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Cooper DLM, Lewis SL, Sullivan MJP, Prado PI, Ter Steege H, Barbier N, Slik F, Sonké B, Ewango CEN, Adu-Bredu S, Affum-Baffoe K, de Aguiar DPP, Ahuite Reategui MA, Aiba SI, Albuquerque BW, de Almeida Matos FD, Alonso A, Amani CA, do Amaral DD, do Amaral IL, Andrade A, de Andrade Miranda IP, Angoboy IB, Araujo-Murakami A, Arboleda NC, Arroyo L, Ashton P, Aymard C GA, Baider C, Baker TR, Balinga MPB, Balslev H, Banin LF, Bánki OS, Baraloto C, Barbosa EM, Barbosa FR, Barlow J, Bastin JF, Beeckman H, Begne S, Bengone NN, Berenguer E, Berry N, Bitariho R, Boeckx P, Bogaert J, Bonyoma B, Boundja P, Bourland N, Boyemba Bosela F, Brambach F, Brienen R, Burslem DFRP, Camargo JL, Campelo W, Cano A, Cárdenas S, Cárdenas López D, de Sá Carpanedo R, Carrero Márquez YA, Carvalho FA, Casas LF, Castellanos H, Castilho CV, Cerón C, Chapman CA, Chave J, Chhang P, Chutipong W, Chuyong GB, Cintra BBL, Clark CJ, Coelho de Souza F, Comiskey JA, Coomes DA, Cornejo Valverde F, Correa DF, Costa FRC, Costa JBP, Couteron P, Culmsee H, Cuni-Sanchez A, Dallmeier F, Damasco G, Dauby G, Dávila N, Dávila Doza HP, De Alban JDT, de Assis RL, De Canniere C, De Haulleville T, de Jesus Veiga Carim M, Demarchi LO, Dexter KG, Di Fiore A, Din HHM, Disney MI, Djiofack BY, Djuikouo MNK, Do TV, Doucet JL, Draper FC, Droissart V, Duivenvoorden JF, Engel J, Estienne V, Farfan-Rios W, Fauset S, Feeley KJ, Feitosa YO, Feldpausch TR, Ferreira C, Ferreira J, Ferreira LV, Fletcher CD, Flores BM, Fofanah A, Foli EG, Fonty É, Fredriksson GM, Fuentes A, Galbraith D, Gallardo Gonzales GP, Garcia-Cabrera K, García-Villacorta R, Gomes VHF, Gómez RZ, Gonzales T, Gribel R, Guedes MC, Guevara JE, Hakeem KR, Hall JS, Hamer KC, Hamilton AC, Harris DJ, Harrison RD, Hart TB, Hector A, Henkel TW, Herbohn J, Hockemba MBN, Hoffman B, Holmgren M, Honorio Coronado EN, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Hubau W, Imai N, Irume MV, Jansen PA, Jeffery KJ, Jimenez EM, Jucker T, Junqueira AB, Kalamandeen M, Kamdem NG, Kartawinata K, Kasongo Yakusu E, Katembo JM, Kearsley E, Kenfack D, Kessler M, Khaing TT, Killeen TJ, Kitayama K, Klitgaard B, Labrière N, Laumonier Y, Laurance SGW, Laurance WF, Laurent F, Le TC, Le TT, Leal ME, Leão de Moraes Novo EM, Levesley A, Libalah MB, Licona JC, Lima Filho DDA, Lindsell JA, Lopes A, Lopes MA, Lovett JC, Lowe R, Lozada JR, Lu X, Luambua NK, Luize BG, Maas P, Magalhães JLL, Magnusson WE, Mahayani NPD, Makana JR, Malhi Y, Maniguaje Rincón L, Mansor A, Manzatto AG, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Marshall AR, Martins MP, Mbayu FM, de Medeiros MB, Mesones I, Metali F, Mihindou V, Millet J, Milliken W, Mogollón HF, Molino JF, Mohd Said MN, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Montero JC, Moore S, Mostacedo B, Mozombite Pinto LF, Mukul SA, Munishi PKT, Nagamasu H, Nascimento HEM, Nascimento MT, Neill D, Nilus R, Noronha JC, Nsenga L, Núñez Vargas P, Ojo L, Oliveira AA, de Oliveira EA, Ondo FE, Palacios Cuenca W, Pansini S, Pansonato MP, Paredes MR, Paudel E, Pauletto D, Pearson RG, Pena JLM, Pennington RT, Peres CA, Permana A, Petronelli P, Peñuela Mora MC, Phillips JF, Phillips OL, Pickavance G, Piedade MTF, Pitman NCA, Ploton P, Popelier A, Poulsen JR, Prieto A, Primack RB, Priyadi H, Qie L, Quaresma AC, de Queiroz HL, Ramirez-Angulo H, Ramos JF, Reis NFC, Reitsma J, Revilla JDC, Riutta T, Rivas-Torres G, Robiansyah I, Rocha M, Rodrigues DDJ, Rodriguez-Ronderos ME, Rovero F, Rozak AH, Rudas A, Rutishauser E, Sabatier D, Sagang LB, Sampaio AF, Samsoedin I, Satdichanh M, Schietti J, Schöngart J, Scudeller VV, Seuaturien N, Sheil D, Sierra R, Silman MR, Silva TSF, da Silva Guimarães JR, Simo-Droissart M, Simon MF, Sist P, Sousa TR, de Sousa Farias E, de Souza Coelho L, Spracklen DV, Stas SM, Steinmetz R, Stevenson PR, Stropp J, Sukri RS, Sunderland TCH, Suzuki E, Swaine MD, Tang J, Taplin J, Taylor DM, Tello JS, Terborgh J, Texier N, Theilade I, Thomas DW, Thomas R, Thomas SC, Tirado M, Toirambe B, de Toledo JJ, Tomlinson KW, Torres-Lezama A, Tran HD, Tshibamba Mukendi J, Tumaneng RD, Umaña MN, Umunay PM, Urrego Giraldo LE, Valderrama Sandoval EH, Valenzuela Gamarra L, Van Andel TR, van de Bult M, van de Pol J, van der Heijden G, Vasquez R, Vela CIA, Venticinque EM, Verbeeck H, Veridiano RKA, Vicentini A, Vieira ICG, Vilanova Torre E, Villarroel D, Villa Zegarra BE, Vleminckx J, von Hildebrand P, Vos VA, Vriesendorp C, Webb EL, White LJT, Wich S, Wittmann F, Zagt R, Zang R, Zartman CE, Zemagho L, Zent EL, Zent S. Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities. Nature 2024; 625:728-734. [PMID: 38200314 PMCID: PMC10808064 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06820-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Trees structure the Earth's most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1-6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth's 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world's most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan L M Cooper
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK.
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Simon L Lewis
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK.
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Martin J P Sullivan
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Paulo I Prado
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Barbier
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ferry Slik
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Corneille E N Ewango
- Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources Management and Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | - Daniel P P de Aguiar
- Procuradoria-Geral de Justiça, Ministério Público do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Shin-Ichiro Aiba
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Bianca Weiss Albuquerque
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Alfonso Alonso
- Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christian A Amani
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
- Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Iêda Leão do Amaral
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ana Andrade
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Ilondea B Angoboy
- Institut National pour l'Etude et la Recherche Agronomiques, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Luzmila Arroyo
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Peter Ashton
- Bullard Emeritus Professor of Forestry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gerardo A Aymard C
- Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), UNELLEZ-Guanare, Guanare, Venezuela
| | - Cláudia Baider
- The Mauritius Herbarium, Agricultural Services, Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security, Reduit, Mauritius
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Henrik Balslev
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Olaf S Bánki
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Baraloto
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jean-Francois Bastin
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Hans Beeckman
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Serge Begne
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Robert Bitariho
- Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory (ISOFYS), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Bogaert
- Biodiversity and Landscape Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Bonyoma
- Section de la Foresterie, Institut National pour l'Etude et la Recherche Agronomique Yangambi, Yangambi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Patrick Boundja
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
- Congo Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Nils Bourland
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia
- Forest Resources Management, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Resources and Synergies Development, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Faustin Boyemba Bosela
- Laboratory of Ecology and Forest Management, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Fabian Brambach
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roel Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - José Luís Camargo
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Wegliane Campelo
- Universidade Federal do Amapá, Ciências Ambientais, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Angela Cano
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Cambridge University Botanic Garden, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sasha Cárdenas
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Fernanda Antunes Carvalho
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luisa Fernanda Casas
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernán Castellanos
- Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas de Guayana, Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Puerto Ordaz, Venezuela
| | - Carolina V Castilho
- Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, Embrapa Roraima, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | - Carlos Cerón
- Escuela de Biología Herbario Alfredo Paredes, Universidad Central, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Biology Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Jerome Chave
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, CNRS and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Phourin Chhang
- Institute of Forest and Wildlife Research and Development (IRD), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Wanlop Chutipong
- Conservation Ecology Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - George B Chuyong
- Faculty of Science, Department of Plant Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - Connie J Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Fernanda Coelho de Souza
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- BeZero, London, UK
| | - James A Comiskey
- Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, Fredericksburg, VA, USA
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David A Coomes
- Department of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Diego F Correa
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Flávia R C Costa
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Pierre Couteron
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Heike Culmsee
- State Agency for Environment, Nature Conservation and Geology, Güstrow, Germany
| | - Aida Cuni-Sanchez
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
- Department of International Environmental and Development Studies (NORAGRIC), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Francisco Dallmeier
- Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gabriel Damasco
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gilles Dauby
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nállarett Dávila
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Jose Don T De Alban
- Centre for Nature-Based Climate Solutions, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Phillipines Programme, Fauna and Flora International, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rafael L de Assis
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, Brazil
| | - Charles De Canniere
- Landscape Ecology and Vegetal Production Systems Unit, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Layon O Demarchi
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Kyle G Dexter
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Estación de Biodiversidad Tiputini, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Hazimah Haji Mohammad Din
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Research, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
| | | | - Brice Yannick Djiofack
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Institut National pour l'Etude et la Recherche Agronomiques (INERA), Wood Laboratory of Yangambi, Yangambi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie-Noël K Djuikouo
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Science, Department of Plant Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Tran Van Do
- Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jean-Louis Doucet
- Forest Is Life, TERRA, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Freddie C Draper
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vincent Droissart
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Joost F Duivenvoorden
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Engel
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vittoria Estienne
- Congo Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - William Farfan-Rios
- Living Earth Collaborative, Washington University in Saint Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sophie Fauset
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Kenneth J Feeley
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Yuri Oliveira Feitosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia (Botânica), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Cid Ferreira
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ernest G Foli
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Émile Fonty
- Direction Régionale de la Guyane, Office National des Forêts, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Alfredo Fuentes
- Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO, USA
- Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Instituto de Ecología, Carrera de Biología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | | | | | - Karina Garcia-Cabrera
- Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Roosevelt García-Villacorta
- Programa Restauración de Ecosistemas (PRE), Centro de Innovación Científica Amazónica (CINCIA), Tambopata, Peru
- Peruvian Center for Biodiversity and Conservation (PCBC), Iquitos, Peru
| | - Vitor H F Gomes
- Escola de Negócios Tecnologia e Inovação, Centro Universitário do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Zárate Gómez
- PROTERRA, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Iquitos, Peru
| | | | - Rogerio Gribel
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Juan Ernesto Guevara
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud-BIOMAS, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
- The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jefferson S Hall
- Forest Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO), Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Alan C Hamilton
- Honorary Professor, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China
| | | | | | - Terese B Hart
- Lukuru Wildlife Research Foundation, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andy Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Terry W Henkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - John Herbohn
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Milena Holmgren
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Euridice N Honorio Coronado
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Iquitos, Peru
- University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | | | - Wannes Hubau
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Department of Environment, Laboratory of Wood Technology (Woodlab), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nobuo Imai
- Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariana Victória Irume
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Patrick A Jansen
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, Panama
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kathryn J Jeffery
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Eliana M Jimenez
- Grupo de Ecología y Conservación de Fauna y Flora Silvestre, Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Imani, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Amazonia, Leticia, Colombia
| | - Tommaso Jucker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - André Braga Junqueira
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michelle Kalamandeen
- School of Earth, Environment and Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Narcisse G Kamdem
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Kuswata Kartawinata
- Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emmanuel Kasongo Yakusu
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - John M Katembo
- Laboratory of Ecology and Forest Management, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Elizabeth Kearsley
- Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology (CAVElab), Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Kenfack
- Forest Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO), Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael Kessler
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thiri Toe Khaing
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Bente Klitgaard
- Department for Accelerated Taxonomy, Royal Botanic Gardens, Richmond, UK
| | - Nicolas Labrière
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, CNRS and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Yves Laumonier
- Forest and Environment Program, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Susan G W Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Félix Laurent
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Institut National pour l'Etude et la Recherche Agronomiques (INERA), Wood Laboratory of Yangambi, Yangambi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tinh Cong Le
- Viet Nature Conservation Centre, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | - Miguel E Leal
- Uganda Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Moses B Libalah
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Juan Carlos Licona
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | | | - Aline Lopes
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Jon C Lovett
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, UK
| | - Richard Lowe
- Botany Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - José Rafael Lozada
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Xinghui Lu
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Nestor K Luambua
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Institut National pour l'Etude et la Recherche Agronomiques (INERA), Wood Laboratory of Yangambi, Yangambi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources Management, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Faculté des sciences Agronomiques, Université Officielle de Mbujimayi, Mbujimayi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Bruno Garcia Luize
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paul Maas
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - José Leonardo Lima Magalhães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Brazil
| | - William E Magnusson
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Jean-Remy Makana
- Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire d'Écologie et Aménagement Forestier, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lorena Maniguaje Rincón
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Asyraf Mansor
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
| | | | - Beatriz S Marimon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon-Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Andrew R Marshall
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
- Flamingo Land, Kirby Misperton, UK
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maria Pires Martins
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Italo Mesones
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Faizah Metali
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Vianet Mihindou
- Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Libreville, Gabon
- Ministère de la Forêt, de la Mer, de l'Environnement, Chargé du Plan Climat, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Jerome Millet
- Office français de la biodiversité, Vincennes, France
| | - William Milliken
- Department for Ecosystem Stewardship, Royal Botanic Gardens, Richmond, UK
| | | | - Jean-François Molino
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Abel Monteagudo Mendoza
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Peru
- Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cuzco, Peru
| | - Juan Carlos Montero
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Sam Moore
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bonifacio Mostacedo
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Sharif Ahmed Mukul
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Environment and Development Studies, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pantaleo K T Munishi
- Department of Ecosystems and Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Marcelo Trindade Nascimento
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goyatacazes, Brazil
| | - David Neill
- Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Ecuador
| | | | | | - Laurent Nsenga
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Percy Núñez Vargas
- Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cuzco, Peru
| | - Lucas Ojo
- University of Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Alexandre A Oliveira
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edmar Almeida de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Susamar Pansini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia PPG-Bionorte, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Petratti Pansonato
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ekananda Paudel
- Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Daniela Pauletto
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Brazil
| | - Richard G Pearson
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - R Toby Pennington
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Carlos A Peres
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Pascal Petronelli
- Cirad UMR Ecofog, AgrosParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université Guyane, Kourou Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Pierre Ploton
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Andreas Popelier
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - John R Poulsen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- The Nature Conservancy, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Adriana Prieto
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Hari Priyadi
- Department of Resource and Environmental Economics (ESL), IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Lan Qie
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Adriano Costa Quaresma
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Wetland Department, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Rastatt, Germany
| | - Helder Lima de Queiroz
- Diretoria Técnico-Científica, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Tefé, Brazil
| | - Hirma Ramirez-Angulo
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - José Ferreira Ramos
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Neidiane Farias Costa Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia PPG-Bionorte, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Jan Reitsma
- Waardenburg Ecology, Culemborg, The Netherlands
| | | | - Terhi Riutta
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- College of Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Gonzalo Rivas-Torres
- Estación de Biodiversidad Tiputini, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito, Ecuador
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Iyan Robiansyah
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Center for Plant Conservation Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesian Institute of Science, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Maira Rocha
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - M Elizabeth Rodriguez-Ronderos
- Centre for Nature-Based Climate Solutions, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francesco Rovero
- Deparment of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Tropical Biodiversity Section, Museo delle Scienze (MUSE), Trento, Italy
| | - Andes H Rozak
- Research Center for Plant Conservation, Botanic Gardens and Forestry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Agustín Rudas
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Daniel Sabatier
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Le Bienfaiteur Sagang
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adeilza Felipe Sampaio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia PPG-Bionorte, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Ismayadi Samsoedin
- Forest Research and Development Center, Research, Development and Innovation Agency, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Manichanh Satdichanh
- Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Juliana Schietti
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jochen Schöngart
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Veridiana Vizoni Scudeller
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM)-Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB1), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Douglas Sheil
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Miles R Silman
- Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Murielle Simo-Droissart
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Plinio Sist
- Cirad-ES, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA C-105/D, Montpellier, France
| | - Thaiane R Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Emanuelle de Sousa Farias
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA), Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz de Souza Coelho
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Suzanne M Stas
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Pablo R Stevenson
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juliana Stropp
- Biogeography Department, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Rahayu S Sukri
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Research, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Terry C H Sunderland
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eizi Suzuki
- Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Michael D Swaine
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jianwei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - James Taplin
- UK Research and Innovation, Innovate UK, London, UK
| | - David M Taylor
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J Sebastián Tello
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - John Terborgh
- Department of Biology and Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Ida Theilade
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Duncan W Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, USA
| | - Raquel Thomas
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Sean C Thomas
- Institute of Forestry and Conservation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Benjamin Toirambe
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Ministère de l'Environnement et Développement Durable, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Kyle W Tomlinson
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
| | - Armando Torres-Lezama
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
| | | | - John Tshibamba Mukendi
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Faculté des Sciences Appliquées, Université de Mbujimayi, Mbujimayi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Roven D Tumaneng
- Phillipines Programme, Fauna and Flora International, Cambridge, UK
- Emerging Technology Development Division, Department of Science and Technology Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development (DOST-PCIEERD), Taguig City, Philippines
| | - Maria Natalia Umaña
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter M Umunay
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, USA
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Elvis H Valderrama Sandoval
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St Louis, MO, USA
- Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
| | | | - Tinde R Van Andel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin van de Bult
- Doi Tung Development Project, Social Development Department, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - César I A Vela
- Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería Forestal, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Puerto Maldonado, Peru
| | | | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab-Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Alberto Vicentini
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Emilio Vilanova Torre
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Villarroel
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
- Fundación Amigos de la Naturaleza (FAN), Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Jason Vleminckx
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Faculté des Sciences, Service d'Évolution Biologique et Écologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Vincent Antoine Vos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales de la Amazonía, Universidad Autónoma del Beni José Ballivián, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia
| | | | - Edward L Webb
- Viikki Tropical Resources Institute, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lee J T White
- Ministry of Forests, Seas, Environment and Climate, Libreville, Gabon
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- Institut de Recherche en Écologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Serge Wich
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Florian Wittmann
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Wetland Department, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Rastatt, Germany
| | | | - Runguo Zang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Charles Eugene Zartman
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Lise Zemagho
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Egleé L Zent
- Laboratory of Human Ecology, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Stanford Zent
- Laboratory of Human Ecology, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
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2
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Sutherland WJ, Bennett C, Brotherton PNM, Butchart SHM, Butterworth HM, Clarke SJ, Esmail N, Fleishman E, Gaston KJ, Herbert-Read JE, Hughes AC, James J, Kaartokallio H, Le Roux X, Lickorish FA, Newport S, Palardy JE, Pearce-Higgins JW, Peck LS, Pettorelli N, Primack RB, Primack WE, Schloss IR, Spalding MD, Ten Brink D, Tew E, Timoshyna A, Tubbs N, Watson JEM, Wentworth J, Wilson JD, Thornton A. A horizon scan of global biological conservation issues for 2024. Trends Ecol Evol 2024; 39:89-100. [PMID: 38114339 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
We present the results of our 15th horizon scan of novel issues that could influence biological conservation in the future. From an initial list of 96 issues, our international panel of scientists and practitioners identified 15 that we consider important for societies worldwide to track and potentially respond to. Issues are novel within conservation or represent a substantial positive or negative step-change with global or regional extents. For example, new sources of hydrogen fuel and changes in deep-sea currents may have profound impacts on marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Technological advances that may be positive include benchtop DNA printers and the industrialisation of approaches that can create high-protein food from air, potentially reducing the pressure on land for food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Sutherland
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK.
| | - Craig Bennett
- Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts, The Kiln, Waterside, Mather Road, Newark, Nottinghamshire NG24 1WT, UK
| | | | - Stuart H M Butchart
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK; Birdlife International, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - Holly M Butterworth
- Natural Resources Wales, Cambria House, 29 Newport Road, Cardiff CF24 0TP, UK
| | | | - Nafeesa Esmail
- Wilder Institute, 1300 Zoo Road NE, Calgary, AB T2E 7V6, Canada
| | - Erica Fleishman
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Kevin J Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | | | - Alice C Hughes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, China
| | - Jennifer James
- The Environment Agency, Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol BS1 5TL, UK
| | | | - Xavier Le Roux
- Microbial Ecology Centre, Université Lyon 1, INRAE, CNRS, UMR 1418, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fiona A Lickorish
- UK Research and Consultancy Services (RCS) Ltd, Valletts Cottage, Westhope, Hereford HR4 8BU, UK
| | - Sarah Newport
- UK Research and Innovation, Natural Environment Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon SN2 1EU, UK
| | - James E Palardy
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, 901 East Street NW, Washington, DC 20004, USA
| | - James W Pearce-Higgins
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK; British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk IP24 2PU, UK
| | - Lloyd S Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Nathalie Pettorelli
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | | | | | - Irene R Schloss
- Instituto Antártico Argentino, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Ushuaia, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Mark D Spalding
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK; The Nature Conservancy, Department of Physical, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Pian dei Mantellini, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Dirk Ten Brink
- Wetlands International, 6700 AL Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eleanor Tew
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK; Forestry England, 620 Bristol Business Park, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1EJ, UK
| | - Anastasiya Timoshyna
- TRAFFIC, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - Nicolas Tubbs
- WWF-Belgium, Boulevard Emile Jacqmainlaan 90, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - James E M Watson
- School of The Environment, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jonathan Wentworth
- Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 14 Tothill Street, Westminster, London SW1H 9NB, UK
| | - Jeremy D Wilson
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, 2 Lochside View, Edinburgh EH12 9DH, UK
| | - Ann Thornton
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
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3
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Primack RB, Gallinat AS, Ellwood ER, Crimmins TM, Schwartz MD, Staudinger MD, Miller-Rushing AJ. Ten best practices for effective phenological research. Int J Biometeorol 2023; 67:1509-1522. [PMID: 37507579 PMCID: PMC10457241 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The number and diversity of phenological studies has increased rapidly in recent years. Innovative experiments, field studies, citizen science projects, and analyses of newly available historical data are contributing insights that advance our understanding of ecological and evolutionary responses to the environment, particularly climate change. However, many phenological data sets have peculiarities that are not immediately obvious and can lead to mistakes in analyses and interpretation of results. This paper aims to help researchers, especially those new to the field of phenology, understand challenges and practices that are crucial for effective studies. For example, researchers may fail to account for sampling biases in phenological data, struggle to choose or design a volunteer data collection strategy that adequately fits their project's needs, or combine data sets in inappropriate ways. We describe ten best practices for designing studies of plant and animal phenology, evaluating data quality, and analyzing data. Practices include accounting for common biases in data, using effective citizen or community science methods, and employing appropriate data when investigating phenological mismatches. We present these best practices to help researchers entering the field take full advantage of the wealth of available data and approaches to advance our understanding of phenology and its implications for ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda S Gallinat
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Environmental Studies, Colby College, Waterville, ME, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Ellwood
- iDigBio, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Natural Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Theresa M Crimmins
- USA National Phenology Network, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mark D Schwartz
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Michelle D Staudinger
- Department of the Interior, Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center, US Geological Survey, Amherst, MA, USA
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4
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Pearse WD, Stemkovski M, Lee BR, Primack RB, Lee SD. Consistent, linear phenological shifts across a century of observations in South Korea. New Phytol 2023. [PMID: 37285120 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William D Pearse
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Michael Stemkovski
- Department of Biology & Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Benjamin R Lee
- Section of Botany, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 4400 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Holden Arboretum, 9550 Sperry Rd., Kirtland, OH, 44094, USA
| | - Richard B Primack
- Biology Department, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Sang Don Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
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5
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Ahlstrand NI, Elvery HM, Primack RB. Grass flowering times determined using herbarium specimens for modeling grass pollen under a warming climate. Sci Total Environ 2023; 885:163824. [PMID: 37127156 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The grass family is responsible for most of people's pollen allergies, and the severity of pollen-based asthma and allergies is expected to increase with global climate change. Identifying grass species through standard pollen monitoring techniques have limitations due to challenges in species-specific pollen identification. As a result, these monitoring methods end up grouping all Poaceae species together, even though there are hundreds of grass species in Europe with flowering times that may vary drastically among species. Given this lack of specificity, it is hard to know which grass species are responsible for causing allergies over the pollen season, and how different species are affected by climate change. To address these issues, we obtained phenological data from thousands of herbarium specimens collected across Denmark spanning 190 years and used pollen monitoring data collected over the last four decades to determine the response of flowering time to climate change for 12 allergenic grass species, and identified which species are likely the biggest contributors to grass pollen loads throughout the pollen season. We find that pollen season duration is lasting longer and starting earlier, and the maximum pollen loads are occurring earlier in response to warmer temperatures. Herbarium specimens provide taxonomic resolution and reveal that many grass species are flowering earlier in response to warmer spring temperatures. Seven out of the 12 species studied in Denmark are identified as major contributors to airborne pollen based on their flowering times, relative abundance and overlap with the time of the year when maximum pollen loads are detected. Four species (Poa pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus) significantly shifted their flowering time in response to warming temperatures and are flagged as of particular concern to allergy sufferers. Using data derived from natural history collections can contribute to the advancement of pollen forecasting for asthma and allergy patients under both current conditions and amidst future global changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah M Elvery
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Stemkovski M, Bell JR, Ellwood ER, Inouye BD, Kobori H, Lee SD, Lloyd-Evans T, Primack RB, Templ B, Pearse WD. Disorder or a new order: How climate change affects phenological variability. Ecology 2023; 104:e3846. [PMID: 36199230 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Advancing spring phenology is a well documented consequence of anthropogenic climate change, but it is not well understood how climate change will affect the variability of phenology year to year. Species' phenological timings reflect the adaptation to a broad suite of abiotic needs (e.g., thermal energy) and biotic interactions (e.g., predation and pollination), and changes in patterns of variability may disrupt those adaptations and interactions. Here, we present a geographically and taxonomically broad analysis of phenological shifts, temperature sensitivity, and changes in interannual variability encompassing nearly 10,000 long-term phenology time series representing more than 1000 species across much of the Northern Hemisphere. We show that the timings of leaf-out, flowering, insect first-occurrence, and bird arrival were the most sensitive to temperature variation and have advanced at the fastest pace for early-season species in colder and less seasonal regions. We did not find evidence for changing variability in warmer years in any phenophase groups, although leaf-out and flower phenology have become moderately but significantly less variable over time. Our findings suggest that climate change has not to this point fundamentally altered the patterns of interannual phenological variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stemkovski
- Department of Biology & Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth R Ellwood
- Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, USA.,iDigBio, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brian D Inouye
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado, USA.,Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | | | - Sang Don Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Richard B Primack
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - William D Pearse
- Department of Biology & Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Berkshire, UK
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7
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Miller-Rushing AJ, Ellwood ER, Crimmins TM, Gallinat AS, Phillips M, Sandler RL, Primack RB. Conservation ethics in the time of the pandemic: Does increasing remote access advance social justice? Biol Conserv 2022; 276:109788. [PMID: 36408461 PMCID: PMC9643013 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is stimulating improvements in remote access and use of technology in conservation-related programs and research. In many cases, organizations have intended for remote engagement to benefit groups that have been marginalized in the sciences. But are they? It is important to consider how remote access affects social justice in conservation biology-i.e., the principle that all people should be equally respected and valued in conservation organizations, programs, projects, and practices. To support such consideration, we describe a typology of justice-oriented principles that can be used to examine social justice in a range of conservation activities. We apply this typology to three conservation areas: (1) remote access to US national park educational programs and data; (2) digitization of natural history specimens and their use in conservation research; and (3) remote engagement in conservation-oriented citizen science. We then address the questions: Which justice-oriented principles are salient in which conservation contexts or activities? How can those principles be best realized in those contexts or activities? In each of the three areas we examined, remote access increased participation, but access and benefits were not equally distributed and unanticipated consequences have not been adequately addressed. We identify steps that can and are being taken to advance social justice in conservation, such as assessing programs to determine if they are achieving their stated social justice-oriented aims and revising initiatives as needed. The framework that we present could be used to assess the social justice dimensions of many conservation programs, institutions, practices, and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth R Ellwood
- iDigBio, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Theresa M Crimmins
- USA National Phenology Network, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Amanda S Gallinat
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Molly Phillips
- iDigBio, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ronald L Sandler
- Department of Philosophy and Religion, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Sporbert M, Jakubka D, Bucher SF, Hensen I, Freiberg M, Heubach K, König A, Nordt B, Plos C, Blinova I, Bonn A, Knickmann B, Koubek T, Linstädter A, Mašková T, Primack RB, Rosche C, Shah MA, Stevens AD, Tielbörger K, Träger S, Wirth C, Römermann C. Functional traits influence patterns in vegetative and reproductive plant phenology - a multi-botanical garden study. New Phytol 2022; 235:2199-2210. [PMID: 35762815 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phenology has emerged as key indicator of the biological impacts of climate change, yet the role of functional traits constraining variation in herbaceous species' phenology has received little attention. Botanical gardens are ideal places in which to investigate large numbers of species growing under common climate conditions. We ask whether interspecific variation in plant phenology is influenced by differences in functional traits. We recorded onset, end, duration and intensity of initial growth, leafing out, leaf senescence, flowering and fruiting for 212 species across five botanical gardens in Germany. We measured functional traits, including plant height, absolute and specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf carbon and nitrogen content and seed mass and accounted for species' relatedness. Closely related species showed greater similarities in timing of phenological events than expected by chance, but species' traits had a high degree of explanatory power, pointing to paramount importance of species' life-history strategies. Taller plants showed later timing of initial growth, and flowered, fruited and underwent leaf senescence later. Large-leaved species had shorter flowering and fruiting durations. Taller, large-leaved species differ in their phenology and are more competitive than smaller, small-leaved species. We assume climate warming will change plant communities' competitive hierarchies with consequences for biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sporbert
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution with Herbarium Haussknecht and Botanical Garden, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06108, Germany
| | - Desiree Jakubka
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution with Herbarium Haussknecht and Botanical Garden, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Solveig Franziska Bucher
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution with Herbarium Haussknecht and Botanical Garden, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Isabell Hensen
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06108, Germany
| | - Martin Freiberg
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Katja Heubach
- Palmengarten and Botanical Garden Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, 60323, Germany
| | - Andreas König
- Palmengarten and Botanical Garden Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, 60323, Germany
| | - Birgit Nordt
- Botanic Garden Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Carolin Plos
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution with Herbarium Haussknecht and Botanical Garden, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06108, Germany
| | | | - Aletta Bonn
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Department of Ecosystem Services, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, 04318, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Barbara Knickmann
- Core Facility Botanical Garden, University Vienna, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Tomáš Koubek
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, 12801, Czech Republic
| | - Anja Linstädter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Biodiversity Research/ Systematic Botany with Botanical Garden, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14469, Germany
| | - Tereza Mašková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, 12801, Czech Republic
- Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Rosche
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06108, Germany
| | - Manzoor A Shah
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190006, India
| | | | - Katja Tielbörger
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Sabrina Träger
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06108, Germany
| | - Christian Wirth
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Christine Römermann
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution with Herbarium Haussknecht and Botanical Garden, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
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9
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Primack RB, Miller-Rushing AJ, Miller TK. Was Henry David Thoreau a Good Naturalist? An Approach for Assessing Data from Historical Natural History Records. Bioscience 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biac063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
abstract
Ecologists are increasingly combining historical observations made by naturalists with modern observations to detect the ecological effects of climate change. This use of historical observations raises the following question: How do we know that historical data are appropriate to use to answer current ecological questions? In the present article, we address this question for environmental philosopher Henry David Thoreau, author of Walden. Should we trust his observations? We qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate Thoreau's observations using a three-step framework: We assess the rigor, accuracy, and utility of his observations to investigate changes in plants and animals over time. We conclude that Thoreau was an accurate observer of nature and a reliable scientist. More importantly, we describe how this simple three-step approach could be used to assess the accuracy of other scientists and naturalists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Primack
- Department of Biology, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Abraham J Miller-Rushing
- US National Park Service, science coordinator for Acadia National Park , Bar Harbor, Maine, United States
| | - Tara K Miller
- Department of Biology, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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10
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Ahlstrand NI, Primack RB, Tøttrup AP. Correction to: A comparison of herbarium and citizen science phenology datasets for detecting response of flowering time to climate change in Denmark. Int J Biometeorol 2022; 66:863. [PMID: 35286459 PMCID: PMC9042985 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anders P Tøttrup
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Iwanycki Ahlstrand N, Primack RB, Tøttrup AP. A comparison of herbarium and citizen science phenology datasets for detecting response of flowering time to climate change in Denmark. Int J Biometeorol 2022; 66:849-862. [PMID: 35235036 PMCID: PMC9042978 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02238-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phenology has emerged as a key metric to measure how species respond to changes in climate. Innovative means have been developed to extend the temporal and spatial range of phenological data by obtaining data from herbarium specimens, citizen science programs, and biodiversity data repositories. These different data types have seldom been compared for their effectiveness in detecting environmental impacts on phenology. To address this, we compare three separate phenology datasets from Denmark: (i) herbarium specimen data spanning 145 years, (ii) data collected from a citizen science phenology program over a single year observing first flowering, and (iii) data derived from incidental biodiversity observations in iNaturalist over a single year. Each dataset includes flowering day of year observed for three common spring-flowering plant species: Allium ursinum (ramsons), Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut), and Sambucus nigra (black elderberry). The incidental iNaturalist dataset provided the most extensive geographic coverage across Denmark and the largest sample size and recorded peak flowering in a way comparable to herbarium specimens. The directed citizen science dataset recorded much earlier flowering dates because the program objective was to report the first flowering, and so was less compared to the other two datasets. Herbarium data demonstrated the strongest effect of spring temperature on flowering in Denmark, possibly because it was the only dataset measuring temporal variation in phenology, while the other datasets measured spatial variation. Herbarium data predicted the mean flowering day of year recorded in our iNaturalist dataset for all three species. Combining herbarium data with iNaturalist data provides an even more effective method for detecting climatic effects on phenology. Phenology observations from directed and incidental citizen science initiatives will increase in value for climate change research in the coming years with the addition of data capturing the inter-annual variation in phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anders P Tøttrup
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Gaiser EE, Kominoski JS, McKnight DM, Bahlai CA, Cheng C, Record S, Wollheim WM, Christianson KR, Downs MR, Hawman PA, Holbrook SJ, Kumar A, Mishra DR, Molotch NP, Primack RB, Rassweiler A, Schmitt RJ, Sutter LA. Long-term ecological research and the COVID-19 anthropause: A window to understanding social-ecological disturbance. Ecosphere 2022; 13:e4019. [PMID: 35573027 PMCID: PMC9087370 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The period of disrupted human activity caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, coined the "anthropause," altered the nature of interactions between humans and ecosystems. It is uncertain how the anthropause has changed ecosystem states, functions, and feedback to human systems through shifts in ecosystem services. Here, we used an existing disturbance framework to propose new investigation pathways for coordinated studies of distributed, long-term social-ecological research to capture effects of the anthropause. Although it is still too early to comprehensively evaluate effects due to pandemic-related delays in data availability and ecological response lags, we detail three case studies that show how long-term data can be used to document and interpret changes in air and water quality and wildlife populations and behavior coinciding with the anthropause. These early findings may guide interpretations of effects of the anthropause as it interacts with other ongoing environmental changes in the future, particularly highlighting the importance of long-term data in separating disturbance impacts from natural variation and long-term trends. Effects of this global disturbance have local to global effects on ecosystems with feedback to social systems that may be detectable at spatial scales captured by nationally to globally distributed research networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn E. Gaiser
- Institute of Environment and Department of Biological SciencesFlorida International UniversityMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - John S. Kominoski
- Institute of Environment and Department of Biological SciencesFlorida International UniversityMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Diane M. McKnight
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research and Environmental Studies ProgramUniversity of ColoradoBoulderColoradoUSA
| | | | - Chingwen Cheng
- The Design SchoolArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Sydne Record
- Department of BiologyBryn Mawr CollegeBryn MawrPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Wilfred M. Wollheim
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew HampshireUSA
| | | | - Martha R. Downs
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and SynthesisUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Peter A. Hawman
- Department of GeographyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Sally J. Holbrook
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine BiologyUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Environmental ConservationUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Noah P. Molotch
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine ResearchUniversity of ColoradoBoulderColoradoUSA
| | | | - Andrew Rassweiler
- Department of Biological ScienceFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFloridaUSA
| | - Russell J. Schmitt
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine BiologyUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lori A. Sutter
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
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13
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Ellwood ER, Gallinat AS, McDonough Mackenzie C, Miller T, Miller‐Rushing A, Polgar C, Primack RB. Plant and bird phenology and plant occurrence from 1851 to 2020 (non‐continuous) in Thoreau's Concord, Massachusetts. Ecology 2022; 103:e3646. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda S. Gallinat
- Department of Geography University of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee Milwaukee Wisconsin USA
| | | | - Tara Miller
- Biology Department Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | | | - Caroline Polgar
- Biology Department Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
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14
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Liu Y, McDonough MacKenzie C, Primack RB, Hill MJ, Zhang X, Wang Z, Schaaf CB. Using remote sensing to monitor the spring phenology of Acadia National Park across elevational gradients. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- School for the Environment University of Massachusetts Boston Boston Massachusetts 02125 USA
- Aerospace Information Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100094 China
| | - Caitlin McDonough MacKenzie
- Climate Change Institute University of Maine Orono Maine 04469 USA
- Department of Biology Boston University Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
| | | | - Michael J. Hill
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Adelaide South Australia 5042 Australia
- Department of Earth System Science and Policy University of North Dakota Grand Forks North Dakota 58202 USA
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- Department of Geography and Geospatial Sciences Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence South Dakota State University Brookings South Dakota 57007 USA
| | - Zhuosen Wang
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
- Terrestrial Information Systems Laboratory NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland 20771 USA
| | - Crystal B. Schaaf
- School for the Environment University of Massachusetts Boston Boston Massachusetts 02125 USA
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Bates AE, Primack RB, Biggar BS, Bird TJ, Clinton ME, Command RJ, Richards C, Shellard M, Geraldi NR, Vergara V, Acevedo-Charry O, Colón-Piñeiro Z, Ocampo D, Ocampo-Peñuela N, Sánchez-Clavijo LM, Adamescu CM, Cheval S, Racoviceanu T, Adams MD, Kalisa E, Kuuire VZ, Aditya V, Anderwald P, Wiesmann S, Wipf S, Badihi G, Henderson MG, Loetscher H, Baerenfaller K, Benedetti-Cecchi L, Bulleri F, Bertocci I, Maggi E, Rindi L, Ravaglioli C, Boerder K, Bonnel J, Mathias D, Archambault P, Chauvaud L, Braun CD, Thorrold SR, Brownscombe JW, Midwood JD, Boston CM, Brooks JL, Cooke SJ, China V, Roll U, Belmaker J, Zvuloni A, Coll M, Ortega M, Connors B, Lacko L, Jayathilake DRM, Costello MJ, Crimmins TM, Barnett L, Denny EG, Gerst KL, Marsh RL, Posthumus EE, Rodriguez R, Rosemartin A, Schaffer SN, Switzer JR, Wong K, Cunningham SJ, Sumasgutner P, Amar A, Thomson RL, Stofberg M, Hofmeyr S, Suri J, Stuart-Smith RD, Day PB, Edgar GJ, Cooper AT, De Leo FC, Garner G, Des Brisay PG, Schrimpf MB, Koper N, Diamond MS, Dwyer RG, Baker CJ, Franklin CE, Efrat R, Berger-Tal O, Hatzofe O, Eguíluz VM, Rodríguez JP, Fernández-Gracia J, Elustondo D, Calatayud V, English PA, Archer SK, Dudas SE, Haggarty DR, Gallagher AJ, Shea BD, Shipley ON, Gilby BL, Ballantyne J, Olds AD, Henderson CJ, Schlacher TA, Halliday WD, Brown NAW, Woods MB, Balshine S, Juanes F, Rider MJ, Albano PS, Hammerschlag N, Hays GC, Esteban N, Pan Y, He G, Tanaka T, Hensel MJS, Orth RJ, Patrick CJ, Hentati-Sundberg J, Olsson O, Hessing-Lewis ML, Higgs ND, Hindell MA, McMahon CR, Harcourt R, Guinet C, Hirsch SE, Perrault JR, Hoover SR, Reilly JD, Hobaiter C, Gruber T, Huveneers C, Udyawer V, Clarke TM, Kroesen LP, Hik DS, Cherry SG, Del Bel Belluz JA, Jackson JM, Lai S, Lamb CT, LeClair GD, Parmelee JR, Chatfield MWH, Frederick CA, Lee S, Park H, Choi J, LeTourneux F, Grandmont T, de-Broin FD, Bêty J, Gauthier G, Legagneux P, Lewis JS, Haight J, Liu Z, Lyon JP, Hale R, D'Silva D, MacGregor-Fors I, Arbeláez-Cortés E, Estela FA, Sánchez-Sarria CE, García-Arroyo M, Aguirre-Samboní GK, Franco Morales JC, Malamud S, Gavriel T, Buba Y, Salingré S, Lazarus M, Yahel R, Ari YB, Miller E, Sade R, Lavian G, Birman Z, Gury M, Baz H, Baskin I, Penn A, Dolev A, Licht O, Karkom T, Davidzon S, Berkovitch A, Yaakov O, Manenti R, Mori E, Ficetola GF, Lunghi E, March D, Godley BJ, Martin C, Mihaly SF, Barclay DR, Thomson DJM, Dewey R, Bedard J, Miller A, Dearden A, Chapman J, Dares L, Borden L, Gibbs D, Schultz J, Sergeenko N, Francis F, Weltman A, Moity N, Ramírez-González J, Mucientes G, Alonso-Fernández A, Namir I, Bar-Massada A, Chen R, Yedvab S, Okey TA, Oppel S, Arkumarev V, Bakari S, Dobrev V, Saravia-Mullin V, Bounas A, Dobrev D, Kret E, Mengistu S, Pourchier C, Ruffo A, Tesfaye M, Wondafrash M, Nikolov SC, Palmer C, Sileci L, Rex PT, Lowe CG, Peters F, Pine MK, Radford CA, Wilson L, McWhinnie L, Scuderi A, Jeffs AG, Prudic KL, Larrivée M, McFarland KP, Solis R, Hutchinson RA, Queiroz N, Furtado MA, Sims DW, Southall E, Quesada-Rodriguez CA, Diaz-Orozco JP, Rodgers KS, Severino SJL, Graham AT, Stefanak MP, Madin EMP, Ryan PG, Maclean K, Weideman EA, Şekercioğlu ÇH, Kittelberger KD, Kusak J, Seminoff JA, Hanna ME, Shimada T, Meekan MG, Smith MKS, Mokhatla MM, Soh MCK, Pang RYT, Ng BXK, Lee BPYH, Loo AHB, Er KBH, Souza GBG, Stallings CD, Curtis JS, Faletti ME, Peake JA, Schram MJ, Wall KR, Terry C, Rothendler M, Zipf L, Ulloa JS, Hernández-Palma A, Gómez-Valencia B, Cruz-Rodríguez C, Herrera-Varón Y, Roa M, Rodríguez-Buriticá S, Ochoa-Quintero JM, Vardi R, Vázquez V, Requena-Mesa C, Warrington MH, Taylor ME, Woodall LC, Stefanoudis PV, Zhang X, Yang Q, Zukerman Y, Sigal Z, Ayali A, Clua EEG, Carzon P, Seguine C, Corradini A, Pedrotti L, Foley CM, Gagnon CA, Panipakoochoo E, Milanes CB, Botero CM, Velázquez YR, Milchakova NA, Morley SA, Martin SM, Nanni V, Otero T, Wakeling J, Abarro S, Piou C, Sobral AFL, Soto EH, Weigel EG, Bernal-Ibáñez A, Gestoso I, Cacabelos E, Cagnacci F, Devassy RP, Loretto MC, Moraga P, Rutz C, Duarte CM. Global COVID-19 lockdown highlights humans as both threats and custodians of the environment. Biol Conserv 2021; 263:109175. [PMID: 34035536 PMCID: PMC8135229 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The global lockdown to mitigate COVID-19 pandemic health risks has altered human interactions with nature. Here, we report immediate impacts of changes in human activities on wildlife and environmental threats during the early lockdown months of 2020, based on 877 qualitative reports and 332 quantitative assessments from 89 different studies. Hundreds of reports of unusual species observations from around the world suggest that animals quickly responded to the reductions in human presence. However, negative effects of lockdown on conservation also emerged, as confinement resulted in some park officials being unable to perform conservation, restoration and enforcement tasks, resulting in local increases in illegal activities such as hunting. Overall, there is a complex mixture of positive and negative effects of the pandemic lockdown on nature, all of which have the potential to lead to cascading responses which in turn impact wildlife and nature conservation. While the net effect of the lockdown will need to be assessed over years as data becomes available and persistent effects emerge, immediate responses were detected across the world. Thus, initial qualitative and quantitative data arising from this serendipitous global quasi-experimental perturbation highlights the dual role that humans play in threatening and protecting species and ecosystems. Pathways to favorably tilt this delicate balance include reducing impacts and increasing conservation effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Bates
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 0 Marine Lab Road, St. John's A1K 3E6, Canada
| | - Richard B Primack
- Biology Department, Boston University, 881 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Brandy S Biggar
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 0 Marine Lab Road, St. John's A1K 3E6, Canada
| | - Tomas J Bird
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, 80 E White Hills Rd, St. John's A1A 5J7, Canada
| | - Mary E Clinton
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 0 Marine Lab Road, St. John's A1K 3E6, Canada
| | - Rylan J Command
- School of Ocean Technology, Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 155 Ridge Rd, St. John's, NL A1C 5R3, Canada
| | - Cerren Richards
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 0 Marine Lab Road, St. John's A1K 3E6, Canada
| | - Marc Shellard
- Red Sea Research Center and Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nathan R Geraldi
- Red Sea Research Center and Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Valeria Vergara
- Ocean Wise Conservation Association, 845 Avison Way, Vancouver V6B 3X8, Canada
| | - Orlando Acevedo-Charry
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Claustro de San Agustín, Villa de Leyva, Boyacá, Colombia
| | | | - David Ocampo
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Claustro de San Agustín, Villa de Leyva, Boyacá, Colombia
| | - Natalia Ocampo-Peñuela
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Avenida Paseo Bolívar 16-20, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Lina M Sánchez-Clavijo
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Avenida Paseo Bolívar 16-20, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Cristian M Adamescu
- Research Center for Systems Ecology and Sustainability, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorin Cheval
- National Meteorological Administration, 013686 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tudor Racoviceanu
- Research Center for Systems Ecology and Sustainability, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Matthew D Adams
- Department of Geography, Geomatics and Environment, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Egide Kalisa
- Department of Geography, Geomatics and Environment, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Vincent Z Kuuire
- Department of Geography, Geomatics and Environment, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Vikram Aditya
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, PO, Royal Enclave, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Pia Anderwald
- Swiss National Park, Chastè Planta-Wildenberg, Runatsch 124, 7530 Zernez, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Wiesmann
- Swiss National Park, Chastè Planta-Wildenberg, Runatsch 124, 7530 Zernez, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Wipf
- Swiss National Park, Chastè Planta-Wildenberg, Runatsch 124, 7530 Zernez, Switzerland
| | - Gal Badihi
- Origins of Mind, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Marys Quad, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew G Henderson
- Origins of Mind, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Marys Quad, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Hanspeter Loetscher
- Office for Nature and Environment of the Grisons, Ringstrasse 10, 7001 Chur, Switzerland
| | - Katja Baerenfaller
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 7265 Davos, Switzerland
| | | | - Fabio Bulleri
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Iacopo Bertocci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Maggi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Rindi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Ravaglioli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Kristina Boerder
- Biology Department, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada
| | - Julien Bonnel
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering Department, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Delphine Mathias
- Société d'Observation Multi-Modale de l'Environnement, 115 Rue Claude Chappe, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Philippe Archambault
- ArcticNet, Département de Biologie, Québec-Océan, Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Laurent Chauvaud
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS, UBO, IRD, Ifremer, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), LIA BeBEST, rue Dumont D'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Camrin D Braun
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Simon R Thorrold
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Jacob W Brownscombe
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Midwood
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Christine M Boston
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Jill L Brooks
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Victor China
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Uri Roll
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Jonathan Belmaker
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel
| | - Assaf Zvuloni
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Am V'Olamo 3, 95463 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marta Coll
- Institute of Marine Science (CSIC), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49 & Ecopath International Initiative (EII), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Miquel Ortega
- Fundació ENT, Carrer Josep Llanza, 1-7, 2-3, Vilanova i la Geltrú, Barcelona, 08800 & Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - Brendan Connors
- Quantitative Assessment Methods Section, Stock Assessment and Research Division, Pacific Region, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 401 Burrard St Suite 200, Vancouver, BC V6C 3L6, Canada
| | - Lisa Lacko
- Quantitative Assessment Methods Section, Stock Assessment and Research Division, Pacific Region, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 401 Burrard St Suite 200, Vancouver, BC V6C 3L6, Canada
| | | | - Mark J Costello
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodo 1049, Norway
| | - Theresa M Crimmins
- USA National Phenology Network, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1200 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - LoriAnne Barnett
- USA National Phenology Network, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1200 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Ellen G Denny
- USA National Phenology Network, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1200 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Katharine L Gerst
- USA National Phenology Network, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1200 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - R L Marsh
- USA National Phenology Network, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1200 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Erin E Posthumus
- USA National Phenology Network, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1200 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Reilly Rodriguez
- USA National Phenology Network, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1200 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Alyssa Rosemartin
- USA National Phenology Network, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1200 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Sara N Schaffer
- USA National Phenology Network, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1200 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jeff R Switzer
- USA National Phenology Network, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1200 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kevin Wong
- USA National Phenology Network, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1200 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Susan J Cunningham
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Petra Sumasgutner
- Core Facility Konrad Lorenz Research Center for Behaviour and Cognition, University of Vienna, Fischerau 11, A-4645 Grünau im Almtal, Austria
| | - Arjun Amar
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Robert L Thomson
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Miqkayla Stofberg
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Sally Hofmeyr
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Jessleena Suri
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Rick D Stuart-Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Paul B Day
- Carijoa - Marine Environmental Consulting, 29 Sydenham Street, Rivervale, Perth, Western Australia 6103, Australia
| | - Graham J Edgar
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Antonia T Cooper
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Fabio Cabrera De Leo
- Ocean Networks Canada, University of Victoria, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Grant Garner
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Paulson G Des Brisay
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 150-123 Main St, Winnipeg, MB R3C 4W2, Canada
| | - Michael B Schrimpf
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, 66 Chancellors Cir, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Nicola Koper
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, 66 Chancellors Cir, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | | - Ross G Dwyer
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia
| | - Cameron J Baker
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ron Efrat
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Oded Berger-Tal
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Ohad Hatzofe
- Science Division, Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Am V'Olamo 3, 95463 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Víctor M Eguíluz
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), E07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jorge P Rodríguez
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), 07190 Esporles, Spain
| | - Juan Fernández-Gracia
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), E07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - David Elustondo
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (BIOMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31080, Spain
| | - Vicent Calatayud
- Fundación CEAM, C/Charles R. Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Philina A English
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Stephanie K Archer
- Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, 8124 LA-56, Chauvin, LA 70344, United States
| | - Sarah E Dudas
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Dana R Haggarty
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Ben L Gilby
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia
| | - Jasmine Ballantyne
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia
| | - Andrew D Olds
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia
| | - Christopher J Henderson
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia
| | - Thomas A Schlacher
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia
| | - William D Halliday
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, P.O. Box 606, 202 B Ave, Kaslo, British Columbia V0G 1M0, Canada
| | - Nicholas A W Brown
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Mackenzie B Woods
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Sigal Balshine
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Francis Juanes
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Mitchell J Rider
- Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 1320 S Dixie Hwy, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Patricia S Albano
- Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 1320 S Dixie Hwy, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Neil Hammerschlag
- Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 1320 S Dixie Hwy, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Graeme C Hays
- Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicole Esteban
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Yuhang Pan
- Division of Social Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Guojun He
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Takanao Tanaka
- Division of Social Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Marc J S Hensel
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Sadler Center, 200 Stadium Dr, Williamsburg, VA 23185, United States
| | - Robert J Orth
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Sadler Center, 200 Stadium Dr, Williamsburg, VA 23185, United States
| | - Christopher J Patrick
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Sadler Center, 200 Stadium Dr, Williamsburg, VA 23185, United States
| | - Jonas Hentati-Sundberg
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Turistgatan 5, 453 30 Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Olof Olsson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Nicholas D Higgs
- Cape Eleuthera Institute, Cape Eleuthera Island School, PO Box EL-26029, Rock Sound, Eleuthera, The Bahamas
| | - Mark A Hindell
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, TAS 7005, Australia
| | - Clive R McMahon
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia
| | - Rob Harcourt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Rd, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Christophe Guinet
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Sarah E Hirsch
- Loggerhead Marinelife Center, 14200 US-1, Juno Beach, FL 33408, United States
| | - Justin R Perrault
- Loggerhead Marinelife Center, 14200 US-1, Juno Beach, FL 33408, United States
| | - Shelby R Hoover
- Loggerhead Marinelife Center, 14200 US-1, Juno Beach, FL 33408, United States
| | - Jennifer D Reilly
- Loggerhead Marinelife Center, 14200 US-1, Juno Beach, FL 33408, United States
| | - Catherine Hobaiter
- Origins of Mind, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Marys Quad, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Thibaud Gruber
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, Chemin des Mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Charlie Huveneers
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Vinay Udyawer
- Arafura Timor Research Facility, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Darwin, NT 0810, Australia
| | - Thomas M Clarke
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Laura P Kroesen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - David S Hik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Seth G Cherry
- Parks Canada Agency, 5420 Highway 93, Radium Hot Springs, BC V0A 1M0, Canada
| | | | | | - Shengjie Lai
- WorldPop, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Hartley Library B12, University Rd, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Clayton T Lamb
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Gregory D LeClair
- University of Maine, 168 College Ave, Orono, ME 04469, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Parmelee
- University of New England, Department of Biology, Biddeford, ME 04005, United States
| | | | | | - Sangdon Lee
- Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Daehyeon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyomin Park
- Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Daehyeon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaein Choi
- Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Daehyeon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Frédéric LeTourneux
- Département de Biologie, Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Thierry Grandmont
- Département de Biologie, Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Frédéric Dulude de-Broin
- Département de Biologie, Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Joël Bêty
- Département de Biologie, Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Gilles Gauthier
- Département de Biologie, Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Pierre Legagneux
- Département de Biologie, Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Jesse S Lewis
- College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ 85212, United States
| | - Jeffrey Haight
- School of Life Science, Arizona State University, 1151 S. Forest Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, Canada
| | - Zhu Liu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jarod P Lyon
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin Hale
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ian MacGregor-Fors
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Enrique Arbeláez-Cortés
- Grupo de Estudios en Biodiversidad, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Ciudad Universitaria Carrera 27 Calle 9, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Felipe A Estela
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana-Cali, Cl. 18 #118-250, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Camilo E Sánchez-Sarria
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana-Cali, Cl. 18 #118-250, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Michelle García-Arroyo
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Giann K Aguirre-Samboní
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana-Cali, Cl. 18 #118-250, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Juan C Franco Morales
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Calle 25, Vía Cali - Puerto Tejada 115-85 Km 2, Jamundí, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Shahar Malamud
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tal Gavriel
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yehezkel Buba
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Shira Salingré
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Mai Lazarus
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ruthy Yahel
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Am V'Olamo 3, Jerusalem 95463, Israel
| | - Yigael Ben Ari
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Am V'Olamo 3, Jerusalem 95463, Israel
| | - Eyal Miller
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Am V'Olamo 3, Jerusalem 95463, Israel
| | - Rotem Sade
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Am V'Olamo 3, Jerusalem 95463, Israel
| | - Guy Lavian
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Am V'Olamo 3, Jerusalem 95463, Israel
| | - Ziv Birman
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Am V'Olamo 3, Jerusalem 95463, Israel
| | - Manor Gury
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Am V'Olamo 3, Jerusalem 95463, Israel
| | - Harel Baz
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Am V'Olamo 3, Jerusalem 95463, Israel
| | - Ilia Baskin
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Am V'Olamo 3, Jerusalem 95463, Israel
| | - Alon Penn
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Am V'Olamo 3, Jerusalem 95463, Israel
| | - Amit Dolev
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Am V'Olamo 3, Jerusalem 95463, Israel
| | - Ogen Licht
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Am V'Olamo 3, Jerusalem 95463, Israel
| | - Tabi Karkom
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Am V'Olamo 3, Jerusalem 95463, Israel
| | - Sharon Davidzon
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Am V'Olamo 3, Jerusalem 95463, Israel
| | - Avi Berkovitch
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Am V'Olamo 3, Jerusalem 95463, Israel
| | - Ofer Yaakov
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Am V'Olamo 3, Jerusalem 95463, Israel
| | - Raoul Manenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Emiliano Mori
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Gentile Francesco Ficetola
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Enrico Lunghi
- Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - David March
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Brendan J Godley
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Cecilia Martin
- Red Sea Research Center and Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Steven F Mihaly
- Ocean Networks Canada, University of Victoria Queenswood Campus, 2474 Arbutus Road, Victoria, BC V8N 1V8, Canada
| | - David R Barclay
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia B4H 4R2, Canada
| | - Dugald J M Thomson
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia B4H 4R2, Canada
| | - Richard Dewey
- Ocean Networks Canada, University of Victoria Queenswood Campus, 2474 Arbutus Road, Victoria, BC V8N 1V8, Canada
| | - Jeannette Bedard
- Ocean Networks Canada, University of Victoria Queenswood Campus, 2474 Arbutus Road, Victoria, BC V8N 1V8, Canada
| | - Aroha Miller
- Ocean Wise Conservation Association, 845 Avison Way, Vancouver V6B 3X8, Canada
| | - Amber Dearden
- Ocean Wise Conservation Association, 845 Avison Way, Vancouver V6B 3X8, Canada
| | - Jennifer Chapman
- Ocean Wise Conservation Association, 845 Avison Way, Vancouver V6B 3X8, Canada
| | - Lauren Dares
- Ocean Wise Conservation Association, 845 Avison Way, Vancouver V6B 3X8, Canada
| | - Laura Borden
- Ocean Wise Conservation Association, 845 Avison Way, Vancouver V6B 3X8, Canada
| | - Donna Gibbs
- Ocean Wise Conservation Association, 845 Avison Way, Vancouver V6B 3X8, Canada
| | - Jessica Schultz
- Ocean Wise Conservation Association, 845 Avison Way, Vancouver V6B 3X8, Canada
| | - Nikita Sergeenko
- Ocean Wise Conservation Association, 845 Avison Way, Vancouver V6B 3X8, Canada
| | - Fiona Francis
- Ocean Wise Conservation Association, 845 Avison Way, Vancouver V6B 3X8, Canada
| | - Amanda Weltman
- Ocean Wise Conservation Association, 845 Avison Way, Vancouver V6B 3X8, Canada
| | - Nicolas Moity
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Av. Charles Darwin, Santa Cruz, Galapagos, Ecuador
| | - Jorge Ramírez-González
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Av. Charles Darwin, Santa Cruz, Galapagos, Ecuador
| | - Gonzalo Mucientes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Itai Namir
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Avi Bar-Massada
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Haifa at Oranim, 36006 Tivon, Israel
| | - Ron Chen
- Hamaarag, The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel
| | - Shmulik Yedvab
- The Mammal Center, Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Israel
| | - Thomas A Okey
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Steffen Oppel
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Samuel Bakari
- BirdLife International, Africa Partnership Secretariat, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Solomon Mengistu
- Ethiopia Wildlife and Natural History Society, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia/Dilla University, Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Biology, P.O. Box, 419, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | | | - Alazar Ruffo
- Faculty of Natural Science, Department of Zoological Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Mengistu Wondafrash
- Ethiopia Wildlife and Natural History Society, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia/Dilla University, Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Biology, P.O. Box, 419, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | | | - Charles Palmer
- Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK
| | - Lorenzo Sileci
- Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK
| | - Patrick T Rex
- Dept of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Christopher G Lowe
- Dept of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Francesc Peters
- Institute of Marine Sciences (CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Matthew K Pine
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Craig A Radford
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Louise Wilson
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lauren McWhinnie
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alessia Scuderi
- Marine and Environmental Science Faculty, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Andrew G Jeffs
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kathleen L Prudic
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Maxim Larrivée
- Montreal Space for Life, Insectarium, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Rodrigo Solis
- Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Rebecca A Hutchinson
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Nuno Queiroz
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos/Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-668 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Miguel A Furtado
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos/Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-668 Vairão, Portugal
| | - David W Sims
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Emily Southall
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
| | | | | | - Ku'ulei S Rodgers
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - Sarah J L Severino
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - Andrew T Graham
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - Matthew P Stefanak
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - Elizabeth M P Madin
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - Peter G Ryan
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kyle Maclean
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Eleanor A Weideman
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Çağan H Şekercioğlu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0840, USA
| | - Kyle D Kittelberger
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0840, USA
| | - Josip Kusak
- Department of Veterinary Biology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jeffrey A Seminoff
- NOAA-National Marine Fisheries Service, 8901 La Jolla Shores Dr., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Megan E Hanna
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 8622 Kennel Way, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Takahiro Shimada
- Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mark G Meekan
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre (M096), University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Martin K S Smith
- Rondevlei Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Garden Route 6570, South Africa
| | - Mohlamatsane M Mokhatla
- Rondevlei Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Garden Route 6570, South Africa
| | - Malcolm C K Soh
- National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Rd, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore 259569, Singapore
| | - Roanna Y T Pang
- National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Rd, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore 259569, Singapore
| | - Breyl X K Ng
- National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Rd, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore 259569, Singapore
| | - Benjamin P Y-H Lee
- National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Rd, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore 259569, Singapore
| | - Adrian H B Loo
- National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Rd, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore 259569, Singapore
| | - Kenneth B H Er
- National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Rd, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore 259569, Singapore
| | - Gabriel B G Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Pedro Calmon, 550 Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-901, Brazil
| | | | - Joseph S Curtis
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Meaghan E Faletti
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Jonathan A Peake
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Michael J Schram
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Kara R Wall
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Carina Terry
- Biology Department, Boston University, 881 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Matt Rothendler
- Biology Department, Boston University, 881 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Lucy Zipf
- Biology Department, Boston University, 881 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Juan Sebastián Ulloa
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Avenida Paseo Bolívar 16-20, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Angélica Hernández-Palma
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Avenida Paseo Bolívar 16-20, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Bibiana Gómez-Valencia
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Avenida Paseo Bolívar 16-20, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Cristian Cruz-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Avenida Paseo Bolívar 16-20, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Yenifer Herrera-Varón
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Avenida Paseo Bolívar 16-20, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Margarita Roa
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Avenida Paseo Bolívar 16-20, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Susana Rodríguez-Buriticá
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Avenida Paseo Bolívar 16-20, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Jose Manuel Ochoa-Quintero
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Avenida Paseo Bolívar 16-20, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Reut Vardi
- The Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Víctor Vázquez
- Department of Research and Development, Coccosphere Environmental Analysis, C/Cruz 39, 29120 Alhaurín el Grande, Málaga, Spain
| | - Christian Requena-Mesa
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Miyako H Warrington
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, 317 Sinnott Bldg., 70 Dysart Rd., Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M6, Canada
| | - Michelle E Taylor
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Lucy C Woodall
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Paris V Stefanoudis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Xiangliang Zhang
- Computational Biosciences Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qiang Yang
- Computational Biosciences Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuval Zukerman
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Zehava Sigal
- Science Division, Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Am V'Olamo 3, 95463 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amir Ayali
- School of Zoology, Tel aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997802, Israel
| | - Eric E G Clua
- PSL Research University CRIOBE USR3278 EPHE-CNRS-UPVD BP1013, 98729 Papetoai, French Polynesia
| | - Pamela Carzon
- PSL Research University CRIOBE USR3278 EPHE-CNRS-UPVD BP1013, 98729 Papetoai, French Polynesia
| | - Clementine Seguine
- PSL Research University CRIOBE USR3278 EPHE-CNRS-UPVD BP1013, 98729 Papetoai, French Polynesia
| | - Andrea Corradini
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, via Calepina, 14, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | | | - Catherine M Foley
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - Catherine Alexandra Gagnon
- Département de Biologie, Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Celene B Milanes
- Civil and Environmental Department, Universidad de La Costa, Cl. 58 #55 - 66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Camilo M Botero
- School of Law, Universidad Sergio Arboleda, Santa Marta, Colombia
| | - Yunior R Velázquez
- Multidisciplinary Studies Center of Coastal Zone, Universidad de Oriente, Avenida Patricio Lumumba S/N, Santiago de Cuba 90500, Cuba
| | - Nataliya A Milchakova
- Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Russian Academian Science, Sevastopol 299011, Russia
| | - Simon A Morley
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB30ET, UK
| | - Stephanie M Martin
- Government of Tristan da Cunha, Jamestown STHL 1ZZ, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
| | - Veronica Nanni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e della Vita, Università degli Studi di Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Tanya Otero
- Ocean Wise Conservation Association, 845 Avison Way, Vancouver, BC V6B 3X8, Canada
| | - Julia Wakeling
- Ocean Wise Conservation Association, 845 Avison Way, Vancouver, BC V6B 3X8, Canada
| | - Sarah Abarro
- WWF-Canada, 60 St Jacques St, Montreal, Quebec H2Y 1L5, Canada
| | - Cyril Piou
- CIRAD, UMR CBGP, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ. Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Ana F L Sobral
- Okeanos Research Centre of the University of the Azores, Rua Prof. Dr. Frederico Machado, 9901-862 Horta, Azores, Portugal
| | - Eulogio H Soto
- Centro de Observación Marino para Estudios de Riesgos del Ambiente Costero (COSTAR), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Emily G Weigel
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Alejandro Bernal-Ibáñez
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Ignacio Gestoso
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Eva Cacabelos
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Francesca Cagnacci
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Reny P Devassy
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Matthias-Claudio Loretto
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
| | - Paula Moraga
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian Rutz
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Sir Harold Mitchell Building, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center and Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Gallinat AS, Ellwood ER, Heberling JM, Miller-Rushing AJ, Pearse WD, Primack RB. Macrophenology: insights into the broad-scale patterns, drivers, and consequences of phenology. Am J Bot 2021; 108:2112-2126. [PMID: 34755895 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenology research has surged in recent decades, in part due to interest in phenological sensitivity to climate change and the vital role phenology plays in ecology. Many local-scale studies have generated important findings regarding the physiology, responses, and risks associated with shifts in plant phenology. By comparison, our understanding of regional- and global-scale phenology has been largely limited to remote sensing of green-up without the ability to differentiate among plant species. However, a new generation of analytical tools and data sources-including enhanced remote sensing products, digitized herbarium specimen data, and public participation in science-now permits investigating patterns and drivers of phenology across extensive taxonomic, temporal, and spatial scales, in an emerging field that we call macrophenology. Recent studies have highlighted how phenology affects dynamics at broad scales, including species interactions and ranges, carbon fluxes, and climate. At the cusp of this developing field of study, we review the theoretical and practical advances in four primary areas of plant macrophenology: (1) global patterns and shifts in plant phenology, (2) within-species changes in phenology as they mediate species' range limits and invasions at the regional scale, (3) broad-scale variation in phenology among species leading to ecological mismatches, and (4) interactions between phenology and global ecosystem processes. To stimulate future research, we describe opportunities for macrophenology to address grand challenges in each of these research areas, as well as recently available data sources that enhance and enable macrophenology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Gallinat
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N Maryland Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Ellwood
- iDigBio, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- La Brea Tar Pits and Museum, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles California, Los Angeles, CA, 90036, USA
| | - J Mason Heberling
- Section of Botany, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | | | - William D Pearse
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Rd., Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Richard B Primack
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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17
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Gotelli NJ, Booher DB, Urban MC, Ulrich W, Suarez AV, Skelly DK, Russell DJ, Rowe RJ, Rothendler M, Rios N, Rehan SM, Ni G, Moreau CS, Magurran AE, Jones FAM, Graves GR, Fiera C, Burkhardt U, Primack RB. Estimating species relative abundances from museum records. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas B. Booher
- Yale Center for Biodiversity and Global Change Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
- Georgia Museum of Natural History Athens Georgia USA
| | - Mark C. Urban
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Center of Biological Risk University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut USA
| | - Werner Ulrich
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences Nicolaus Copernicus University Torun Poland
| | - Andrew V. Suarez
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior Department of Entomology University of Illinois Urbana Illinois USA
| | - David K. Skelly
- Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History School of Forestry & Environmental Studies Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | | | - Rebecca J. Rowe
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment University of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire USA
| | | | - Nelson Rios
- Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History School of Forestry & Environmental Studies Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Sandra M. Rehan
- Department of Biology York University Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - George Ni
- Department of Biology University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
| | - Corrie S. Moreau
- Department of Entomology Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Anne E. Magurran
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute School of Biology University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | - Faith A. M. Jones
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute School of Biology University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
- Department of Forest and Conservation Faculty of Forestry University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Gary R. Graves
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian Institution Washington District of Columbia USA
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Globe Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Cristina Fiera
- Institute of Biology Bucharest Romanian Academy Bucharest Romania
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18
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Rosbakh S, Hartig F, Sandanov DV, Bukharova EV, Miller TK, Primack RB. Siberian plants shift their phenology in response to climate change. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:4435-4448. [PMID: 34101938 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Siberia has undergone dramatic climatic changes due to global warming in recent decades. Yet, the ecological responses to these climatic changes are still poorly understood due to a lack of data. Here, we use a unique data set from the Russian 'Chronicles of Nature' network to analyse the long-term (1976-2018) phenological shifts in leaf out, flowering, fruiting and senescence of 67 common Siberian plant species. We find that Siberian boreal forest plants advanced their early season (leaf out and flowering) and mid-season (fruiting) phenology by -2.2, -0.7 and -1.6 days/decade, and delayed the onset of senescence by 1.6 days/decade during this period. These mean values, however, are subject to substantial intraspecific variability, which is partly explained by the plants' growth forms. Trees and shrubs advanced leaf out and flowering (-3.1 and -3.3. days/decade) faster than herbs (-1 day/decade), presumably due to the more direct exposure of leaf and flower buds to ambient air for the woody vegetation. For senescence, we detected a reverse pattern: stronger delays in herbs (2.1 days/decade) than in woody plants (1.0-1.2 days/decade), presumably due to the stronger effects of autumn frosts on the leaves of herbs. Interestingly, the timing of fruiting in all four growth forms advanced at similar paces, from 1.4 days/decade in shrubs to 1.7 days/decade in trees and herbs. Our findings point to a strong, yet heterogeneous, response of Siberian plant phenology to recent global warming. Furthermore, the results highlight that species- and growth form-specific differences among study species could be used to identify plants particularly at risk of decline due to their low adaptive capacity or a loss of synchronization with important interaction partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Rosbakh
- Ecology and Nature Conservation Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Plant Biodiversity Lab, Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Florian Hartig
- Theoretical Ecology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Denis V Sandanov
- Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia
| | | | - Tara K Miller
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Primack RB, Bates AE, Duarte CM. The conservation and ecological impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Biol Conserv 2021; 260:109204. [PMID: 36533167 PMCID: PMC9746885 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Primack
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Amanda E Bates
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Primack RB, Ellwood ER, Gallinat AS, Miller-Rushing AJ. The growing and vital role of botanical gardens in climate change research. New Phytol 2021; 231:917-932. [PMID: 33890323 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Botanical gardens make unique contributions to climate change research, conservation, and public engagement. They host unique resources, including diverse collections of plant species growing in natural conditions, historical records, and expert staff, and attract large numbers of visitors and volunteers. Networks of botanical gardens spanning biomes and continents can expand the value of these resources. Over the past decade, research at botanical gardens has advanced our understanding of climate change impacts on plant phenology, physiology, anatomy, and conservation. For example, researchers have utilized botanical garden networks to assess anatomical and functional traits associated with phenological responses to climate change. New methods have enhanced the pace and impact of this research, including phylogenetic and comparative methods, and online databases of herbarium specimens and photographs that allow studies to expand geographically, temporally, and taxonomically in scope. Botanical gardens have grown their community and citizen science programs, informing the public about climate change and monitoring plants more intensively than is possible with garden staff alone. Despite these advances, botanical gardens are still underutilized in climate change research. To address this, we review recent progress and describe promising future directions for research and public engagement at botanical gardens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth R Ellwood
- iDigBio, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 33430, USA
- La Brea Tar Pits and Museum, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, 90036, USA
| | - Amanda S Gallinat
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
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21
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Miller TK, Gallinat AS, Smith LC, Primack RB. Comparing fruiting phenology across two historical datasets: Thoreau's observations and herbarium specimens. Ann Bot 2021; 128:159-170. [PMID: 33830225 PMCID: PMC8324031 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Fruiting remains under-represented in long-term phenology records, relative to leaf and flower phenology. Herbarium specimens and historical field notes can fill this gap, but selecting and synthesizing these records for modern-day comparison requires an understanding of whether different historical data sources contain similar information, and whether similar, but not equivalent, fruiting metrics are comparable with one another. METHODS For 67 fleshy-fruited plant species, we compared observations of fruiting phenology made by Henry David Thoreau in Concord, Massachusetts (1850s), with phenology data gathered from herbarium specimens collected across New England (mid-1800s to 2000s). To identify whether fruiting times and the order of fruiting among species are similar between datasets, we compared dates of first, peak and last observed fruiting (recorded by Thoreau), and earliest, mean and latest specimen (collected from herbarium records), as well as fruiting durations. KEY RESULTS On average, earliest herbarium specimen dates were earlier than first fruiting dates observed by Thoreau; mean specimen dates were similar to Thoreau's peak fruiting dates; latest specimen dates were later than Thoreau's last fruiting dates; and durations of fruiting captured by herbarium specimens were longer than durations of fruiting observed by Thoreau. All metrics of fruiting phenology except duration were significantly, positively correlated within (r: 0.69-0.88) and between (r: 0.59-0.85) datasets. CONCLUSIONS Strong correlations in fruiting phenology between Thoreau's observations and data from herbaria suggest that field and herbarium methods capture similar broad-scale phenological information, including relative fruiting times among plant species in New England. Differences in the timing of first, last and duration of fruiting suggest that historical datasets collected with different methods, scales and metrics may not be comparable when exact timing is important. Researchers should strongly consider matching methodology when selecting historical records of fruiting phenology for present-day comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara K Miller
- Boston University, Biology Department, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Amanda S Gallinat
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Linnea C Smith
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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22
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23
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Miller-Rushing AJ, Athearn N, Blackford T, Brigham C, Cohen L, Cole-Will R, Edgar T, Ellwood ER, Fisichelli N, Pritz CF, Gallinat AS, Gibson A, Hubbard A, McLane S, Nydick K, Primack RB, Sachs S, Super PE. COVID-19 pandemic impacts on conservation research, management, and public engagement in US national parks. Biol Conserv 2021; 257:109038. [PMID: 34580547 PMCID: PMC8459301 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the timing and substance of conservation research, management, and public engagement in protected areas around the world. This disruption is evident in US national parks, which play a key role in protecting natural and cultural resources and providing outdoor experiences for the public. Collectively, US national parks protect 34 million ha, host more than 300 million visits annually, and serve as one of the world's largest informal education organizations. The pandemic has altered park conditions and operations in a variety of ways. Shifts in operational conditions related to safety issues, reduced staffing, and decreased park revenues have forced managers to make difficult trade-offs among competing priorities. Long-term research and monitoring of the health of ecosystems and wildlife populations have been interrupted. Time-sensitive management practices, such as control of invasive plants and restoration of degraded habitat, have been delayed. And public engagement has largely shifted from in-person experiences to virtual engagement through social media and other online interactions. These changes pose challenges for accomplishing important science, management, and public engagement goals, but they also create opportunities for developing more flexible monitoring programs and inclusive methods of public engagement. The COVID-19 pandemic reinforces the need for strategic science, management planning, flexible operations, and online public engagement to help managers address rapid and unpredictable challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Athearn
- Yosemite National Park, National Park Service, Yosemite, CA, USA
| | - Tami Blackford
- Yellowstone National Park, National Park Service, WY, USA
| | - Christy Brigham
- Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, National Park Service, Three Rivers, CA, USA
| | - Laura Cohen
- Acadia National Park, National Park Service, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | | | - Todd Edgar
- National Information Services Center, National Park Service, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Ellwood
- iDigBio, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- La Brea Tar Pits and Museum, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Colleen Flanagan Pritz
- Air Resources Division, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science, National Park Service, Lakewood, CO, USA
| | | | - Adam Gibson
- Acadia National Park, National Park Service, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Andy Hubbard
- Sonoran Desert Inventory and Monitoring Network, National Park Service, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sierra McLane
- Denali National Park and Preserve, National Park Service, AK, USA
| | - Koren Nydick
- Rocky Mountain National Park, Estes Park, CO, USA
| | | | - Susan Sachs
- Great Smoky Mountains National Park, National Park Service, Gatlinburg, TN, USA
| | - Paul E Super
- Great Smoky Mountains National Park, National Park Service, Gatlinburg, TN, USA
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24
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Terry C, Rothendler M, Zipf L, Dietze MC, Primack RB. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on noise pollution in three protected areas in metropolitan Boston (USA). Biol Conserv 2021; 256:109039. [PMID: 34580544 PMCID: PMC8457652 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Noise pollution can reduce the ability of urban protected areas to provide a refuge for people and habitat for wildlife. Amidst an unprecedented global pandemic, it is unknown if the changes in human activity have significantly impacted noise pollution in metropolitan parks. We tested the hypothesis that reduced human activity associated with the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns would lead to reduced sound levels in protected areas compared with non-pandemic times. We measured sound levels in three urban protected areas in metropolitan Boston, MA (USA) at three time periods: in the fall and summer before the pandemic, immediately after the government-imposed lockdown in March 2020 when the trees were leafless, and during the beginning of reopening in early June 2020 when the trees had leaves. At all time periods, sound levels were highest near major roads and demonstrated a logarithmic decrease further from roads. At the two protected areas closest to the city center, sound levels averaged 1-3 dB lower during the time of the pandemic lockdown. In contrast, at the third protected area, which is transected by a major highway, sound levels were 4-6 dB higher during the time of the pandemic, likely because reduced traffic allowed vehicles to travel faster and create more noise. This study demonstrates that altered human levels of activity, in this case associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, can have major, and in some cases unexpected, effects on the levels of noise pollution in protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Terry
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, 685 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Matthew Rothendler
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Lucy Zipf
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Michael C Dietze
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, 685 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Richard B Primack
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
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25
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Primack RB, Terry C. New social trails made during the pandemic increase fragmentation of an urban protected area. Biol Conserv 2021; 255:108993. [PMID: 36533086 PMCID: PMC9746928 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2021.108993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Urban protected areas are an important resource to people and wildlife, providing many ecosystem services. During the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown during March-June 2020, there was a major increase in the number of hikers and bicyclists in urban protected areas, including the Webster Woods in Newton, Massachusetts (USA), an 82.5-ha protected area. The Webster Woods is one of the largest protected areas near the center of Boston and is widely used in conservation textbooks as an example of the effects of habitat fragmentation on the amount of undisturbed habitat. Prior to the pandemic, the Webster Woods had been extensively fragmented by paved roads, dirt roads, and trails, with little interior habitat remaining. During the first four months of the pandemic, hikers and bicyclists made 4.9 km of new social (or informal) trails, an increase of 36%. This recent fragmentation represents a dramatic increase in the level of human impact on the area, reducing the amount of interior habitat from 3.2 to 2.1 ha. Levels of human activity returned to pre-pandemic levels in autumn 2020 and city officials have started closing access to some of the new trails, allowing vegetation to regrow. It is possible that similar increases in social trails and associated fragmentation have occurred in other protected areas (especially those in urban areas) around the world due to the pandemic, and these disturbances should be evaluated for their effects on plant and animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Primack
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Carina Terry
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, 685 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
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26
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Nordt B, Hensen I, Bucher SF, Freiberg M, Primack RB, Stevens A, Bonn A, Wirth C, Jakubka D, Plos C, Sporbert M, Römermann C. The PhenObs initiative: A standardised protocol for monitoring phenological responses to climate change using herbaceous plant species in botanical gardens. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Nordt
- Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum BerlinFreie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Isabell Hensen
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Solveig Franziska Bucher
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution with Herbarium Haussknecht and Botanical Garden Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
| | - Martin Freiberg
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Biology Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
| | | | | | - Aletta Bonn
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Department of Ecosystem Services Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Leipzig Germany
- Institue of Biodiversity Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
| | - Christian Wirth
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Biology Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
- Max‐Planck‐Institute for Biogeochemistry Jena Germany
| | - Desiree Jakubka
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution with Herbarium Haussknecht and Botanical Garden Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
| | - Carolin Plos
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Maria Sporbert
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution with Herbarium Haussknecht and Botanical Garden Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
| | - Christine Römermann
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution with Herbarium Haussknecht and Botanical Garden Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
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27
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Zipf L, Primack RB, Rothendler M. Citizen scientists and university students monitor noise pollution in cities and protected areas with smartphones. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236785. [PMID: 32915789 PMCID: PMC7485857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Noise pollution can cause increased stress, cognitive impairment and illness in humans and decreased fitness and altered behavior in wildlife. Maps of noise pollution are used to visualize the distribution of noise across a landscape. These maps are typically created by taking a relatively small number of sound measurements or simulated on the basis of theoretical models. However, smartphones with inexpensive sound measuring apps can be used to monitor noise and create dense maps of real-world noise measurements. Public concern with noise can make monitoring noise pollution with smartphones an engaging and educational citizen science activity. We demonstrate a method utilizing single-day citizen science noise mapping events and a university lab to collect noise data in urban environments and protected areas. Using this approach, we collected hundreds of noise measurements with participants that we used to create noise maps. We found this method was successful in engaging volunteers and students and producing usable noise data. The described methodology has potential applications for biological research, citizen science engagement, and teaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Zipf
- Biology Department, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Richard B. Primack
- Biology Department, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew Rothendler
- Biology Department, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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28
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Maas B, Grogan KE, Chirango Y, Harris N, Liévano-Latorre LF, McGuire KL, Moore AC, Ocampo-Ariza C, Palta MM, Perfecto I, Primack RB, Rowell K, Sales L, Santos-Silva R, Silva RA, Sterling EJ, Vieira RRS, Wyborn C, Toomey A. Academic leaders must support inclusive scientific communities during COVID-19. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:997-998. [PMID: 32493950 PMCID: PMC7392883 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bea Maas
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Kathleen E Grogan
- Departments of Anthropology & Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yolanda Chirango
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Nyeema Harris
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Luisa Fernanda Liévano-Latorre
- Conservation Biogeography Lab, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Krista L McGuire
- Department of Biology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Alexandria C Moore
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Monica Marie Palta
- Department of Environmental Studies and Science, Pace University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ivette Perfecto
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Kirsten Rowell
- Environmental Studies Program, Regent Administrative Center, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Lilian Sales
- Conservation Biogeography Lab, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rejane Santos-Silva
- Conservation Biogeography Lab, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Eleanor J Sterling
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raísa R S Vieira
- Conservation Biogeography Lab, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carina Wyborn
- W.A. College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.,IUCN Conservation Centre, Luc Hoffmann Institute, Gland, Switzerland
| | - Anne Toomey
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Environmental Studies and Science, Pace University, New York, NY, USA
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29
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Bates AE, Primack RB, Moraga P, Duarte CM. COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown as a "Global Human Confinement Experiment" to investigate biodiversity conservation. Biol Conserv 2020; 248:108665. [PMID: 32549587 PMCID: PMC7284281 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to curtail the spread of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) have led to the unprecedented concurrent confinement of nearly two-thirds of the global population. The large human lockdown and its eventual relaxation can be viewed as a Global Human Confinement Experiment. This experiment is a unique opportunity to identify positive and negative effects of human presence and mobility on a range of natural systems, including wildlife, and protected areas, and to study processes regulating biodiversity and ecosystems. We encourage ecologists, environmental scientists, and resource managers to contribute their observations to efforts aiming to build comprehensive global understanding based on multiple data streams, including anecdotal observations, systematic assessments and quantitative monitoring. We argue that the collective power of combining diverse data will transcend the limited value of the individual data sets and produce unexpected insights. We can also consider the confinement experiment as a "stress test" to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses in the adequacy of existing networks to detect human impacts on natural systems. Doing so will provide evidence for the value of the conservation strategies that are presently in place, and create future networks, observatories and policies that are more adept in protecting biological diversity across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E. Bates
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
- Corresponding author.
| | - Richard B. Primack
- Biology Department, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Paula Moraga
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Carlos M. Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Biosciences Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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30
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Corlett RT, Primack RB, Devictor V, Maas B, Goswami VR, Bates AE, Koh LP, Regan TJ, Loyola R, Pakeman RJ, Cumming GS, Pidgeon A, Johns D, Roth R. Impacts of the coronavirus pandemic on biodiversity conservation. Biol Conserv 2020; 246:108571. [PMID: 32292203 PMCID: PMC7139249 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Corlett
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Richard B Primack
- Biology Department, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Vincent Devictor
- ISEM, Université Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Bea Maas
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Tropical Ecology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Amanda E Bates
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Lian Pin Koh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tracey J Regan
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land Water and Planning, 123 Brown Street, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Rafael Loyola
- Fundação Brasileira para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Robin J Pakeman
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Graeme S Cumming
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia
| | - Anna Pidgeon
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David Johns
- School of Government, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Robin Roth
- Department of Geography, Environment, and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada
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Sullivan MJP, Lewis SL, Affum-Baffoe K, Castilho C, Costa F, Sanchez AC, Ewango CEN, Hubau W, Marimon B, Monteagudo-Mendoza A, Qie L, Sonké B, Martinez RV, Baker TR, Brienen RJW, Feldpausch TR, Galbraith D, Gloor M, Malhi Y, Aiba SI, Alexiades MN, Almeida EC, de Oliveira EA, Dávila EÁ, Loayza PA, Andrade A, Vieira SA, Aragão LEOC, Araujo-Murakami A, Arets EJMM, Arroyo L, Ashton P, Aymard C. G, Baccaro FB, Banin LF, Baraloto C, Camargo PB, Barlow J, Barroso J, Bastin JF, Batterman SA, Beeckman H, Begne SK, Bennett AC, Berenguer E, Berry N, Blanc L, Boeckx P, Bogaert J, Bonal D, Bongers F, Bradford M, Brearley FQ, Brncic T, Brown F, Burban B, Camargo JL, Castro W, Céron C, Ribeiro SC, Moscoso VC, Chave J, Chezeaux E, Clark CJ, de Souza FC, Collins M, Comiskey JA, Valverde FC, Medina MC, da Costa L, Dančák M, Dargie GC, Davies S, Cardozo ND, de Haulleville T, de Medeiros MB, del Aguila Pasquel J, Derroire G, Di Fiore A, Doucet JL, Dourdain A, Droissart V, Duque LF, Ekoungoulou R, Elias F, Erwin T, Esquivel-Muelbert A, Fauset S, Ferreira J, Llampazo GF, Foli E, Ford A, Gilpin M, Hall JS, Hamer KC, Hamilton AC, Harris DJ, Hart TB, Hédl R, Herault B, Herrera R, Higuchi N, Hladik A, Coronado EH, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Huasco WH, Jeffery KJ, Jimenez-Rojas E, Kalamandeen M, Djuikouo MNK, Kearsley E, Umetsu RK, Kho LK, Killeen T, Kitayama K, Klitgaard B, Koch A, Labrière N, Laurance W, Laurance S, Leal ME, Levesley A, Lima AJN, Lisingo J, Lopes AP, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Lovejoy T, Lovett JC, Lowe R, Magnusson WE, Malumbres-Olarte J, Manzatto ÂG, Marimon BH, Marshall AR, Marthews T, de Almeida Reis SM, Maycock C, Melgaço K, Mendoza C, Metali F, Mihindou V, Milliken W, Mitchard ETA, Morandi PS, Mossman HL, Nagy L, Nascimento H, Neill D, Nilus R, Vargas PN, Palacios W, Camacho NP, Peacock J, Pendry C, Peñuela Mora MC, Pickavance GC, Pipoly J, Pitman N, Playfair M, Poorter L, Poulsen JR, Poulsen AD, Preziosi R, Prieto A, Primack RB, Ramírez-Angulo H, Reitsma J, Réjou-Méchain M, Correa ZR, de Sousa TR, Bayona LR, Roopsind A, Rudas A, Rutishauser E, Abu Salim K, Salomão RP, Schietti J, Sheil D, Silva RC, Espejo JS, Valeria CS, Silveira M, Simo-Droissart M, Simon MF, Singh J, Soto Shareva YC, Stahl C, Stropp J, Sukri R, Sunderland T, Svátek M, Swaine MD, Swamy V, Taedoumg H, Talbot J, Taplin J, Taylor D, ter Steege H, Terborgh J, Thomas R, Thomas SC, Torres-Lezama A, Umunay P, Gamarra LV, van der Heijden G, van der Hout P, van der Meer P, van Nieuwstadt M, Verbeeck H, Vernimmen R, Vicentini A, Vieira ICG, Torre EV, Vleminckx J, Vos V, Wang O, White LJT, Willcock S, Woods JT, Wortel V, Young K, Zagt R, Zemagho L, Zuidema PA, Zwerts JA, Phillips OL. Long-term thermal sensitivity of Earth’s tropical forests. Science 2020; 368:869-874. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw7578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. P. Sullivan
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Simon L. Lewis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Carolina Castilho
- Embrapa Roraima, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Flávia Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Aida Cuni Sanchez
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
| | - Corneille E. N. Ewango
- DR Congo Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Conservation Forestiere (CEFRECOF), Epulu, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Wannes Hubau
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Department of Environment, Laboratory of Wood Technology (Woodlab), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Beatriz Marimon
- UNEMAT - Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina-MT, Brazil
| | | | - Lan Qie
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Ted R. Feldpausch
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Manuel Gloor
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shin-Ichiro Aiba
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Everton C. Almeida
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém - PA, Brazil
| | | | - Esteban Álvarez Dávila
- Escuela de Ciencias Agrícolas, Pecuarias y del Medio Ambiente, National Open University and Distance, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Ana Andrade
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz E. O. C. Aragão
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Luzmila Arroyo
- Dirección de la Carrera de Biología, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Peter Ashton
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gerardo Aymard C.
- Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario, Guanare, Venezuela
| | | | | | - Christopher Baraloto
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Plínio Barbosa Camargo
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jorcely Barroso
- Centro Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, AC, Brazil
| | - Jean-François Bastin
- Institure of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Environment, Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology (CAVELab), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah A. Batterman
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Panama
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, USA
| | - Hans Beeckman
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Serge K. Begne
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Erika Berenguer
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Lilian Blanc
- UR Forest and Societies, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory (ISOFYS), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Bogaert
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Francis Q. Brearley
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Terry Brncic
- Congo Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzavile, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Benoit Burban
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, CIRAD, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310 Kourou, French Guiana
| | - José Luís Camargo
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Wendeson Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
| | - Carlos Céron
- Herbario Alfredo Paredes, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
| | | | - Jerôme Chave
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174 (CNRS/IRD/UPS), CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Connie J. Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Murray Collins
- Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London, UK
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James A. Comiskey
- Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, Fredericksburg, VA, USA
- Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Lola da Costa
- Instituto de Geociências, Faculdade de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal do Para, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Martin Dančák
- Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Stuart Davies
- Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Panama
| | | | - Thales de Haulleville
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Géraldine Derroire
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane), Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jean-Louis Doucet
- Forest Resources Management, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Dourdain
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane), Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Vincent Droissart
- AMAP, Universite de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Fernando Elias
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Terry Erwin
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Sophie Fauset
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Ernest Foli
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG), Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | | | - Jefferson S. Hall
- Smithsonian Institution Forest Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO), Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Terese B. Hart
- Lukuru Wildlife Research Foundation, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Radim Hédl
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Bruno Herault
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory (ISOFYS), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- CIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire
- Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, INP-HB, Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Rafael Herrera
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Niro Higuchi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Annette Hladik
- Département Hommes, Natures, Sociétés, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturel, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Kathryn J. Jeffery
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | | | - Michelle Kalamandeen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Living with Lakes Centre, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marie Noël Kamdem Djuikouo
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Department of Environment, Laboratory of Wood Technology (Woodlab), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Elizabeth Kearsley
- Department of Environment, Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology (CAVELab), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Lip Khoon Kho
- Tropical Peat Research Institute, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Koch
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pok Ful Lam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Nicolas Labrière
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174 (CNRS/IRD/UPS), CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - William Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
| | - Susan Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
| | - Miguel E. Leal
- Uganda Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Janvier Lisingo
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Aline P. Lopes
- National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Tom Lovejoy
- Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Jon C. Lovett
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, London, UK
| | - Richard Lowe
- Botany Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - William E. Magnusson
- Coordenação da Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Mauaus, Brazil
| | - Jagoba Malumbres-Olarte
- cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group, Universidade dos Açores, Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal
- LIBRe – Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ângelo Gilberto Manzatto
- Laboratório de Biogeoquímica Ambiental Wolfgang C. Pfeiffer, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho - RO, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Universidad do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina-MT, Brazil
| | - Andrew R. Marshall
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
- Flamingo Land Ltd., North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Toby Marthews
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
| | - Simone Matias de Almeida Reis
- UNEMAT - Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina-MT, Brazil
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Colin Maycock
- School of International Tropical Forestry, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | | | - Casimiro Mendoza
- Escuela de Ciencias Forestales, Unidad Académica del Trópico, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Sacta, Bolivia
| | - Faizah Metali
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei
| | - Vianet Mihindou
- Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Libreville, Gabon
- Ministère de la Forêt, de la Mer, de l'Environnement, Chargé du Plan Climat, Libreville, Gabon
| | | | | | - Paulo S. Morandi
- UNEMAT - Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina-MT, Brazil
| | - Hannah L. Mossman
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - David Neill
- Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
| | - Reuben Nilus
- Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, Sepilok, Malaysia
| | - Percy Núñez Vargas
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Walter Palacios
- Carrera de Ingeniería Forestal, Universidad Tecnica del Norte, Ibarra, Ecuador
| | - Nadir Pallqui Camacho
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | | | | | | | - John Pipoly
- Public Communications and Outreach Group, Parks and Recreation Division, Oakland Park, FL, USA
| | - Nigel Pitman
- Keller Science Action Center, Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maureen Playfair
- Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - John R. Poulsen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Richard Preziosi
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Adriana Prieto
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Leticia, Colombia
| | | | - Hirma Ramírez-Angulo
- Institute of Research for Forestry Development (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | | | | | | | | | - Lily Rodriguez Bayona
- Centro de Conservacion, Investigacion y Manejo de Areas Naturales, CIMA Cordillera Azul, Lima, Peru
| | - Anand Roopsind
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Agustín Rudas
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Leticia, Colombia
| | - Ervan Rutishauser
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Panama
- Carboforexpert, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Rafael P. Salomão
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia/CAPES, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Juliana Schietti
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Douglas Sheil
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Richarlly C. Silva
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
- Instituto Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcos Silveira
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
| | - Murielle Simo-Droissart
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Marcelo Fragomeni Simon
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Brazil
| | - James Singh
- Guyana Forestry Commission, Georgetown, Guyana
| | | | - Clement Stahl
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, CIRAD, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310 Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Juliana Stropp
- Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rahayu Sukri
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei
| | - Terry Sunderland
- Sustainable Landscapes and Food Systems, Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Martin Svátek
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michael D. Swaine
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Varun Swamy
- Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo, San Diego, CA. USA
| | - Hermann Taedoumg
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Bioversity International, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Joey Talbot
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - James Taplin
- UK Research and Innovation, Innovate UK, London, UK
| | - David Taylor
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hans ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Systems Ecology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - John Terborgh
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Raquel Thomas
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Sean C. Thomas
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Peter Umunay
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, USA
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hans Verbeeck
- Department of Environment, Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology (CAVELab), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Emilio Vilanova Torre
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, OR, USA
| | - Jason Vleminckx
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vincent Vos
- Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado, La Paz, Bolivia
- Universidad Autónoma del Beni José Ballivián, Riberalta, Bolivia
| | - Ophelia Wang
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Lee J. T. White
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Libreville, Gabon
- Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Simon Willcock
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Bangor, Bangor, UK
| | | | - Verginia Wortel
- Forest Management, Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Kenneth Young
- Department of Geography and The Environment, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Lise Zemagho
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Pieter A. Zuidema
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Joeri A. Zwerts
- Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Paramaribo, Suriname
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Smith L, Primack RB, Zipf L, Pardo S, Gallinat AS, Panchen ZA. Leaf longevity in temperate evergreen species is related to phylogeny and leaf size. Oecologia 2019; 191:483-491. [PMID: 31456021 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leaf longevity (LL), the amount of time a photosynthetically active leaf remains on a plant, is an important trait of evergreen species, affecting physiological ecology and ecosystem processes. A long LL gives leaves more time to fix carbon but carries higher construction costs, while a short LL allows plants to respond more rapidly to changing environmental conditions. For many evergreen taxa, LL data are not readily available, and it is not known if LL is phylogenetically conserved. To address this gap, we measured LL for 169 temperate and boreal evergreen woody species at the Arnold Arboretum, a botanical garden in Boston, Massachusetts, along with metrics of leaf size and number known to be related to LL. We hypothesized that LL is phylogenetically conserved, and that longer LL is associated with a greater numbers of leaves, smaller leaves, and a colder hardiness zone of the species' native range. We found that average LL ranged from 1.4 years in Rhododendron tomentosum to 10.5 years in Abies cilicia. LL was phylogenetically conserved, with some genera, such as Abies and Picea, exhibiting long LL (> 3 years) and others, such as Ilex and Rhododendron, exhibiting short LL (< 3 years). Leaf length was negatively correlated with LL in conifers, due to differences between Pinus and other genera; however, there was no correlation between LL and number of leaves. This study highlights the considerable variation and phylogenetic pattern in LL among temperate evergreen species, which has implications for carbon budgets and ecosystem models.
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McDonough MacKenzie C, Primack RB, Miller‐Rushing AJ. Trails‐as‐transects: phenology monitoring across heterogeneous microclimates in Acadia National Park, Maine. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin McDonough MacKenzie
- Climate Change Institute University of Maine Orono Maine 04469 USA
- Department of Biology Boston University Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
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Ellwood ER, Primack RB, Willis CG, HilleRisLambers J. Phenology models using herbarium specimens are only slightly improved by using finer-scale stages of reproduction. Appl Plant Sci 2019; 7:e01225. [PMID: 30937218 PMCID: PMC6426165 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Herbarium specimens are increasingly used to study reproductive phenology. Here, we ask whether classifying reproduction into progressively finer-scale stages improves our understanding of the relationship between climate and reproductive phenology. METHODS We evaluated Acer rubrum herbarium specimens across eastern North America, classifying them into eight reproductive phenophases and four stages of leaf development. We fit models with different reproductive phenology categorization schemes (from detailed to broad) and compared model fits and coefficients describing temperature, elevation, and year effects. We fit similar models to leaf phenology data to compare reproductive to leafing phenology. RESULTS Finer-scale reproductive phenophases improved model fits and provided more precise estimates of reproductive phenology. However, models with fewer reproductive phenophases led to similar qualitative conclusions, demonstrating that A. rubrum reproduces earlier in warmer locations, lower elevations, and in recent years, as well as that leafing phenology is less strongly influenced by temperature than is reproductive phenology. DISCUSSION Our study suggests that detailed information on reproductive phenology provides a fuller understanding of potential climate change effects on flowering, fruiting, and leaf-out. However, classification schemes with fewer reproductive phenophases provided many similar insights and may be preferable in cases where resources are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Ellwood
- La Brea Tar Pits and MuseumNatural History Museum of Los Angeles County5801 Wilshire BoulevardLos AngelesCalifornia90036USA
| | - Richard B. Primack
- Biology DepartmentBoston University5 Cummington MallBostonMassachusetts02215USA
| | - Charles G. Willis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Harvard University HerbariaHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusetts02138USA
- Department of Biology Teaching and LearningUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesota55455USA
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35
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Heberling JM, McDonough MacKenzie C, Fridley JD, Kalisz S, Primack RB. Phenological mismatch with trees reduces wildflower carbon budgets. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:616-623. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Mason Heberling
- Section of Botany Carnegie Museum of Natural History Pittsburgh PA15213 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee37996 USA
| | - Caitlin McDonough MacKenzie
- School of Biology and Ecology Climate Change Institute University of Maine Orono ME04469 USA
- Biology Department Boston University Boston MA02215 USA
| | | | - Susan Kalisz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee37996 USA
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Gallinat AS, Primack RB, Willis CG, Nordt B, Stevens AD, Fahey R, Whittemore AT, Du Y, Panchen ZA. Patterns and predictors of fleshy fruit phenology at five international botanical gardens. Am J Bot 2018; 105:1824-1834. [PMID: 30418679 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY To improve our understanding of the patterns and drivers of fleshy fruit phenology, we examined the sequence, patterns across years and locations, and drivers of fruiting times at five botanical gardens on three continents. METHODS We monitored four stages of fruit phenology for 406 temperate, fleshy-fruited, woody plant species in 2014 and 2015. KEY RESULTS Across all gardens, ripe fruits were present from May to March of the following year, with peak fruiting durations ranging from under 1 week to over 150 days. Species-level first fruiting and onset of peak fruiting dates were strongly associated with one another within sites and were more consistent between years and sites than the end of peak fruiting and last fruiting date. The order of fruiting among species between years and gardens was moderately consistent, and both peak fruiting times and fruiting durations were found to be phylogenetically conserved. CONCLUSIONS The consistent order of fruiting among species between years and locations indicates species-specific phenological responses to environmental conditions. Wide variation in fruiting times across species and in the duration of peak fruiting reinforces the importance of understanding how plant phenology impacts dispersers and monitoring the health and consistency of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Gallinat
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Richard B Primack
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Charles G Willis
- Department of Biology Teaching and Learning, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55108, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
| | - Birgit Nordt
- Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Freie Universitat Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Albert-Dieter Stevens
- Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Freie Universitat Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Robert Fahey
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA
- The Morton Arboretum, Center for Tree Science, Lisle, Illinois, 60532, USA
| | - Alan T Whittemore
- U. S. National Arboretum, Washington, District of Columbia, 20002, USA
| | - Yanjun Du
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zoe A Panchen
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z2, Canada
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37
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McDonough MacKenzie C, Primack RB, Miller-Rushing AJ. Local environment, not local adaptation, drives leaf-out phenology in common gardens along an elevational gradient in Acadia National Park, Maine. Am J Bot 2018; 105:986-995. [PMID: 29957884 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Climate-driven changes in phenology are substantially affecting ecological relationships and ecosystem processes. The role of variation among species has received particular attention; for example, variation among species' phenological responses to climate can disrupt trophic interactions and can influence plant performance. Variation within species in phenological responses to climate, however, has received much less attention, despite its potential role in ecological interactions and local adaptation to climate change. METHODS We constructed three common gardens across an elevation gradient on Cadillac Mountain in Acadia National Park, Maine, to test population-level responses in leaf-out phenology in a reciprocal transplant experiment. The experiment included three native species: low bush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium), sheep's laurel (Kalmia angustifolia), and three-toothed cinquefoil (Sibbaldiopsis tridentata). KEY RESULTS Evidence for local adaptation of phenological response to temperature varied among the species, but was weak for all three. Rather, variation in phenological response to temperature appeared to be driven by local microclimate at each garden site and year-to-year variation in temperature. CONCLUSIONS Population-level adaptations in leaf-out phenology appear to be relatively unimportant for these species in Acadia National Park, perhaps a reflection of strong genetic mixing across elevations, or weak differences in selection on phenological response to spring temperatures at different elevations. These results concur with other observational data in Acadia and highlight the utility of experimental approaches to understand the importance of annual and local site variation in affecting phenology both among and within plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin McDonough MacKenzie
- Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215
| | - Richard B Primack
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215
| | - Abraham J Miller-Rushing
- US National Park Service, Acadia National Park and Schoodic Education and Research Center, Bar Harbor, Maine, 04609
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38
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Shefferson RP, Kull T, Hutchings MJ, Selosse MA, Jacquemyn H, Kellett KM, Menges ES, Primack RB, Tuomi J, Alahuhta K, Hurskainen S, Alexander HM, Anderson DS, Brys R, Brzosko E, Dostálik S, Gregg K, Ipser Z, Jäkäläniemi A, Jersáková J, Dean Kettle W, McCormick MK, Mendoza A, Miller MT, Moen A, Øien DI, Püttsepp Ü, Roy M, Sather N, Sletvold N, Štípková Z, Tali K, Warren RJ, Whigham DF. Drivers of vegetative dormancy across herbaceous perennial plant species. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:724-733. [PMID: 29575384 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vegetative dormancy, that is the temporary absence of aboveground growth for ≥ 1 year, is paradoxical, because plants cannot photosynthesise or flower during dormant periods. We test ecological and evolutionary hypotheses for its widespread persistence. We show that dormancy has evolved numerous times. Most species displaying dormancy exhibit life-history costs of sprouting, and of dormancy. Short-lived and mycoheterotrophic species have higher proportions of dormant plants than long-lived species and species with other nutritional modes. Foliage loss is associated with higher future dormancy levels, suggesting that carbon limitation promotes dormancy. Maximum dormancy duration is shorter under higher precipitation and at higher latitudes, the latter suggesting an important role for competition or herbivory. Study length affects estimates of some demographic parameters. Our results identify life historical and environmental drivers of dormancy. We also highlight the evolutionary importance of the little understood costs of sprouting and growth, latitudinal stress gradients and mixed nutritional modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Shefferson
- Organization for Programs in Environmental Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tiiu Kull
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Michael J Hutchings
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39, 75005, Paris, France.,Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - Juha Tuomi
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsi Alahuhta
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sonja Hurskainen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Helen M Alexander
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | - Rein Brys
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emilia Brzosko
- Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Katharine Gregg
- Department of Biology, West Virginia Wesleyan College, Buckhannon, West Virginia, USA
| | - Zdeněk Ipser
- Department of Biology of Ecosystems, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anne Jäkäläniemi
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jana Jersáková
- Department of Biology of Ecosystems, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - W Dean Kettle
- Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | - Ana Mendoza
- Instituto de Ecologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad Universitario, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Asbjørn Moen
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dag-Inge Øien
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ülle Püttsepp
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mélanie Roy
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, Université Paul Sabatier - CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nancy Sather
- Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Nina Sletvold
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zuzana Štípková
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kadri Tali
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
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39
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Daru BH, Park DS, Primack RB, Willis CG, Barrington DS, Whitfeld TJS, Seidler TG, Sweeney PW, Foster DR, Ellison AM, Davis CC. Widespread sampling biases in herbaria revealed from large-scale digitization. New Phytol 2018; 217:939-955. [PMID: 29083043 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nonrandom collecting practices may bias conclusions drawn from analyses of herbarium records. Recent efforts to fully digitize and mobilize regional floras online offer a timely opportunity to assess commonalities and differences in herbarium sampling biases. We determined spatial, temporal, trait, phylogenetic, and collector biases in c. 5 million herbarium records, representing three of the most complete digitized floras of the world: Australia (AU), South Africa (SA), and New England, USA (NE). We identified numerous shared and unique biases among these regions. Shared biases included specimens collected close to roads and herbaria; specimens collected more frequently during biological spring and summer; specimens of threatened species collected less frequently; and specimens of close relatives collected in similar numbers. Regional differences included overrepresentation of graminoids in SA and AU and of annuals in AU; and peak collection during the 1910s in NE, 1980s in SA, and 1990s in AU. Finally, in all regions, a disproportionately large percentage of specimens were collected by very few individuals. We hypothesize that these mega-collectors, with their associated preferences and idiosyncrasies, shaped patterns of collection bias via 'founder effects'. Studies using herbarium collections should account for sampling biases, and future collecting efforts should avoid compounding these biases to the extent possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabas H Daru
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Daniel S Park
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | | | - Charles G Willis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - David S Barrington
- Pringle Herbarium, Plant Biology Department, University of Vermont, Torrey Hall, 27 Colchester Ave, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Timothy J S Whitfeld
- Brown University Herbarium, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 34 Olive Street, Box G-B225, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Tristram G Seidler
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Patrick W Sweeney
- Division of Botany, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - David R Foster
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, 324 North Main Street, Petersham, MA, 01366, USA
| | - Aaron M Ellison
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, 324 North Main Street, Petersham, MA, 01366, USA
- Tropical Forests & People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Qld, 4558, Australia
| | - Charles C Davis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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40
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Qie L, Lewis SL, Sullivan MJP, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Pickavance GC, Sunderland T, Ashton P, Hubau W, Abu Salim K, Aiba SI, Banin LF, Berry N, Brearley FQ, Burslem DFRP, Dančák M, Davies SJ, Fredriksson G, Hamer KC, Hédl R, Kho LK, Kitayama K, Krisnawati H, Lhota S, Malhi Y, Maycock C, Metali F, Mirmanto E, Nagy L, Nilus R, Ong R, Pendry CA, Poulsen AD, Primack RB, Rutishauser E, Samsoedin I, Saragih B, Sist P, Slik JWF, Sukri RS, Svátek M, Tan S, Tjoa A, van Nieuwstadt M, Vernimmen RRE, Yassir I, Kidd PS, Fitriadi M, Ideris NKH, Serudin RM, Abdullah Lim LS, Saparudin MS, Phillips OL. Long-term carbon sink in Borneo's forests halted by drought and vulnerable to edge effects. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1966. [PMID: 29259276 PMCID: PMC5736600 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01997-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Less than half of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions remain in the atmosphere. While carbon balance models imply large carbon uptake in tropical forests, direct on-the-ground observations are still lacking in Southeast Asia. Here, using long-term plot monitoring records of up to half a century, we find that intact forests in Borneo gained 0.43 Mg C ha−1 per year (95% CI 0.14–0.72, mean period 1988–2010) in above-ground live biomass carbon. These results closely match those from African and Amazonian plot networks, suggesting that the world’s remaining intact tropical forests are now en masse out-of-equilibrium. Although both pan-tropical and long-term, the sink in remaining intact forests appears vulnerable to climate and land use changes. Across Borneo the 1997–1998 El Niño drought temporarily halted the carbon sink by increasing tree mortality, while fragmentation persistently offset the sink and turned many edge-affected forests into a carbon source to the atmosphere. The existence of a pan-tropical forest carbon sink remains uncertain due to the lack of data from Asia. Here, using direct on-the-ground observations, the authors confirm remaining intact forests in Borneo have provided a long-term carbon sink, but carbon net gains are vulnerable to drought and edge effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Qie
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. .,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK.
| | - Simon L Lewis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Department of Geography, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | | | | | - Terry Sunderland
- Center for International Forestry Research, Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede, Bogor (Barat), 16115, Indonesia.,School of Environmental and Marine Science, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Dr, Townsville City, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Peter Ashton
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Wannes Hubau
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Laboratory for wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Kamariah Abu Salim
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Shin-Ichiro Aiba
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 890-0065, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Lindsay F Banin
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Nicholas Berry
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Bioclimate, Thorn House, 5 Rose Street, Edinburgh, EH2 2PR, UK
| | - Francis Q Brearley
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - David F R P Burslem
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Martin Dančák
- Department of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Stuart J Davies
- Center for Tropical Forest Science - Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20013, USA.,Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Gabriella Fredriksson
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Pro Natura Foundation, Jl. Jend. Sudirman No. 37, Balikpapan, 76112, Indonesia.,Pan Eco, SOCP, Jl. Wahid Hasyim No. 51/74, Medan, 20154, Indonesia
| | - Keith C Hamer
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Radim Hédl
- Department of Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidicka 25/27, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lip Khoon Kho
- Tropical Peat Research Institute, Biological Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Kanehiro Kitayama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Haruni Krisnawati
- Forest Research and Development Center, Research, Development and Innovation Agency, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Jl. Gunung Batu No 5, Bogor, 16610, Indonesia
| | - Stanislav Lhota
- Department of Animal Science and Food Processing, Faculty of Tropical Agrisciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha 6 - Suchdol, Prague, Czech Republic.,Ústí nad Labem Zoo, Drážďanská 23, 400 07, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Colin Maycock
- International Tropical Forestry, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jl. UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Faizah Metali
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Edi Mirmanto
- Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM 46, Cibinong, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Reuben Nilus
- Sabah Forestry Department Forest Research Centre, Mile 14 Jl. Sepilok, 90000, Sandakan, Malaysia
| | - Robert Ong
- Sabah Forestry Department Forest Research Centre, Mile 14 Jl. Sepilok, 90000, Sandakan, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Richard B Primack
- Biology Department, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ervan Rutishauser
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, 03092, Panama.,Carboforexpert, Hermance, 1248, Switzerland
| | - Ismayadi Samsoedin
- Forest Research and Development Center, Research, Development and Innovation Agency, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Jl. Gunung Batu No 5, Bogor, 16610, Indonesia
| | - Bernaulus Saragih
- Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University, Jl. Pasir Balengkong, 75123, Samarinda, Indonesia
| | - Plinio Sist
- Forests and Societies Research Unit, CIRAD-Univ. Montpellier, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA C-105/D, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - J W Ferry Slik
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Martin Svátek
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 3, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sylvester Tan
- CTFS-ForestGEO Program, Lambir, Miri, 98000, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Aiyen Tjoa
- Agriculture Faculty of Tadulako University, Jln Soekarno Hatta km 09, Tondo, 94118, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Ishak Yassir
- Balitek-KSDA, Research, Development and Innovation Agency, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Jl. Soekarno Hatta KM. 38, RT 09, Samboja, Indonesia
| | - Petra Susan Kidd
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Santiago de Compostela, 15705, Spain
| | - Muhammad Fitriadi
- Sungai Wain Protected Forest Management Unit, KM. 23, Kel. Karang Joang, Balikpapan, 76101, Indonesia
| | - Nur Khalish Hafizhah Ideris
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Rafizah Mat Serudin
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Layla Syaznie Abdullah Lim
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Muhammad Shahruney Saparudin
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
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Zipf L, Primack RB. Humidity does not appear to trigger leaf out in woody plants. Int J Biometeorol 2017; 61:2213-2216. [PMID: 28828598 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-017-1428-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to anticipate the ecological impacts of climate change and model changes to forests, it is important to understand the factors controlling spring leaf out. Leaf out phenology in woody trees and shrubs is generally considered to be strongly controlled by a combination of spring warming, winter chilling requirement, and photoperiod. However, researchers have recently suggested that temperature-related air humidity, rather than temperature itself, might be the main trigger of the spring leaf-out of woody plants. Here, we sought to examine the relationship between air humidity and leaf-out across a range of humidities and plant functional groups. We did not find any consistent, measurable effect of high humidity advancing leaf-out in the 15 woody shrubs and trees examined in this study, and we did not see progressive patterns of earlier leaf-out in successively higher humidities. Our results indicate that more work must be done on this topic before researchers can properly determine the effect of humidity on the leafing out process for woody species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Zipf
- Biology Department, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Richard B Primack
- Biology Department, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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Zipf L, Williams EH, Primack RB, Stichter S. Climate effects on late-season flight times of Massachusetts butterflies. Int J Biometeorol 2017; 61:1667-1673. [PMID: 28382376 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-017-1347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the responses of living organisms to climate change are being widely investigated, little attention has been given to such effects late in the growing season. We studied the late-season flight times of 20 species of butterflies in a geographically limited region, the state of Massachusetts in the USA, by examining change in dates of flight over a 22-year period and in response to average monthly temperature and precipitation. By analyzing the last 10% of each year's observations reported by observers of the Massachusetts Butterfly Club, we found that seven species remain in flight significantly later into the fall than they did two decades earlier, while two species show reduced late-season flight. Life history characteristics of the species, particularly voltinism and average fall flight dates, influenced whether warmer fall months led to increases or decreases in fall flight. Warmer Novembers often led to later fall flight, and wetter Augusts usually extended fall flight. These results document the effects of climate on late-season flight times of butterflies, add to an understanding of how warmer autumn conditions alter the phenology of different butterfly species, and show the usefulness of citizen science data.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zipf
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - E H Williams
- Department of Biology, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, NY, 13323, USA.
| | - R B Primack
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - S Stichter
- Massachusetts Butterfly Club, 108 Walden St., Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
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Willis CG, Ellwood ER, Primack RB, Davis CC, Pearson KD, Gallinat AS, Yost JM, Nelson G, Mazer SJ, Rossington NL, Sparks TH, Soltis PS. Old Plants, New Tricks: Phenological Research Using Herbarium Specimens. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:531-546. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Primack RB, Antonovics J. EXPERIMENTAL ECOLOGICAL GENETICS IN
PLANTAGO
. VII. REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT IN POPULATIONS OF
P. LANCEOLATA
L. Evolution 2017; 36:742-752. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/1981] [Revised: 10/14/1981] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Botany Duke University Durham North Carolina 27706
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Primack RB, Antonovics J. EXPERIMENTAL ECOLOGICAL GENETICS IN PLANTAGO. V. COMPONENTS OF SEED YIELD IN THE RIBWORT PLANTAIN PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA L. Evolution 2017; 35:1069-1079. [PMID: 28563397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1981.tb04975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/1980] [Revised: 02/05/1981] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Primack
- Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27706
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27706
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Panchen ZA, Primack RB, Gallinat AS, Nordt B, Stevens AD, Du Y, Fahey R. Substantial variation in leaf senescence times among 1360 temperate woody plant species: implications for phenology and ecosystem processes. Ann Bot 2015; 116:865-73. [PMID: 25808654 PMCID: PMC4640117 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Autumn leaf senescence marks the end of the growing season in temperate ecosystems. Its timing influences a number of ecosystem processes, including carbon, water and nutrient cycling. Climate change is altering leaf senescence phenology and, as those changes continue, it will affect individual woody plants, species and ecosystems. In contrast to spring leaf out times, however, leaf senescence times remain relatively understudied. Variation in the phenology of leaf senescence among species and locations is still poorly understood. METHODS Leaf senescence phenology of 1360 deciduous plant species at six temperate botanical gardens in Asia, North America and Europe was recorded in 2012 and 2013. This large data set was used to explore ecological and phylogenetic factors associated with variation in leaf senescence. KEY RESULTS Leaf senescence dates among species varied by 3 months on average across the six locations. Plant species tended to undergo leaf senescence in the same order in the autumns of both years at each location, but the order of senescence was only weakly correlated across sites. Leaf senescence times were not related to spring leaf out times, were not evolutionarily conserved and were only minimally influenced by growth habit, wood anatomy and percentage colour change or leaf drop. These weak patterns of leaf senescence timing contrast with much stronger leaf out patterns from a previous study. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that, in contrast to the broader temperature effects that determine leaf out times, leaf senescence times are probably determined by a larger or different suite of local environmental effects, including temperature, soil moisture, frost and wind. Determining the importance of these factors for a wide range of species represents the next challenge for understanding how climate change is affecting the end of the growing season and associated ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe A Panchen
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Birgit Nordt
- Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert-Dieter Stevens
- Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yanjun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, China and
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Primack RB, Laube J, Gallinat AS, Menzel A. From observations to experiments in phenology research: investigating climate change impacts on trees and shrubs using dormant twigs. Ann Bot 2015; 116:889-97. [PMID: 25851135 PMCID: PMC4640118 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Climate change is advancing the leaf-out times of many plant species and mostly extending the growing season in temperate ecosystems. Laboratory experiments using twig cuttings from woody plant species present an affordable, easily replicated approach to investigate the relative importance of factors such as winter chilling, photoperiod, spring warming and frost tolerance on the leafing-out times of plant communities. This Viewpoint article demonstrates how the results of these experiments deepen our understanding beyond what is possible via analyses of remote sensing and field observation data, and can be used to improve climate change forecasts of shifts in phenology, ecosystem processes and ecological interactions. SCOPE The twig method involves cutting dormant twigs from trees, shrubs and vines on a single date or at intervals over the course of the winter and early spring, placing them in containers of water in controlled environments, and regularly recording leaf-out, flowering or other phenomena. Prior to or following leaf-out or flowering, twigs may be assigned to treatment groups for experiments involving temperature, photoperiod, frost, humidity and more. Recent studies using these methods have shown that winter chilling requirements and spring warming strongly affect leaf-out and flowering times of temperate trees and shrubs, whereas photoperiod requirements are less important than previously thought for most species. Invasive plant species have weaker winter chilling requirements than native species in temperate ecosystems, and species that leaf-out early in the season have greater frost tolerance than later leafing species. CONCLUSIONS This methodology could be extended to investigate additional drivers of leaf-out phenology, leaf senescence in the autumn, and other phenomena, and could be a useful tool for education and outreach. Additional ecosystems, such as boreal, southern hemisphere and sub-tropical forests, could also be investigated using dormant twigs to determine the drivers of leaf-out times and how these ecosystems will be affected by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Primack
- Biology Department, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA,
| | - Julia Laube
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany and
| | - Amanda S Gallinat
- Biology Department, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Annette Menzel
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany and Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 2a, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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