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Ralhan K, Iyer KA, Diaz LL, Bird R, Maind A, Zhou QA. Navigating Antibacterial Frontiers: A Panoramic Exploration of Antibacterial Landscapes, Resistance Mechanisms, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1483-1519. [PMID: 38691668 PMCID: PMC11091902 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The development of effective antibacterial solutions has become paramount in maintaining global health in this era of increasing bacterial threats and rampant antibiotic resistance. Traditional antibiotics have played a significant role in combating bacterial infections throughout history. However, the emergence of novel resistant strains necessitates constant innovation in antibacterial research. We have analyzed the data on antibacterials from the CAS Content Collection, the largest human-curated collection of published scientific knowledge, which has proven valuable for quantitative analysis of global scientific knowledge. Our analysis focuses on mining the CAS Content Collection data for recent publications (since 2012). This article aims to explore the intricate landscape of antibacterial research while reviewing the advancement from traditional antibiotics to novel and emerging antibacterial strategies. By delving into the resistance mechanisms, this paper highlights the need to find alternate strategies to address the growing concern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leilani Lotti Diaz
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Robert Bird
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Ankush Maind
- ACS
International India Pvt. Ltd., Pune 411044, India
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2
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Ge W, Li Z, Yang Y, Liu X, Zhu Z, Bai L, Qin Z, Xu X, Li J, Li S. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of FST and its effects on inflammatory response and intestinal barrier function in mice infected with Escherichia coli O78. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111386. [PMID: 38109839 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) can cause intestinal diseases in humans and livestock, damage the intestinal barrier, increase systemic inflammation, and seriously threaten human health and the development of animal husbandry. In this study, we designed and synthesized a novel conjugate florfenicol sulfathiazole (FST) based on drug combination principles, and investigated its antibacterial activity in vitro and its protective effect on inflammatory response and intestinal barrier function in E. coli O78-infected mice in vivo. The results showed that FST had superior antibacterial properties and minimal cytotoxicity compared with its prodrugs as florfenicol and sulfathiazole. FST protected mice from lethal E. coli infection, reduced clinical signs of inflammation, reduced weight loss, alleviated intestinal structural damage. FST decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and increased the expression of claudin-1, Occludin, and ZO-1 in the jejunum, improved the intestinal barrier function, and promoted the absorption of nutrients. FST also inhibited the expression of TLR4, MyD88, p-p65, and p-p38 in the jejunum. The study may lay the foundation for the development of FST as new drugs for intestinal inflammation and injury in enteric pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Ge
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhun Li
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiwang Liu
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhaohan Zhu
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lixia Bai
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhe Qin
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Shihong Li
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China.
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Douglas EJ, Laabei M. Staph wars: the antibiotic pipeline strikes back. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001387. [PMID: 37656158 PMCID: PMC10569064 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic chemotherapy is widely regarded as one of the most significant medical advancements in history. However, the continued misuse of antibiotics has contributed to the rapid rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) globally. Staphylococcus aureus, a major human pathogen, has become synonymous with multidrug resistance and is a leading antimicrobial-resistant pathogen causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. This review focuses on (1) the targets of current anti-staphylococcal antibiotics and the specific mechanisms that confirm resistance; (2) an in-depth analysis of recently licensed antibiotics approved for the treatment of S. aureus infections; and (3) an examination of the pre-clinical pipeline of anti-staphylococcal compounds. In addition, we examine the molecular mechanism of action of novel antimicrobials and derivatives of existing classes of antibiotics, collate data on the emergence of resistance to new compounds and provide an overview of key data from clinical trials evaluating anti-staphylococcal compounds. We present several successful cases in the development of alternative forms of existing antibiotics that have activity against multidrug-resistant S. aureus. Pre-clinical antimicrobials show promise, but more focus and funding are required to develop novel classes of compounds that can curtail the spread of and sustainably control antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maisem Laabei
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Koh AJJ, Thombare V, Hussein M, Rao GG, Li J, Velkov T. Bifunctional antibiotic hybrids: A review of clinical candidates. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1158152. [PMID: 37397488 PMCID: PMC10313405 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1158152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a top threat to human health and a priority across the globe. This problematic issue is accompanied by the decline of new antibiotics in the pipeline over the past 30 years. In this context, an urgent need to develop new strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance is in great demand. Lately, among the possible approaches used to deal with antimicrobial resistance is the covalent ligation of two antibiotic pharmacophores that target the bacterial cells through a dissimilar mode of action into a single hybrid molecule, namely hybrid antibiotics. This strategy exhibits several advantages, including better antibacterial activity, overcoming the existing resistance towards individual antibiotics, and may ultimately delay the onset of bacterial resistance. This review sheds light on the latest development of the dual antibiotic hybrids pipeline, their potential mechanisms of action, and challenges in their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Jing Jie Koh
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIP, Australia
| | - Varsha Thombare
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIP, Australia
| | - Maytham Hussein
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIP, Australia
| | - Gauri G. Rao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jian Li
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Parkville, VIP, Australia
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIP, Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIP, Australia
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van Groesen E, Innocenti P, Martin NI. Recent Advances in the Development of Semisynthetic Glycopeptide Antibiotics: 2014-2022. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1381-1407. [PMID: 35895325 PMCID: PMC9379927 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The accelerated appearance of drug-resistant bacteria poses an ever-growing threat to modern medicine's capacity to fight infectious diseases. Gram-positive species such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Streptococcus pneumoniae continue to contribute significantly to the global burden of antimicrobial resistance. For decades, the treatment of serious Gram-positive infections relied upon the glycopeptide family of antibiotics, typified by vancomycin, as a last line of defense. With the emergence of vancomycin resistance, the semisynthetic glycopeptides telavancin, dalbavancin, and oritavancin were developed. The clinical use of these compounds is somewhat limited due to toxicity concerns and their unusual pharmacokinetics, highlighting the importance of developing next-generation semisynthetic glycopeptides with enhanced antibacterial activities and improved safety profiles. This Review provides an updated overview of recent advancements made in the development of novel semisynthetic glycopeptides, spanning the period from 2014 to today. A wide range of approaches are covered, encompassing innovative strategies that have delivered semisynthetic glycopeptides with potent activities against Gram-positive bacteria, including drug-resistant strains. We also address recent efforts aimed at developing targeted therapies and advances made in extending the activity of the glycopeptides toward Gram-negative organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma van Groesen
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Innocenti
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel I Martin
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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Surur AS, Sun D. Macrocycle-Antibiotic Hybrids: A Path to Clinical Candidates. Front Chem 2021; 9:659845. [PMID: 33996753 PMCID: PMC8120311 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.659845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tale of abate in antibiotics continued defense mechanisms that chaperone the rise of drug-defying superbugs—on the other hand, the astray in antibacterial drug discovery and development. Our salvation lies in circumventing the genesis of resistance. Considering the competitive advantages of antibacterial chemotherapeutic agents equipped with multiple warheads against resistance, the development of hybrids has rejuvenated. The adoption of antibiotic hybrid paradigm to macrocycles has advanced novel chemical entities to clinical trials. The multi-targeted TD-1792, for instance, retained potent antibacterial activities against multiple strains that are resistant to its constituent, vancomycin. Moreover, the antibiotic conjugation of rifamycins has provided hybrid clinical candidates with desirable efficacy and safety profiles. In 2020, the U.S. FDA has granted an orphan drug designation to TNP-2092, a conjugate of rifamycin and fluoroquinolone, for the treatment of prosthetic joint infections. DSTA4637S is a pioneer antibacterial agent under clinical development and represents a novel class of bacterial therapy, that is, antibody–antibiotic conjugates. DSTA4637S is effective against the notorious persistent S. aureus bacteremia, a revelation of the abracadabra potential of antibiotic hybrid approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdrrahman Shemsu Surur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI, United States
| | - Dianqing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI, United States
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Shchelik IS, Tomio A, Gademann K. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Light-Activated Antibiotics. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:681-692. [PMID: 33656844 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal control of bioactivity of small molecules by light (photopharmacology) constitutes a promising approach for study of biological processes and ultimately for the treatment of diseases. In this study, we investigated two different "caged" antibiotic classes that can undergo remote activation with UV-light at λ = 365 nm, via the conjugation of deactivating and photocleavable units through a short synthetic sequence. The two widely used antibiotics vancomycin and cephalosporin were thus enhanced in their performance by rendering them photoresponsive and thereby suppressing undesired off-site activity. The antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, S. aureus ATCC 43300 (MRSA), Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 could be spatiotemporally controlled with light. Both molecular series displayed a good activity window. The vancomycin derivative displayed excellent values against Gram-positive strains after uncaging, and the next-generation caged cephalosporin derivative achieved good and broad activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains after photorelease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga S. Shchelik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Tomio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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De Rosa M, Verdino A, Soriente A, Marabotti A. The Odd Couple(s): An Overview of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics Bearing More Than One Pharmacophoric Group. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020617. [PMID: 33435500 PMCID: PMC7826672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
β-lactam antibiotics are among the most important and widely used antimicrobials worldwide and are comprised of a large family of compounds, obtained by chemical modifications of the common scaffolds. Usually these modifications include the addition of active groups, but less frequently, molecules were synthesized in which either two β-lactam rings were joined to create a single bifunctional compound, or the azetidinone ring was joined to another antibiotic scaffold or another molecule with a different activity, in order to create a molecule bearing two different pharmacophoric functions. In this review, we report some examples of these derivatives, highlighting their biological properties and discussing how this strategy can lead to the development of innovative antibiotics that can represent either novel weapons against the rampant increase of antimicrobial resistance, or molecules with a broader spectrum of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita De Rosa
- Correspondence: (M.D.R.); (A.M.); Tel.: +39-089-969553 (M.D.R.); +39-089-969583 (A.M.)
| | | | | | - Anna Marabotti
- Correspondence: (M.D.R.); (A.M.); Tel.: +39-089-969553 (M.D.R.); +39-089-969583 (A.M.)
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Rodríguez-Mayor AV, Peralta-Camacho GJ, Cárdenas-Martínez KJ, García-Castañeda JE. Development of Strategies for Glycopeptide Synthesis: An Overview on the Glycosidic Linkage. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200701121037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins and glycopeptides are an interesting focus of research, because of
their potential use as therapeutic agents, since they are related to carbohydrate-carbohydrate,
carbohydrate-protein, and carbohydrate-lipid interactions, which are commonly involved in
biological processes. It has been established that natural glycoconjugates could be an important
source of templates for the design and development of molecules with therapeutic applications.
However, isolating large quantities of glycoconjugates from biological sources
with the required purity is extremely complex, because these molecules are found in heterogeneous
environments and in very low concentrations. As an alternative to solving this
problem, the chemical synthesis of glycoconjugates has been developed. In this context,
several methods for the synthesis of glycopeptides in solution and/or solid-phase have been
reported. In most of these methods, glycosylated amino acid derivatives are used as building
blocks for both solution and solid-phase synthesis. The synthetic viability of glycoconjugates is a critical parameter
for allowing their use as drugs to mitigate the impact of microbial resistance and/or cancer. However, the
chemical synthesis of glycoconjugates is a challenge, because these molecules possess multiple reaction sites and
have a very specific stereochemistry. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement synthetic routes, which
may involve various protection schemes but can be stereoselective, environmentally friendly, and high-yielding.
This review focuses on glycopeptide synthesis by recapitulating the progress made over the last 15 years.
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Wu ZC, Boger DL. Maxamycins: Durable Antibiotics Derived by Rational Redesign of Vancomycin. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2587-2599. [PMID: 33138354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery, vancomycin has been used in the clinic for >60 years. Because of their durability, vancomycin and related glycopeptides serve as the antibiotics of last resort for the treatment of protracted bacterial infections of resistant Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) Streptococcus pneumoniae. After 30 years of use, vancomycin resistance was first observed and is now widespread in enterococci and more recently in S. aureus. The widespread prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and the emergence of vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) represent a call to focus on the challenge of resistance, highlight the need for new therapeutics, and provide the inspiration for the design of more durable antibiotics less prone to bacterial resistance than even vancomycin.Herein we summarize progress on efforts to overcome vancomycin resistance, first addressing recovery of its original durable mechanism of action and then introducing additional independent mechanisms of action intended to increase the potency and durability beyond that of vancomycin itself. The knowledge of the origin of vancomycin resistance and an understanding of the molecular basis of the loss of binding affinity between vancomycin and the altered target ligand d-Ala-d-Lac provided the basis for the subtle and rational redesign of the vancomycin binding pocket to remove the destabilizing lone-pair repulsion or reintroduce a lost H-bond while not impeding binding to the unaltered ligand d-Ala-d-Ala. Preparation of the modified glycopeptide core structure was conducted by total synthesis, providing binding pocket-modified vancomycin aglycons with dual d-Ala-d-Ala/d-Lac binding properties that directly address the intrinsic mechanism of resistance to vancomycin. Fully glycosylated pocket-modified vancomycin analogues were generated through a subsequent two-step enzymatic glycosylation, providing a starting point for peripheral modifications used to introduce additional mechanisms of action. A well-established vancosamine N-(4-chlorobiphenyl)methyl (CBP) modification as well as newly discovered C-terminal trimethylammonium cation (C1) or guanidine modifications were introduced, providing two additional synergistic mechanisms of action independent of d-Ala-d-Ala/d-Lac binding. The CBP modification provides an additional stage for inhibition of cell wall synthesis that results from direct competitive inhibition of transglycosylase, whereas the C1/guanidine modification induces bacteria cell permeablization. The synergistic behavior of the three independent mechanisms of action combined in a single molecule provides ultrapotent antibiotics (MIC = 0.01-0.005 μg/mL against VanA VRE). Beyond the remarkable antimicrobial activity, the multiple mechanisms of action suppress the rate at which resistance may be selected, where any single mechanism of action is protected by the action of others. The results detailed herein show that rational targeting of durable vancomycin-derived antibiotics has generated compounds with a "resistance against resistance", provided new candidate antibiotics, and may serve as a generalizable strategy to combat antibacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chen Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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11
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Wu ZC, Cameron MD, Boger DL. Vancomycin C-Terminus Guanidine Modifications and Further Insights into an Added Mechanism of Action Imparted by a Peripheral Structural Modification. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2169-2180. [PMID: 32598127 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of vancomycin C-terminus guanidine modifications is disclosed that improves antimicrobial activity, enhances the durability of antimicrobial action against selection or induction of resistance, and introduces a synergistic mechanism of action independent of d-Ala-d-Ala binding and inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis. The added mechanism of action results in induced bacterial cell permeability, which we show may involve interaction with cell envelope teichoic acid. Significantly, the compounds examined that contain two combined peripheral modifications, a (4-chlorobiphenyl)methyl (CBP) and C-terminus guanidinium modification, offer opportunities for new treatments against not only vancomycin-sensitive but especially vancomycin-resistant bacteria where they act by two synergistic and now durable mechanisms of action independent of d-Ala-d-Ala/d-Lac binding and display superb antimicrobial potencies (MIC 0.6-0.15 μg/mL, VanA VRE). For the first time, we demonstrate that the synergistic behavior of the peripheral modifications examined requires the presence of both the CBP and guanidine modifications in a single molecule versus their combined use as an equimolar mixture of singly modified compounds. Finally, we show that a prototypical member of the series, G3-CBP-vancomycin (15), exhibits no hemolytic activity, displays no mammalian cell growth inhibition, possesses improved and especially attractive in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, and displays excellent in vivo efficacy and potency against an especially challenging multidrug-resistant (MRSA) and VanA vancomycin-resistant (VRSA) Staphylococcus aureus bacterial strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chen Wu
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michael D. Cameron
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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12
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Tevyashova AN, Bychkova EN, Korolev AM, Isakova EB, Mirchink EP, Osterman IA, Erdei R, Szücs Z, Batta G. Synthesis and evaluation of biological activity for dual-acting antibiotics on the basis of azithromycin and glycopeptides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 29:276-280. [PMID: 30473176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
One of the promising directions of the combined approach is the design of dual-acting antibiotics - heterodimeric structures on the basis of antimicrobial agents of different classes. In this study a novel series of azithromycin-glycopeptide conjugates were designed and synthesized. The structures of the obtained compounds were confirmed using NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry data including MS/MS analysis. All novel hybrid antibiotics were found to be either as active as azithromycin and vancomycin against Gram-positive bacterial strains or have superior activity in comparison with their parent antibiotics. One compound, eremomycin-azithromycin conjugate 16, demonstrated moderate activity against Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis strains resistant to vancomycin, and equal to vancomycin's activity for the treatment of mice with Staphylococcus aureus sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N Tevyashova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya, Moscow, Russia; D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya sq., Moscow, Russia.
| | - Elena N Bychkova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Elena B Isakova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena P Mirchink
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya A Osterman
- Department of Chemistry and A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia; Centre for Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russia
| | - Réka Erdei
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Szücs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Gyula Batta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
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13
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Dhanda G, Sarkar P, Samaddar S, Haldar J. Battle against Vancomycin-Resistant Bacteria: Recent Developments in Chemical Strategies. J Med Chem 2018; 62:3184-3205. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Dhanda
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Paramita Sarkar
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandip Samaddar
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayanta Haldar
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
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14
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Srinivasan B, Tonddast-Navaei S, Roy A, Zhou H, Skolnick J. Chemical space of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors: New approaches for discovering novel drugs for old bugs. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:684-705. [PMID: 30192413 DOI: 10.1002/med.21538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli Dihydrofolate reductase is an important enzyme that is essential for the survival of the Gram-negative microorganism. Inhibitors designed against this enzyme have demonstrated application as antibiotics. However, either because of poor bioavailability of the small-molecules resulting from their inability to cross the double membrane in Gram-negative bacteria or because the microorganism develops resistance to the antibiotics by mutating the DHFR target, discovery of new antibiotics against the enzyme is mandatory to overcome drug-resistance. This review summarizes the field of DHFR inhibition with special focus on recent efforts to effectively interface computational and experimental efforts to discover novel classes of inhibitors that target allosteric and active-sites in drug-resistant variants of EcDHFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Srinivasan
- Center for the Study of Systems Biology, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sam Tonddast-Navaei
- Center for the Study of Systems Biology, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ambrish Roy
- Center for the Study of Systems Biology, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hongyi Zhou
- Center for the Study of Systems Biology, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jeffrey Skolnick
- Center for the Study of Systems Biology, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
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15
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Bowden S, Joseph C, Tang S, Cannon J, Francis E, Zhou M, Baker JR, Choi SK. Oritavancin Retains a High Affinity for a Vancomycin-Resistant Cell-Wall Precursor via Its Bivalent Motifs of Interaction. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2723-2732. [PMID: 29651842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite its potent antibacterial activities against drug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens, oritavancin remains partially understood with respect to its primary mode of hydrogen bond interaction with a cell-wall peptide regarding the role of its lipophilic 4'-chlorobiphenyl moiety. Here we report a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) study performed in two cell-wall model surfaces, each prepared by immobilization with a vancomycin-susceptible Lys-d-Ala-d-Ala or vancomycin-resistant Lys-d-Ala-d-Lac peptide. Analysis of binding kinetics performed on the peptide surface showed that oritavancin bound ∼100-1000-fold more tightly than vancomycin on each model surface. Ligand competition experiments conducted by SPR and fluorescence spectroscopy provided evidence that such affinity enhancement can be attributed to its 4'-chlorobiphenyl moiety, possibly through a hydrophobic interaction that led to a gain of free energy with a contribution from enthalpy as suggested by a variable-temperature SPR experiment. On the basis of these findings, we propose a model for the bivalent motifs of interaction of oritavancin with cell-wall peptides, by which the drug molecule can retain a strong interaction even with the vancomycin-resistant peptide. In summary, this study advances our understanding of oritavancin and offers new insight into the significance of bivalent motifs in the design of glycopeptide antibiotics.
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16
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Klahn P, Brönstrup M. Bifunctional antimicrobial conjugates and hybrid antimicrobials. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:832-885. [PMID: 28530279 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00006e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2016Novel antimicrobial drugs are continuously needed to counteract bacterial resistance development. An innovative molecular design strategy for novel antibiotic drugs is based on the hybridization of an antibiotic with a second functional entity. Such conjugates can be grouped into two major categories. In the first category (antimicrobial hybrids), both functional elements of the hybrid exert antimicrobial activity. Due to the dual targeting, resistance development can be significantly impaired, the pharmacokinetic properties can be superior compared to combination therapies with the single antibiotics, and the antibacterial potency is often enhanced in a synergistic manner. In the second category (antimicrobial conjugates), one functional moiety controls the accumulation of the other part of the conjugate, e.g. by mediating an active transport into the bacterial cell or blocking the efflux. This approach is mostly applied to translocate compounds across the cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria through membrane-embedded transporters (e.g. siderophore transporters) that provide nutrition and signalling compounds to the cell. Such 'Trojan Horse' approaches can expand the antibacterial activity of compounds against Gram-negative pathogens, or offer new options for natural products that could not be developed as standalone antibiotics, e.g. due to their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Klahn
- Department for Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany. and Institute for Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - M Brönstrup
- Department for Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Sarkar P, Yarlagadda V, Ghosh C, Haldar J. A review on cell wall synthesis inhibitors with an emphasis on glycopeptide antibiotics. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:516-533. [PMID: 30108769 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00585c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs) have historically been one of the most effective classes of antibiotics. They are the most extensively used class of antibiotics and their importance is exemplified by the β-lactams and glycopeptide antibiotics. However, this class of antibiotics has not received impunity from resistance development. In the wake of this predicament, this review presents the progress of CBIs, especially glycopeptide derivatives as antibiotics to confront antibacterial resistance. The various strategies used for the development of CBIs, their clinical status and possible directions in which this field can evolve have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Sarkar
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory , New Chemistry Unit , Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) , Jakkur , Bengaluru 5600064 , Karnataka , India .
| | - Venkateswarlu Yarlagadda
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory , New Chemistry Unit , Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) , Jakkur , Bengaluru 5600064 , Karnataka , India .
| | - Chandradhish Ghosh
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory , New Chemistry Unit , Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) , Jakkur , Bengaluru 5600064 , Karnataka , India .
| | - Jayanta Haldar
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory , New Chemistry Unit , Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) , Jakkur , Bengaluru 5600064 , Karnataka , India .
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18
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Ulm H, Schneider T. Targeting bactoprenol-coupled cell envelope precursors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7815-25. [PMID: 27495122 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the bactoprenol-coupled cell wall precursor lipid II is a validated antibacterial strategy. In this review, selected prototype lipid II-binding antibiotics of different chemical classes are discussed. Although these compounds attack the same molecular target, they trigger nuanced and diverse cellular effects. Consequently, the mechanisms of antibacterial resistance and the likelihood of resistance development may vary substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Ulm
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 168, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tanja Schneider
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 168, 53105, Bonn, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.
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19
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References. Antibiotics (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819316.refs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Tevyashova AN, Olsufyeva EN, Preobrazhenskaya MN. Design of dual action antibiotics as an approach to search for new promising drugs. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Roman G. Mannich bases in medicinal chemistry and drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 89:743-816. [PMID: 25462280 PMCID: PMC7115492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The biological activity of Mannich bases, a structurally heterogeneous class of chemical compounds that are generated from various substrates through the introduction of an aminomethyl function by means of the Mannich reaction, is surveyed, with emphasis on the relationship between structure and biological activity. The review covers extensively the literature reports that have disclosed Mannich bases as anticancer and cytotoxic agents, or compounds with potential antibacterial and antifungal activity in the last decade. The most relevant studies on the activity of Mannich bases as antimycobacterial agents, antimalarials, or antiviral candidates have been included as well. The review contains also a thorough coverage of anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of Mannich bases. In addition, several minor biological activities of Mannich bases, such as their ability to regulate blood pressure or inhibit platelet aggregation, their antiparasitic and anti-ulcer effects, as well as their use as agents for the treatment of mental disorders have been presented. The review gives in the end a brief overview of the potential of Mannich bases as inhibitors of various enzymes or ligands for several receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe Roman
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Polymers, 41A Aleea Gr. Ghica Vodă, Iaşi 700487, Romania.
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22
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Speculative strategies for new antibacterials: all roads should not lead to Rome. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013; 66:371-86. [PMID: 23612725 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2013.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In concert with improvements in personal hygiene and public sanitation, the discovery and development of antibiotics during the latter half of the last century has reduced substantially the morbidity and mortality associated with bacterial diseases. However, the past decade has witnessed a sharp reduction in interest in antibacterial drug development by 'big pharma', compounded by a decline in the breadth of chemical space for new antibacterial molecules and a failure to exploit the plethora of cellular processes potentially targetable by novel classes of antibacterial molecules. This review focuses on some strategies relating to antibacterial chemotherapy, paths less trodden, which the author considers worthy of further exploration.
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Choi SK, Myc A, Silpe JE, Sumit M, Wong PT, McCarthy K, Desai AM, Thomas TP, Kotlyar A, Holl MMB, Orr BG, Baker JR. Dendrimer-based multivalent vancomycin nanoplatform for targeting the drug-resistant bacterial surface. ACS NANO 2013; 7:214-228. [PMID: 23259666 DOI: 10.1021/nn3038995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Vancomycin represents the preferred ligand for bacteria-targeting nanosystems. However, it is inefficient for emerging vancomycin-resistant species because of its poor affinity to the reprogrammed cell wall structure. This study demonstrates the use of a multivalent strategy as an effective way for overcoming such an affinity limitation in bacteria targeting. We designed a series of fifth generation (G5) poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers tethered with vancomycin at the C-terminus at different valencies. We performed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies to determine their binding avidity to two cell wall models, each made with either a vancomycin-susceptible (D)-Ala-(D)-Ala or vancomycin-resistant (D)-Ala-(D)-Lac cell wall precursor. These conjugates showed remarkable enhancement in avidity in the cell wall models tested, including the vancomycin-resistant model, which had an increase in avidity of four to five orders of magnitude greater than free vancomycin. The tight adsorption of the conjugate to the model surface corresponded with its ability to bind vancomycin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacterial cells in vitro as imaged by confocal fluorescent microscopy. This vancomycin platform was then used to fabricate the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles by coating them with the dendrimer conjugates, and the resulting dendrimer-covered magnetic nanoparticles were demonstrated to rapidly sequester bacterial cells. In summary, this article investigates the biophysical basis of the tight, multivalent association of dendrimer-based vancomycin conjugates to the bacterial cell wall, and proposes a potential new use of this nanoplatform in targeting Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Ki Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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TD-1792 versus vancomycin for treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:5476-83. [PMID: 22869571 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00712-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TD-1792 is a first-in-class glycopeptide-cephalosporin heterodimer that exhibits bactericidal activity against Gram-positive pathogens. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, active-control, phase II trial in patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by suspected or confirmed Gram-positive organisms. Patients 18 to 65 years old were randomized to receive 7 to 14 days of either TD-1792 (2 mg/kg of body weight intravenously [i.v.] every 24 h [q24h]) or vancomycin (1 g i.v. q12h, with dosage regimens adjusted per site-specific procedures). A total of 197 patients were randomized and received at least one dose of study medication. Rates of clinical success at the test-of-cure evaluation were similar in all analysis populations. Among 170 clinically evaluable patients, cure rates were 91.7% and 90.7% in the TD-1792 and vancomycin groups, respectively (95% confidence interval [CI] of -7.9 to 9.7 for the difference). In microbiologically evaluable patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at baseline (n = 75), cure rates were 94.7% in the TD-1792 group and 91.9% in the vancomycin group. Microbiological eradication of Gram-positive pathogens (n = 126) was achieved in 93.7% and 92.1% of patients in the TD-1792 and vancomycin groups, respectively. Seven patients were discontinued from study medication due to an adverse event (AE): 2 and 5 in the TD-1792 and vancomycin groups, respectively. AEs were of similar types and severities between the two groups, other than pruritus, which was more common in patients who received vancomycin. No patients in the TD-1792 group experienced a serious AE. This study supports further clinical development of TD-1792 in patients with Gram-positive infection.
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25
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East SP, Czaplewski LG, Haydon DJ. Ethyl Urea Inhibitors of the Bacterial Type II Topoisomerases DNA Gyrase (GyrB) and Topoisomerase IV (ParE). DESIGNING MULTI-TARGET DRUGS 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849734912-00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of new antibacterials to combat the emergence of resistant organisms is of global importance. One strategy to reduce the development of resistance in new drugs is to identify a single pharmacophore that has the ability to target more than one essential bacterial enzyme. This opportunity has already been realised with certain drugs from the quinolone/fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics, and these drugs act via the GyrA and ParC subunits on the bacterial type II topoisomerases DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. This class of enzymes also presents a second opportunity for single pharmacophore multi-target inhibitors as they contain similarly conserved binding sites on the GyrB and ParE subunits which are responsible for the hydrolysis of ATP, a critical step in these enzymes’ function. Competitive inhibitors of ATP have been shown to inhibit both GyrB and ParE and to reduce spontaneous resistance in vitro which is indicative of dual-target action. This chapter will focus on one chemical class of dual-targeting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV inhibitors, the ethyl ureas, and will present some of the preclinical data supporting their mechanism of action as a novel series of antibacterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. East
- Evotec (UK) Ltd 114 Milton Park, Abingdon Oxfordshire, OX14 4SA UK
| | - Lloyd G. Czaplewski
- Biota Europe Limited Begbroke Business & Science Park, Sandy Lane, Yarnton, Oxfordshire OX5 1PF UK
| | - David J. Haydon
- Biota Europe Limited Begbroke Business & Science Park, Sandy Lane, Yarnton, Oxfordshire OX5 1PF UK
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In vitro activity of TD-1792, a multivalent glycopeptide-cephalosporin antibiotic, against 377 strains of anaerobic bacteria and 34 strains of Corynebacterium species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:2194-7. [PMID: 22290981 DOI: 10.1128/aac.06274-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TD-1792 is a multivalent glycopeptide-cephalosporin heterodimer antibiotic with potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria. We tested TD-1792 against 377 anaerobes and 34 strains of Corynebacterium species. Against nearly all Gram-positive strains, TD-1792 had an MIC₉₀ of 0.25 μg/ml and was typically 3 to 7 dilutions more active than vancomycin and daptomycin.
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27
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Antistaphylococcal activity of TD-1792, a multivalent glycopeptide-cephalosporin antibiotic. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 56:1584-7. [PMID: 22203585 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05532-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TD-1792 is a new multivalent glycopeptide-cephalosporin antibiotic with potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The in vitro activity of TD-1792 was tested against 527 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, including multidrug-resistant isolates. TD-1792 was highly active against methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MIC(90), 0.015 μg/ml), methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (MIC(90), 0.03 μg/ml). Time-kill studies demonstrated the potent bactericidal activity of TD-1792 at concentrations of ≤ 0.12 μg/ml. A postantibiotic effect of >2 h was observed after exposure to TD-1792.
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Pharmacodynamics of TD-1792, a novel glycopeptide-cephalosporin heterodimer antibiotic used against Gram-positive bacteria, in a neutropenic murine thigh model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 56:1578-83. [PMID: 22155835 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05382-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TD-1792 is a novel glycopeptide-cephalosporin heterodimer investigational antibiotic that displays potent bactericidal effects against clinically relevant Gram-positive organisms in vitro. The present studies evaluated the in vivo pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of TD-1792 in the neutropenic murine thigh infection animal model. TD-1792, dosed subcutaneously (SC), produced dose-dependent reduction in the thigh bacterial burden of several organisms, including methicillin-susceptible and -resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (MSSA, MRSA, MSSE, MRSE, respectively), penicillin-susceptible strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae (PSSP), Streptococcus pyogenes, and vancomycin-intermediate-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (VISA). In single-dose efficacy studies, the 1-log(10) CFU kill effective dose (ED(1-log kill)) estimates for TD-1792 ranged from 0.049 to 2.55 mg/kg of body weight administered SC, and the bacterial burden was reduced by up to 3 log(10) CFU/g from pretreatment values. Against S. aureus ATCC 33591 (MRSA), the total 24-h log(10) stasis dose (ED(stasis)) and ED(1-logkill) doses for TD-1792 were 0.53 and 1.11 mg/kg/24 h, respectively, compared to 23.4 and 54.6 mg/kg/24 h for vancomycin, indicating that TD-1762 is 44- to 49-fold more potent than vancomycin. PK-PD analysis of data from single-dose and dose-fractionation studies for MRSA (ATCC 33591) demonstrated that the total-drug 24-h area under the concentration-time curve-to-MIC ratio (AUC/MIC ratio) was the best predictor of efficacy (r(2) = 0.826) compared to total-drug maximum plasma concentration of drug-to-MIC ratio (Cmax/MIC ratio; r(2) = 0.715) and percent time that the total-drug plasma drug concentration remains above the MIC (%Time>MIC; r(2) = 0.749). The magnitudes of the total-drug AUC/MIC ratios associated with net bacterial stasis, a 1-log(10) CFU reduction from baseline and near maximal effect, were 21.1, 37.2, and 51.8, respectively. PK-PD targets based on such data represent useful inputs for analyses to support dose selection decisions for clinical studies of patients.
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Abstract
There is a clear and urgent need for novel antibacterial agents that can address the concerns of growing resistance. This article details recent patent activity within the antibiotic field based on the emerging strategy of a multivalent approach to drug discovery. A range of heterodimer antibiotics are discussed, which consist of two antibacterial chemical classes covalently linked to afford compounds with the potential to engage multiple mechanisms of action. The possible benefits of such compounds include activity against drug-resistant bacteria, enhanced efficacy and duration, an expanded spectrum of activity and reduced potential for generating bacterial resistance. This exciting approach towards novel heterodimer antibiotics holds significant promise, but must overcome a range of challenges before yielding a successful medicine. Progress to date is encouraging and has resulted in three compounds entering clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed F Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 423 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670, USA
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Pokrovskaya V, Baasov T. Dual-acting hybrid antibiotics: a promising strategy to combat bacterial resistance. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2010; 5:883-902. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2010.508069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Pokrovskaya
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, The Edith and Joseph Fischer Enzyme Inhibitors Laboratory, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Haifa 32000, Israel ;
| | - Timor Baasov
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, The Edith and Joseph Fischer Enzyme Inhibitors Laboratory, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Haifa 32000, Israel ;
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimal K. Banik
- Dept. Chemistry, University of Texas-Pan American, W. University Drive 1201, Edinburg, 78539 USA
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Leung SSF, Tirado-Rives J, Jorgensen WL. Vancomycin analogs: Seeking improved binding of d-Ala-d-Ala and d-Ala-d-Lac peptides by side-chain and backbone modifications. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5874-86. [PMID: 19620008 PMCID: PMC2892990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 06/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to seek vancomycin analogs with improved performance against VanA and VanB resistant bacterial strains, extensive computational investigations have been performed to examine the effects of side-chain and backbone modifications. Changes in binding affinities for tripeptide cell-wall precursor mimics, Ac(2)-l-Lys-d-Ala-d-Ala (3) and Ac(2)-l-Lys-d-Ala-d-Lac (4), with vancomycin analogs were computed with Monte Carlo/free energy perturbation (MC/FEP) calculations. Replacements of the 3-hydroxyl group in residue 7 with small alkyl or alkoxy groups, which improve contacts with the methyl side chain of the ligands'd-Ala residue, are predicted to be the most promising to enhance binding for both ligands. The previously reported amine backbone modification as in 5 is shown to complement the hydrophobic modifications for binding monoacetylated tripeptides. In addition, replacement of the hydroxyl groups in residues 5 and 7 by fluorine is computed to have negligible impact on binding the tripeptides, though it may be pharmacologically advantageous.
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