
- Herbario Alfredo Paredes, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
| | | | - Jerôme Chave
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174 (CNRS/IRD/UPS), CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Connie J. Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Murray Collins
- Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London, UK
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James A. Comiskey
- Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, Fredericksburg, VA, USA
- Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Lola da Costa
- Instituto de Geociências, Faculdade de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal do Para, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Martin Dančák
- Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Stuart Davies
- Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Panama
| | | | - Thales de Haulleville
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Géraldine Derroire
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane), Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jean-Louis Doucet
- Forest Resources Management, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Dourdain
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane), Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Vincent Droissart
- AMAP, Universite de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Fernando Elias
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Terry Erwin
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Sophie Fauset
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Ernest Foli
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG), Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | | | - Jefferson S. Hall
- Smithsonian Institution Forest Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO), Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Terese B. Hart
- Lukuru Wildlife Research Foundation, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Radim Hédl
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Bruno Herault
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory (ISOFYS), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- CIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire
- Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, INP-HB, Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Rafael Herrera
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Niro Higuchi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Annette Hladik
- Département Hommes, Natures, Sociétés, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturel, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Kathryn J. Jeffery
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | | | - Michelle Kalamandeen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Living with Lakes Centre, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marie Noël Kamdem Djuikouo
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Department of Environment, Laboratory of Wood Technology (Woodlab), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Elizabeth Kearsley
- Department of Environment, Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology (CAVELab), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Lip Khoon Kho
- Tropical Peat Research Institute, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Koch
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pok Ful Lam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Nicolas Labrière
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174 (CNRS/IRD/UPS), CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - William Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
| | - Susan Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
| | - Miguel E. Leal
- Uganda Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Janvier Lisingo
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Aline P. Lopes
- National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Tom Lovejoy
- Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Jon C. Lovett
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, London, UK
| | - Richard Lowe
- Botany Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - William E. Magnusson
- Coordenação da Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Mauaus, Brazil
| | - Jagoba Malumbres-Olarte
- cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group, Universidade dos Açores, Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal
- LIBRe – Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ângelo Gilberto Manzatto
- Laboratório de Biogeoquímica Ambiental Wolfgang C. Pfeiffer, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho - RO, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Universidad do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina-MT, Brazil
| | - Andrew R. Marshall
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
- Flamingo Land Ltd., North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Toby Marthews
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
| | - Simone Matias de Almeida Reis
- UNEMAT - Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina-MT, Brazil
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Colin Maycock
- School of International Tropical Forestry, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | | | - Casimiro Mendoza
- Escuela de Ciencias Forestales, Unidad Académica del Trópico, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Sacta, Bolivia
| | - Faizah Metali
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei
| | - Vianet Mihindou
- Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Libreville, Gabon
- Ministère de la Forêt, de la Mer, de l'Environnement, Chargé du Plan Climat, Libreville, Gabon
| | | | | | - Paulo S. Morandi
- UNEMAT - Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina-MT, Brazil
| | - Hannah L. Mossman
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - David Neill
- Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
| | - Reuben Nilus
- Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, Sepilok, Malaysia
| | - Percy Núñez Vargas
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Walter Palacios
- Carrera de Ingeniería Forestal, Universidad Tecnica del Norte, Ibarra, Ecuador
| | - Nadir Pallqui Camacho
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | | | | | | | - John Pipoly
- Public Communications and Outreach Group, Parks and Recreation Division, Oakland Park, FL, USA
| | - Nigel Pitman
- Keller Science Action Center, Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maureen Playfair
- Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - John R. Poulsen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Richard Preziosi
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Adriana Prieto
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Leticia, Colombia
| | | | - Hirma Ramírez-Angulo
- Institute of Research for Forestry Development (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | | | | | | | | | - Lily Rodriguez Bayona
- Centro de Conservacion, Investigacion y Manejo de Areas Naturales, CIMA Cordillera Azul, Lima, Peru
| | - Anand Roopsind
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Agustín Rudas
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Leticia, Colombia
| | - Ervan Rutishauser
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Panama
- Carboforexpert, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Rafael P. Salomão
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia/CAPES, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Juliana Schietti
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Douglas Sheil
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Richarlly C. Silva
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
- Instituto Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcos Silveira
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
| | - Murielle Simo-Droissart
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Marcelo Fragomeni Simon
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Brazil
| | - James Singh
- Guyana Forestry Commission, Georgetown, Guyana
| | | | - Clement Stahl
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, CIRAD, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310 Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Juliana Stropp
- Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rahayu Sukri
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei
| | - Terry Sunderland
- Sustainable Landscapes and Food Systems, Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Martin Svátek
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michael D. Swaine
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Varun Swamy
- Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo, San Diego, CA. USA
| | - Hermann Taedoumg
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Bioversity International, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Joey Talbot
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - James Taplin
- UK Research and Innovation, Innovate UK, London, UK
| | - David Taylor
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hans ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Systems Ecology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - John Terborgh
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Raquel Thomas
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Sean C. Thomas
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Peter Umunay
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, USA
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hans Verbeeck
- Department of Environment, Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology (CAVELab), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Emilio Vilanova Torre
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, OR, USA
| | - Jason Vleminckx
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vincent Vos
- Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado, La Paz, Bolivia
- Universidad Autónoma del Beni José Ballivián, Riberalta, Bolivia
| | - Ophelia Wang
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Lee J. T. White
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Libreville, Gabon
- Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Simon Willcock
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Bangor, Bangor, UK
| | | | - Verginia Wortel
- Forest Management, Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Kenneth Young
- Department of Geography and The Environment, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Lise Zemagho
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Pieter A. Zuidema
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Joeri A. Zwerts
- Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Paramaribo, Suriname
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Rozendaal DMA, Phillips OL, Lewis SL, Affum-Baffoe K, Alvarez-Davila E, Andrade A, Aragão LEOC, Araujo-Murakami A, Baker TR, Bánki O, Brienen RJW, Camargo JLC, Comiskey JA, Djuikouo Kamdem MN, Fauset S, Feldpausch TR, Killeen TJ, Laurance WF, Laurance SGW, Lovejoy T, Malhi Y, Marimon BS, Marimon Junior BH, Marshall AR, Neill DA, Núñez Vargas P, Pitman NCA, Poorter L, Reitsma J, Silveira M, Sonké B, Sunderland T, Taedoumg H, Ter Steege H, Terborgh JW, Umetsu RK, van der Heijden GMF, Vilanova E, Vos V, White LJT, Willcock S, Zemagho L, Vanderwel MC. Competition influences tree growth, but not mortality, across environmental gradients in Amazonia and tropical Africa. Ecology 2020; 101:e03052. [PMID: 32239762 PMCID: PMC7379300 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Competition among trees is an important driver of community structure and dynamics in tropical forests. Neighboring trees may impact an individual tree's growth rate and probability of mortality, but large-scale geographic and environmental variation in these competitive effects has yet to be evaluated across the tropical forest biome. We quantified effects of competition on tree-level basal area growth and mortality for trees ≥10-cm diameter across 151 ~1-ha plots in mature tropical forests in Amazonia and tropical Africa by developing nonlinear models that accounted for wood density, tree size, and neighborhood crowding. Using these models, we assessed how water availability (i.e., climatic water deficit) and soil fertility influenced the predicted plot-level strength of competition (i.e., the extent to which growth is reduced, or mortality is increased, by competition across all individual trees). On both continents, tree basal area growth decreased with wood density and increased with tree size. Growth decreased with neighborhood crowding, which suggests that competition is important. Tree mortality decreased with wood density and generally increased with tree size, but was apparently unaffected by neighborhood crowding. Across plots, variation in the plot-level strength of competition was most strongly related to plot basal area (i.e., the sum of the basal area of all trees in a plot), with greater reductions in growth occurring in forests with high basal area, but in Amazonia, the strength of competition also varied with plot-level wood density. In Amazonia, the strength of competition increased with water availability because of the greater basal area of wetter forests, but was only weakly related to soil fertility. In Africa, competition was weakly related to soil fertility and invariant across the shorter water availability gradient. Overall, our results suggest that competition influences the structure and dynamics of tropical forests primarily through effects on individual tree growth rather than mortality and that the strength of competition largely depends on environment-mediated variation in basal area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danaë M A Rozendaal
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, S4S 0A2, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver L Phillips
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Simon L Lewis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Esteban Alvarez-Davila
- Escuela ECAPMA, UNAD, Calle 14 Sur No. 14-23, Bogotá, Colombia.,Fundación Con Vida, Avenida del Río # 20-114, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana Andrade
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936, Manaus, Amazonas, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research - INPE, Av. dos Astronautas 1758, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, 12227-010, Brazil.,Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565, Casilla Postal 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Timothy R Baker
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Olaf Bánki
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2332 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roel J W Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - José Luis C Camargo
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936, Manaus, Amazonas, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - James A Comiskey
- Inventory & Monitoring Program, National Park Service, 120 Chatham Lane, Fredericksburg, 22405, Virginia, USA.,Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1100 Jefferson Dr. SW, Suite 3123, Washington, 20560-0705, D.C., USA
| | - Marie Noël Djuikouo Kamdem
- Department of Botany & Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 063, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Sophie Fauset
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Timothy J Killeen
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565, Casilla Postal 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Road, Cairns, 4878, Australia
| | - Susan G W Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Road, Cairns, 4878, Australia
| | - Thomas Lovejoy
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13QY, UK
| | - Beatriz S Marimon
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Av. Prof. Dr. Renato Figueiro Varella, s/n, Bairro Olaria, Nova Xavantina, State of Mato Grosso, CEP 78690-000, Brazil
| | - Ben-Hur Marimon Junior
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Av. Prof. Dr. Renato Figueiro Varella, s/n, Bairro Olaria, Nova Xavantina, State of Mato Grosso, CEP 78690-000, Brazil
| | - Andrew R Marshall
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, 4556, Australia.,Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, UK.,Flamingo Land Ltd., Malton, North Yorkshire, YO17 6UX, UK
| | - David A Neill
- Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
| | - Percy Núñez Vargas
- Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Avenida de la Cultura, Nro 733, Cusco, Peru
| | - Nigel C A Pitman
- Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, 60605-2496, Illinois, USA.,Center for Tropical Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, P.O. Box 90381, Durham, 27708, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Reitsma
- Bureau Waardenburg, P.O. Box 365, 4100 AJ, Culemborg, The Netherlands
| | - Marcos Silveira
- Museu Universitário, Universidade Federal do Acre, Acre, Brazil
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Terry Sunderland
- Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor, 16115, Indonesia.,Forest Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hermann Taedoumg
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2332 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Systems Ecology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John W Terborgh
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Road, Cairns, 4878, Australia.,Department of Biology and Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, Florida, USA
| | - Ricardo K Umetsu
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Av. Prof. Dr. Renato Figueiro Varella, s/n, Bairro Olaria, Nova Xavantina, State of Mato Grosso, CEP 78690-000, Brazil
| | | | - Emilio Vilanova
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Vincent Vos
- Universidad Autónoma de Beni, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia
| | - Lee J T White
- Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Libreville, BP 20379, Gabon.,Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, Libreville, BP 13354, Gabon.,School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Simon Willcock
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Lise Zemagho
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Mark C Vanderwel
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, S4S 0A2, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Wagner FH, Sanchez A, Aidar MPM, Rochelle ALC, Tarabalka Y, Fonseca MG, Phillips OL, Gloor E, Aragão LEOC. Mapping Atlantic rainforest degradation and regeneration history with indicator species using convolutional network. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229448. [PMID: 32109946 PMCID: PMC7048271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Atlantic rainforest of Brazil is one of the global terrestrial hotspots of biodiversity. Despite having undergone large scale deforestation, forest cover has shown signs of increases in the last decades. Here, to understand the degradation and regeneration history of Atlantic rainforest remnants near São Paulo, we combine a unique dataset of very high resolution images from Worldview-2 and Worldview-3 (0.5 and 0.3m spatial resolution, respectively), georeferenced aerial photographs from 1962 and use a deep learning method called U-net to map (i) the forest cover and changes and (ii) two pioneer tree species, Cecropia hololeuca and Tibouchina pulchra. For Tibouchina pulchra, all the individuals were mapped in February, when the trees undergo mass-flowering with purple and pink blossoms. Additionally, elevation data at 30m spatial resolution from NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and annual mean climate variables (Terraclimate datasets at ∼ 4km of spatial resolution) were used to analyse the forest and species distributions. We found that natural forests are currently more frequently found on south-facing slopes, likely because of geomorphology and past land use, and that Tibouchina is restricted to the wetter part of the region (southern part), which annually receives at least 1600 mm of precipitation. Tibouchina pulchra was found to clearly indicate forest regeneration as almost all individuals were found within or adjacent to forests regrown after 1962. By contrast, Cecropia hololeuca was found to indicate older disturbed forests, with all individuals almost exclusively found in forest fragments already present in 1962. At the regional scale, using the dominance maps of both species, we show that at least 4.3% of the current region’s natural forests have regrown after 1962 (Tibouchina dominated, ∼ 4757 ha) and that ∼ 9% of the old natural forests have experienced significant disturbance (Cecropia dominated).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien H. Wagner
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research - INPE, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- Geoprocessing Division, Foundation for Science, Technology and Space Applications - FUNCATE, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Alber Sanchez
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research - INPE, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos P. M. Aidar
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Botany, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André L. C. Rochelle
- Center for Earth System Science, National Institute for Space Research - INPE, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Yuliya Tarabalka
- Inria Sophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Luxcarta Technology, Parc d’Activité l’Argile, Mouans Sartoux, France
| | - Marisa G. Fonseca
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research - INPE, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Oliver L. Phillips
- Ecology and Global Change, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - Emanuel Gloor
- Ecology and Global Change, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - Luiz E. O. C. Aragão
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research - INPE, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, England, United Kingdom
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36
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Barros FDV, Bittencourt PRL, Brum M, Restrepo-Coupe N, Pereira L, Teodoro GS, Saleska SR, Borma LS, Christoffersen BO, Penha D, Alves LF, Lima AJN, Carneiro VMC, Gentine P, Lee JE, Aragão LEOC, Ivanov V, Leal LSM, Araujo AC, Oliveira RS. Hydraulic traits explain differential responses of Amazonian forests to the 2015 El Niño-induced drought. New Phytol 2019; 223:1253-1266. [PMID: 31077396 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Reducing uncertainties in the response of tropical forests to global change requires understanding how intra- and interannual climatic variability selects for different species, community functional composition and ecosystem functioning, so that the response to climatic events of differing frequency and severity can be predicted. Here we present an extensive dataset of hydraulic traits of dominant species in two tropical Amazon forests with contrasting precipitation regimes - low seasonality forest (LSF) and high seasonality forest (HSF) - and relate them to community and ecosystem response to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) of 2015. Hydraulic traits indicated higher drought tolerance in the HSF than in the LSF. Despite more intense drought and lower plant water potentials in HSF during the 2015-ENSO, greater xylem embolism resistance maintained similar hydraulic safety margin as in LSF. This likely explains how ecosystem-scale whole-forest canopy conductance at HSF maintained a similar response to atmospheric drought as at LSF, despite their water transport systems operating at different water potentials. Our results indicate that contrasting precipitation regimes (at seasonal and interannual time scales) select for assemblies of hydraulic traits and taxa at the community level, which may have a significant role in modulating forest drought response at ecosystem scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de V Barros
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas- UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo R L Bittencourt
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas- UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4SB, UK
| | - Mauro Brum
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas- UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- School of Life Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas- UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Grazielle S Teodoro
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Laura S Borma
- Earth System Science Centre, National Institute for Space Research, Av. dos Astronautas, 1.758, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Bradley O Christoffersen
- Department of Biology and School of Earth, Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Deliane Penha
- Society, Nature and Development Department, Federal University of Western Pará (UFOPA), Santarém, PA, 68035-110, Brazil
| | - Luciana F Alves
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Adriano J N Lima
- Laboratório de Manejo Florestal, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas na Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, AM, 69.067-375, Brazil
| | - Vilany M C Carneiro
- Laboratório de Manejo Florestal, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas na Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, AM, 69.067-375, Brazil
| | - Pierre Gentine
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jung-Eun Lee
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Brown University Providence, 324 Brook Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4SB, UK
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, Av. dos Astronautas, 1.758, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Valeriy Ivanov
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48019, USA
| | - Leila S M Leal
- Laboratory of Sustainable Systems Analyses, Oriental Amazon Embrapa, Belém, Pará, 66083-156, Brazil
| | - Alessandro C Araujo
- LBA Program Micrometeorology Group, INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, 69.067-375, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas- UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
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37
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Smith MN, Stark SC, Taylor TC, Ferreira ML, de Oliveira E, Restrepo-Coupe N, Chen S, Woodcock T, Dos Santos DB, Alves LF, Figueira M, de Camargo PB, de Oliveira RC, Aragão LEOC, Falk DA, McMahon SM, Huxman TE, Saleska SR. Seasonal and drought-related changes in leaf area profiles depend on height and light environment in an Amazon forest. New Phytol 2019; 222:1284-1297. [PMID: 30720871 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal dynamics in the vertical distribution of leaf area index (LAI) may impact the seasonality of forest productivity in Amazonian forests. However, until recently, fine-scale observations critical to revealing ecological mechanisms underlying these changes have been lacking. To investigate fine-scale variation in leaf area with seasonality and drought we conducted monthly ground-based LiDAR surveys over 4 yr at an Amazon forest site. We analysed temporal changes in vertically structured LAI along axes of both canopy height and light environments. Upper canopy LAI increased during the dry season, whereas lower canopy LAI decreased. The low canopy decrease was driven by highly illuminated leaves of smaller trees in gaps. By contrast, understory LAI increased concurrently with the upper canopy. Hence, tree phenological strategies were stratified by height and light environments. Trends were amplified during a 2015-2016 severe El Niño drought. Leaf area low in the canopy exhibited behaviour consistent with water limitation. Leaf loss from short trees in high light during drought may be associated with strategies to tolerate limited access to deep soil water and stressful leaf environments. Vertically and environmentally structured phenological processes suggest a critical role of canopy structural heterogeneity in seasonal changes in Amazon ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle N Smith
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Scott C Stark
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Tyeen C Taylor
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Mauricio L Ferreira
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-000, Brazil
| | - Eronaldo de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA), CEP 68040-255, Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Shuli Chen
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Tara Woodcock
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | | | - Luciana F Alves
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Michela Figueira
- Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA), CEP 68040-255, Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Plinio B de Camargo
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-000, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Donald A Falk
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Smithsonian Institution Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Travis E Huxman
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Environmental Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92629, USA
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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38
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Vinya R, Malhi Y, Brown ND, Fisher JB, Brodribb T, Aragão LEOC. Seasonal changes in plant-water relations influence patterns of leaf display in Miombo woodlands: evidence of water conservative strategies. Tree Physiol 2019; 39:104-112. [PMID: 29920608 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Water availability has frequently been linked to seasonal leaf display in seasonally dry ecosystems, but there have been few ecohydrological investigations of this link. Miombo woodland is a dominant seasonally dry tropical forest ecosystem type in southern Africa; however, there are few data on the relationship between seasonal dynamics in plant-water relations and patterns of leaf display for Miombo woodland. Here we investigate this relationship among nine key Miombo woodland tree species differing in drought tolerance ability and leaf phenology. Results of this study showed that seasonal patterns of leaf phenology varied significantly with seasonal changes in stem water relations among the nine species. Leaf shedding coincided with the attainment of seasonal minimum stem water potential. Leaf flush occurred following xylem rehydration at the peak of the dry season suggesting that endogenous plant factors play a pivotal role in seasonal leaf display in this forest type. Drought-tolerant deciduous species suffered significantly higher seasonal losses in xylem hydraulic conductivity than the drought-intolerant semi-evergreen tree species (P < 0.05). There was a significant and positive correlation between species drought tolerance index and species' seasonal loss in hydraulic conductivity (P < 0.05), confirming the ecological role of long-distance xylem transport in this seasonally dry tropical forest. Our results reveal that water stress in seasonally dry tropical forests selects for water conservative traits that protect the vulnerable xylem transport system. Therefore, seasonal rhythms in xylem transport dictate patterns of leaf display in seasonally dry tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Royd Vinya
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
- School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Nick D Brown
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Joshua B Fisher
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Timothy Brodribb
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- School of Geography, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Rennes Drive, Devon, UK
- National Institute for Space Research, INPE, Avenida dos Astronautas, 1.758, Jd. Granja, CEP 12227-010São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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39
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Lennox GD, Gardner TA, Thomson JR, Ferreira J, Berenguer E, Lees AC, Mac Nally R, Aragão LEOC, Ferraz SFB, Louzada J, Moura NG, Oliveira VHF, Pardini R, Solar RRC, Vaz-de Mello FZ, Vieira ICG, Barlow J. Second rate or a second chance? Assessing biomass and biodiversity recovery in regenerating Amazonian forests. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:5680-5694. [PMID: 30216600 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Secondary forests (SFs) regenerating on previously deforested land account for large, expanding areas of tropical forest cover. Given that tropical forests rank among Earth's most important reservoirs of carbon and biodiversity, SFs play an increasingly pivotal role in the carbon cycle and as potential habitat for forest biota. Nevertheless, their capacity to regain the biotic attributes of undisturbed primary forests (UPFs) remains poorly understood. Here, we provide a comprehensive assessment of SF recovery, using extensive tropical biodiversity, biomass, and environmental datasets. These data, collected in 59 naturally regenerating SFs and 30 co-located UPFs in the eastern Amazon, cover >1,600 large- and small-stemmed plant, bird, and dung beetles species and a suite of forest structure, landscape context, and topoedaphic predictors. After up to 40 years of regeneration, the SFs we surveyed showed a high degree of biodiversity resilience, recovering, on average among taxa, 88% and 85% mean UPF species richness and composition, respectively. Across the first 20 years of succession, the period for which we have accurate SF age data, biomass recovered at 1.2% per year, equivalent to a carbon uptake rate of 2.25 Mg/ha per year, while, on average, species richness and composition recovered at 2.6% and 2.3% per year, respectively. For all taxonomic groups, biomass was strongly associated with SF species distributions. However, other variables describing habitat complexity-canopy cover and understory stem density-were equally important occurrence predictors for most taxa. Species responses to biomass revealed a successional transition at approximately 75 Mg/ha, marking the influx of high-conservation-value forest species. Overall, our results show that naturally regenerating SFs can accumulate substantial amounts of carbon and support many forest species. However, given that the surveyed SFs failed to return to a typical UPF state, SFs are not substitutes for UPFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth D Lennox
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Toby A Gardner
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - James R Thomson
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg, Vic, Australia
| | | | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander C Lees
- Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Ralph Mac Nally
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Sunrise Ecological Research Institute, Ocean Grove, Vic, Australia
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences Group (TREES), Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research-INPE, Avenida dos Astronautas, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Silvio F B Ferraz
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de Sao Paulo, Esalq/USP, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Julio Louzada
- Setor de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | | | - Victor H F Oliveira
- Setor de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Renata Pardini
- Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo R C Solar
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Z Vaz-de Mello
- Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiaba, Brazil
| | | | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Setor de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
- MCTI/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil
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40
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Withey K, Berenguer E, Palmeira AF, Espírito-Santo FDB, Lennox GD, Silva CVJ, Aragão LEOC, Ferreira J, França F, Malhi Y, Rossi LC, Barlow J. Quantifying immediate carbon emissions from El Niño-mediated wildfires in humid tropical forests. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2017.0312. [PMID: 30297469 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildfires produce substantial CO2 emissions in the humid tropics during El Niño-mediated extreme droughts, and these emissions are expected to increase in coming decades. Immediate carbon emissions from uncontrolled wildfires in human-modified tropical forests can be considerable owing to high necromass fuel loads. Yet, data on necromass combustion during wildfires are severely lacking. Here, we evaluated necromass carbon stocks before and after the 2015-2016 El Niño in Amazonian forests distributed along a gradient of prior human disturbance. We then used Landsat-derived burn scars to extrapolate regional immediate wildfire CO2 emissions during the 2015-2016 El Niño. Before the El Niño, necromass stocks varied significantly with respect to prior disturbance and were largest in undisturbed primary forests (30.2 ± 2.1 Mg ha-1, mean ± s.e.) and smallest in secondary forests (15.6 ± 3.0 Mg ha-1). However, neither prior disturbance nor our proxy of fire intensity (median char height) explained necromass losses due to wildfires. In our 6.5 million hectare (6.5 Mha) study region, almost 1 Mha of primary (disturbed and undisturbed) and 20 000 ha of secondary forest burned during the 2015-2016 El Niño. Covering less than 0.2% of Brazilian Amazonia, these wildfires resulted in expected immediate CO2 emissions of approximately 30 Tg, three to four times greater than comparable estimates from global fire emissions databases. Uncontrolled understorey wildfires in humid tropical forests during extreme droughts are a large and poorly quantified source of CO2 emissions.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Withey
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.,Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Alessandro Ferraz Palmeira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01, Campus Guamá, Belém, PA CEP: 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Fernando D B Espírito-Santo
- Centre for Landscape and Climate Research (CLCR) and Leicester Institute of Space and Earth Observation (LISEO), School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Gareth D Lennox
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Camila V J Silva
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, Avenida dos Astronautas, 1.758, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Travessa Dr Enéas Pinheiro, s/n, CP 48, 66095-100 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Filipe França
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.,Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Travessa Dr Enéas Pinheiro, s/n, CP 48, 66095-100 Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais, Rodovia Bambuí/Medeiros, Km-05, 38900-000 Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Liana Chesini Rossi
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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41
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Malhi Y, Rowland L, Aragão LEOC, Fisher RA. New insights into the variability of the tropical land carbon cycle from the El Niño of 2015/2016. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2017.0298. [PMID: 30297460 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Lucy Rowland
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- National Institute for Space Research - INPE, São José dos Campos, Brazil.,University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Rosie A Fisher
- Climate and Global Dynamics. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, 31500 USA
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42
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Silva CVJ, Aragão LEOC, Barlow J, Espirito-Santo F, Young PJ, Anderson LO, Berenguer E, Brasil I, Foster Brown I, Castro B, Farias R, Ferreira J, França F, Graça PMLA, Kirsten L, Lopes AP, Salimon C, Scaranello MA, Seixas M, Souza FC, Xaud HAM. Drought-induced Amazonian wildfires instigate a decadal-scale disruption of forest carbon dynamics. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2018.0043. [PMID: 30297477 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought-induced wildfires have increased in frequency and extent over the tropics. Yet, the long-term (greater than 10 years) responses of Amazonian lowland forests to fire disturbance are poorly known. To understand post-fire forest biomass dynamics, and to assess the time required for fire-affected forests to recover to pre-disturbance levels, we combined 16 single with 182 multiple forest census into a unique large-scale and long-term dataset across the Brazilian Amazonia. We quantified biomass, mortality and wood productivity of burned plots along a chronosequence of up to 31 years post-fire and compared to surrounding unburned plots measured simultaneously. Stem mortality and growth were assessed among functional groups. At the plot level, we found that fire-affected forests have biomass levels 24.8 ± 6.9% below the biomass value of unburned control plots after 31 years. This lower biomass state results from the elevated levels of biomass loss through mortality, which is not sufficiently compensated for by wood productivity (incremental growth + recruitment). At the stem level, we found major changes in mortality and growth rates up to 11 years post-fire. The post-fire stem mortality rates exceeded unburned control plots by 680% (i.e. greater than 40 cm diameter at breast height (DBH); 5-8 years since last fire) and 315% (i.e. greater than 0.7 g cm-3 wood density; 0.75-4 years since last fire). Our findings indicate that wildfires in humid tropical forests can significantly reduce forest biomass for decades by enhancing mortality rates of all trees, including large and high wood density trees, which store the largest amount of biomass in old-growth forests. This assessment of stem dynamics, therefore, demonstrates that wildfires slow down or stall the post-fire recovery of Amazonian forests.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila V J Silva
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK .,National Institute for Space Research, Av. dos Astronautas, 1.758, São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- National Institute for Space Research, Av. dos Astronautas, 1.758, São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Fernando Espirito-Santo
- Leicester Institute of Space and Earth Observation (LISEO), Centre for Landscape and Climate Research (CLCR), School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Paul J Young
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.,Pentland Centre for Sustainability in Business, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YX, UK
| | - Liana O Anderson
- National Centre for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN), São Jose dos Campos, São Paulo, 12247-016 Brazil.,Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.,Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Izaias Brasil
- Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Parque Zoobotanico, Rio Branco 69915-900, Acre, Brazil
| | - I Foster Brown
- Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Parque Zoobotanico, Rio Branco 69915-900, Acre, Brazil.,Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, MA 02540-1644, USA
| | - Bruno Castro
- Instituto Centro de Vida, Av. Ariosto da Riva, 3473, Centro 78580-000, Alta Floresta, Brazil
| | - Renato Farias
- Instituto Centro de Vida, Av. Ariosto da Riva, 3473, Centro 78580-000, Alta Floresta, Brazil
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/no. Caixa Postal 48, Belém 66095-100, Pará, Brazil
| | - Filipe França
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.,Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/no. Caixa Postal 48, Belém 66095-100, Pará, Brazil
| | - Paulo M L A Graça
- National Institute for Research in Amazonia (INPA), Av. André Araújo, 2936, Manaus 69067-375, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Letícia Kirsten
- National Institute for Research in Amazonia (INPA), Av. André Araújo, 2936, Manaus 69067-375, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Aline P Lopes
- National Institute for Space Research, Av. dos Astronautas, 1.758, São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Cleber Salimon
- Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas (CCBSA), R. Horácio Trajano de Oliveira, 1559 - Cristo Redentor, João Pessoa 58070-450, Brazil
| | - Marcos Augusto Scaranello
- Instituto Centro de Vida, Av. Ariosto da Riva, 3473, Centro 78580-000, Alta Floresta, Brazil.,EMBRAPA Informática Agropecuária, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-886 Brazil
| | - Marina Seixas
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/no. Caixa Postal 48, Belém 66095-100, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Haron A M Xaud
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Roraima, PO Box 133, Boa Vista, Roraima 69.301-970, Brazil
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43
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Betts RA, Jones CD, Knight JR, Keeling RF, Kennedy JJ, Wiltshire AJ, Andrew RM, Aragão LEOC. A successful prediction of the record CO 2 rise associated with the 2015/2016 El Niño. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2017.0301. [PMID: 30297462 PMCID: PMC6178439 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In early 2016, we predicted that the annual rise in carbon dioxide concentration at Mauna Loa would be the largest on record. Our forecast used a statistical relationship between observed and forecast sea surface temperatures in the Niño 3.4 region and the annual CO2 rise. Here, we provide a formal verification of that forecast. The observed rise of 3.4 ppm relative to 2015 was within the forecast range of 3.15 ± 0.53 ppm, so the prediction was successful. A global terrestrial biosphere model supports the expectation that the El Niño weakened the tropical land carbon sink. We estimate that the El Niño contributed approximately 25% to the record rise in CO2, with 75% due to anthropogenic emissions. The 2015/2016 CO2 rise was greater than that following the previous large El Niño in 1997/1998, because anthropogenic emissions had increased. We had also correctly predicted that 2016 would be the first year with monthly mean CO2 above 400 ppm all year round. We now estimate that atmospheric CO2 at Mauna Loa would have remained above 400 ppm all year round in 2016 even if the El Niño had not occurred, contrary to our previous expectations based on a simple extrapolation of previous trends.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Betts
- Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK .,Global Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK
| | | | | | - Ralph F Keeling
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Robbie M Andrew
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- National Institute for Space Research, Remote Sensing Division, Av. Dos Astronautas 1758, Jardim da Granja, São José dos Campos 12.227-010, Brazil.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
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44
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de Souza JG, Schaan DP, Robinson M, Barbosa AD, Aragão LEOC, Marimon BH, Marimon BS, da Silva IB, Khan SS, Nakahara FR, Iriarte J. Pre-Columbian earth-builders settled along the entire southern rim of the Amazon. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1125. [PMID: 29588444 PMCID: PMC5871619 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of large geometrical earthworks in interfluvial settings of southern Amazonia has challenged the idea that Pre-Columbian populations were concentrated along the major floodplains. However, a spatial gap in the archaeological record of the Amazon has limited the assessment of the territorial extent of earth-builders. Here, we report the discovery of Pre-Columbian ditched enclosures in the Tapajós headwaters. The results show that an 1800 km stretch of southern Amazonia was occupied by earth-building cultures living in fortified villages ~Cal AD 1250-1500. We model earthwork distribution in this broad region using recorded sites, with environmental and terrain variables as predictors, estimating that earthworks will be found over ~400,000 km2 of southern Amazonia. We conclude that the interfluves and minor tributaries of southern Amazonia sustained high population densities, calling for a re-evaluation of the role of this region for Pre-Columbian cultural developments and environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Gregorio de Souza
- Department of Archaeology, College of Humanities, University of Exeter, Laver Building, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK.
| | - Denise Pahl Schaan
- Department of Anthropology, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Mark Robinson
- Department of Archaeology, College of Humanities, University of Exeter, Laver Building, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
| | | | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, 12227-010, SP, Brazil.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Ben Hur Marimon
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Nova Xavantina, MT, 78690-000, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Schwantes Marimon
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Nova Xavantina, MT, 78690-000, Brazil
| | - Izaias Brasil da Silva
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, 12227-010, SP, Brazil
| | - Salman Saeed Khan
- Department of Archaeology, College of Humanities, University of Exeter, Laver Building, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
| | | | - José Iriarte
- Department of Archaeology, College of Humanities, University of Exeter, Laver Building, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
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45
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Fonseca MG, Anderson LO, Arai E, Shimabukuro YE, Xaud HAM, Xaud MR, Madani N, Wagner FH, Aragão LEOC. Climatic and anthropogenic drivers of northern Amazon fires during the 2015-2016 El Niño event. Ecol Appl 2017; 27:2514-2527. [PMID: 28922585 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The strong El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event that occurred in 2015-2016 caused extreme drought in the northern Brazilian Amazon, especially in the state of Roraima, increasing fire occurrence. Here we map the extent of precipitation and fire anomalies and quantify the effects of climatic and anthropogenic drivers on fire occurrence during the 2015-2016 dry season (from December 2015 to March 2016) in the state of Roraima. To achieve these objectives we first estimated the spatial pattern of precipitation anomalies, based on long-term data from the TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission), and the fire anomaly, based on MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) active fire detections during the referred period. Then, we integrated climatic and anthropogenic drivers in a Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model to quantify fire probability, assessing (1) the model accuracy during the 2015-2016 and the 2016-2017 dry seasons; (2) the relative importance of each predictor variable on the model predictive performance; and (3) the response curves, showing how each environmental variable affects the fire probability. Approximately 59% (132,900 km2 ) of the study area was exposed to precipitation anomalies ≤-1 standard deviation (SD) in January and ~48% (~106,800 km2 ) in March. About 38% (86,200 km2 ) of the study area experienced fire anomalies ≥1 SD in at least one month between December 2015 and March 2016. The distance to roads and the direct ENSO effect on fire occurrence were the two most influential variables on model predictive performance. Despite the improvement of governmental actions of fire prevention and firefighting in Roraima since the last intense ENSO event (1997-1998), we show that fire still gets out of control in the state during extreme drought events. Our results indicate that if no prevention actions are undertaken, future road network expansion and a climate-induced increase in water stress will amplify fire occurrence in the northern Amazon, even in its humid dense forests. As an additional outcome of our analysis, we conclude that the model and the data we used may help to guide on-the-ground fire-prevention actions and firefighting planning and therefore minimize fire-related ecosystems degradation, economic losses and carbon emissions in Roraima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa G Fonseca
- Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences Laboratory (TREES), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, 12227-010, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Liana O Anderson
- National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN), Parque Tecnológico de São José dos Campos, Estrada Dr. Altino Bondensan 500, 12247-016, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- Environmental Change Institute, ECI, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom
| | - Egidio Arai
- Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences Laboratory (TREES), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, 12227-010, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Yosio E Shimabukuro
- Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences Laboratory (TREES), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, 12227-010, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Haron A M Xaud
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Roraima, PO Box 133, 69.301-970, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil
| | - Maristela R Xaud
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Roraima, PO Box 133, 69.301-970, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil
| | - Nima Madani
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, College of Forestry & Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - Fabien H Wagner
- Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences Laboratory (TREES), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, 12227-010, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences Laboratory (TREES), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, 12227-010, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, United Kingdom
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46
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Bispo PDC, Balzter H, Malhi Y, Slik JWF, dos Santos JR, Rennó CD, Espírito-Santo FD, Aragão LEOC, Ximenes AC, Bispo PDC. Drivers of metacommunity structure diverge for common and rare Amazonian tree species. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188300. [PMID: 29155865 PMCID: PMC5695845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We analysed the flora of 46 forest inventory plots (25 m x 100 m) in old growth forests from the Amazonian region to identify the role of environmental (topographic) and spatial variables (obtained using PCNM, Principal Coordinates of Neighbourhood Matrix analysis) for common and rare species. For the analyses, we used multiple partial regression to partition the specific effects of the topographic and spatial variables on the univariate data (standardised richness, total abundance and total biomass) and partial RDA (Redundancy Analysis) to partition these effects on composition (multivariate data) based on incidence, abundance and biomass. The different attributes (richness, abundance, biomass and composition based on incidence, abundance and biomass) used to study this metacommunity responded differently to environmental and spatial processes. Considering standardised richness, total abundance (univariate) and composition based on biomass, the results for common species differed from those obtained for all species. On the other hand, for total biomass (univariate) and for compositions based on incidence and abundance, there was a correspondence between the data obtained for the total community and for common species. Our data also show that in general, environmental and/or spatial components are important to explain the variability in tree communities for total and common species. However, with the exception of the total abundance, the environmental and spatial variables measured were insufficient to explain the attributes of the communities of rare species. These results indicate that predicting the attributes of rare tree species communities based on environmental and spatial variables is a substantial challenge. As the spatial component was relevant for several community attributes, our results demonstrate the importance of using a metacommunities approach when attempting to understand the main ecological processes underlying the diversity of tropical forest communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyanna da Conceição Bispo
- Leicester Institute for Space and Earth Observation, Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- NERC, National Centre for Earth Observation at the University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Heiko Balzter
- Leicester Institute for Space and Earth Observation, Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- NERC, National Centre for Earth Observation at the University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - J. W. Ferry Slik
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
| | - João Roberto dos Santos
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Camilo Daleles Rennó
- Image Processing Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz E. O. C. Aragão
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Arimatéa C. Ximenes
- Laboratory of Systems Ecology and Resource Management, Department of Biology of Organisms, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Ecology & Biodiversity, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pitágoras da Conceição Bispo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Languages of Assis, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Assis, Brazil
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47
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Wagner FH, Hérault B, Rossi V, Hilker T, Maeda EE, Sanchez A, Lyapustin AI, Galvão LS, Wang Y, Aragão LEOC. Climate drivers of the Amazon forest greening. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180932. [PMID: 28708897 PMCID: PMC5510836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our limited understanding of the climate controls on tropical forest seasonality is one of the biggest sources of uncertainty in modeling climate change impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Combining leaf production, litterfall and climate observations from satellite and ground data in the Amazon forest, we show that seasonal variation in leaf production is largely triggered by climate signals, specifically, insolation increase (70.4% of the total area) and precipitation increase (29.6%). Increase of insolation drives leaf growth in the absence of water limitation. For these non-water-limited forests, the simultaneous leaf flush occurs in a sufficient proportion of the trees to be observed from space. While tropical cycles are generally defined in terms of dry or wet season, we show that for a large part of Amazonia the increase in insolation triggers the visible progress of leaf growth, just like during spring in temperate forests. The dependence of leaf growth initiation on climate seasonality may result in a higher sensitivity of these ecosystems to changes in climate than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Hubert Wagner
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research - INPE, São José dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Hérault
- CIRAD, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, Kourou 97379, France
| | - Vivien Rossi
- UR B&SEF Biens et services des écosystèmes forestiers tropicaux, CIRAD, Yaoundé BP 2572, Cameroon
| | - Thomas Hilker
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Eduardo Eiji Maeda
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Alber Sanchez
- Earth System Science Center, National Institute for Space Research - INPE, São José dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexei I. Lyapustin
- Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, Greenbelt, MD 20771, United States of America
| | - Lênio Soares Galvão
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research - INPE, São José dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil
| | - Yujie Wang
- Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, Greenbelt, MD 20771, United States of America
| | - Luiz E. O. C. Aragão
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research - INPE, São José dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, United Kingdom
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48
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Malhi Y, Girardin CAJ, Goldsmith GR, Doughty CE, Salinas N, Metcalfe DB, Huaraca Huasco W, Silva-Espejo JE, Del Aguilla-Pasquell J, Farfán Amézquita F, Aragão LEOC, Guerrieri R, Ishida FY, Bahar NHA, Farfan-Rios W, Phillips OL, Meir P, Silman M. The variation of productivity and its allocation along a tropical elevation gradient: a whole carbon budget perspective. New Phytol 2017; 214:1019-1032. [PMID: 27768811 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Why do forest productivity and biomass decline with elevation? To address this question, research to date generally has focused on correlative approaches describing changes in woody growth and biomass with elevation. We present a novel, mechanistic approach to this question by quantifying the autotrophic carbon budget in 16 forest plots along a 3300 m elevation transect in Peru. Low growth rates at high elevations appear primarily driven by low gross primary productivity (GPP), with little shift in either carbon use efficiency (CUE) or allocation of net primary productivity (NPP) between wood, fine roots and canopy. The lack of trend in CUE implies that the proportion of photosynthate allocated to autotrophic respiration is not sensitive to temperature. Rather than a gradual linear decline in productivity, there is some limited but nonconclusive evidence of a sharp transition in NPP between submontane and montane forests, which may be caused by cloud immersion effects within the cloud forest zone. Leaf-level photosynthetic parameters do not decline with elevation, implying that nutrient limitation does not restrict photosynthesis at high elevations. Our data demonstrate the potential of whole carbon budget perspectives to provide a deeper understanding of controls on ecosystem functioning and carbon cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Cécile A J Girardin
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Ecosystem Fluxes Group, Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Christopher E Doughty
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Norma Salinas
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
- Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | - Daniel B Metcalfe
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, SE 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, Av. dos Astronautas, 1.758, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Rossella Guerrieri
- Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, CREAF c/o Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Edificio C, 08290, Cerdanyola, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, UK
| | - Françoise Yoko Ishida
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Centre of Tropical Environmental and Sustainabilility Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4870, Australia
| | - Nur H A Bahar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - William Farfan-Rios
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | | | - Patrick Meir
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, UK
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Miles Silman
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
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49
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Navarrete D, Sitch S, Aragão LEOC, Pedroni L. Conversion from forests to pastures in the Colombian Amazon leads to contrasting soil carbon dynamics depending on land management practices. Glob Chang Biol 2016; 22:3503-3517. [PMID: 26929394 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to mitigate climate change by reducing deforestation and forest degradation (e.g. REDD+) require country- or region-specific information on temporal changes in forest carbon (C) pools to develop accurate emission factors. The soil C pool is one of the most important C reservoirs, but is rarely included in national forest reference emission levels due to a lack of data. Here, we present the soil organic C (SOC) dynamics along 20 years of forest-to-pasture conversion in two subregions with different management practices during pasture establishment in the Colombian Amazon: high-grazing intensity (HG) and low-grazing intensity (LG) subregions. We determined the pattern of SOC change resulting from the conversion from forest (C3 plants) to pasture (C4 plants) by analysing total SOC stocks and the natural abundance of the stable isotopes (13) C along two 20-year chronosequences identified in each subregion. We also analysed soil N stocks and the natural abundance of (15) N during pasture establishment. In general, total SOC stocks at 30 cm depth in the forest were similar for both subregions, with an average of 47.1 ± 1.8 Mg C ha(-1) in HG and 48.7 ± 3.1 Mg C ha(-1) in LG. However, 20 years after forest-to-pasture conversion SOC in HG decreased by 20%, whereas in LG SOC increased by 41%. This net SOC decrease in HG was due to a larger reduction in C3-derived input and to a comparatively smaller increase in C4-derived C input. In LG both C3- and C4-derived C input increased along the chronosequence. N stocks were generally similar in both subregions and soil N stock changes during pasture establishment were correlated with SOC changes. These results emphasize the importance of management practices involving low-grazing intensity in cattle activities to preserve SOC stocks and to reduce C emissions after land-cover change from forest to pasture in the Colombian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Navarrete
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Stephen Sitch
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, São Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Lucio Pedroni
- Carbon Decisions International, Residencial la Castilla, de la primera entrada, 6ta casa a mano derecha, Paraíso de Cartago, Costa Rica
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50
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Devisscher T, Anderson LO, Aragão LEOC, Galván L, Malhi Y. Increased Wildfire Risk Driven by Climate and Development Interactions in the Bolivian Chiquitania, Southern Amazonia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161323. [PMID: 27632528 PMCID: PMC5025183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildfires are becoming increasingly dominant in tropical landscapes due to reinforcing feedbacks between land cover change and more severe dry conditions. This study focused on the Bolivian Chiquitania, a region located at the southern edge of Amazonia. The extensive, unique and well-conserved tropical dry forest in this region is susceptible to wildfires due to a marked seasonality. We used a novel approach to assess fire risk at the regional level driven by different development trajectories interacting with changing climatic conditions. Possible future risk scenarios were simulated using maximum entropy modelling with presence-only data, combining land cover, anthropogenic and climatic variables. We found that important determinants of fire risk in the region are distance to roads, recent deforestation and density of human settlements. Severely dry conditions alone increased the area of high fire risk by 69%, affecting all categories of land use and land cover. Interactions between extreme dry conditions and rapid frontier expansion further increased fire risk, resulting in potential biomass loss of 2.44±0.8 Tg in high risk area, about 1.8 times higher than the estimates for the 2010 drought. These interactions showed particularly high fire risk in land used for ‘extensive cattle ranching’, ‘agro-silvopastoral use’ and ‘intensive cattle ranching and agriculture’. These findings have serious implications for subsistence activities and the economy in the Chiquitania, which greatly depend on the forestry, agriculture and livestock sectors. Results are particularly concerning if considering the current development policies promoting frontier expansion. Departmental protected areas inhibited wildfires when strategically established in areas of high risk, even under drought conditions. However, further research is needed to assess their effectiveness accounting for more specific contextual factors. This novel and simple modelling approach can inform fire and land management decisions in the Chiquitania and other tropical forest landscapes to better anticipate and manage large wildfires in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahia Devisscher
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Liana O. Anderson
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters, São José dos Campos, Brazil
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Luiz E. O. C. Aragão
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Galván
- Posgrado en Geografía, Instituto de Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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