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Cooper DLM, Lewis SL, Sullivan MJP, Prado PI, Ter Steege H, Barbier N, Slik F, Sonké B, Ewango CEN, Adu-Bredu S, Affum-Baffoe K, de Aguiar DPP, Ahuite Reategui MA, Aiba SI, Albuquerque BW, de Almeida Matos FD, Alonso A, Amani CA, do Amaral DD, do Amaral IL, Andrade A, de Andrade Miranda IP, Angoboy IB, Araujo-Murakami A, Arboleda NC, Arroyo L, Ashton P, Aymard C GA, Baider C, Baker TR, Balinga MPB, Balslev H, Banin LF, Bánki OS, Baraloto C, Barbosa EM, Barbosa FR, Barlow J, Bastin JF, Beeckman H, Begne S, Bengone NN, Berenguer E, Berry N, Bitariho R, Boeckx P, Bogaert J, Bonyoma B, Boundja P, Bourland N, Boyemba Bosela F, Brambach F, Brienen R, Burslem DFRP, Camargo JL, Campelo W, Cano A, Cárdenas S, Cárdenas López D, de Sá Carpanedo R, Carrero Márquez YA, Carvalho FA, Casas LF, Castellanos H, Castilho CV, Cerón C, Chapman CA, Chave J, Chhang P, Chutipong W, Chuyong GB, Cintra BBL, Clark CJ, Coelho de Souza F, Comiskey JA, Coomes DA, Cornejo Valverde F, Correa DF, Costa FRC, Costa JBP, Couteron P, Culmsee H, Cuni-Sanchez A, Dallmeier F, Damasco G, Dauby G, Dávila N, Dávila Doza HP, De Alban JDT, de Assis RL, De Canniere C, De Haulleville T, de Jesus Veiga Carim M, Demarchi LO, Dexter KG, Di Fiore A, Din HHM, Disney MI, Djiofack BY, Djuikouo MNK, Do TV, Doucet JL, Draper FC, Droissart V, Duivenvoorden JF, Engel J, Estienne V, Farfan-Rios W, Fauset S, Feeley KJ, Feitosa YO, Feldpausch TR, Ferreira C, Ferreira J, Ferreira LV, Fletcher CD, Flores BM, Fofanah A, Foli EG, Fonty É, Fredriksson GM, Fuentes A, Galbraith D, Gallardo Gonzales GP, Garcia-Cabrera K, García-Villacorta R, Gomes VHF, Gómez RZ, Gonzales T, Gribel R, Guedes MC, Guevara JE, Hakeem KR, Hall JS, Hamer KC, Hamilton AC, Harris DJ, Harrison RD, Hart TB, Hector A, Henkel TW, Herbohn J, Hockemba MBN, Hoffman B, Holmgren M, Honorio Coronado EN, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Hubau W, Imai N, Irume MV, Jansen PA, Jeffery KJ, Jimenez EM, Jucker T, Junqueira AB, Kalamandeen M, Kamdem NG, Kartawinata K, Kasongo Yakusu E, Katembo JM, Kearsley E, Kenfack D, Kessler M, Khaing TT, Killeen TJ, Kitayama K, Klitgaard B, Labrière N, Laumonier Y, Laurance SGW, Laurance WF, Laurent F, Le TC, Le TT, Leal ME, Leão de Moraes Novo EM, Levesley A, Libalah MB, Licona JC, Lima Filho DDA, Lindsell JA, Lopes A, Lopes MA, Lovett JC, Lowe R, Lozada JR, Lu X, Luambua NK, Luize BG, Maas P, Magalhães JLL, Magnusson WE, Mahayani NPD, Makana JR, Malhi Y, Maniguaje Rincón L, Mansor A, Manzatto AG, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Marshall AR, Martins MP, Mbayu FM, de Medeiros MB, Mesones I, Metali F, Mihindou V, Millet J, Milliken W, Mogollón HF, Molino JF, Mohd Said MN, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Montero JC, Moore S, Mostacedo B, Mozombite Pinto LF, Mukul SA, Munishi PKT, Nagamasu H, Nascimento HEM, Nascimento MT, Neill D, Nilus R, Noronha JC, Nsenga L, Núñez Vargas P, Ojo L, Oliveira AA, de Oliveira EA, Ondo FE, Palacios Cuenca W, Pansini S, Pansonato MP, Paredes MR, Paudel E, Pauletto D, Pearson RG, Pena JLM, Pennington RT, Peres CA, Permana A, Petronelli P, Peñuela Mora MC, Phillips JF, Phillips OL, Pickavance G, Piedade MTF, Pitman NCA, Ploton P, Popelier A, Poulsen JR, Prieto A, Primack RB, Priyadi H, Qie L, Quaresma AC, de Queiroz HL, Ramirez-Angulo H, Ramos JF, Reis NFC, Reitsma J, Revilla JDC, Riutta T, Rivas-Torres G, Robiansyah I, Rocha M, Rodrigues DDJ, Rodriguez-Ronderos ME, Rovero F, Rozak AH, Rudas A, Rutishauser E, Sabatier D, Sagang LB, Sampaio AF, Samsoedin I, Satdichanh M, Schietti J, Schöngart J, Scudeller VV, Seuaturien N, Sheil D, Sierra R, Silman MR, Silva TSF, da Silva Guimarães JR, Simo-Droissart M, Simon MF, Sist P, Sousa TR, de Sousa Farias E, de Souza Coelho L, Spracklen DV, Stas SM, Steinmetz R, Stevenson PR, Stropp J, Sukri RS, Sunderland TCH, Suzuki E, Swaine MD, Tang J, Taplin J, Taylor DM, Tello JS, Terborgh J, Texier N, Theilade I, Thomas DW, Thomas R, Thomas SC, Tirado M, Toirambe B, de Toledo JJ, Tomlinson KW, Torres-Lezama A, Tran HD, Tshibamba Mukendi J, Tumaneng RD, Umaña MN, Umunay PM, Urrego Giraldo LE, Valderrama Sandoval EH, Valenzuela Gamarra L, Van Andel TR, van de Bult M, van de Pol J, van der Heijden G, Vasquez R, Vela CIA, Venticinque EM, Verbeeck H, Veridiano RKA, Vicentini A, Vieira ICG, Vilanova Torre E, Villarroel D, Villa Zegarra BE, Vleminckx J, von Hildebrand P, Vos VA, Vriesendorp C, Webb EL, White LJT, Wich S, Wittmann F, Zagt R, Zang R, Zartman CE, Zemagho L, Zent EL, Zent S. Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities. Nature 2024; 625:728-734. [PMID: 38200314 PMCID: PMC10808064 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06820-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Trees structure the Earth's most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1-6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth's 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world's most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan L M Cooper
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK.
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Simon L Lewis
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK.
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Martin J P Sullivan
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Paulo I Prado
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Barbier
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ferry Slik
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Corneille E N Ewango
- Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources Management and Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | - Daniel P P de Aguiar
- Procuradoria-Geral de Justiça, Ministério Público do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Shin-Ichiro Aiba
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Bianca Weiss Albuquerque
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Alfonso Alonso
- Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christian A Amani
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
- Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Iêda Leão do Amaral
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ana Andrade
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Ilondea B Angoboy
- Institut National pour l'Etude et la Recherche Agronomiques, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Luzmila Arroyo
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Peter Ashton
- Bullard Emeritus Professor of Forestry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gerardo A Aymard C
- Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), UNELLEZ-Guanare, Guanare, Venezuela
| | - Cláudia Baider
- The Mauritius Herbarium, Agricultural Services, Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security, Reduit, Mauritius
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Henrik Balslev
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Olaf S Bánki
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Baraloto
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jean-Francois Bastin
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Hans Beeckman
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Serge Begne
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Robert Bitariho
- Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory (ISOFYS), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Bogaert
- Biodiversity and Landscape Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Bonyoma
- Section de la Foresterie, Institut National pour l'Etude et la Recherche Agronomique Yangambi, Yangambi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Patrick Boundja
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
- Congo Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Nils Bourland
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia
- Forest Resources Management, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Resources and Synergies Development, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Faustin Boyemba Bosela
- Laboratory of Ecology and Forest Management, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Fabian Brambach
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roel Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - José Luís Camargo
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Wegliane Campelo
- Universidade Federal do Amapá, Ciências Ambientais, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Angela Cano
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Cambridge University Botanic Garden, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sasha Cárdenas
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Fernanda Antunes Carvalho
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luisa Fernanda Casas
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernán Castellanos
- Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas de Guayana, Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Puerto Ordaz, Venezuela
| | - Carolina V Castilho
- Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, Embrapa Roraima, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | - Carlos Cerón
- Escuela de Biología Herbario Alfredo Paredes, Universidad Central, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Biology Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Jerome Chave
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, CNRS and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Phourin Chhang
- Institute of Forest and Wildlife Research and Development (IRD), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Wanlop Chutipong
- Conservation Ecology Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - George B Chuyong
- Faculty of Science, Department of Plant Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - Connie J Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Fernanda Coelho de Souza
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- BeZero, London, UK
| | - James A Comiskey
- Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, Fredericksburg, VA, USA
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David A Coomes
- Department of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Diego F Correa
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Flávia R C Costa
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Pierre Couteron
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Heike Culmsee
- State Agency for Environment, Nature Conservation and Geology, Güstrow, Germany
| | - Aida Cuni-Sanchez
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
- Department of International Environmental and Development Studies (NORAGRIC), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Francisco Dallmeier
- Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gabriel Damasco
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gilles Dauby
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nállarett Dávila
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Jose Don T De Alban
- Centre for Nature-Based Climate Solutions, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Phillipines Programme, Fauna and Flora International, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rafael L de Assis
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, Brazil
| | - Charles De Canniere
- Landscape Ecology and Vegetal Production Systems Unit, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Layon O Demarchi
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Kyle G Dexter
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Estación de Biodiversidad Tiputini, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Hazimah Haji Mohammad Din
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Research, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
| | | | - Brice Yannick Djiofack
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Institut National pour l'Etude et la Recherche Agronomiques (INERA), Wood Laboratory of Yangambi, Yangambi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie-Noël K Djuikouo
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Science, Department of Plant Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Tran Van Do
- Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jean-Louis Doucet
- Forest Is Life, TERRA, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Freddie C Draper
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vincent Droissart
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Joost F Duivenvoorden
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Engel
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vittoria Estienne
- Congo Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - William Farfan-Rios
- Living Earth Collaborative, Washington University in Saint Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sophie Fauset
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Kenneth J Feeley
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Yuri Oliveira Feitosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia (Botânica), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Cid Ferreira
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ernest G Foli
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Émile Fonty
- Direction Régionale de la Guyane, Office National des Forêts, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Alfredo Fuentes
- Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO, USA
- Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Instituto de Ecología, Carrera de Biología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | | | | | - Karina Garcia-Cabrera
- Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Roosevelt García-Villacorta
- Programa Restauración de Ecosistemas (PRE), Centro de Innovación Científica Amazónica (CINCIA), Tambopata, Peru
- Peruvian Center for Biodiversity and Conservation (PCBC), Iquitos, Peru
| | - Vitor H F Gomes
- Escola de Negócios Tecnologia e Inovação, Centro Universitário do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Zárate Gómez
- PROTERRA, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Iquitos, Peru
| | | | - Rogerio Gribel
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Juan Ernesto Guevara
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud-BIOMAS, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
- The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jefferson S Hall
- Forest Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO), Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Alan C Hamilton
- Honorary Professor, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China
| | | | | | - Terese B Hart
- Lukuru Wildlife Research Foundation, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andy Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Terry W Henkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - John Herbohn
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Milena Holmgren
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Euridice N Honorio Coronado
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Iquitos, Peru
- University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | | | - Wannes Hubau
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Department of Environment, Laboratory of Wood Technology (Woodlab), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nobuo Imai
- Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariana Victória Irume
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Patrick A Jansen
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, Panama
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kathryn J Jeffery
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Eliana M Jimenez
- Grupo de Ecología y Conservación de Fauna y Flora Silvestre, Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Imani, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Amazonia, Leticia, Colombia
| | - Tommaso Jucker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - André Braga Junqueira
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michelle Kalamandeen
- School of Earth, Environment and Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Narcisse G Kamdem
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Kuswata Kartawinata
- Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emmanuel Kasongo Yakusu
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - John M Katembo
- Laboratory of Ecology and Forest Management, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Elizabeth Kearsley
- Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology (CAVElab), Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Kenfack
- Forest Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO), Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael Kessler
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thiri Toe Khaing
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Bente Klitgaard
- Department for Accelerated Taxonomy, Royal Botanic Gardens, Richmond, UK
| | - Nicolas Labrière
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, CNRS and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Yves Laumonier
- Forest and Environment Program, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Susan G W Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Félix Laurent
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Institut National pour l'Etude et la Recherche Agronomiques (INERA), Wood Laboratory of Yangambi, Yangambi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tinh Cong Le
- Viet Nature Conservation Centre, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | - Miguel E Leal
- Uganda Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Moses B Libalah
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Juan Carlos Licona
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | | | - Aline Lopes
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Jon C Lovett
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, UK
| | - Richard Lowe
- Botany Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - José Rafael Lozada
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Xinghui Lu
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Nestor K Luambua
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Institut National pour l'Etude et la Recherche Agronomiques (INERA), Wood Laboratory of Yangambi, Yangambi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources Management, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Faculté des sciences Agronomiques, Université Officielle de Mbujimayi, Mbujimayi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Bruno Garcia Luize
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paul Maas
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - José Leonardo Lima Magalhães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Brazil
| | - William E Magnusson
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Jean-Remy Makana
- Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire d'Écologie et Aménagement Forestier, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lorena Maniguaje Rincón
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Asyraf Mansor
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
| | | | - Beatriz S Marimon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon-Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Andrew R Marshall
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
- Flamingo Land, Kirby Misperton, UK
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maria Pires Martins
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Italo Mesones
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Faizah Metali
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Vianet Mihindou
- Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Libreville, Gabon
- Ministère de la Forêt, de la Mer, de l'Environnement, Chargé du Plan Climat, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Jerome Millet
- Office français de la biodiversité, Vincennes, France
| | - William Milliken
- Department for Ecosystem Stewardship, Royal Botanic Gardens, Richmond, UK
| | | | - Jean-François Molino
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Abel Monteagudo Mendoza
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Peru
- Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cuzco, Peru
| | - Juan Carlos Montero
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Sam Moore
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bonifacio Mostacedo
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Sharif Ahmed Mukul
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Environment and Development Studies, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pantaleo K T Munishi
- Department of Ecosystems and Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Marcelo Trindade Nascimento
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goyatacazes, Brazil
| | - David Neill
- Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Ecuador
| | | | | | - Laurent Nsenga
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Percy Núñez Vargas
- Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cuzco, Peru
| | - Lucas Ojo
- University of Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Alexandre A Oliveira
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edmar Almeida de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Susamar Pansini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia PPG-Bionorte, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Petratti Pansonato
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ekananda Paudel
- Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Daniela Pauletto
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Brazil
| | - Richard G Pearson
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - R Toby Pennington
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Carlos A Peres
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Pascal Petronelli
- Cirad UMR Ecofog, AgrosParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université Guyane, Kourou Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Pierre Ploton
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Andreas Popelier
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - John R Poulsen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- The Nature Conservancy, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Adriana Prieto
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Hari Priyadi
- Department of Resource and Environmental Economics (ESL), IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Lan Qie
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Adriano Costa Quaresma
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Wetland Department, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Rastatt, Germany
| | - Helder Lima de Queiroz
- Diretoria Técnico-Científica, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Tefé, Brazil
| | - Hirma Ramirez-Angulo
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - José Ferreira Ramos
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Neidiane Farias Costa Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia PPG-Bionorte, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Jan Reitsma
- Waardenburg Ecology, Culemborg, The Netherlands
| | | | - Terhi Riutta
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- College of Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Gonzalo Rivas-Torres
- Estación de Biodiversidad Tiputini, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito, Ecuador
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Iyan Robiansyah
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Center for Plant Conservation Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesian Institute of Science, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Maira Rocha
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - M Elizabeth Rodriguez-Ronderos
- Centre for Nature-Based Climate Solutions, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francesco Rovero
- Deparment of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Tropical Biodiversity Section, Museo delle Scienze (MUSE), Trento, Italy
| | - Andes H Rozak
- Research Center for Plant Conservation, Botanic Gardens and Forestry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Agustín Rudas
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Daniel Sabatier
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Le Bienfaiteur Sagang
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adeilza Felipe Sampaio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia PPG-Bionorte, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Ismayadi Samsoedin
- Forest Research and Development Center, Research, Development and Innovation Agency, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Manichanh Satdichanh
- Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Juliana Schietti
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jochen Schöngart
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Veridiana Vizoni Scudeller
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM)-Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB1), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Douglas Sheil
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Miles R Silman
- Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Murielle Simo-Droissart
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Plinio Sist
- Cirad-ES, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA C-105/D, Montpellier, France
| | - Thaiane R Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Emanuelle de Sousa Farias
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA), Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz de Souza Coelho
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Suzanne M Stas
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Pablo R Stevenson
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juliana Stropp
- Biogeography Department, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Rahayu S Sukri
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Research, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Terry C H Sunderland
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eizi Suzuki
- Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Michael D Swaine
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jianwei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - James Taplin
- UK Research and Innovation, Innovate UK, London, UK
| | - David M Taylor
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J Sebastián Tello
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - John Terborgh
- Department of Biology and Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Ida Theilade
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Duncan W Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, USA
| | - Raquel Thomas
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Sean C Thomas
- Institute of Forestry and Conservation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Benjamin Toirambe
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Ministère de l'Environnement et Développement Durable, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Kyle W Tomlinson
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
| | - Armando Torres-Lezama
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
| | | | - John Tshibamba Mukendi
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Faculté des Sciences Appliquées, Université de Mbujimayi, Mbujimayi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Roven D Tumaneng
- Phillipines Programme, Fauna and Flora International, Cambridge, UK
- Emerging Technology Development Division, Department of Science and Technology Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development (DOST-PCIEERD), Taguig City, Philippines
| | - Maria Natalia Umaña
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter M Umunay
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, USA
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Elvis H Valderrama Sandoval
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St Louis, MO, USA
- Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
| | | | - Tinde R Van Andel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin van de Bult
- Doi Tung Development Project, Social Development Department, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - César I A Vela
- Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería Forestal, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Puerto Maldonado, Peru
| | | | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab-Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Alberto Vicentini
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Emilio Vilanova Torre
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Villarroel
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
- Fundación Amigos de la Naturaleza (FAN), Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Jason Vleminckx
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Faculté des Sciences, Service d'Évolution Biologique et Écologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Vincent Antoine Vos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales de la Amazonía, Universidad Autónoma del Beni José Ballivián, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia
| | | | - Edward L Webb
- Viikki Tropical Resources Institute, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lee J T White
- Ministry of Forests, Seas, Environment and Climate, Libreville, Gabon
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- Institut de Recherche en Écologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Serge Wich
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Florian Wittmann
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Wetland Department, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Rastatt, Germany
| | | | - Runguo Zang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Charles Eugene Zartman
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Lise Zemagho
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Egleé L Zent
- Laboratory of Human Ecology, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Stanford Zent
- Laboratory of Human Ecology, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
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Mo L, Zohner CM, Reich PB, Liang J, de Miguel S, Nabuurs GJ, Renner SS, van den Hoogen J, Araza A, Herold M, Mirzagholi L, Ma H, Averill C, Phillips OL, Gamarra JGP, Hordijk I, Routh D, Abegg M, Adou Yao YC, Alberti G, Almeyda Zambrano AM, Alvarado BV, Alvarez-Dávila E, Alvarez-Loayza P, Alves LF, Amaral I, Ammer C, Antón-Fernández C, Araujo-Murakami A, Arroyo L, Avitabile V, Aymard GA, Baker TR, Bałazy R, Banki O, Barroso JG, Bastian ML, Bastin JF, Birigazzi L, Birnbaum P, Bitariho R, Boeckx P, Bongers F, Bouriaud O, Brancalion PHS, Brandl S, Brearley FQ, Brienen R, Broadbent EN, Bruelheide H, Bussotti F, Cazzolla Gatti R, César RG, Cesljar G, Chazdon RL, Chen HYH, Chisholm C, Cho H, Cienciala E, Clark C, Clark D, Colletta GD, Coomes DA, Cornejo Valverde F, Corral-Rivas JJ, Crim PM, Cumming JR, Dayanandan S, de Gasper AL, Decuyper M, Derroire G, DeVries B, Djordjevic I, Dolezal J, Dourdain A, Engone Obiang NL, Enquist BJ, Eyre TJ, Fandohan AB, Fayle TM, Feldpausch TR, Ferreira LV, Finér L, Fischer M, Fletcher C, Frizzera L, Gianelle D, Glick HB, Harris DJ, Hector A, Hemp A, Hengeveld G, Hérault B, Herbohn JL, Hillers A, Honorio Coronado EN, Hui C, Ibanez T, Imai N, Jagodziński AM, Jaroszewicz B, Johannsen VK, Joly CA, Jucker T, Jung I, Karminov V, Kartawinata K, Kearsley E, Kenfack D, Kennard DK, Kepfer-Rojas S, Keppel G, Khan ML, Killeen TJ, Kim HS, Kitayama K, Köhl M, Korjus H, Kraxner F, Kucher D, Laarmann D, Lang M, Lu H, Lukina NV, Maitner BS, Malhi Y, Marcon E, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Marshall AR, Martin EH, Meave JA, Melo-Cruz O, Mendoza C, Mendoza-Polo I, Miscicki S, Merow C, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Moreno VS, Mukul SA, Mundhenk P, Nava-Miranda MG, Neill D, Neldner VJ, Nevenic RV, Ngugi MR, Niklaus PA, Oleksyn J, Ontikov P, Ortiz-Malavasi E, Pan Y, Paquette A, Parada-Gutierrez A, Parfenova EI, Park M, Parren M, Parthasarathy N, Peri PL, Pfautsch S, Picard N, Piedade MTF, Piotto D, Pitman NCA, Poulsen AD, Poulsen JR, Pretzsch H, Ramirez Arevalo F, Restrepo-Correa Z, Rodeghiero M, Rolim SG, Roopsind A, Rovero F, Rutishauser E, Saikia P, Salas-Eljatib C, Saner P, Schall P, Schelhaas MJ, Schepaschenko D, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Schöngart J, Searle EB, Seben V, Serra-Diaz JM, Sheil D, Shvidenko AZ, Silva-Espejo JE, Silveira M, Singh J, Sist P, Slik F, Sonké B, Souza AF, Stereńczak KJ, Svenning JC, Svoboda M, Swanepoel B, Targhetta N, Tchebakova N, Ter Steege H, Thomas R, Tikhonova E, Umunay PM, Usoltsev VA, Valencia R, Valladares F, van der Plas F, Van Do T, van Nuland ME, Vasquez RM, Verbeeck H, Viana H, Vibrans AC, Vieira S, von Gadow K, Wang HF, Watson JV, Werner GDA, Wiser SK, Wittmann F, Woell H, Wortel V, Zagt R, Zawiła-Niedźwiecki T, Zhang C, Zhao X, Zhou M, Zhu ZX, Zo-Bi IC, Gann GD, Crowther TW. Integrated global assessment of the natural forest carbon potential. Nature 2023; 624:92-101. [PMID: 37957399 PMCID: PMC10700142 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Forests are a substantial terrestrial carbon sink, but anthropogenic changes in land use and climate have considerably reduced the scale of this system1. Remote-sensing estimates to quantify carbon losses from global forests2-5 are characterized by considerable uncertainty and we lack a comprehensive ground-sourced evaluation to benchmark these estimates. Here we combine several ground-sourced6 and satellite-derived approaches2,7,8 to evaluate the scale of the global forest carbon potential outside agricultural and urban lands. Despite regional variation, the predictions demonstrated remarkable consistency at a global scale, with only a 12% difference between the ground-sourced and satellite-derived estimates. At present, global forest carbon storage is markedly under the natural potential, with a total deficit of 226 Gt (model range = 151-363 Gt) in areas with low human footprint. Most (61%, 139 Gt C) of this potential is in areas with existing forests, in which ecosystem protection can allow forests to recover to maturity. The remaining 39% (87 Gt C) of potential lies in regions in which forests have been removed or fragmented. Although forests cannot be a substitute for emissions reductions, our results support the idea2,3,9 that the conservation, restoration and sustainable management of diverse forests offer valuable contributions to meeting global climate and biodiversity targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Mo
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Constantin M Zohner
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute for Global Change Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jingjing Liang
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sergio de Miguel
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO - CERCA, Solsona, Spain
| | | | - Susanne S Renner
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Johan van den Hoogen
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arnan Araza
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Herold
- Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics Section, Helmholtz GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Leila Mirzagholi
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Haozhi Ma
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Colin Averill
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Javier G P Gamarra
- Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Iris Hordijk
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Devin Routh
- Central IT - Teaching and Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Meinrad Abegg
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Yves C Adou Yao
- UFR Biosciences, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Giorgio Alberti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Angelica M Almeyda Zambrano
- Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab, Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Luciana F Alves
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Iêda Amaral
- National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Christian Ammer
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Clara Antón-Fernández
- Division of Forest and Forest Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | | | - Luzmila Arroyo
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | | | - Gerardo A Aymard
- Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), UNELLEZ-Guanare, Portuguesa, Venezuela
- Compensation International Progress S. A. Ciprogress Greenlife, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Radomir Bałazy
- Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, Poland
| | - Olaf Banki
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jorcely G Barroso
- Centro Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - Meredith L Bastian
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Bastin
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Philippe Birnbaum
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Nouméa, New Caledonia
- AMAP, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert Bitariho
- Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Science & Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frans Bongers
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pedro H S Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Francis Q Brearley
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Roel Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Eben N Broadbent
- Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab, Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Filippo Bussotti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forest (DAGRI), University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Cazzolla Gatti
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ricardo G César
- Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Goran Cesljar
- Department of Spatial Regulation, GIS and Forest Policy, Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Robin L Chazdon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Han Y H Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chelsea Chisholm
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hyunkook Cho
- Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Emil Cienciala
- IFER - Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Jilove u Prahy, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Connie Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Clark
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gabriel D Colletta
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - David A Coomes
- Conservation Research Institute, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - José J Corral-Rivas
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | - Philip M Crim
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, The College of Saint Rose, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Selvadurai Dayanandan
- Biology Department, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - André L de Gasper
- Natural Science Department, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
| | | | - Géraldine Derroire
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Ben DeVries
- Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jiri Dolezal
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Aurélie Dourdain
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
| | | | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Teresa J Eyre
- Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Herbarium and Biodiversity Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Tom M Fayle
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Leandro V Ferreira
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Coordenação de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia, Belém, Brazil
| | - Leena Finér
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Joensuu, Finland
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Lorenzo Frizzera
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy
| | - Damiano Gianelle
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrew Hector
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Hemp
- Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Bruno Hérault
- Cirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Department of Forestry and Environment, National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - John L Herbohn
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Annika Hillers
- Centre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Liberia Office, Monrovia, Liberia
| | | | - Cang Hui
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Theoretical Ecology Unit, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas Ibanez
- AMAP, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Nobuo Imai
- Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrzej M Jagodziński
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
- Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bogdan Jaroszewicz
- Faculty of Biology, Białowieża Geobotanical Station, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Vivian Kvist Johannsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlos A Joly
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tommaso Jucker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ilbin Jung
- Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Viktor Karminov
- Forestry Faculty, Mytischi Branch of Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russian Federation
| | - Kuswata Kartawinata
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kearsley
- CAVElab - Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Kenfack
- CTFS-ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
| | - Deborah K Kennard
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO, USA
| | - Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Keppel
- UniSA STEM and Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mohammed Latif Khan
- Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
| | - Timothy J Killeen
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Hyun Seok Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Michael Köhl
- Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henn Korjus
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Florian Kraxner
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Dmitry Kucher
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Diana Laarmann
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mait Lang
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Huicui Lu
- Faculty of Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Natalia V Lukina
- Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Brian S Maitner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eric Marcon
- AgroParisTech, UMR-AMAP, Cirad, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Ben Hur Marimon-Junior
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Andrew R Marshall
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
- Flamingo Land Ltd., Kirby Misperton, UK
| | - Emanuel H Martin
- Department of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, Tanzania
| | - Jorge A Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Casimiro Mendoza
- Colegio de Profesionales Forestales de Cochabamba, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | | | - Stanislaw Miscicki
- Department of Forest Management, Dendrometry and Forest Economics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cory Merow
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Abel Monteagudo Mendoza
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Peru
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | - Vanessa S Moreno
- Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Sharif A Mukul
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Environment and Development Studies, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Philip Mundhenk
- Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - María Guadalupe Nava-Miranda
- Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ingeniería para el Desarrollo Rural y Civil, Escuela de Doctorado Internacional de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (EDIUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - David Neill
- Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Ecuador
| | - Victor J Neldner
- Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Herbarium and Biodiversity Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Michael R Ngugi
- Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Herbarium and Biodiversity Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pascal A Niklaus
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Petr Ontikov
- Forestry Faculty, Mytischi Branch of Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russian Federation
| | | | - Yude Pan
- Climate, Fire, and Carbon Cycle Sciences, USDA Forest Service, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Alain Paquette
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Elena I Parfenova
- V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - Minjee Park
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Marc Parren
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pablo L Peri
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Gallegos, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Pfautsch
- School of Social Sciences (Urban Studies), Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Daniel Piotto
- Laboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
| | | | | | - John R Poulsen
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
- The Nature Conservancy, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Hans Pretzsch
- Chair of Forest Growth and Yield Science, Department of Life Science Systems, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute (iuFOR), University Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Zorayda Restrepo-Correa
- Servicios Ecosistémicos y Cambio Climático (SECC), Fundación Con Vida & Corporación COL-TREE, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mirco Rodeghiero
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy
- Centro Agricoltura, Alimenti, Ambiente, University of Trento, San Michele All'adige, Italy
| | - Samir G Rolim
- Laboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
| | - Anand Roopsind
- Center for Natural Climate Solutions, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Francesco Rovero
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Tropical Biodiversity Section, MUSE - Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Purabi Saikia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
| | - Christian Salas-Eljatib
- Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Departamento de Gestión Forestal y su Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Peter Schall
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Dmitry Schepaschenko
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | | | - Bernhard Schmid
- Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Eric B Searle
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vladimír Seben
- National Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Josep M Serra-Diaz
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, Nancy, France
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Douglas Sheil
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Anatoly Z Shvidenko
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | | | - Marcos Silveira
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - James Singh
- Guyana Forestry Commission, Georgetown, French Guiana
| | - Plinio Sist
- Cirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ferry Slik
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Alexandre F Souza
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) & Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Nadja Tchebakova
- V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raquel Thomas
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development (IIC), Georgetown, French Guiana
| | - Elena Tikhonova
- Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Peter M Umunay
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vladimir A Usoltsev
- Botanical Garden of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural State Forest Engineering University, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Fons van der Plas
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tran Van Do
- Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab - Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Helder Viana
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
- Agricultural High School, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, IPV, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Alexander C Vibrans
- Natural Science Department, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
- Department of Forest Engineering, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Simone Vieira
- Environmental Studies and Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Klaus von Gadow
- Department of Forest and Wood Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Hua-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - James V Watson
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Susan K Wiser
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Florian Wittmann
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Verginia Wortel
- Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Roderik Zagt
- Tropenbos International, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Chunyu Zhang
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuhai Zhao
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Mo Zhou
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zhi-Xin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Irie C Zo-Bi
- Department of Forestry and Environment, National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - George D Gann
- Society for Ecological Restoration (SER), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland.
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Ma H, Crowther TW, Mo L, Maynard DS, Renner SS, van den Hoogen J, Zou Y, Liang J, de-Miguel S, Nabuurs GJ, Reich PB, Niinemets Ü, Abegg M, Adou Yao YC, Alberti G, Almeyda Zambrano AM, Alvarado BV, Alvarez-Dávila E, Alvarez-Loayza P, Alves LF, Ammer C, Antón-Fernández C, Araujo-Murakami A, Arroyo L, Avitabile V, Aymard GA, Baker TR, Bałazy R, Banki O, Barroso JG, Bastian ML, Bastin JF, Birigazzi L, Birnbaum P, Bitariho R, Boeckx P, Bongers F, Bouriaud O, Brancalion PHS, Brandl S, Brearley FQ, Brienen R, Broadbent EN, Bruelheide H, Bussotti F, Cazzolla Gatti R, César RG, Cesljar G, Chazdon R, Chen HYH, Chisholm C, Cho H, Cienciala E, Clark C, Clark D, Colletta GD, Coomes DA, Valverde FC, Corral-Rivas JJ, Crim PM, Cumming JR, Dayanandan S, de Gasper AL, Decuyper M, Derroire G, DeVries B, Djordjevic I, Dolezal J, Dourdain A, Engone Obiang NL, Enquist BJ, Eyre TJ, Fandohan AB, Fayle TM, Feldpausch TR, Ferreira LV, Finér L, Fischer M, Fletcher C, Fridman J, Frizzera L, Gamarra JGP, Gianelle D, Glick HB, Harris DJ, Hector A, Hemp A, Hengeveld G, Hérault B, Herbohn JL, Herold M, Hillers A, Honorio Coronado EN, Hui C, Ibanez TT, Amaral I, Imai N, Jagodziński AM, Jaroszewicz B, Johannsen VK, Joly CA, Jucker T, Jung I, Karminov V, Kartawinata K, Kearsley E, Kenfack D, Kennard DK, Kepfer-Rojas S, Keppel G, Khan ML, Killeen TJ, Kim HS, Kitayama K, Köhl M, Korjus H, Kraxner F, Kucher D, Laarmann D, Lang M, Lewis SL, Lu H, Lukina NV, Maitner BS, Malhi Y, Marcon E, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Marshall AR, Martin EH, Meave JA, Melo-Cruz O, Mendoza C, Merow C, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Moreno VS, Mukul SA, Mundhenk P, Nava-Miranda MG, Neill D, Neldner VJ, Nevenic RV, Ngugi MR, Niklaus PA, Oleksyn J, Ontikov P, Ortiz-Malavasi E, Pan Y, Paquette A, Parada-Gutierrez A, Parfenova EI, Park M, Parren M, Parthasarathy N, Peri PL, Pfautsch S, Phillips OL, Picard N, Piedade MTF, Piotto D, Pitman NCA, Mendoza-Polo I, Poulsen AD, Poulsen JR, Pretzsch H, Ramirez Arevalo F, Restrepo-Correa Z, Rodeghiero M, Rolim SG, Roopsind A, Rovero F, Rutishauser E, Saikia P, Salas-Eljatib C, Saner P, Schall P, Schelhaas MJ, Schepaschenko D, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Schöngart J, Searle EB, Seben V, Serra-Diaz JM, Sheil D, Shvidenko AZ, Silva-Espejo JE, Silveira M, Singh J, Sist P, Slik F, Sonké B, Souza AF, Miścicki S, Stereńczak KJ, Svenning JC, Svoboda M, Swanepoel B, Targhetta N, Tchebakova N, Ter Steege H, Thomas R, Tikhonova E, Umunay PM, Usoltsev VA, Valencia R, Valladares F, van der Plas F, Van Do T, van Nuland ME, Vasquez RM, Verbeeck H, Viana H, Vibrans AC, Vieira S, von Gadow K, Wang HF, Watson JV, Werner GDA, Westerlund B, Wiser SK, Wittmann F, Woell H, Wortel V, Zagt R, Zawiła-Niedźwiecki T, Zhang C, Zhao X, Zhou M, Zhu ZX, Zo-Bi IC, Zohner CM. The global biogeography of tree leaf form and habit. Nat Plants 2023; 9:1795-1809. [PMID: 37872262 PMCID: PMC10654052 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding what controls global leaf type variation in trees is crucial for comprehending their role in terrestrial ecosystems, including carbon, water and nutrient dynamics. Yet our understanding of the factors influencing forest leaf types remains incomplete, leaving us uncertain about the global proportions of needle-leaved, broadleaved, evergreen and deciduous trees. To address these gaps, we conducted a global, ground-sourced assessment of forest leaf-type variation by integrating forest inventory data with comprehensive leaf form (broadleaf vs needle-leaf) and habit (evergreen vs deciduous) records. We found that global variation in leaf habit is primarily driven by isothermality and soil characteristics, while leaf form is predominantly driven by temperature. Given these relationships, we estimate that 38% of global tree individuals are needle-leaved evergreen, 29% are broadleaved evergreen, 27% are broadleaved deciduous and 5% are needle-leaved deciduous. The aboveground biomass distribution among these tree types is approximately 21% (126.4 Gt), 54% (335.7 Gt), 22% (136.2 Gt) and 3% (18.7 Gt), respectively. We further project that, depending on future emissions pathways, 17-34% of forested areas will experience climate conditions by the end of the century that currently support a different forest type, highlighting the intensification of climatic stress on existing forests. By quantifying the distribution of tree leaf types and their corresponding biomass, and identifying regions where climate change will exert greatest pressure on current leaf types, our results can help improve predictions of future terrestrial ecosystem functioning and carbon cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhi Ma
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lidong Mo
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel S Maynard
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne S Renner
- Department of Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Johan van den Hoogen
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yibiao Zou
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jingjing Liang
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sergio de-Miguel
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO - CERCA, Solsona, Spain
| | | | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute for Global Change Biology, and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Meinrad Abegg
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Yves C Adou Yao
- UFR Biosciences, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Giorgio Alberti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Angelica M Almeyda Zambrano
- Spatial Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Tourism, Recreation and Sport Management, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Luciana F Alves
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian Ammer
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Clara Antón-Fernández
- Division of Forest and Forest Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | | | - Luzmila Arroyo
- Museo de Historia natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Gerardo A Aymard
- UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Portuguesa, Venezuela
- Compensation International S. A. Ci Progress-GreenLife, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | | | - Radomir Bałazy
- Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
| | - Olaf Banki
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jorcely G Barroso
- Centro Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - Meredith L Bastian
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Bastin
- TERRA Teach and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Philippe Birnbaum
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Nouméa, New Caledonia
- AMAP, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert Bitariho
- Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Sciences and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frans Bongers
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Pedro H S Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Francis Q Brearley
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Roel Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Eben N Broadbent
- Spatial Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Tourism, Recreation and Sport Management, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Filippo Bussotti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forest (DAGRI), University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Cazzolla Gatti
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ricardo G César
- Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Goran Cesljar
- Department of Spatial Regulation GIS and Forest Policy, Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Robin Chazdon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Tropical Forest and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Han Y H Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chelsea Chisholm
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hyunkook Cho
- Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Emil Cienciala
- IFER - Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Jilove u Prahy, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Connie Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Clark
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gabriel D Colletta
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - David A Coomes
- Department of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - José J Corral-Rivas
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | - Philip M Crim
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, The College of Saint Rose, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Selvadurai Dayanandan
- Biology Department, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - André L de Gasper
- Natural Science Department, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
| | | | - Géraldine Derroire
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Ben DeVries
- Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jiri Dolezal
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Aurélie Dourdain
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
| | | | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Teresa J Eyre
- Queensland Herbarium and Biodiversity Science, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Tom M Fayle
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Leandro V Ferreira
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Coordenação de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Leena Finér
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Joensuu, Finland
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Jonas Fridman
- Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU, Umea, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Frizzera
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy
| | - Javier G P Gamarra
- Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Damiano Gianelle
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrew Hector
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Hemp
- Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Bruno Hérault
- Cirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Department of Forestry and Environment, National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - John L Herbohn
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin Herold
- Helmholtz GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics Section, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Annika Hillers
- Centre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Liberia Office, Monrovia, Liberia
| | | | - Cang Hui
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Theoretical Ecology Unit, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas T Ibanez
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Iêda Amaral
- National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Nobuo Imai
- Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrzej M Jagodziński
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
- Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bogdan Jaroszewicz
- Faculty of Biology, Białowieża Geobotanical Station, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Vivian Kvist Johannsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlos A Joly
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tommaso Jucker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ilbin Jung
- Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Viktor Karminov
- Forestry Faculty, Mytischi Branch of Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russian Federation
| | - Kuswata Kartawinata
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kearsley
- CAVElab-Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Kenfack
- CTFS-ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
| | - Deborah K Kennard
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO, USA
| | - Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Keppel
- UniSA STEM and Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mohammed Latif Khan
- Department of Botany, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
| | | | - Hyun Seok Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Michael Köhl
- Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henn Korjus
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Florian Kraxner
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Dmitry Kucher
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Diana Laarmann
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mait Lang
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Simon L Lewis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
| | - Huicui Lu
- Faculty of Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Natalia V Lukina
- Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Brian S Maitner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eric Marcon
- AgroParisTech, UMR-AMAP, Cirad, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Ben Hur Marimon-Junior
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Andrew R Marshall
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
- Flamingo Land Ltd, Kirby Misperton, UK
| | - Emanuel H Martin
- Department of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, Tanzania
| | - Jorge A Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Casimiro Mendoza
- Colegio de Profesionales Forestales de Cochabamba, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Cory Merow
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Abel Monteagudo Mendoza
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Pasco, Peru
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | - Vanessa S Moreno
- Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Sharif A Mukul
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Environment and Development Studies, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Philip Mundhenk
- Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - María Guadalupe Nava-Miranda
- Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
- Programa de doctorado en Ingeniería para el desarrollo rural y civil, Escuela de Doctorado Internacional de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (EDIUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - David Neill
- Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
| | - Victor J Neldner
- Queensland Herbarium and Biodiversity Science, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Michael R Ngugi
- Queensland Herbarium and Biodiversity Science, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pascal A Niklaus
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Petr Ontikov
- Forestry Faculty, Mytischi Branch of Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russian Federation
| | | | - Yude Pan
- Climate, Fire, and Carbon Cycle Sciences, USDA Forest Service, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alain Paquette
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Elena I Parfenova
- V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - Minjee Park
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Marc Parren
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Pablo L Peri
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Gallegos, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Pfautsch
- School of Social Sciences (Urban Studies), Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Piotto
- Laboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - John R Poulsen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- The Nature Conservancy, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Hans Pretzsch
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, Department of Life Science Systems, TUM School for Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute iuFOR, University Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Zorayda Restrepo-Correa
- Servicios Ecosistémicos y Cambio Climático (SECC), Fundación Con Vida and Corporación COL-TREE, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mirco Rodeghiero
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy
- Centro Agricoltura, Alimenti, Ambiente, University of Trento, San Michele All'adige, Italy
| | - Samir G Rolim
- Laboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
| | - Anand Roopsind
- Center for Natural Climate Solutions, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Francesco Rovero
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Tropical Biodiversity, MUSE - Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Purabi Saikia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Christian Salas-Eljatib
- Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Departamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | | | - Peter Schall
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Dmitry Schepaschenko
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | | | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Geography, Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Eric B Searle
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vladimír Seben
- National Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Josep M Serra-Diaz
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, Nancy, France
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Douglas Sheil
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Anatoly Z Shvidenko
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | | | - Marcos Silveira
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
| | - James Singh
- Guyana Forestry Commission, Georgetown, French Guiana
| | - Plinio Sist
- Cirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ferry Slik
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Alexandre F Souza
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Stanislaw Miścicki
- Department of Forest Management, Dendrometry and Forest Economics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) & Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Nadja Tchebakova
- V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Raquel Thomas
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development (IIC), Georgetown, French Guiana
| | - Elena Tikhonova
- Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Peter M Umunay
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vladimir A Usoltsev
- Botanical Garden of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural State Forest Engineering University, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Fons van der Plas
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tran Van Do
- Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab-Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Helder Viana
- Agricultural High School, ESAV, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, IPV, Viseu, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Alexander C Vibrans
- Natural Science Department, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
- Department of Forest Engineering, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Simone Vieira
- Environmental Studies and Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Klaus von Gadow
- Department of Forest and Wood Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Hua-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - James V Watson
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Bertil Westerlund
- Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU, Umea, Sweden
| | - Susan K Wiser
- Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Florian Wittmann
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hannsjoerg Woell
- Independent Researcher, Sommersbergseestrasse, Bad Aussee, Austria
| | - Verginia Wortel
- Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Roderick Zagt
- Tropenbos International, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Chunyu Zhang
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuhai Zhao
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Mo Zhou
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zhi-Xin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Irie C Zo-Bi
- Department of Forestry and Environment, National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Constantin M Zohner
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
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Delavaux CS, Crowther TW, Zohner CM, Robmann NM, Lauber T, van den Hoogen J, Kuebbing S, Liang J, de-Miguel S, Nabuurs GJ, Reich PB, Abegg M, Adou Yao YC, Alberti G, Almeyda Zambrano AM, Alvarado BV, Alvarez-Dávila E, Alvarez-Loayza P, Alves LF, Ammer C, Antón-Fernández C, Araujo-Murakami A, Arroyo L, Avitabile V, Aymard GA, Baker TR, Bałazy R, Banki O, Barroso JG, Bastian ML, Bastin JF, Birigazzi L, Birnbaum P, Bitariho R, Boeckx P, Bongers F, Bouriaud O, Brancalion PHS, Brandl S, Brienen R, Broadbent EN, Bruelheide H, Bussotti F, Gatti RC, César RG, Cesljar G, Chazdon R, Chen HYH, Chisholm C, Cho H, Cienciala E, Clark C, Clark D, Colletta GD, Coomes DA, Cornejo Valverde F, Corral-Rivas JJ, Crim PM, Cumming JR, Dayanandan S, de Gasper AL, Decuyper M, Derroire G, DeVries B, Djordjevic I, Dolezal J, Dourdain A, Engone Obiang NL, Enquist BJ, Eyre TJ, Fandohan AB, Fayle TM, Feldpausch TR, Ferreira LV, Fischer M, Fletcher C, Frizzera L, Gamarra JGP, Gianelle D, Glick HB, Harris DJ, Hector A, Hemp A, Hengeveld G, Hérault B, Herbohn JL, Herold M, Hillers A, Honorio Coronado EN, Hui C, Ibanez TT, Amaral I, Imai N, Jagodziński AM, Jaroszewicz B, Johannsen VK, Joly CA, Jucker T, Jung I, Karminov V, Kartawinata K, Kearsley E, Kenfack D, Kennard DK, Kepfer-Rojas S, Keppel G, Khan ML, Killeen TJ, Kim HS, Kitayama K, Köhl M, Korjus H, Kraxner F, Laarmann D, Lang M, Lewis SL, Lu H, Lukina NV, Maitner BS, Malhi Y, Marcon E, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Marshall AR, Martin EH, Martynenko O, Meave JA, Melo-Cruz O, Mendoza C, Merow C, Mendoza AM, Moreno VS, Mukul SA, Mundhenk P, Nava-Miranda MG, Neill D, Neldner VJ, Nevenic RV, Ngugi MR, Niklaus PA, Oleksyn J, Ontikov P, Ortiz-Malavasi E, Pan Y, Paquette A, Parada-Gutierrez A, Parfenova EI, Park M, Parren M, Parthasarathy N, Peri PL, Pfautsch S, Phillips OL, Picard N, Piedade MTTF, Piotto D, Pitman NCA, Polo I, Poorter L, Poulsen AD, Pretzsch H, Ramirez Arevalo F, Restrepo-Correa Z, Rodeghiero M, Rolim SG, Roopsind A, Rovero F, Rutishauser E, Saikia P, Salas-Eljatib C, Saner P, Schall P, Schepaschenko D, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Schöngart J, Searle EB, Seben V, Serra-Diaz JM, Sheil D, Shvidenko AZ, Silva-Espejo JE, Silveira M, Singh J, Sist P, Slik F, Sonké B, Souza AF, Miscicki S, Stereńczak KJ, Svenning JC, Svoboda M, Swanepoel B, Targhetta N, Tchebakova N, Ter Steege H, Thomas R, Tikhonova E, Umunay PM, Usoltsev VA, Valencia R, Valladares F, van der Plas F, Do TV, van Nuland ME, Vasquez RM, Verbeeck H, Viana H, Vibrans AC, Vieira S, von Gadow K, Wang HF, Watson JV, Werner GDA, Wiser SK, Wittmann F, Woell H, Wortel V, Zagt R, Zawiła-Niedźwiecki T, Zhang C, Zhao X, Zhou M, Zhu ZX, Zo-Bi IC, Maynard DS. Author Correction: Native diversity buffers against severity of non-native tree invasions. Nature 2023; 622:E2. [PMID: 37752352 PMCID: PMC10567547 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille S Delavaux
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Constantin M Zohner
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niamh M Robmann
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Lauber
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johan van den Hoogen
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara Kuebbing
- The Forest School at The Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jingjing Liang
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sergio de-Miguel
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC-AGROTECNIO-CERCA, Solsona, Spain
| | | | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute for Global Change Biology, and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Meinrad Abegg
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Yves C Adou Yao
- UFR Biosciences, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Giorgio Alberti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Angelica M Almeyda Zambrano
- Spatial Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Tourism, Recreation and Sport Management, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Luciana F Alves
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian Ammer
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Clara Antón-Fernández
- Division of Forest and Forest Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | | | - Luzmila Arroyo
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Gerardo A Aymard
- UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Portuguesa, Venezuela
- Compensation International S. A. Ci Progress-GreenLife, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Radomir Bałazy
- Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
| | - Olaf Banki
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jorcely G Barroso
- Centro Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - Meredith L Bastian
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Bastin
- TERRA Teach and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Luca Birigazzi
- United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philippe Birnbaum
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Nouméa, New Caledonia
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert Bitariho
- Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Sciences and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory-ISOFYS, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frans Bongers
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Bouriaud
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control (MANSiD), Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
| | - Pedro H S Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Roel Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Eben N Broadbent
- Spatial Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Filippo Bussotti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forest (DAGRI), University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Cazzolla Gatti
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ricardo G César
- Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Goran Cesljar
- Department of Spatial Regulation, GIS and Forest Policy, Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Robin Chazdon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Han Y H Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chelsea Chisholm
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hyunkook Cho
- Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Emil Cienciala
- IFER-Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Jilove u Prahy, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Connie Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Clark
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gabriel D Colletta
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - David A Coomes
- Department of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - José J Corral-Rivas
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | - Philip M Crim
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, The College of Saint Rose, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Selvadurai Dayanandan
- Biology Department, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - André L de Gasper
- Natural Science Department, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Mathieu Decuyper
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Géraldine Derroire
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE), Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane, Campus Agronomique, Kourou, France
| | - Ben DeVries
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Jiri Dolezal
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Aurélie Dourdain
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE), Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane, Campus Agronomique, Kourou, France
| | | | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Teresa J Eyre
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Tom M Fayle
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Leandro V Ferreira
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Coordenação de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Lorenzo Frizzera
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy
| | - Javier G P Gamarra
- Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Damiano Gianelle
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrew Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Hemp
- Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Bruno Hérault
- Cirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Department of Forestry and Environment, National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - John L Herbohn
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin Herold
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annika Hillers
- Centre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Liberia Office, Monrovia, Liberia
| | | | - Cang Hui
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Theoretical Ecology Unit, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas T Ibanez
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Iêda Amaral
- National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Nobuo Imai
- Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrzej M Jagodziński
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bogdan Jaroszewicz
- Faculty of Biology, Białowieża Geobotanical Station, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Vivian Kvist Johannsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlos A Joly
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tommaso Jucker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ilbin Jung
- Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Viktor Karminov
- Forestry Faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russia
| | | | - Elizabeth Kearsley
- CAVElab-Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Kenfack
- CTFS-ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
| | - Deborah K Kennard
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO, USA
| | - Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Keppel
- UniSA STEM and Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mohammed Latif Khan
- Department of Botany, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
| | | | - Hyun Seok Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Michael Köhl
- Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henn Korjus
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Florian Kraxner
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Diana Laarmann
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mait Lang
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Simon L Lewis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
| | - Huicui Lu
- Faculty of Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Natalia V Lukina
- Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Brian S Maitner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eric Marcon
- AgroParisTech, UMR-AMAP, Cirad, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Ben Hur Marimon-Junior
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Andrew R Marshall
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
- Flamingo Land, Malton, UK
| | - Emanuel H Martin
- Department of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, Tanzania
| | - Olga Martynenko
- Forestry Faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russia
| | - Jorge A Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Casimiro Mendoza
- Colegio de Profesionales Forestales de Cochabamba, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Cory Merow
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Abel Monteagudo Mendoza
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Pasco, Peru
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | - Vanessa S Moreno
- Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Sharif A Mukul
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Environment and Development Studies, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Philip Mundhenk
- Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - María Guadalupe Nava-Miranda
- Laboratorio de geomática, Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
- Programa de doctorado en Ingeniería para el desarrollo rural y civil, Escuela de Doctorado Internacional de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Environment and Development Studies, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - David Neill
- Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
| | - Victor J Neldner
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Michael R Ngugi
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pascal A Niklaus
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Petr Ontikov
- Forestry Faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russia
| | | | - Yude Pan
- Climate, Fire, and Carbon Cycle Sciences, USDA Forest Service, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alain Paquette
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Elena I Parfenova
- V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Minjee Park
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Marc Parren
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pablo L Peri
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Río Gallegos, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Pfautsch
- School of Social Sciences (Urban Studies), Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Nicolas Picard
- Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daniel Piotto
- Laboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
| | | | - Irina Polo
- Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans Pretzsch
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School for Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Zorayda Restrepo-Correa
- Servicios Ecosistémicos y Cambio Climático (SECC), Fundación Con Vida & Corporación COL-TREE, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mirco Rodeghiero
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy
- Centro Agricoltura, Alimenti, Ambiente, University of Trento, San Michele All'adige, Italy
| | - Samir G Rolim
- Laboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
| | - Anand Roopsind
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Francesco Rovero
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Tropical Biodiversity, MUSE-Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Purabi Saikia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Christian Salas-Eljatib
- Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Vicerrectoria de Investigacion y Postgrado, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Depto. de Silvicultura y Conservacion de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | | | - Peter Schall
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dmitry Schepaschenko
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
- V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | | | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Eric B Searle
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vladimír Seben
- National Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Josep M Serra-Diaz
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, Nancy, France
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) and Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Douglas Sheil
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Anatoly Z Shvidenko
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | | | - Marcos Silveira
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
| | - James Singh
- Guyana Forestry Commission, Georgetown, France
| | - Plinio Sist
- Cirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ferry Slik
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Alexandre F Souza
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) and Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Nadja Tchebakova
- V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Betafaculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raquel Thomas
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development (IIC), Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Elena Tikhonova
- Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter M Umunay
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vladimir A Usoltsev
- Botanical Garden of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural State Forest Engineering University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Fons van der Plas
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tran Van Do
- Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab-Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Helder Viana
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Viseu, Portugal
- Department of Ecology and Sustainable Agriculture, Agricultural High School, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Alexander C Vibrans
- Natural Science Department, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
- Department of Forest Engineering Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Simone Vieira
- Environmental Studies and Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Klaus von Gadow
- Department of Forest and Wood Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Hua-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - James V Watson
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Susan K Wiser
- Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Florian Wittmann
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Verginia Wortel
- Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Roderik Zagt
- Tropenbos International, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Chunyu Zhang
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuhai Zhao
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Mo Zhou
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zhi-Xin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Irie C Zo-Bi
- Department of Forestry and Environment, National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Daniel S Maynard
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London, UK
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5
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Delavaux CS, Crowther TW, Zohner CM, Robmann NM, Lauber T, van den Hoogen J, Kuebbing S, Liang J, de-Miguel S, Nabuurs GJ, Reich PB, Abegg M, Adou Yao YC, Alberti G, Almeyda Zambrano AM, Alvarado BV, Alvarez-Dávila E, Alvarez-Loayza P, Alves LF, Ammer C, Antón-Fernández C, Araujo-Murakami A, Arroyo L, Avitabile V, Aymard GA, Baker TR, Bałazy R, Banki O, Barroso JG, Bastian ML, Bastin JF, Birigazzi L, Birnbaum P, Bitariho R, Boeckx P, Bongers F, Bouriaud O, Brancalion PHS, Brandl S, Brienen R, Broadbent EN, Bruelheide H, Bussotti F, Gatti RC, César RG, Cesljar G, Chazdon R, Chen HYH, Chisholm C, Cho H, Cienciala E, Clark C, Clark D, Colletta GD, Coomes DA, Cornejo Valverde F, Corral-Rivas JJ, Crim PM, Cumming JR, Dayanandan S, de Gasper AL, Decuyper M, Derroire G, DeVries B, Djordjevic I, Dolezal J, Dourdain A, Engone Obiang NL, Enquist BJ, Eyre TJ, Fandohan AB, Fayle TM, Feldpausch TR, Ferreira LV, Fischer M, Fletcher C, Frizzera L, Gamarra JGP, Gianelle D, Glick HB, Harris DJ, Hector A, Hemp A, Hengeveld G, Hérault B, Herbohn JL, Herold M, Hillers A, Honorio Coronado EN, Hui C, Ibanez TT, Amaral I, Imai N, Jagodziński AM, Jaroszewicz B, Johannsen VK, Joly CA, Jucker T, Jung I, Karminov V, Kartawinata K, Kearsley E, Kenfack D, Kennard DK, Kepfer-Rojas S, Keppel G, Khan ML, Killeen TJ, Kim HS, Kitayama K, Köhl M, Korjus H, Kraxner F, Laarmann D, Lang M, Lewis SL, Lu H, Lukina NV, Maitner BS, Malhi Y, Marcon E, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Marshall AR, Martin EH, Martynenko O, Meave JA, Melo-Cruz O, Mendoza C, Merow C, Mendoza AM, Moreno VS, Mukul SA, Mundhenk P, Nava-Miranda MG, Neill D, Neldner VJ, Nevenic RV, Ngugi MR, Niklaus PA, Oleksyn J, Ontikov P, Ortiz-Malavasi E, Pan Y, Paquette A, Parada-Gutierrez A, Parfenova EI, Park M, Parren M, Parthasarathy N, Peri PL, Pfautsch S, Phillips OL, Picard N, Piedade MTTF, Piotto D, Pitman NCA, Polo I, Poorter L, Poulsen AD, Pretzsch H, Ramirez Arevalo F, Restrepo-Correa Z, Rodeghiero M, Rolim SG, Roopsind A, Rovero F, Rutishauser E, Saikia P, Salas-Eljatib C, Saner P, Schall P, Schepaschenko D, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Schöngart J, Searle EB, Seben V, Serra-Diaz JM, Sheil D, Shvidenko AZ, Silva-Espejo JE, Silveira M, Singh J, Sist P, Slik F, Sonké B, Souza AF, Miscicki S, Stereńczak KJ, Svenning JC, Svoboda M, Swanepoel B, Targhetta N, Tchebakova N, Ter Steege H, Thomas R, Tikhonova E, Umunay PM, Usoltsev VA, Valencia R, Valladares F, van der Plas F, Do TV, van Nuland ME, Vasquez RM, Verbeeck H, Viana H, Vibrans AC, Vieira S, von Gadow K, Wang HF, Watson JV, Werner GDA, Wiser SK, Wittmann F, Woell H, Wortel V, Zagt R, Zawiła-Niedźwiecki T, Zhang C, Zhao X, Zhou M, Zhu ZX, Zo-Bi IC, Maynard DS. Native diversity buffers against severity of non-native tree invasions. Nature 2023; 621:773-781. [PMID: 37612513 PMCID: PMC10533391 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Determining the drivers of non-native plant invasions is critical for managing native ecosystems and limiting the spread of invasive species1,2. Tree invasions in particular have been relatively overlooked, even though they have the potential to transform ecosystems and economies3,4. Here, leveraging global tree databases5-7, we explore how the phylogenetic and functional diversity of native tree communities, human pressure and the environment influence the establishment of non-native tree species and the subsequent invasion severity. We find that anthropogenic factors are key to predicting whether a location is invaded, but that invasion severity is underpinned by native diversity, with higher diversity predicting lower invasion severity. Temperature and precipitation emerge as strong predictors of invasion strategy, with non-native species invading successfully when they are similar to the native community in cold or dry extremes. Yet, despite the influence of these ecological forces in determining invasion strategy, we find evidence that these patterns can be obscured by human activity, with lower ecological signal in areas with higher proximity to shipping ports. Our global perspective of non-native tree invasion highlights that human drivers influence non-native tree presence, and that native phylogenetic and functional diversity have a critical role in the establishment and spread of subsequent invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille S Delavaux
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Constantin M Zohner
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niamh M Robmann
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Lauber
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johan van den Hoogen
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara Kuebbing
- The Forest School at The Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jingjing Liang
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sergio de-Miguel
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC-AGROTECNIO-CERCA, Solsona, Spain
| | | | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute for Global Change Biology, and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Meinrad Abegg
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Yves C Adou Yao
- UFR Biosciences, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Giorgio Alberti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Angelica M Almeyda Zambrano
- Spatial Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Tourism, Recreation and Sport Management, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Luciana F Alves
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian Ammer
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Clara Antón-Fernández
- Division of Forest and Forest Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | | | - Luzmila Arroyo
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Gerardo A Aymard
- UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Portuguesa, Venezuela
- Compensation International S. A. Ci Progress-GreenLife, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Radomir Bałazy
- Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
| | - Olaf Banki
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jorcely G Barroso
- Centro Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - Meredith L Bastian
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Bastin
- TERRA Teach and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Luca Birigazzi
- United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philippe Birnbaum
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Nouméa, New Caledonia
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert Bitariho
- Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Sciences and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory-ISOFYS, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frans Bongers
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Bouriaud
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control (MANSiD), Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
| | - Pedro H S Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Roel Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Eben N Broadbent
- Spatial Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Filippo Bussotti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forest (DAGRI), University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Cazzolla Gatti
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ricardo G César
- Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Goran Cesljar
- Department of Spatial Regulation, GIS and Forest Policy, Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Robin Chazdon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Han Y H Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chelsea Chisholm
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hyunkook Cho
- Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Emil Cienciala
- IFER-Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Jilove u Prahy, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Connie Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Clark
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gabriel D Colletta
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - David A Coomes
- Department of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - José J Corral-Rivas
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | - Philip M Crim
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, The College of Saint Rose, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Selvadurai Dayanandan
- Biology Department, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - André L de Gasper
- Natural Science Department, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Mathieu Decuyper
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Géraldine Derroire
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE), Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane, Campus Agronomique, Kourou, France
| | - Ben DeVries
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Jiri Dolezal
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Aurélie Dourdain
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE), Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane, Campus Agronomique, Kourou, France
| | | | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Teresa J Eyre
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Tom M Fayle
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Leandro V Ferreira
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Coordenação de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Lorenzo Frizzera
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy
| | - Javier G P Gamarra
- Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Damiano Gianelle
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrew Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Hemp
- Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Bruno Hérault
- Cirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Department of Forestry and Environment, National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - John L Herbohn
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin Herold
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annika Hillers
- Centre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Liberia Office, Monrovia, Liberia
| | | | - Cang Hui
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Theoretical Ecology Unit, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas T Ibanez
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Iêda Amaral
- National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Nobuo Imai
- Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrzej M Jagodziński
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bogdan Jaroszewicz
- Faculty of Biology, Białowieża Geobotanical Station, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Vivian Kvist Johannsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlos A Joly
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tommaso Jucker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ilbin Jung
- Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Viktor Karminov
- Forestry Faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russia
| | | | - Elizabeth Kearsley
- CAVElab-Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Kenfack
- CTFS-ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
| | - Deborah K Kennard
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO, USA
| | - Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Keppel
- UniSA STEM and Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mohammed Latif Khan
- Department of Botany, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
| | | | - Hyun Seok Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Michael Köhl
- Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henn Korjus
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Florian Kraxner
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Diana Laarmann
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mait Lang
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Simon L Lewis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
| | - Huicui Lu
- Faculty of Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Natalia V Lukina
- Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Brian S Maitner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eric Marcon
- AgroParisTech, UMR-AMAP, Cirad, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Ben Hur Marimon-Junior
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Andrew R Marshall
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
- Flamingo Land, Malton, UK
| | - Emanuel H Martin
- Department of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, Tanzania
| | - Olga Martynenko
- Forestry Faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russia
| | - Jorge A Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Casimiro Mendoza
- Colegio de Profesionales Forestales de Cochabamba, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Cory Merow
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Abel Monteagudo Mendoza
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Pasco, Peru
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | - Vanessa S Moreno
- Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Sharif A Mukul
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Environment and Development Studies, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Philip Mundhenk
- Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - María Guadalupe Nava-Miranda
- Laboratorio de geomática, Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
- Programa de doctorado en Ingeniería para el desarrollo rural y civil, Escuela de Doctorado Internacional de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Environment and Development Studies, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - David Neill
- Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
| | - Victor J Neldner
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Michael R Ngugi
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pascal A Niklaus
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Petr Ontikov
- Forestry Faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russia
| | | | - Yude Pan
- Climate, Fire, and Carbon Cycle Sciences, USDA Forest Service, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alain Paquette
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Elena I Parfenova
- V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Minjee Park
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Marc Parren
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pablo L Peri
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Río Gallegos, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Pfautsch
- School of Social Sciences (Urban Studies), Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Nicolas Picard
- Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daniel Piotto
- Laboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
| | | | - Irina Polo
- Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans Pretzsch
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School for Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Zorayda Restrepo-Correa
- Servicios Ecosistémicos y Cambio Climático (SECC), Fundación Con Vida & Corporación COL-TREE, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mirco Rodeghiero
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy
- Centro Agricoltura, Alimenti, Ambiente, University of Trento, San Michele All'adige, Italy
| | - Samir G Rolim
- Laboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
| | - Anand Roopsind
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Francesco Rovero
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Tropical Biodiversity, MUSE-Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Purabi Saikia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Christian Salas-Eljatib
- Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Vicerrectoria de Investigacion y Postgrado, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Depto. de Silvicultura y Conservacion de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | | | - Peter Schall
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dmitry Schepaschenko
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
- V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | | | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Eric B Searle
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vladimír Seben
- National Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Josep M Serra-Diaz
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, Nancy, France
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) and Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Douglas Sheil
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Anatoly Z Shvidenko
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | | | - Marcos Silveira
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
| | - James Singh
- Guyana Forestry Commission, Georgetown, France
| | - Plinio Sist
- Cirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ferry Slik
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Alexandre F Souza
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) and Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Nadja Tchebakova
- V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Betafaculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raquel Thomas
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development (IIC), Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Elena Tikhonova
- Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter M Umunay
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vladimir A Usoltsev
- Botanical Garden of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural State Forest Engineering University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Fons van der Plas
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tran Van Do
- Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab-Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Helder Viana
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Viseu, Portugal
- Department of Ecology and Sustainable Agriculture, Agricultural High School, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Alexander C Vibrans
- Natural Science Department, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
- Department of Forest Engineering Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Simone Vieira
- Environmental Studies and Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Klaus von Gadow
- Department of Forest and Wood Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Hua-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - James V Watson
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Susan K Wiser
- Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Florian Wittmann
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Verginia Wortel
- Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Roderik Zagt
- Tropenbos International, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Chunyu Zhang
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuhai Zhao
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Mo Zhou
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zhi-Xin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Irie C Zo-Bi
- Department of Forestry and Environment, National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Daniel S Maynard
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London, UK
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6
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Liang J, Gamarra JGP, Picard N, Zhou M, Pijanowski B, Jacobs DF, Reich PB, Crowther TW, Nabuurs GJ, de-Miguel S, Fang J, Woodall CW, Svenning JC, Jucker T, Bastin JF, Wiser SK, Slik F, Hérault B, Alberti G, Keppel G, Hengeveld GM, Ibisch PL, Silva CA, Ter Steege H, Peri PL, Coomes DA, Searle EB, von Gadow K, Jaroszewicz B, Abbasi AO, Abegg M, Yao YCA, Aguirre-Gutiérrez J, Zambrano AMA, Altman J, Alvarez-Dávila E, Álvarez-González JG, Alves LF, Amani BHK, Amani CA, Ammer C, Ilondea BA, Antón-Fernández C, Avitabile V, Aymard GA, Azihou AF, Baard JA, Baker TR, Balazy R, Bastian ML, Batumike R, Bauters M, Beeckman H, Benu NMH, Bitariho R, Boeckx P, Bogaert J, Bongers F, Bouriaud O, Brancalion PHS, Brandl S, Brearley FQ, Briseno-Reyes J, Broadbent EN, Bruelheide H, Bulte E, Catlin AC, Cazzolla Gatti R, César RG, Chen HYH, Chisholm C, Cienciala E, Colletta GD, Corral-Rivas JJ, Cuchietti A, Cuni-Sanchez A, Dar JA, Dayanandan S, de Haulleville T, Decuyper M, Delabye S, Derroire G, DeVries B, Diisi J, Do TV, Dolezal J, Dourdain A, Durrheim GP, Obiang NLE, Ewango CEN, Eyre TJ, Fayle TM, Feunang LFN, Finér L, Fischer M, Fridman J, Frizzera L, de Gasper AL, Gianelle D, Glick HB, Gonzalez-Elizondo MS, Gorenstein L, Habonayo R, Hardy OJ, Harris DJ, Hector A, Hemp A, Herold M, Hillers A, Hubau W, Ibanez T, Imai N, Imani G, Jagodzinski AM, Janecek S, Johannsen VK, Joly CA, Jumbam B, Kabelong BLPR, Kahsay GA, Karminov V, Kartawinata K, Kassi JN, Kearsley E, Kennard DK, Kepfer-Rojas S, Khan ML, Kigomo JN, Kim HS, Klauberg C, Klomberg Y, Korjus H, Kothandaraman S, Kraxner F, Kumar A, Kuswandi R, Lang M, Lawes MJ, Leite RV, Lentner G, Lewis SL, Libalah MB, Lisingo J, López-Serrano PM, Lu H, Lukina NV, Lykke AM, Maicher V, Maitner BS, Marcon E, Marshall AR, Martin EH, Martynenko O, Mbayu FM, Mbuvi MTE, Meave JA, Merow C, Miscicki S, Moreno VS, Morera A, Mukul SA, Müller JC, Murdjoko A, Nava-Miranda MG, Ndive LE, Neldner VJ, Nevenic RV, Nforbelie LN, Ngoh ML, N'Guessan AE, Ngugi MR, Ngute ASK, Njila ENN, Nyako MC, Ochuodho TO, Oleksyn J, Paquette A, Parfenova EI, Park M, Parren M, Parthasarathy N, Pfautsch S, Phillips OL, Piedade MTF, Piotto D, Pollastrini M, Poorter L, Poulsen JR, Poulsen AD, Pretzsch H, Rodeghiero M, Rolim SG, Rovero F, Rutishauser E, Sagheb-Talebi K, Saikia P, Sainge MN, Salas-Eljatib C, Salis A, Schall P, Schepaschenko D, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Schöngart J, Šebeň V, Sellan G, Selvi F, Serra-Diaz JM, Sheil D, Shvidenko AZ, Sist P, Souza AF, Stereńczak KJ, Sullivan MJP, Sundarapandian S, Svoboda M, Swaine MD, Targhetta N, Tchebakova N, Trethowan LA, Tropek R, Mukendi JT, Umunay PM, Usoltsev VA, Vaglio Laurin G, Valentini R, Valladares F, van der Plas F, Vega-Nieva DJ, Verbeeck H, Viana H, Vibrans AC, Vieira SA, Vleminckx J, Waite CE, Wang HF, Wasingya EK, Wekesa C, Westerlund B, Wittmann F, Wortel V, Zawiła-Niedźwiecki T, Zhang C, Zhao X, Zhu J, Zhu X, Zhu ZX, Zo-Bi IC, Hui C. Co-limitation towards lower latitudes shapes global forest diversity gradients. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1423-1437. [PMID: 35941205 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most recognized global patterns of species richness exhibited across a wide range of taxa. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed in the past two centuries to explain LDG, but rigorous tests of the drivers of LDGs have been limited by a lack of high-quality global species richness data. Here we produce a high-resolution (0.025° × 0.025°) map of local tree species richness using a global forest inventory database with individual tree information and local biophysical characteristics from ~1.3 million sample plots. We then quantify drivers of local tree species richness patterns across latitudes. Generally, annual mean temperature was a dominant predictor of tree species richness, which is most consistent with the metabolic theory of biodiversity (MTB). However, MTB underestimated LDG in the tropics, where high species richness was also moderated by topographic, soil and anthropogenic factors operating at local scales. Given that local landscape variables operate synergistically with bioclimatic factors in shaping the global LDG pattern, we suggest that MTB be extended to account for co-limitation by subordinate drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liang
- Forest Advanced Computing and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (FACAI), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Javier G P Gamarra
- Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mo Zhou
- Forest Advanced Computing and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (FACAI), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Bryan Pijanowski
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Douglass F Jacobs
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Institute for Global Change Biology, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gert-Jan Nabuurs
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sergio de-Miguel
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC-Agrotecnio-CERCA, Solsona, Spain
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Evironmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tommaso Jucker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jean-Francois Bastin
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Susan K Wiser
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Ferry Slik
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Bruno Hérault
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
- INP-HB (Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouet-Boigny), University of Montpellier, Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast
| | - Giorgio Alberti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
- Institute of Bioeconomy, CNR, Sesto, Italy
| | - Gunnar Keppel
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Geerten M Hengeveld
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Wageningen University & Research, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Pierre L Ibisch
- Centre for Econics and Ecosystem Management, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Carlos A Silva
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food & Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Pablo L Peri
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Santa Cruz, Argentina
| | - David A Coomes
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eric B Searle
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Klaus von Gadow
- University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Bogdan Jaroszewicz
- Białowieża Geobotanical Station, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Akane O Abbasi
- Forest Advanced Computing and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (FACAI), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Meinrad Abegg
- Swiss National Forest Inventory/Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Yves C Adou Yao
- UFR Biosciences, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
| | - Jesús Aguirre-Gutiérrez
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Biodiversity Dynamics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Jan Altman
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Trebon, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Esteban Alvarez-Dávila
- Escuela ECAPMA, National Open University and Distance (Colombia) | UNAD, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Luciana F Alves
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Christian A Amani
- Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Christian Ammer
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bhely Angoboy Ilondea
- Institut National pour l'Etude et la Recherche Agronomiques, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Clara Antón-Fernández
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Forestry and Forest Resources, Ås, Norway
| | | | | | - Akomian F Azihou
- Laboratory of Applied Ecology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Johan A Baard
- Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Knysna, South Africa
| | | | - Radomir Balazy
- Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Sekocin Stary, Raszyn, Poland
| | - Meredith L Bastian
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rodrigue Batumike
- Department of Environment, Universtité du Cinquantenaire de Lwiro, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Marijn Bauters
- Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans Beeckman
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | | | - Robert Bitariho
- Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Bogaert
- Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Olivier Bouriaud
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control (MANSiD), University Stefan cel Mare of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
| | - Pedro H S Brancalion
- Department of Forestry Sciences, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Francis Q Brearley
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Jaime Briseno-Reyes
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | - Eben N Broadbent
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food & Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erwin Bulte
- Development Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ann Christine Catlin
- Rosen Center for Advanced Computing (RCAC), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Roberto Cazzolla Gatti
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ricardo G César
- Department of Forestry Sciences, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Han Y H Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chelsea Chisholm
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Emil Cienciala
- IFER - Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Jilove u Prahy, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel D Colletta
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas CEP, Biologia, Brazil
| | | | - Anibal Cuchietti
- Dirección Nacional de Bosques (DNB), Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (MAyDS), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aida Cuni-Sanchez
- Department of International Environment and Development Studies (Noragric), Faculty of Landscape and Society, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
| | - Javid A Dar
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP, Guntur, India
- Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Madhya Pradesh, India
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Selvadurai Dayanandan
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics & Quebec Centre for Biodiversity Science, Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thales de Haulleville
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Decuyper
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sylvain Delabye
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Géraldine Derroire
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParistech, CNRS, Inrae, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Ben DeVries
- Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Diisi
- National Forest Authority, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tran Van Do
- Department of Silviculture Foundation, Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jiri Dolezal
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Trebon, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Bohemia, Czech Republic
| | - Aurélie Dourdain
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParistech, CNRS, Inrae, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Graham P Durrheim
- Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Knysna, South Africa
| | | | - Corneille E N Ewango
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Teresa J Eyre
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tom M Fayle
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Leena Finér
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Fridman
- Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Frizzera
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - André L de Gasper
- Herbário Dr. Roberto Miguel Klein, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Damiano Gianelle
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | | | | | - Lev Gorenstein
- Rosen Center for Advanced Computing (RCAC), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Richard Habonayo
- Département des Sciences et Technologies de l'Environnement, Université du Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - Olivier J Hardy
- Faculté des Sciences, Evolutionary Biology and Ecology Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Andrew Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Hemp
- Department of Plant Systematics, Bayreuth University, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin Herold
- Helmholtz GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 1.4 Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Annika Hillers
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Liberia Representation, Monrovia, Liberia
- Centre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK
| | - Wannes Hubau
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Department of Environment, Laboratory for Wood Technology (UGent-Woodlab), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Ibanez
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Nobuo Imai
- Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gerard Imani
- Biology Department, Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Andrzej M Jagodzinski
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
- Poznan University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Poznan, Poland
| | - Stepan Janecek
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vivian Kvist Johannsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlos A Joly
- Plant Biology Department, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Blaise Jumbam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Nkolbisson, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Banoho L P R Kabelong
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Goytom Abraha Kahsay
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Viktor Karminov
- Forestry Faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russia
| | | | - Justin N Kassi
- Labo Botanique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
| | - Elizabeth Kearsley
- Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Deborah K Kennard
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO, USA
| | - Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mohammed Latif Khan
- Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
| | - John N Kigomo
- Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Department of Forest Resource Assessment, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hyun Seok Kim
- Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Carine Klauberg
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food & Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yannick Klomberg
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Henn Korjus
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Subashree Kothandaraman
- Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Madhya Pradesh, India
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Florian Kraxner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Geoinformatics, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
| | - Relawan Kuswandi
- Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, Manokwari, Indonesia
| | - Mait Lang
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
- Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Tõravere, Estonia
| | - Michael J Lawes
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Rodrigo V Leite
- Department of Forest Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Geoffrey Lentner
- Rosen Center for Advanced Computing (RCAC), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Simon L Lewis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
| | - Moses B Libalah
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory (LaBosystE), Higher Teacher's Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Janvier Lisingo
- Laboratoire d'Écologie et Aménagement Forestier, Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion des Ressources Végétales, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Huicui Lu
- Faculty of Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Natalia V Lukina
- Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity RAS (CEPF RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vincent Maicher
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brian S Maitner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Eric Marcon
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParistech, CNRS, Inrae, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
- AgroParisTech, UMR AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrew R Marshall
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- University of York, York, UK
- Flamingo Land Ltd., North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Emanuel H Martin
- Department of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, Tanzania
| | - Olga Martynenko
- Forestry Faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russia
| | - Faustin M Mbayu
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Jorge A Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cory Merow
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Stanislaw Miscicki
- Department of Forest Management and Forest Economics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vanessa S Moreno
- Department of Forestry Sciences, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Albert Morera
- Joint Research Unit CTFC-Agrotecnio-CERCA, Solsona, Spain
| | - Sharif A Mukul
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jörg C Müller
- Fieldstation Fabrikschleichach, Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Bavarian Forest Nationalpark, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Agustinus Murdjoko
- Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Papua, Jalan Gunung Salju Amban, Manokwari Papua Barat, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Victor J Neldner
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Louis N Nforbelie
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Michael L Ngoh
- Tropical Plant Exploration Group (TroPEG), Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Anny E N'Guessan
- UFR Biosciences, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
| | - Michael R Ngugi
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alain S K Ngute
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
- Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Emile Narcisse N Njila
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Melanie C Nyako
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Thomas O Ochuodho
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Alain Paquette
- UQAM, Centre for Forest Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elena I Parfenova
- V.N. Sukachev Forest Institute of FRC KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Minjee Park
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Marc Parren
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Sebastian Pfautsch
- Urban Management and Planning, School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Maria T F Piedade
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Grupo Ecologia. Monitoramento e Uso Sustentável de Áreas Úmidas MAUA, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Daniel Piotto
- Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Martina Pollastrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - John R Poulsen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Hans Pretzsch
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Forest Growth and Yield Science, Munich, Germany
| | - Mirco Rodeghiero
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Centro Agricoltura, Alimenti, Ambiente, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Samir G Rolim
- Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Francesco Rovero
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- MUSE-Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Khosro Sagheb-Talebi
- Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (RIFR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Purabi Saikia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
| | - Moses Nsanyi Sainge
- Tropical Plant Exploration Group (TroPEG), Buea, Cameroon
- Institute of International Education Scholar Rescue Fund (IIE-SRF), One World Trade Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian Salas-Eljatib
- Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Departamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonello Salis
- Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Schall
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dmitry Schepaschenko
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
- V.N. Sukachev Forest Institute of FRC KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Рeoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Bernhard Schmid
- Institution with City, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Schöngart
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Grupo Ecologia. Monitoramento e Uso Sustentável de Áreas Úmidas MAUA, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Giacomo Sellan
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- CNRS-UMR LEEISA, Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Federico Selvi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Douglas Sheil
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Situ Gede, Bogor Barat, Indonesia
| | | | - Plinio Sist
- Cirad, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre F Souza
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Ecologia, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Martin J P Sullivan
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Somaiah Sundarapandian
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Mike D Swaine
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Natalia Targhetta
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Grupo Ecologia. Monitoramento e Uso Sustentável de Áreas Úmidas MAUA, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Nadja Tchebakova
- V.N. Sukachev Forest Institute of FRC KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | | | - Robert Tropek
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - John Tshibamba Mukendi
- Faculté des Sciences Appliquées, Université de Mbujimayi, Mbujimayi, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Vladimir A Usoltsev
- Ural State Forest Engineering University, Botanical Garden, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Fons van der Plas
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Daniel José Vega-Nieva
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Helder Viana
- Agricultural High School, ESAV, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, IPV, Viseu, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Alexander C Vibrans
- Department of Forest Engineering, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Simone A Vieira
- Nucleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas (UNICAMP), SP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jason Vleminckx
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Catherine E Waite
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hua-Feng Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Eric Katembo Wasingya
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Chemuku Wekesa
- Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Taita Taveta Research Centre, Wundanyi, Kenya
| | - Bertil Westerlund
- Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea, Sweden
| | - Florian Wittmann
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Rastatt, Germany
| | - Verginia Wortel
- Department of Forest Management, Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | | | - Chunyu Zhang
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuhai Zhao
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Rosen Center for Advanced Computing (RCAC), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zhi-Xin Zhu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Irie C Zo-Bi
- Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, DFR Eaux, Forêts et Environnement, BP, Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast
| | - Cang Hui
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa.
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Muizenberg, South Africa.
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Zohner CM, Mo L, Pugh TAM, Bastin JF, Crowther TW. Interactive climate factors restrict future increases in spring productivity of temperate and boreal trees. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:4042-4055. [PMID: 32347650 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming is currently advancing spring leaf-out of temperate and boreal trees, enhancing net primary productivity (NPP) of forests. However, it remains unclear whether this trend will continue, preventing for accurate projections of ecosystem functioning and climate feedbacks. Several ecophysiological mechanisms have been proposed to regulate the timing of leaf emergence in response to changing environmental cues, but the relative importance of those mechanisms remains unclear. Here, we use 727,401 direct phenological observations of common European forest trees to examine the dominant controls on leaf-out. Using the emerging mechanisms, we forecast future trajectories of spring arrival and evaluate the consequences for forest carbon dynamics. By representing hypothesized relationships with autumn temperature, winter chilling, and the timing of spring onset, we accurately predicted reductions in the advance of leaf-out. There was a strong consensus between our empirical model and existing process-based models, revealing that the advance in leaf-out will not exceed 2 weeks over the rest of the century. We further estimate that, under a 'business-as-usual' climate scenario, earlier spring arrival will enhance NPP of temperate and boreal forests by ~0.2 Gt per year at the end of the century. In contrast, previous estimates based on a simple degree-day model range around 0.8 Gt. As such, the expected NPP is drastically reduced in our updated model relative to previous estimates-by a total of ~25 Gt over the rest of the century. These findings reveal important environmental constraints on the productivity of broad-leaved deciduous trees and highlight that shifting spring phenology is unlikely to slow the rate of warming by offsetting anthropogenic carbon emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin M Zohner
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lidong Mo
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A M Pugh
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jean-Francois Bastin
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Bastin JF, Finegold Y, Garcia C, Mollicone D, Rezende M, Routh D, Zohner CM, Crowther TW. The global tree restoration potential. Science 2020; 365:76-79. [PMID: 31273120 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax0848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The restoration of trees remains among the most effective strategies for climate change mitigation. We mapped the global potential tree coverage to show that 4.4 billion hectares of canopy cover could exist under the current climate. Excluding existing trees and agricultural and urban areas, we found that there is room for an extra 0.9 billion hectares of canopy cover, which could store 205 gigatonnes of carbon in areas that would naturally support woodlands and forests. This highlights global tree restoration as our most effective climate change solution to date. However, climate change will alter this potential tree coverage. We estimate that if we cannot deviate from the current trajectory, the global potential canopy cover may shrink by ~223 million hectares by 2050, with the vast majority of losses occurring in the tropics. Our results highlight the opportunity of climate change mitigation through global tree restoration but also the urgent need for action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Bastin
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH-Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Yelena Finegold
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Claude Garcia
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH-Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Centre de Coopération Internationale en la Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UR Forest and Societies, Montpellier, France
| | - Danilo Mollicone
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcelo Rezende
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Devin Routh
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH-Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Constantin M Zohner
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH-Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH-Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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9
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Bastin JF, Finegold Y, Garcia C, Mollicone D, Rezende M, Routh D, Zohner CM, Crowther TW. Response to Comment on "The global tree restoration potential". Science 2019; 366:366/6469/eaaz0493. [PMID: 31780529 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Our study quantified the global tree restoration potential and its associated carbon storage potential under existing climate conditions. Skidmore et al dispute our findings, using as reference a yearly estimation of carbon storage that could be reached by 2050. We provide a detailed answer highlighting misunderstandings in their interpretation, notably that we did not consider any time limit for the restoration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Bastin
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Yelena Finegold
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Claude Garcia
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Danilo Mollicone
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcelo Rezende
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Devin Routh
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Constantin M Zohner
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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10
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Bastin JF, Finegold Y, Garcia C, Gellie N, Lowe A, Mollicone D, Rezende M, Routh D, Sacande M, Sparrow B, Zohner CM, Crowther TW. Response to Comments on "The global tree restoration potential". Science 2019; 366:366/6463/eaay8108. [PMID: 31624184 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay8108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Our study quantified the global tree restoration potential and its associated carbon storage potential under existing climate conditions. We received multiple technical comments, both supporting and disputing our findings. We recognize that several issues raised in these comments are worthy of discussion. We therefore provide a detailed common answer where we show that our original estimations are accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Bastin
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Yelena Finegold
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Claude Garcia
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nick Gellie
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Andrew Lowe
- Environment Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Danilo Mollicone
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcelo Rezende
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Devin Routh
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Moctar Sacande
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Ben Sparrow
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Constantin M Zohner
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Bastin JF, Finegold Y, Garcia C, Mollicone D, Rezende M, Routh D, Zohner CM, Crowther TW. Forest restoration: Transformative trees-Response. Science 2019; 366:317. [PMID: 31624205 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz2148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Bastin
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Yelena Finegold
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Claude Garcia
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Centre de Coopération Internationale en la Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UR Forest and Societies, Montpellier, France
| | - Danilo Mollicone
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcelo Rezende
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Devin Routh
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Constantin M Zohner
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Bastin JF, Clark E, Elliott T, Hart S, van den Hoogen J, Hordijk I, Ma H, Majumder S, Manoli G, Maschler J, Mo L, Routh D, Yu K, Zohner CM, Crowther TW. Correction: Understanding climate change from a global analysis of city analogues. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224120. [PMID: 31618246 PMCID: PMC6795430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Bastin JF, Clark E, Elliott T, Hart S, van den Hoogen J, Hordijk I, Ma H, Majumder S, Manoli G, Maschler J, Mo L, Routh D, Yu K, Zohner CM, Crowther TW. Understanding climate change from a global analysis of city analogues. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217592. [PMID: 31291249 PMCID: PMC6619606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Combating climate change requires unified action across all sectors of society. However, this collective action is precluded by the ‘consensus gap’ between scientific knowledge and public opinion. Here, we test the extent to which the iconic cities around the world are likely to shift in response to climate change. By analyzing city pairs for 520 major cities of the world, we test if their climate in 2050 will resemble more closely to their own current climate conditions or to the current conditions of other cities in different bioclimatic regions. Even under an optimistic climate scenario (RCP 4.5), we found that 77% of future cities are very likely to experience a climate that is closer to that of another existing city than to its own current climate. In addition, 22% of cities will experience climate conditions that are not currently experienced by any existing major cities. As a general trend, we found that all the cities tend to shift towards the sub-tropics, with cities from the Northern hemisphere shifting to warmer conditions, on average ~1000 km south (velocity ~20 km.year-1), and cities from the tropics shifting to drier conditions. We notably predict that Madrid’s climate in 2050 will resemble Marrakech’s climate today, Stockholm will resemble Budapest, London to Barcelona, Moscow to Sofia, Seattle to San Francisco, Tokyo to Changsha. Our approach illustrates how complex climate data can be packaged to provide tangible information. The global assessment of city analogues can facilitate the understanding of climate change at a global level but also help land managers and city planners to visualize the climate futures of their respective cities, which can facilitate effective decision-making in response to on-going climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Bastin
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Emily Clark
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Elliott
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Hart
- Plant Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Johan van den Hoogen
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Iris Hordijk
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Haozhi Ma
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sabiha Majumder
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Manoli
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Maschler
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lidong Mo
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Devin Routh
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kailiang Yu
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Constantin M. Zohner
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas W. Crowther
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Xu L, Saatchi SS, Shapiro A, Meyer V, Ferraz A, Yang Y, Bastin JF, Banks N, Boeckx P, Verbeeck H, Lewis SL, Muanza ET, Bongwele E, Kayembe F, Mbenza D, Kalau L, Mukendi F, Ilunga F, Ebuta D. Spatial Distribution of Carbon Stored in Forests of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15030. [PMID: 29118358 PMCID: PMC5678085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
National forest inventories in tropical regions are sparse and have large uncertainty in capturing the physiographical variations of forest carbon across landscapes. Here, we produce for the first time the spatial patterns of carbon stored in forests of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) by using airborne LiDAR inventory of more than 432,000 ha of forests based on a designed probability sampling methodology. The LiDAR mean top canopy height measurements were trained to develop an unbiased carbon estimator by using 92 1-ha ground plots distributed across key forest types in DRC. LiDAR samples provided estimates of mean and uncertainty of aboveground carbon density at provincial scales and were combined with optical and radar satellite imagery in a machine learning algorithm to map forest height and carbon density over the entire country. By using the forest definition of DRC, we found a total of 23.3 ± 1.6 GtC carbon with a mean carbon density of 140 ± 9 MgC ha-1 in the aboveground and belowground live trees. The probability based LiDAR samples capture variations of structure and carbon across edaphic and climate conditions, and provide an alternative approach to national ground inventory for efficient and precise assessment of forest carbon resources for emission reduction (ER) programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Sassan S Saatchi
- Institute of Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Aurélie Shapiro
- World Wide Fund for Nature(WWF) Germany Biodiversity Unit, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victoria Meyer
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Antonio Ferraz
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Bastin
- Landscape Ecology and Plant Production Systems Unit, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium.,BIOSE department, Gembloux Agro Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Norman Banks
- Southern Mapping Company, Airborne LiDAR Survey Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab - Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon L Lewis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Eddy Bongwele
- Observatoire Satellital des Forets d'Afrique Central (OSFAC), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Francois Kayembe
- Direction des Inventaires et Aménagement Forestiers (DIAF), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Daudet Mbenza
- Direction des Inventaires et Aménagement Forestiers (DIAF), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Laurent Kalau
- Direction des Inventaires et Aménagement Forestiers (DIAF), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Franck Mukendi
- Direction des Inventaires et Aménagement Forestiers (DIAF), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Francis Ilunga
- Direction des Inventaires et Aménagement Forestiers (DIAF), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Daniel Ebuta
- Direction des Inventaires et Aménagement Forestiers (DIAF), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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