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Sreelakshmi KP, Madhuri M, Swetha R, Rangarajan V, Roy U. Microbial lipopeptides: their pharmaceutical and biotechnological potential, applications, and way forward. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:135. [PMID: 38489053 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03908-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
As lead molecules, cyclic lipopeptides with antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties have garnered a lot of attention in recent years. Because of their potential, cyclic lipopeptides have earned recognition as a significant class of antimicrobial compounds with applications in pharmacology and biotechnology. These lipopeptides, often with biosurfactant properties, are amphiphilic, consisting of a hydrophilic moiety, like a carboxyl group, peptide backbone, or carbohydrates, and a hydrophobic moiety, mostly a fatty acid. Besides, several lipopeptides also have cationic groups that play an important role in biological activities. Antimicrobial lipopeptides can be considered as possible substitutes for antibiotics that are conventional to address the current drug-resistant issues as pharmaceutical industries modify the parent antibiotic molecules to render them more effective against antibiotic-resistant bacteria and fungi, leading to the development of more resistant microbial strains. Bacillus species produce lipopeptides, which are secondary metabolites that are amphiphilic and are typically synthesized by non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). They have been identified as potential biocontrol agents as they exhibit a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. A further benefit of lipopeptides is that they can be produced and purified biotechnologically or biochemically in a sustainable manner using readily available, affordable, renewable sources without harming the environment. In this review, we discuss the biochemical and functional characterization of antifungal lipopeptides, as well as their various modes of action, method of production and purification (in brief), and potential applications as novel antibiotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Sreelakshmi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-KK Birla Goa Campus Goa, NH 17 B Bypass Rd., Goa, 403726, India
| | - M Madhuri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-KK Birla Goa Campus Goa, NH 17 B Bypass Rd., Goa, 403726, India
| | - R Swetha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-KK Birla Goa Campus Goa, NH 17 B Bypass Rd., Goa, 403726, India
| | - Vivek Rangarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-KK Birla Goa Campus Goa, NH 17 B Bypass Rd., Goa, 403726, India
| | - Utpal Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-KK Birla Goa Campus Goa, NH 17 B Bypass Rd., Goa, 403726, India.
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Jiang K, Luo P, Wang X, Lu L. Insight into advances for the biosynthetic progress of fermented echinocandins of antifungals. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14359. [PMID: 37885073 PMCID: PMC10832530 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections have increased remarkably, which have become unprecedented concern to human health. However, the effectiveness of current antifungal drugs is limited due to drug resistance and toxic side-effects. It is urgently required to establish the effective biosynthetic strategy for developing novel and safe antifungal molecules economically. Echinocandins become a promising option as a mainstay family of antifungals, due to specifically targeting the fungal specific cell wall. To date, three kinds of echinocandins for caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin, which derived from pneumocandin B0 , echinocandin B, and FR901379, are commercially available in clinic and have shown potential in managing invasive fungal infections in a cost-effective manner. However, current echinocandins-derived precursors all are produced by environmental fungal isolates with long fermentation cycle and low yields, which challenge the production efficacy of these precursors in industry. Therefore, understanding their biosynthetic machinery is of great importance for improving antifungal titres and creating new echinocandins-derived products. With the development of genome-wide sequencing and establishment of gene-editing technology, there are a growing number of reports on echinocandins-derived products and their biosynthetic gene clusters. This review briefly summarizes the discovery and development history of echinocandins, compares their structural characteristics and biosynthetic processes, and sums up existed strategies for improving their production. Moreover, the genomic analysis of related biosynthetic gene clusters of echinocandins is discussed, highlighting the similarities and differences among the clusters. Last, the biosynthetic processes of echinocandins are compared, focusing on the activation and attachment of side-chains and the formation of the hexapeptide core. This review aims to provide insights into the development and production of new echinocandin drugs by modifying the structure of echinocandin-derived precursors and/or optimizing the fermentation processes; and achieve a new microbial chassis for efficient production of echinocandins in heterologous hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu, Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Pan Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu, Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu, Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ling Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu, Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
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Helmy NM, Parang K. Cyclic Peptides with Antifungal Properties Derived from Bacteria, Fungi, Plants, and Synthetic Sources. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:892. [PMID: 37375840 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections remain a significant concern for human health. The emergence of microbial resistance, the improper use of antimicrobial drugs, and the need for fewer toxic antifungal treatments in immunocompromised patients have sparked substantial interest in antifungal research. Cyclic peptides, classified as antifungal peptides, have been in development as potential antifungal agents since 1948. In recent years, there has been growing attention from the scientific community to explore cyclic peptides as a promising strategy for combating antifungal infections caused by pathogenic fungi. The identification of antifungal cyclic peptides from various sources has been possible due to the widespread interest in peptide research in recent decades. It is increasingly important to evaluate narrow- to broad-spectrum antifungal activity and the mode of action of synthetic and natural cyclic peptides for both synthesized and extracted peptides. This short review aims to highlight some of the antifungal cyclic peptides isolated from bacteria, fungi, and plants. This brief review is not intended to present an exhaustive catalog of all known antifungal cyclic peptides but rather seeks to showcase selected cyclic peptides with antifungal properties that have been isolated from bacteria, fungi, plants, and synthetic sources. The addition of commercially available cyclic antifungal peptides serves to corroborate the notion that cyclic peptides can serve as a valuable source for the development of antifungal drugs. Additionally, this review discusses the potential future of utilizing combinations of antifungal peptides from different sources. The review underscores the need for the further exploration of the novel antifungal therapeutic applications of these abundant and diverse cyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiera M Helmy
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza 3751134, Egypt
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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Carmo A, Rocha M, Pereirinha P, Tomé R, Costa E. Antifungals: From Pharmacokinetics to Clinical Practice. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050884. [PMID: 37237787 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of antifungal drugs started in the 1950s with polyenes nystatin, natamycin and amphotericin B-deoxycholate (AmB). Until the present day, AmB has been considered to be a hallmark in the treatment of invasive systemic fungal infections. Nevertheless, the success and the use of AmB were associated with severe adverse effects which stimulated the development of new antifungal drugs such as azoles, pyrimidine antimetabolite, mitotic inhibitors, allylamines and echinochandins. However, all of these drugs presented one or more limitations associated with adverse reactions, administration route and more recently the development of resistance. To worsen this scenario, there has been an increase in fungal infections, especially in invasive systemic fungal infections that are particularly difficult to diagnose and treat. In 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the first fungal priority pathogens list, alerting people to the increased incidence of invasive systemic fungal infections and to the associated risk of mortality/morbidity. The report also emphasized the need to rationally use existing drugs and develop new drugs. In this review, we performed an overview of the history of antifungals and their classification, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) characteristics and clinical applications. In parallel, we also addressed the contribution of fungi biology and genetics to the development of resistance to antifungal drugs. Considering that drug effectiveness also depends on the mammalian host, we provide an overview on the roles of therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacogenomics as means to improve the outcome, prevent/reduce antifungal toxicity and prevent the emergence of antifungal resistance. Finally, we present the new antifungals and their main characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anália Carmo
- Advanced Unit for Pharmacokinetics and Personalized Therapeutics, Clinical Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marilia Rocha
- Advanced Unit for Pharmacokinetics and Personalized Therapeutics, Pharmacy Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patricia Pereirinha
- Advanced Unit for Pharmacokinetics and Personalized Therapeutics, Pharmacy Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Tomé
- Clinical Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eulália Costa
- Advanced Unit for Pharmacokinetics and Personalized Therapeutics, Clinical Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
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Men P, Zhou Y, Xie L, Zhang X, Zhang W, Huang X, Lu X. Improving the production of the micafungin precursor FR901379 in an industrial production strain. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:44. [PMID: 36879280 PMCID: PMC9987125 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Micafungin is an echinocandin-type antifungal agent used for the clinical treatment of invasive fungal infections. It is semisynthesized from the sulfonated lipohexapeptide FR901379, a nonribosomal peptide produced by the filamentous fungus Coleophoma empetri. However, the low fermentation efficiency of FR901379 increases the cost of micafungin production and hinders its widespread clinical application. RESULTS Here, a highly efficient FR901379-producing strain was constructed via systems metabolic engineering in C. empetri MEFC09. First, the biosynthesis pathway of FR901379 was optimized by overexpressing the rate-limiting enzymes cytochrome P450 McfF and McfH, which successfully eliminated the accumulation of unwanted byproducts and increased the production of FR901379. Then, the functions of putative self-resistance genes encoding β-1,3-glucan synthase were evaluated in vivo. The deletion of CEfks1 affected growth and resulted in more spherical cells. Additionally, the transcriptional activator McfJ for the regulation of FR901379 biosynthesis was identified and applied in metabolic engineering. Overexpressing mcfJ markedly increased the production of FR901379 from 0.3 g/L to 1.3 g/L. Finally, the engineered strain coexpressing mcfJ, mcfF, and mcfH was constructed for additive effects, and the FR901379 titer reached 4.0 g/L under fed-batch conditions in a 5 L bioreactor. CONCLUSIONS This study represents a significant improvement for the production of FR901379 and provides guidance for the establishment of efficient fungal cell factories for other echinocandins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Men
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China.,Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China.,Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China.,Institute for Smart Materials & Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Li Xie
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China.,Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330096, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China.,Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China.,Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuenian Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China. .,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China. .,Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China. .,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China. .,Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Marine Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Nakajima S, Ohashi H, Akazawa D, Torii S, Suzuki R, Fukuhara T, Watashi K. Antiviral Activity of Micafungin and Its Derivatives against SARS-CoV-2 RNA Replication. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020452. [PMID: 36851666 PMCID: PMC9958940 DOI: 10.3390/v15020452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinocandin antifungal drugs, including micafungin, anidulafungin, and caspofungin, have been recently reported to exhibit antiviral effects against various viruses such as flavivirus, alphavirus, and coronavirus. In this study, we focused on micafungin and its derivatives and analyzed their antiviral activities against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The micafungin derivatives Mi-2 and Mi-5 showed higher antiviral activity than micafungin, with 50% maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 5.25 and 6.51 µM, respectively (3.8 to 4.7-fold stronger than micafungin) and 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of >64 µM in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells. This high anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity was also conserved in human lung epithelial cell-derived Calu-3 cells. Micafungin, Mi-2, and Mi-5 were suggested to inhibit the intracellular virus replication process; additionally, these compounds were active against SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Delta (AY.122, hCoV-19/Japan/TY11-927/2021), Omicron (BA.1.18, hCoV-19/Japan/TY38-873/2021), a variant resistant to remdesivir (R10/E796G C799F), and a variant resistant to casirivimab/imdevimab antibody cocktail (E406W); thus, our results provide basic evidence for the potential use of micafungin derivatives for developing antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Nakajima
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, 19-14 Yamanaka, Noyoricho, Toyohashi-shi 441-8124, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ohashi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Daisuke Akazawa
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shiho Torii
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Insect-Virus Interactions Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Rigel Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Lai S, Zhang Q, Jin L. Natural and Man-Made Cyclic Peptide-Based Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 12:antibiotics12010042. [PMID: 36671244 PMCID: PMC9855121 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of drug-resistant bacterial strains have been identified due to the abuse of antibiotics, which seriously threatens human and animal health. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have become one of the most effective weapons to solve this problem. AMPs have little tendency to induce drug resistance and have outstanding antimicrobial effects. The study of AMPs, especially cyclic peptides, has become a hot topic. Among them, macrocyclic AMPs have received extensive attention. This mini-review discusses the structures and functions of the dominant cyclic natural and synthetic AMPs and provides a little outlook on the future direction of cyclic AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shian Lai
- Small Molecule Drugs Sichuan Key Laboratory, Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan
| | - Quan Zhang
- Small Molecule Drugs Sichuan Key Laboratory, Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Small Molecule Drugs Sichuan Key Laboratory, Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Correspondence:
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Bassetti M, Giacobbe DR, Vena A, Esposito S. An overview of micafungin as a treatment option for invasive candidiasis in pediatric patients younger than 4 months old. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:1987-1993. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2147824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bassetti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Roberto Giacobbe
- Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Vena
- Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Men P, Geng C, Zhang X, Zhang W, Xie L, Feng D, Du S, Wang M, Huang X, Lu X. Biosynthesis mechanism, genome mining and artificial construction of echinocandin O-sulfonation. Metab Eng 2022; 74:160-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Wei TY, Zheng Y, Wan M, Yang S, Tang J, Wu Y, Li J, Chen SX. Analysis of FR901379 Biosynthetic Genes in Coleophoma empetri by Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas9-Based Genomic Manipulation. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:2130-2141. [PMID: 35822391 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The compound FR901379, a sulfated echinocandin produced by the filamentous fungus Coleophoma empetri F-11899, is an important intermediate for the synthesis of the antifungal drug micafungin. In this study, we established an efficient clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9-based gene editing tool for the industrial production strain C. empetri SIPI1284. With this method, the efficiency of gene mutagenesis in the target locus is up to 84%, which enables the rapid gene disruption for the analysis of FR901379 biosynthetic genes. Next, we verified the putative functional genes of the FR901379 biosynthetic gene cluster via gene disruption and gene complementation in vivo. These core functional genes included the nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene (CEnrps), the fatty-acyl-AMP ligase gene (CEligase) responsible for the formation of the activated form of palmitic acid and its transfer to CEnrps, four nonheme mononuclear iron oxygenase genes (CEoxy1, CEoxy2, CEoxy3, and CEoxy4) responsible for the synthesis of nonproteinogenic amino acids, l-homotyrosine biosynthesis genes (CEhtyA-D), two cytochrome P450 enzyme genes (CEp450-1 and CEp450-2), and a transcription regulator gene (CEhyp). In addition, by screening the whole genome, we identified two unknown genes (CEp450-3 and CEsul) responsible for the sulfonyloxy group of FR901379, which were separated from the core FR901379 biosynthetic cluster. Furthermore, during gene disruptions in the research, we obtained a series of FR901379 analogues and elucidated the relationship between the groups and antifungal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Yun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Miyang Wan
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Songbai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiawei Tang
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuanjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiyang Li
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shao-Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
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Szymański M, Chmielewska S, Czyżewska U, Malinowska M, Tylicki A. Echinocandins - structure, mechanism of action and use in antifungal therapy. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:876-894. [PMID: 35296203 PMCID: PMC8933026 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2050224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With increasing number of immunocompromised patients as well as drug resistance in fungi, the risk of fatal fungal infections in humans increases as well. The action of echinocandins is based on the inhibition of β-(1,3)-d-glucan synthesis that builds the fungal cell wall. Caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin and rezafungin are semi-synthetic cyclic lipopeptides. Their specific chemical structure possess a potential to obtain novel derivatives with better pharmacological properties resulting in more effective treatment, especially in infections caused by Candida and Aspergillus species. In this review we summarise information about echinocandins with closer look on their chemical structure, mechanism of action, drug resistance and usage in clinical practice. We also introduce actual trends in modification of this antifungals as well as new methods of their administration, and additional use in viral and bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Szymański
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sandra Chmielewska
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Urszula Czyżewska
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marta Malinowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Tylicki
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Zhang H, Chen S. Cyclic peptide drugs approved in the last two decades (2001-2021). RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:18-31. [PMID: 35128405 PMCID: PMC8729179 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00154j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the major families of small molecules and antibodies, cyclic peptides, as a family of synthesizable macromolecules, have distinct biochemical and therapeutic properties for pharmaceutical applications. Cyclic peptide-based drugs have increasingly been developed in the past two decades, confirming the common perception that cyclic peptides have high binding affinities and low metabolic toxicity as antibodies, good stability and ease of manufacture as small molecules. Natural peptides were the major source of cyclic peptide drugs in the last century, and cyclic peptides derived from novel screening and cyclization strategies are the new source. In this review, we will discuss and summarize 18 cyclic peptides approved for clinical use in the past two decades to provide a better understanding of cyclic peptide development and to inspire new perspectives. The purpose of the present review is to promote efforts to resolve the challenges in the development of cyclic peptide drugs that are more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiya Zhang
- Biotech Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Shiyu Chen
- Biotech Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
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13
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Abdel-Haq N, Smith SM, Asmar BI. Micafungin injection for the treatment of invasive candidiasis in pediatric patients under 4 months of age. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 20:493-505. [PMID: 34882043 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2013807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neonates and young infants with invasive candidiasis are particularly at increased risk of dissemination including hematogenous Candida meningoencephalitis. The echinocandins including micafungin have emerged as a preferred agent in most cases of candidemia and invasive candidiasis but data in pediatric patients under 4 months of age are limited. AREAS COVERED In this report, we review the micafungin use in infants younger than 4 months of age. Animal studies as well as clinical data that support its use in neonatal candidiasis are reviewed. In addition, the status of FDA approval and the rationale of micafungin dosing recommendations in infants <4 months are discussed. EXPERT OPINION A dose of 4 mg/kg was approved for treatment of candidemia, Candida peritonitis and abscesses excluding meningoencephalitis or ocular involvement in patients younger than 4 months of age. However, because of the risk of central nervous system dissemination as well as the difficulty in establishing this diagnosis, this dose is inadequate to treat ill infants with candidemia. More studies are needed to establish the safety and efficacy of micafungin daily dose of at least 10 mg/kg in infants younger than 4 months of age when hematogenous Candida meningoencephalitis or ocular involvement cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed Abdel-Haq
- Division of Infection Diseases, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA.,Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Basim I Asmar
- Division of Infection Diseases, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA.,Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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14
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Men P, Wang M, Li J, Geng C, Huang X, Lu X. Establishing an Efficient Genetic Manipulation System for Sulfated Echinocandin Producing Fungus Coleophoma empetri. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:734780. [PMID: 34489920 PMCID: PMC8417879 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.734780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Micafungin is an important echinocandin antifungal agent for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. In industry, micafungin is derived from the natural product FR901379, which is a non-ribosomal cyclic hexapeptide produced by the filamentous fungus Coleophoma empetri. The difficulty of genetic manipulation in C. empetri restricts the clarification of FR901379 biosynthetic mechanism. In this work, we developed an efficient genetic manipulation system in the industrial FR901379-producing strain C. empetri MEFC009. Firstly, a convenient protoplast-mediated transformation (PMT) method was developed. Secondly, with this transformation method, the essential genetic elements were verified. Selectable markers hph, neo, and nat can be used for the transformation, and promotors Ppgk, PgpdA, and PgpdAt are functional in C. empetri MEFC009. Thirdly, the frequency of homologous recombination was improved from 4 to 100% by deleting the ku80 gene, resulting in an excellent chassis cell for gene-targeting. Additionally, the advantage of this genetic manipulation system was demonstrated in the identification of the polyketide synthase (PKS) responsible for the biosynthesis of dihydroxynapthalene (DHN)-melanin. This genetic manipulation system will be a useful platform for the research of FR901379 and further genome mining of secondary metabolites in C. empetri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Men
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinda Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Ce Geng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuenian Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Marine Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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15
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Micafungin Inhibits Dengue Virus Infection through the Disruption of Virus Binding, Entry, and Stability. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040338. [PMID: 33917182 PMCID: PMC8067805 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever is an arbovirus disease caused by infection with the dengue virus (DENV). Half of the world's population lives under the threat of dengue fever, however, researchers have yet to develop any drugs that are clinically applicable to this infection. Micafungin is a member of the echinocandins family of anti-fungal drugs, capable of blocking the synthesis of β-1,3-D-glucan in the walls of fungal cells. Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of Micafungin against infections of enterovirus 71 (EV71) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV). This is the first study demonstrating the effectiveness of micafungin in inhibiting the cytopathic effects of dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) in a dose-dependent manner. Time-of-addition assays verified the inhibitory effects of micafungin in pre-treated, co-treated, and full-treatment groups. Binding and entry assays also demonstrated the effectiveness of micafungin in the early stage of DENV-2 infection. The virucidal efficacy of micafungin appears to lie in its ability to destroy the virion. Molecular docking assays revealed the binding of micafungin to the envelope protein of DENV-2, thereby revealing the mechanism by which micafungin affects the early stage of DENV infection and the stability of DENV. Two other micafungin analogs, caspofungin and anidulafungin, were also shown to have the antiviral effects on DENV-2. Finally, immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) confirmed the broad anti-DENV ability of micafungin against dengue virus serotypes 1, 3, and 4 (DENV-1, DENV-3, and DENV-4). Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential of micafungin and its analogs as candidates for the development of broad-spectrum treatments for DENV infection.
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16
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Echinocandins: structural diversity, biosynthesis, and development of antimycotics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 105:55-66. [PMID: 33270153 PMCID: PMC7778625 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Echinocandins are a clinically important class of non-ribosomal antifungal lipopeptides produced by filamentous fungi. Due to their complex structure, which is characterized by numerous hydroxylated non-proteinogenic amino acids, echinocandin antifungal agents are manufactured semisynthetically. The development of optimized echinocandin structures is therefore closely connected to their biosynthesis. Enormous efforts in industrial research and development including fermentation, classical mutagenesis, isotope labeling, and chemical synthesis eventually led to the development of the active ingredients caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin, which are now used as first-line treatments against invasive mycosis. In the last years, echinocandin biosynthetic gene clusters have been identified, which allowed for the elucidation but also engineering of echinocandin biosynthesis on the molecular level. After a short description of the history of echinocandin research, this review provides an overview of the current knowledge of echinocandin biosynthesis with a special focus of the diverse structural elements, their biosynthetic background, and structure−activity relationships. Key points • Complex and highly oxidized lipopeptides produced by fungi. • Crucial in the design of drugs: side chain, solubility, and hydrolytic stability. • Genetic methods for engineering biosynthesis have recently become available. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-020-11022-y.
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17
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Wall G, Chen E, Hull MV, Lopez-Ribot JL. Screening the CALIBR ReFRAME Library in Search for Inhibitors of Candida auris Biofilm Formation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:597931. [PMID: 33324579 PMCID: PMC7723901 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.597931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging yeast which, since its first isolation about a decade ago, has spread rapidly and triggered major infectious outbreaks in health care facilities around the world. C. auris strains often display resistance to clinically-used antifungal agents, contributing to high mortality rates. Thus, there is an urgent need for new antifungals to contain the spread of this emerging multi-drug resistant pathogen and to improve patient outcomes. However, the timeline for the development of a new antifungal agent typically exceeds 10‑15 years. Thus, repurposing of current drugs could significantly accelerate the development and eventual deployment of novel therapies for the treatment of C. auris infections. Toward this end, in this study we have profiled a library of known drugs encompassing approximately 12,000 clinical-stage or FDA-approved small molecules in search for known molecules with antifungal activity against C. auris; more specifically, those capable of inhibiting C. auris biofilm formation. From this library, 100 compounds displaying antifungal activity were identified in the initial screen, including 26 compounds for which a dose-response relationship with biofilm-inhibitory activity against C. auris could be confirmed. Of these, five were identified as the most interesting potential repositionable candidates. Due to their known pharmacological and human safety profiles, identification of such compounds should allow for their accelerated preclinical and clinical development for the treatment of C. auris infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Wall
- Department of Biology and The South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Emily Chen
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mitchell V Hull
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jose L Lopez-Ribot
- Department of Biology and The South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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18
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Wei TY, Wu YJ, Xie QP, Tang JW, Yu ZT, Yang SB, Chen SX. CRISPR/Cas9-Based Genome Editing in the Filamentous Fungus Glarea lozoyensis and Its Application in Manipulating gloF. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1968-1977. [PMID: 32786921 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glarea lozoyensis is an important industrial fungus that produces the pneumocandin B0, which is used for the synthesis of antifungal drug caspofungin. However, because of the limitations and complications of traditional genetic tools, G. lozoyensis strain engineering has been hindered. In this study, we established an efficient CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing tool in G. lozoyensis SIPI1208. With this method, gene mutagenesis efficiency in the target locus can be up to 80%, which enables the rapid gene knockout. According to the reports, GloF and Ap-HtyE, proline hydroxylases involved in pneumocandin and Echinocandin B biosynthesis, respectively, can catalyze the proline to generate different ratios of trans-3-hydroxy-l-proline to trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline. Heterologous expression of Ap-HtyE in G. lozoyensis decreased the ratio of pneumocandin C0 to (pneumocandin B0 + pneumocandin C0) from 33.5% to 11% without the addition of proline to the fermentation medium. Furthermore, the gloF was replaced by ap-htyE to study the production of pneumocandin C0. However, the gene replacement has been hampered by traditional gene tools since gloF and gloG, two contiguous genes indispensable in the biosynthesis of pneumocandins, are cotranscribed into one mRNA. With the CRISPR/Cas9 strategy, ap-htyE was knocked in and successfully replaced gloF, and results showed that the knock-in strain retained the ability to produce pneumocandin B0, but the production of pneumocandin C0 was abolished. Thus, this strain displayed a competitive advantage in the industrial production of pneumocandin B0. In summary, this study showed that the CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing tool is efficient for manipulating genes in G. lozoyensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Yun Wei
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuan-Jie Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qiu-Ping Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia-Wei Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhi-Tuo Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Song-Bai Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shao-Xin Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
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19
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Marena GD, dos Santos Ramos MA, Bauab TM, Chorilli M. Biological Properties and Analytical Methods for Micafungin: A Critical Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 51:312-328. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1726726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Davi Marena
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Taís Maria Bauab
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Ortiz A, Sansinenea E. The Chemistry of Drugs to Treat Candida albicans. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2554-2566. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191025153124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background::
Candida species are in various parts of the human body as commensals. However,
they can cause local mucosal infections and, sometimes, systemic infections in which Candida
species can spread to all major organs and colonize them.
Objective::
For the effective treatment of the mucosal infections and systemic life-threatening fungal
diseases, a considerably large number of antifungal drugs have been developed and used for clinical
purposes that comprise agents from four main drug classes: the polyenes, azoles, echinocandins, and
antimetabolites.
Method: :
The synthesis of some of these drugs is available, allowing synthetic modification of the
molecules to improve the biological activity against Candida species. The synthetic methodology for
each compound is reviewed.
Results: :
The use of these compounds has caused a high-level resistance against these drugs, and therefore,
new antifungal substances have been described in the last years. The organic synthesis of the
known and new compounds is reported.
Conclusion: :
This article summarizes the chemistry of the existing agents, both the old drugs and new
drugs, in the treatment of infections due to C. albicans, including the synthesis of the existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Ortiz
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Pue, 72570, Mexico
| | - Estibaliz Sansinenea
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Pue, 72570, Mexico
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21
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Rao P, Hussain I, Rao V, Sen S, Oruganti S. A concise synthesis of isoxazole-based side chain of Micafungin. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2019.1615509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Rao
- Dr. Reddy’s Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ismail Hussain
- Dr. Reddy’s Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Venkataramanarao Rao
- Dr. Reddy’s Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Saikat Sen
- Dr. Reddy’s Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Srinivas Oruganti
- Dr. Reddy’s Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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22
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Directed aryl sulfotransferase evolution toward improved sulfation stoichiometry on the example of catechols. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:3761-3771. [PMID: 30830250 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sulfation is an important way for detoxifying xenobiotics and endobiotics including catechols. Enzymatic sulfation occurs usually with high chemo- and/or regioselectivity under mild reaction conditions. In this study, a two-step p-NPS-4-AAP screening system for laboratory evolution of aryl sulfotransferase B (ASTB) was developed in 96-well microtiter plates to improve the sulfate transfer efficiency toward catechols. Increased transfer efficiency and improved sulfation stoichiometry are achieved through the two-step screening procedure in a one-pot reaction. In the first step, the p-NPS assay is used (detection of the colorimetric by-product, p-nitrophenol) to determine the apparent ASTB activity. The sulfated product, 3-chlorocatechol-1-monosulfate, is quantified by the 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) assay in the second step. Comparison of product formation to p-NPS consumption ensures successful directed evolution campaigns of ASTB. Optimization yielded a coefficient of variation below 15% for the two-step screening system (p-NPS-4-AAP). In total, 1760 clones from an ASTB-SeSaM library were screened toward the improved sulfation activity of 3-chlorocatechol. The turnover number (kcat = 41 ± 2 s-1) and catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM = 0.41 μM-1 s-1) of the final variant ASTB-M5 were improved 2.4- and 2.3-fold compared with ASTB-WT. HPLC analysis confirmed the improved sulfate stoichiometry of ASTB-M5 with a conversion of 58% (ASTB-WT 29%; two-fold improvement). Mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) confirmed the chemo- and regioselectivity, which yielded exclusively 3-chlorocatechol-1-monosulfate. For all five additionally investigated catechols, the variant ASTB-M5 achieved an improved kcat value of up to 4.5-fold and sulfate transfer efficiency was also increased (up to 2.3-fold).
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Wang X, Lin M, Xu D, Lai D, Zhou L. Structural Diversity and Biological Activities of Fungal Cyclic Peptides, Excluding Cyclodipeptides. Molecules 2017; 22:E2069. [PMID: 29186926 PMCID: PMC6150023 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic peptides are cyclic compounds formed mainly by the amide bonds between either proteinogenic or non-proteinogenic amino acids. This review highlights the occurrence, structures and biological activities of fungal cyclic peptides (excluding cyclodipeptides, and peptides containing ester bonds in the core ring) reported until August 2017. About 293 cyclic peptides belonging to the groups of cyclic tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca-, undeca-, dodeca-, tetradeca-, and octadecapeptides as well as cyclic peptides containing ether bonds in the core ring have been isolated from fungi. They were mainly isolated from the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Acremonium and Amanita. Some of them were screened to have antimicrobial, antiviral, cytotoxic, phytotoxic, insecticidal, nematicidal, immunosuppressive and enzyme-inhibitory activities to show their potential applications. Some fungal cyclic peptides such as the echinocandins, pneumocandins and cyclosporin A have been developed as pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Minyi Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Daowan Lai
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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24
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Hüttel W. Structural diversity in echinocandin biosynthesis: the impact of oxidation steps and approaches toward an evolutionary explanation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 72:1-20. [PMID: 27705900 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2016-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Echinocandins are an important group of cyclic non-ribosomal peptides with strong antifungal activity produced by filamentous fungi from Aspergillaceae and Leotiomycetes. Their structure is characterized by numerous hydroxylated non-proteinogenic amino acids. Biosynthetic clusters discovered in the last years contain up to six oxygenases, all of which are involved in amino acid modifications. Especially, variations in the oxidation pattern induced by these enzymes account for a remarkable structural diversity among the echinocandins. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of echinocandin biosynthesis with a special focus on diversity-inducing oxidation steps. The emergence of metabolic diversity is further discussed on the basis of a comprehensive overview of the structurally characterized echinocandins, their producer strains and biosynthetic clusters. For the pneumocandins, echinocandins produced by Glarea lozoyensis, the formation of metabolic diversity in a single organism is analyzed. It is compared to two common models for the evolution of secondary metabolism: the 'target-based' approach and the 'diversity-based' model. Whereas the early phase of pneumocandin biosynthesis supports the target-based model, the diversity-inducing late steps and most oxidation reactions best fit the diversity-based approach. Moreover, two types of diversity-inducing steps can be distinguished. Although incomplete hydroxylation is a common phenomenon in echinocandin production and secondary metabolite biosynthesis in general, the incorporation of diverse hydroxyprolines at position 6 is apparently a unique feature of pneumocandin biosynthesis, which stands in stark contrast to the strict selectivity found in echinocandin biosynthesis by Aspergillaceae. The example of echinocandin biosynthesis shows that the existing models for the evolution of secondary metabolism can be well applied to parts of the pathway; however, thus far, there is no comprehensive theory that could explain the entire biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Hüttel
- Wolfgang Hüttel, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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25
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Patil A, Majumdar S. Echinocandins in antifungal pharmacotherapy. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 69:1635-1660. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Echinocandins are the newest addition of the last decade to the antifungal armamentarium, which, owing to their unique mechanism of action, selectively target the fungal cells without affecting mammalian cells. Since the time of their introduction, they have come to occupy an important niche in the antifungal pharmacotherapy, due to their efficacy, safety, tolerability and favourable pharmacokinetic profiles. This review deals with the varying facets of echinocandins such as their chemistry, in-vitro and in-vivo evaluations, clinical utility and indications, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, and pharmacoeconomic considerations.
Key findings
Clinical studies have demonstrated that the echinocandins – caspofungin, micafungin and anidulafungin – are equivalent, if not superior, to the mainstay antifungal therapies involving amphotericin B and fluconazole. Moreover, echinocandin regimen has been shown to be more cost-effective and economical. Hence, the echinocandins have found favour in the management of invasive systemic fungal infections.
Conclusions
The subtle differences in echinocandins with respect to their pharmacology, clinical therapy and the mechanisms of resistance are emerging at a rapid pace from the current pool of research which could potentially aid in extending their utility in the fungal infections of the eye, heart and nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Soumyajit Majumdar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
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Chen L, Li Y, Yue Q, Loksztejn A, Yokoyama K, Felix EA, Liu X, Zhang N, An Z, Bills GF. Engineering of New Pneumocandin Side-Chain Analogues from Glarea lozoyensis by Mutasynthesis and Evaluation of Their Antifungal Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2724-2733. [PMID: 27494047 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pneumocandins are lipohexapeptides of the echinocandin family that inhibit fungal 1,3-β-glucan synthase. Most of the pathway steps have been identified previously. However, the lipoinitiation reaction has not yet been experimentally verified. Herein, we investigate the lipoinitiation step of pneumocandin biosynthesis in Glarea lozoyensis and demonstrate that the gene product, GLligase, catalyzes this step. Disruption of GLHYD, a gene encoding a putative type II thioesterase and sitting upstream of the pneumocandin acyl side chain synthase gene, GLPKS4, revealed that GLHYD was necessary for optimal function of GLPKS4 and to attain normal levels of pneumocandin production. Double disruption of GLHYD and GLPKS4 did not affect residual function of the GLligase or GLNRPS4. Mutasynthesis experiments with a gene disruption mutant of GLPKS4 afforded us an opportunity to test the substrate specificity of GLligase in the absence of its native polyketide side chain to diversify pneumocandins with substituted side chains. Feeding alternative side chain precursors yielded acrophiarin and four new pneumocandin congeners with straight C14, C15, and C16 side chains. A comprehensive biological evaluation showed that one compound, pneumocandin I (5), has elevated antifungal activity and similar hemolytic activity compared to pneumocandin B0, the starting molecule for caspofungin. This study demonstrates that the lipoinitiation mechanism in pneumocandin biosynthesis involves interaction among a highly reducing PKS, a putative type II thioesterase, and an acyl AMP-ligase. A comparison of the SAR among pneumocandins with different-length acyl side chains demonstrated the potential for using GLligase for future engineering of new echinocandin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Texas
Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular
Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Texas
Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular
Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Qun Yue
- Texas
Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular
Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Anna Loksztejn
- Department
of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Nanaline
H. Duke Building, Box 3711, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Kenichi Yokoyama
- Department
of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Nanaline
H. Duke Building, Box 3711, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Edd A. Felix
- Phamaceutical
Science Facility, Institute of Applied Cancer Science, The M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3 Park 1, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas
Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular
Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas
Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular
Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Gerald F. Bills
- Texas
Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular
Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
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Tan KC, Wakimoto T, Abe I. Sulfoureido Lipopeptides from the Marine Sponge Discodermia kiiensis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:2418-2422. [PMID: 27551908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
New N-sulfoureidylated lipopeptides, sulfolipodiscamides A-C (1-3), were isolated by gel filtration chromatography of the n-butanol fraction of the marine sponge Discodermia kiiensis. By extensive NMR analyses and high-resolution mass spectrometry, the structures of 1-3 were elucidated as having an unprecedented N-sulfoureidyl group on the d-citrulline residue, a distinct feature that was not found in the structurally related lipodiscamides A-C (4-6), derived from the ether fraction of the same sponge. Furthermore, the absolute configurations of 1-3 were confirmed by comparisons of the HPLC retention times of the hydrolytic products and the corresponding authentic lipodiscamides. Interestingly, sulfolipodiscamide A displayed a 2.3-fold increase in cytotoxicity against murine leukemia (P388) cells, compared to the unconjugated parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Co Tan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Wakimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University , Kita 12 Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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28
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Svetaz LA, Postigo A, Butassi E, Zacchino SA, Sortino MA. Antifungal drugs combinations: a patent review 2000-2015. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:439-53. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1146693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Isogai Y, Nakayama K. Alteration of substrate selection of antibiotic acylase from β-lactam to echinocandin. Protein Eng Des Sel 2015; 29:49-56. [PMID: 26590167 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzv059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibiotic acylases belonging to the N-terminal nucleophile hydrolase superfamily are key enzymes for the industrial production of antibiotic drugs. Cephalosporin acylase (CA) and penicillin G acylase (PGA) are two of the most intensively studied enzymes that catalyze the deacylation of β-lactam antibiotics. On the other hand, aculeacin A acylase (AAC) is known to be an alternative acylase class catalyzing the deacylation of echinocandin or cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic compounds, but its structural and enzymatic properties remain to be explored. In the present study, 3D homology models of AAC were constructed, and docking simulation with substrate ligands was performed for AAC, as well as for CA and PGA. The docking models of AAC with aculeacin A suggest that AAC has the deep narrow binding pocket for the long-chain fatty acyl group of the echinocandin molecule. To confirm this, CA mutants have been designed to form the binding pocket for the long acyl chain. Experimentally synthesized mutant enzymes exhibited lower enzymatic activity for cephalosporin but higher activity for aculeacin A, in comparison with the wild-type enzyme. The present results have clarified the difference in mechanisms of substrate selection between the β-lactam and echinocandin acylases and demonstrate the usefulness of the computational approaches for engineering the enzymatic properties of antibiotic acylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Isogai
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakayama
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan Present address: Fujiyakuhin Co., Ltd, Itakura 682, Toyama, Toyama 939-2721, Japan
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Oyake T, Kowata S, Murai K, Ito S, Akagi T, Kubo K, Sawada K, Ishida Y. Comparison of micafungin and voriconazole as empirical antifungal therapies in febrile neutropenic patients with hematological disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Haematol 2015. [PMID: 26216048 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In cases of hematological malignancy, patients with persistent fever and neutropenia receive antifungal empirical therapy to prevent and treat invasive fungal infections. The clinical efficacy and safety of micafungin and voriconazole were compared. METHODS In this randomized, cooperative group, open-label trial, we assessed and compared the efficacy and safety of micafungin and voriconazole as an empirical antifungal therapy in febrile neutropenic patients with hematological malignancy. Patients were classified according to invasive fungal infection risk. RESULTS There were no significant differences in clinical efficacy between the two treatments, evaluated based on (i) successful treatment of baseline fungal infection (no evaluation), (ii) absence of breakthrough fungal infection (P = 0.106), (iii) survival for ≥7 days after study completion (P = 0.335), (iv) premature study discontinuation due to poor efficacy (P = 0.424), and (v) resolution of fever during neutropenia (P = 0.756). Discontinuation due to drug-related adverse events (grades 3-4) occurred less frequently in the micafungin group (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The clinical efficacy did not differ between micafungin and voriconazole. Micafungin was generally better tolerated than voriconazole when given as an empirical antifungal therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Oyake
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka City, Japan
| | - Shugo Kowata
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka City, Japan
| | - Kazunori Murai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka City, Japan
| | - Shigeki Ito
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka City, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Akagi
- Department of Hematology, Aomori Prefectural Central Hospital, Aomori City, Japan
| | - Kohmei Kubo
- Department of Hematology, Aomori Prefectural Central Hospital, Aomori City, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sawada
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita City, Japan
| | - Yoji Ishida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka City, Japan
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Evolution of Chemical Diversity in Echinocandin Lipopeptide Antifungal Metabolites. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2015; 14:698-718. [PMID: 26024901 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00076-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The echinocandins are a class of antifungal drugs that includes caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin. Gene clusters encoding most of the structural complexity of the echinocandins provided a framework for hypotheses about the evolutionary history and chemical logic of echinocandin biosynthesis. Gene orthologs among echinocandin-producing fungi were identified. Pathway genes, including the nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), were analyzed phylogenetically to address the hypothesis that these pathways represent descent from a common ancestor. The clusters share cooperative gene contents and linkages among the different strains. Individual pathway genes analyzed in the context of similar genes formed unique echinocandin-exclusive phylogenetic lineages. The echinocandin NRPSs, along with the NRPS from the inp gene cluster in Aspergillus nidulans and its orthologs, comprise a novel lineage among fungal NRPSs. NRPS adenylation domains from different species exhibited a one-to-one correspondence between modules and amino acid specificity that is consistent with models of tandem duplication and subfunctionalization. Pathway gene trees and Ascomycota phylogenies are congruent and consistent with the hypothesis that the echinocandin gene clusters have a common origin. The disjunct Eurotiomycete-Leotiomycete distribution appears to be consistent with a scenario of vertical descent accompanied by incomplete lineage sorting and loss of the clusters from most lineages of the Ascomycota. We present evidence for a single evolutionary origin of the echinocandin family of gene clusters and a progression of structural diversification in two fungal classes that diverged approximately 290 to 390 million years ago. Lineage-specific gene cluster evolution driven by selection of new chemotypes contributed to diversification of the molecular functionalities.
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Bills G, Li Y, Chen L, Yue Q, Niu XM, An Z. New insights into the echinocandins and other fungal non-ribosomal peptides and peptaibiotics. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:1348-75. [PMID: 25156669 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00046c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are a primary modality for fungal peptidic natural product assembly and are responsible for some of the best known, most useful, and most destructive fungal metabolites. Through genome sequencing and computer-assisted recognition of modular motifs of catalytic domains, one can now confidently identify most NRPS biosynthetic genes of a fungal strain. The biosynthetic gene clusters responsible for two of the most important classes of NRP fungal derived drugs, cyclosporine and the echinocandins, have been recently characterized by genomic sequencing and annotation. Complete biosynthetic gene clusters for the pneumocandins and echinocandins have been mapped at the genetic level and functionally characterized to some extent. Genomic sequencing of representative strains of most of the variants in the echinocandin family, including the wild-type of the three fungal strains employed for industrial-scale production of caspofungin, micafungin and anidulofungin, has enabled characterization of the basic architecture of the echinocandin NRPS pathways. A comparative analysis of how pathway genes cause variations in lipoinitiation, biosynthesis of the non-proteinogenic amino acids, amino acid substitutions, and hydroxylations and sulfonations of the core peptide and contribute to the molecular diversity of the family is presented. We also review new information on the natural functions of NRPs, the differences between fungal and bacterial NRPSs, and functional characterization of selected NRPS gene clusters. Continuing discovery of the new fungal nonribosomal peptides has contributed new structural diversity and potential insights into their biological functions among other natural peptides and peptaibiotics. We therefore provide an update on new peptides, depsipeptides and peptaibols discovered in the Fungi since 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Bills
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston, Houston, Texas 77054, USA.
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Emrick D, Ravichandran A, Gosai J, Lu S, Gordon DM, Smith L. The antifungal occidiofungin triggers an apoptotic mechanism of cell death in yeast. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:829-838. [PMID: 23672235 DOI: 10.1021/np300678e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Occidiofungin is a nonribosomally synthesized cyclic peptide having a base mass of 1200 Da. It is naturally produced by the soil bacterium Burkholderia contaminans MS14 and possesses potent broad-spectrum antifungal properties. The mechanism of action of occidiofungin is unknown. Viability, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, membrane and cell wall stability, and membrane mimetic assays were used to characterize the effect of occidiofungin on yeast cells. Confocal and electron microscopy experiments were used to visualize morphological changes within treated cells. TUNEL and ROS detection assays revealed an increase in fluorescence with increasing concentrations of the antifungal. Yeast cells appeared to shrink in size and showed the presence of 'dancing bodies' at low drug concentrations (1 μg/mL). A screen carried out on Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene deletion mutants in the apoptotic and autophagy pathways identified the apoptotic gene for YCA1, as having an important role in occidiofungin response as cells deleted for this gene exhibit a 2-fold increase in resistance. Results from our experiments demonstrate that the mechanism of action for occidiofungin in yeast is different from that of the common classes of antifungals used in the clinic, such as azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins. Our study also indicates that occidiofungin causes cell death in yeast through an apoptotic mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayna Emrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University , Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
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34
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Occidiofungin's chemical stability and in vitro potency against Candida species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 56:765-9. [PMID: 22106210 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05231-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Occidiofungin is a cyclic glyco-lipopeptide produced by Burkholderia contaminans. MICs against Candida species were between 0.5 and 2.0 μg/ml. Occidiofungin retains its in vitro potency in the presence of 5% and 50% human serum with a minimal lethal concentration (MLC) of 2 and 4 μg/ml, respectively. Time-kill and postantifungal effect (PAFE) experiments of occidiofungin against Candida albicans were performed. The results demonstrate that occidiofungin is fungicidal. Occidiofungin was also found to be a very stable molecule. It is resistant to extreme temperatures and pH and maintains its activity following exposure to gastric proteases.
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35
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Hori S. [Safety profile of antimicrobial agents]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2011; 131:1423-8. [PMID: 21963968 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.131.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many antibiotics have been developed and used for the treatment of infectious diseases. Although they have been known to have various adverse effects, most of the mechanisms remain still unknown. New quinolones are well known to induce convulsions and their convulsant activity enhanced by concurrent administration of anti-inflammatory drugs. Each new quinolone has an individual convulsant activity with individual drug-interaction with anti-inflammatory drugs. And enoxacin, lomefloxacin and gatifloxacin have been reported to decrease blood glucose levels in a dose-depend- ent manner, but ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin had no effect on the levels. It should be important to know the safety profile of antimicrobial agents before doctors administer these agents to the patients with infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Hori
- Department of Pharmacology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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36
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Ueda S, Kinoshita M, Tanaka F, Tsuboi M, Shimizu S, Oohata N, Hino M, Yamada M, Isogai Y, Hashimoto S. Strain selection and scale-up fermentation for FR901379 acylase production by Streptomyces sp. no. 6907. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 112:409-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Koryakina I, Neville J, Nonaka K, Van Lanen SG, Williams GJ. A High-Throughput Screen for Directed Evolution of the Natural Product Sulfotransferase LipB. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:845-51. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057111413273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the authors describe a colorimetric, high-throughput assay suitable for optimizing the activity of the recently discovered sulfotransferase LipB, by directed evolution. Crucially, LipB uses para-nitrophenol sulfate as donor in the sulfation of the nucleoside antibiotic liposidomycin B-I and other acceptor surrogates. Thus, using a robotic liquid-handling device, crude cell extracts were prepared from an Escherichia coli strain that overproduced LipB in wells of a microplate, and production of para-nitrophenol at 405 nm was monitored spectrophotometrically. Enzyme activity could be detected only in the presence of both LipB substrates and overexpressed LipB. The screen displays a suitable standard deviation for directed evolution and importantly is not limited to the natural desulfo-liposidomycin acceptor. The authors plan to use the screen to identify LipB variants with altered acceptor specificity and promiscuity for use in sulfation of natural products and other small-molecule therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Koryakina
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Jessica Neville
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Koichi Nonaka
- Biopharmaceutical Research Group I, Biopharmaceutical Technology Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Steven G. Van Lanen
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Gavin J. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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Zou X, Niu S, Ren J, Li E, Liu X, Che Y. Verrucamides A-D, antibacterial cyclopeptides from Myrothecium verrucaria. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:1111-1116. [PMID: 21539317 DOI: 10.1021/np200050r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Four new cyclic tetradecapeptides, verrucamides A-D (1-4), have been isolated from the solid-substrate fermentation culture of the ascomycete fungus Myrothecium verrucaria. The structures of these compounds, each featuring six N-methylated amino acid residues, were elucidated primarily by NMR and MS methods. The absolute configurations of 1-4 were assigned by application of Marfey's method on their acid hydrolysates. Compounds 1-4 showed antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwei Zou
- Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology & Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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Cloning and expression of the FR901379 acylase gene from Streptomyces sp. no. 6907. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2010; 64:169-75. [PMID: 21119679 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2010.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
FR901379 acylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the palmitoyl moiety of the antifungal lipopeptide FR901379, was purified from the culture broth of Streptomyces sp. no. 6907 (FERM BP-5809), revealing the 80 kDa, two-subunit heterodimeric protein characteristic of the β-lactam acylase family. Using oligodeoxyribonucleotide primers constructed on the basis of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of each purified subunit, the gene was identified from a cosmid library of Streptomyces sp. no. 6907 DNA. The deduced 775 amino acid sequence corresponded to a single polypeptide chain containing two subunits, and it shared 41.7% identity with aculeacin A acylase from Actinoplanes utahensis NRRL12052. FR901379 acylase activity was found to be 250-fold higher in the recombinant Streptomyces lividans 1326 carrying the cloned gene than in the original Streptomyces sp. no. 6907 strain.
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of antifungal lipopeptide producing fungus Coleophoma empetri F-11899. Curr Genet 2009; 55:623-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-009-0275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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