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Nishitani K, Morita T, Seto Y. Screening of natural extracts with anti-norovirus effects and analysis of this mechanism in grape seed extract. JOURNAL OF MICROORGANISM CONTROL 2023; 28:83-92. [PMID: 37866900 DOI: 10.4265/jmc.28.3_83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV)is a major causative virus of viral gastroenteritis and requires a general disinfection method because it is resistant to common disinfectants such as ethanol and chlorhexidine. This study aimed to find natural extracts as candidates for versatile disinfectant ingredients. The antiviral effect of natural extracts against NoV can be evaluated using the feline calicivirus (FCV)-inactivation test and NoV virus-like particle (NoV-VLP)-binding inhibition test. In this study, screening of natural extracts with anti- NoV effects was performed using these two methods. Of the 63 natural extracts examined, 14 were found to have high FCV-inactivation and NoV-VLP-binding inhibitory effects. In addition, we evaluated the NoV-VLPbinding inhibitory effect of grape seed extract(GSE)containing proanthocyanidins under multiple concentration conditions and treatment times and determined that the binding inhibitory effect of GSE was concentration- and time-dependent. Electron microscopy showed that GSE-treated NoV-VLPs aggregated, distorted, and swelled, suggesting that GSE directly interacts with NoV particles. The results suggest that some natural extracts containing GSE can be used as components of disinfectants against NoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Nishitani
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
- Settsu Corporation
| | - Takayuki Morita
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
- Settsu Corporation
| | - Yoshiyuki Seto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
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Design and Evaluation of Novel HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors Containing Phenols or Polyphenols as P2 Ligands with High Activity against DRV-Resistant HIV-1 Variants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214178. [PMID: 36430656 PMCID: PMC9697080 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of drug-resistant variants, novel potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors with broad-spectrum antiviral activity against multidrug-resistant causative viruses are urgently needed. Herein, we designed and synthesized a new series of HIV-1 protease inhibitors with phenols or polyphenols as the P2 ligands and a variety of sulfonamide analogs as the P2' ligands. A number of these new inhibitors showed superb enzymatic inhibitory activity and antiviral activity. In particular, inhibitors 15d and 15f exhibited potent enzymatic inhibitory activity in the low picomolar range, and the latter showed excellent activity against the Darunavir-resistant HIV-1 variant. Furthermore, the molecular modeling studies provided insight into the ligand-binding site interactions between inhibitors and the enzyme cavity, and they sparked inspiration for the further optimization of potent inhibitors.
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Paiva L, Lima E, Motta M, Marcone M, Baptista J. Investigation of the Azorean Camellia sinensis Processing Conditions to Maximize the Theaflavin 3,3'-di- O-Gallate Content as a Potential Antiviral Compound. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1066. [PMID: 35739963 PMCID: PMC9220188 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular constituents of Camellia sinensis, in particular epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) and, more remarkably, the galloylated theaflavins, mainly theaflavin-3,3'-di-O-gallate (TF-3,3'-DG), have been reported to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), an enzyme required for the cleavage of its polyproteins, to produce vital individual functional proteins for viral cell replication. Our results for total catechin content revealed the values of 174.72, 200.90, and 211.75 mg/g dry weight (DW) in spring, and the values of 183.59, 191.36, and 215.09 mg/g DW in summer, for tea plantation zones 1, 2, and 3, respectively. For the TF-3,3'-DG content, the values of 2.68, 1.13, and 3.72 mg/g DW were observed in spring, and the values of 3.78, 2.06, and 8.91 mg/g DW in summer for zones 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In the same zone, different contents of TF-3,3'-DG were observed across plucking months of April, June, and August, with values of 1.13, 2.77, and 4.18 mg/g DW, respectively, showing higher values in summer. Different values of TF-3,3'-DG contents were also observed in the same tea plantation zone but from different plant parts, revealing higher values in the bud and the first and second leaves (3.62 mg/g DW) and lower values in the third and fourth leaves (1.14 mg/g DW). The TF-3,3'-DG content increased from 3.31 to 4.98 mg/g DW with increased fermentation time from 1 to 3 h, respectively, and increased for lower temperature and longer fermentation time. The aim of this study was to investigate the processing conditions that lead to maximum TF-3,3'-DG content and, given its potential impact as an inhibitor of the 3CLpro enzyme, to create a novel antiviral Azorean black tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisete Paiva
- Gorreana Tea Plantation, Gorreana, 9625-304 Maia, Portugal; (L.P.); (M.M.)
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering (DCFQE), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Azores, Portugal;
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Lima
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering (DCFQE), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Azores, Portugal;
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
| | - Madalena Motta
- Gorreana Tea Plantation, Gorreana, 9625-304 Maia, Portugal; (L.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Massimo Marcone
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - José Baptista
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering (DCFQE), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Azores, Portugal;
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
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Maiti S, Banerjee A, Kanwar M. Effects of theaflavin-gallate in-silico binding with different proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and host inflammation and vasoregulations referring an experimental rat-lung injury. PHYTOMEDICINE PLUS : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 2:100237. [PMID: 35403090 PMCID: PMC8820952 DOI: 10.1016/j.phyplu.2022.100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 claimed 5,209,104 lives, infected 260,997,910 individuals, globally. Infection is caused due to exposure or susceptibility; deaths occur due to age,comorbidity,higher-viral-load, immuno-suppression, inflammation, and multi-organ failure. Theaflavin-gallate, the major black tea component, showed previous evidence to inhibit HIV-1. Purpose As theaflavin-gallate prevents experimental rat-lung injury, the study of inhibitory effects of theaflavin-gallate was done, on SARS-CoV-2proteins and various host proteins related to some adverse effects in COVID-19 patients. Study Design Currently, some prospective phytochemical, black-tea (Camellia-sinensis) extract (BTE) was initially tested in vivo in strong oxidant-mutagen arsenic-induced model rat lung injury similar to that of COVID-19 manifestations like severe inflammation, oxidative stress, lung tissue degenerations, and apoptotic death. In silico, extensive bioinformatics and molecular docking experiments were performed on all catechin or theaflavin derivatives of C. sinensis, and finally theaflavin-3'-O-gallate (TFMG) were screened for blocking or inactivation of several proteins of SARS CoV-2 and host adversely-acting proteins or factors. Methods In vivo experiments in DNA stability (ladder, comet assay), free radicals attack (malondialdehyde; MDA, superoxide dismutase SOD, catalase gel-zymogram assay), extra cellular matrix damage (matrix metalloprotease; MMP2and9 zymogram assay) and inflammation (TNF-α, ELISA). In silico experiments- molecular docking by AutoDock-Patchdock analysis, Surface Topology Calculation by CASTp, Grid-value calculation, and Ramachandran Plot study. Results The BTE showed strong protection of lung DNA and cell-matrix by decreasing MMPs, TNF-α, and free radicals, the same factors affecting COVID-19 patients. In silico data suggest that TFMG significantly blocked the entry, exit, and amino acids at catalytic active-site of more than thirty proteins including viral (nsp1,nsp2,Mainpro,∼-9.0 kcal/mol) and host inflammatory, oxidants, apoptotic, vaso-destabilizer molecules (FAS, CD40R, BCL2, TLR2, ∼ -10 and ACE1or2 ∼ -9.0 and AT1or2∼ -7.5 kcal/mol and more). When the binding energy of TFMG ranged from -7 to -11.7 kcal/mol(average -9.0) the same for hydroxy‑Chloroquine ranged (-2.5 to -7 average -4.5) and dexamethasone (-3.0 to -6.0, average -4.0 kcal/mol). Conclusions TFMG has some novel physicochemical or structural properties like (ACE values of binding to all tested proteins, -300 to -625), (for TFMG H-bond acceptor or donor: 15/10, for TFDG 20/13). Their topological-polar-surface-area (264Ų and 351Ų) and travel depth/height; 17.0/9.6 Å and 15.4/11.3 Å, respectively) were more potent than other compounds. Conclusively, the efficacy of TFMG may be further verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smarajit Maiti
- Departmentof Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore, India
- Agricure Biotech Research Society, Epidemiology and Human Health Division, Midnapore 721101, India
| | - Amrita Banerjee
- Departmentof Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore, India
| | - Mehak Kanwar
- Departmentof Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore, India
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Luo Y, Jian Y, Liu Y, Jiang S, Muhammad D, Wang W. Flavanols from Nature: A Phytochemistry and Biological Activity Review. Molecules 2022; 27:719. [PMID: 35163984 PMCID: PMC8838462 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavanols, a common class of secondary plant metabolites, exhibit several beneficial health properties by acting as antioxidant, anticarcinogen, cardioprotective, anti-microbial, anti-viral, and neuroprotective agents. Furthermore, some flavanols are considered functional ingredients in dairy products. Based on their structural features and health-promoting functions, flavanols have gained the attention of pharmacologists and botanists worldwide. This review collects and summarizes 121 flavanols comprising four categories: flavan-3-ols, flavan-4-ols, isoflavan-4-ols, and flavan-3,4-ols. The research of the various structural features and pharmacological activities of flavanols and their derivatives aims to lay the groundwork for subsequent research and expect to provide mentality and inspiration for the research. The current study provides a starting point for further research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuqing Jian
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (W.W.); Tel.: +86-150-8486-8970 (Y.J.); +86-136-5743-8606 (W.W.)
| | | | | | | | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (S.J.); (D.M.)
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Luo T, Jiang JG. Anticancer Effects and Molecular Target of Theaflavins from Black Tea Fermentation in Vitro and in Vivo. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:15052-15065. [PMID: 34878780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Black tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world, and numerous epidemiological studies have shown that drinking black tea is good for health. As a natural tea pigment formed during the fermentation of black tea, the content of theaflavins accounts for only 2-6% of the dry weight of black tea, but they have a great impact on the color and taste of black tea soup. Recently, a large number of studies have shown that theaflavins have a significant anticancer effect. In this Perspective, we first state the physical and chemical properties, separation and purification methods, and biological formation pathways of theaflavins and analyze their safety and oral bioavailability and the structure-activity relationship of their antioxidant and anticancer activities; then, we describe in detail their anticancer effect in vitro and in vivo and highlight their various molecular targets involved in cancer inhibition. The anticancer molecular targets of theaflavins are mainly cell-cycle regulatory proteins, apoptosis-related proteins, cell-migration-related proteins, and growth transcription factors. Finally, the possibility of developing new health-care food based on theaflavins is discussed. This Perspective is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the anticancer application of theaflavins in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Luo
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Mohamed IMA, Ogawa H, Takeda Y. In vitro virucidal activity of the theaflavin-concentrated tea extract TY-1 against influenza A virus. J Nat Med 2021; 76:152-160. [PMID: 34550554 PMCID: PMC8456404 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-021-01568-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The annual spread of influenza A virus (IAV) infection is a global concern. We examined the IAV-inactivating potential of theaflavin-concentrated tea extract TY-1, which contains abundant polyphenols, including concentrated theaflavins and catechins. TY-1 exhibited concentration- and time-dependent virucidal activity against IAV. Specifically, 5.0 mg/mL TY-1 induced a 1.33 and ≥ 5.17 log10 50% tissue culture infective dose/mL reduction of the viral titer compared with dextrin as the diluent control within 30 min and 6 h reaction time, respectively. The high virucidal activity of TY-1 was attributed to the combined additive activities of multiple virucidal components, including theaflavins, which led to an investigation of the virucidal mechanism of action of TY-1. Western blotting revealed that TY-1 treatment reduced the band intensity of hemagglutinin and induced the appearance of additional high molecular mass bands/ladders. In addition, TY-1 treatment also reduced the band intensity of neuraminidase (NA). A hemagglutination assay revealed that TY-1 reduced hemagglutination activity, and an NA assay revealed reduced NA activity. These results indicated that TY-1 caused structural abnormalities in IAV spike proteins, possibly leading to their destruction. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the IAV genome and electron microscopic observation of viral particles revealed that upon application of TY-1, the PCR products dissipated, which indicates that TY-1 destroyed the IAV genome, and the number of viral particles reduced. Overall, TY-1 exhibited multiple modes of IAV-inactivating activity. Our findings support the possible future practical use of TY-1 as a virucidal supplemental agent that can contribute to IAV infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israa M A Mohamed
- Graduate School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Hygiene and Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Haruko Ogawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yohei Takeda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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Banerjee A, Kanwar M, Maiti S. Theaflavin-3'-O-gallate a Black-tea Constituent Blocked SARS CoV-2 RNA dependant RNA Polymerase Active-site with Better Docking Results than Remdesivir. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2021; 71:462-472. [PMID: 34517419 DOI: 10.1055/a-1467-5828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Replication of SARS-CoV-2 depends on viral RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp). Remdesivir, the broad-spectrum RdRp inhibitor acts as nucleoside-analogues (NAs). Remdesivir has initially been repurposed as a promising drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection with some health hazards like liver damage, allergic reaction, low blood-pressure, and breathing-shortness, throat-swelling. In comparison, theaflavin-3'-O-gallate (TFMG), the abundant black tea component has gained importance in controlling viral infection. TFMG is a non-toxic, non-invasive, antioxidant, anticancer and antiviral molecule. RESULTS Here, we analyzed the inhibitory effect of theaflavin-3'-O-gallate on SARS CoV-2 RdRp in comparison with remdesivir by molecular-docking study. TFMG has been shown more potent in terms of lower Atomic-Contact-Energy (ACE) and higher occupancy of surface area; -393.97 Kcal/mol and 771.90 respectively, favoured with lower desolvation-energy; -9.2: Kcal/mol. TFMG forms more rigid electrostatic and H-bond than remdesivir. TFMG showed strong affinity to RNA primer and template and RNA passage-site of RdRp. CONCLUSIONS TFMG can block the catalytic residue, NTP entry site, cation binding site, nsp7-nsp12 junction with binding energy of -6. 72 Kcal/mol with Ki value of 11.79, and interface domain with binding energy of -7.72 and -6.16 Kcal/mol with Ki value of 2.21 and 30.71 µM. And most importantly, TFMG shows antioxidant/anti-inflammatory/antiviral effect on human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore, India
| | - Mehak Kanwar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore, India
| | - Smarajit Maiti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore, India.,Founder and Secretary, Agricure Biotech Research Society, Epidemiology and Human Health Division, Midnapore, India
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Takeda Y, Tamura K, Jamsransuren D, Matsuda S, Ogawa H. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Inactivation Activity of the Polyphenol-Rich Tea Leaf Extract with Concentrated Theaflavins and Other Virucidal Catechins. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164803. [PMID: 34443390 PMCID: PMC8402090 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is producing a large number of infections and deaths globally, the development of supportive and auxiliary treatments is attracting increasing attention. Here, we evaluated SARS-CoV-2-inactivation activity of the polyphenol-rich tea leaf extract TY-1 containing concentrated theaflavins and other virucidal catechins. The TY-1 was mixed with SARS-CoV-2 solution, and its virucidal activity was evaluated. To evaluate the inhibition activity of TY-1 in SARS-CoV-2 infection, TY-1 was co-added with SARS-CoV-2 into cell culture media. After 1 h of incubation, the cell culture medium was replaced, and the cells were further incubated in the absence of TY-1. The viral titers were then evaluated. To evaluate the impacts of TY-1 on viral proteins and genome, TY-1-treated SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins and viral RNA were analyzed using western blotting and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. TY-1 showed time- and concentration-dependent virucidal activity. TY-1 inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection of cells. The results of western blotting and real-time RT-PCR suggested that TY-1 induced structural change in the S2 subunit of the S protein and viral genome destruction, respectively. Our findings provided basic insights in vitro into the possible value of TY-1 as a virucidal agent, which could enhance the current SARS-CoV-2 control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Takeda
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (K.T.); (D.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Kyohei Tamura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (K.T.); (D.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Dulamjav Jamsransuren
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (K.T.); (D.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Sachiko Matsuda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (K.T.); (D.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Haruko Ogawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (K.T.); (D.J.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-155-49-5893
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Khan MS, Khan RA, Rehman MT, Ismael MA, Husain FM, AlAjmi MF, Alokail MS, Altwaijry N, Alsalme AM. Elucidation of molecular interactions of theaflavin monogallate with camel milk lactoferrin: detailed spectroscopic and dynamic simulation studies. RSC Adv 2021; 11:26710-26720. [PMID: 35479994 PMCID: PMC9037349 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03256a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is a heme-binding multifunctional glycoprotein known for iron transportation in the blood and also contributes to innate immunity. In this study, the interaction of theaflavin monogallate, a polyphenolic component of black tea, with camel milk lactoferrin was studied using various biophysical and computational techniques. Fluorescence quenching at different temperatures suggests that theaflavin monogallate interacted with lactoferrin by forming a non-fluorescent complex, i.e., static quenching. Theaflavin monogallate shows a significant affinity towards lactoferrin with a binding constant of ∼104–105 M−1 at different temperatures. ANS binding shows that the binding of polyphenol resulted in the burial of hydrophobic domains of lactoferrin. Moreover, thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔS and ΔG) suggested that the interaction between protein and polyphenol was entropically favored and spontaneous. Circular dichroism confirmed there was no alteration in the secondary structure of lactoferrin. The energy transfer efficiency (FRET) from lactoferrin to theaflavin was found to be approximately 50%, with a distance between protein and polyphenol of 2.44 nm. Molecular docking shows that the binding energy of lactoferrin–theaflavin monogallate interaction was −9.7 kcal mol−1. Theaflavin monogallate was bound at the central cavity of lactoferrin and formed hydrogen bonds with Gln89, Tyr192, Lys301, Ser303, Gln87, and Val250 of lactoferrin. Other residues, such as Tyr82, Tyr92, and Tyr192, were involved in hydrophobic interactions. The calculation of various molecular dynamics simulations parameters indicated the formation of a stable complex between protein and polyphenol. This study delineates the binding mechanism of polyphenol with milk protein and could be helpful in milk formulations and play a key role in the food industry. Lactoferrin is a heme-binding multifunctional glycoprotein known for iron transportation in the blood and also contributes to innate immunity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Rais Ahmad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Ismael
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Fohad Mabood Husain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F AlAjmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S Alokail
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Nojood Altwaijry
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Alsalme
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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Wang C, Lyu H, Guo Z. Metabolomic and Pathway Changes in Large-Leaf, Middle-Leaf and Small-Leaf Cultivars of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze var. niaowangensis. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100132. [PMID: 33928738 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As an economically important crop, tea is widely cultivated in more than 50 countries and has numerous health benefits. Metabolomics has considerable advantages in the analysis of small molecules and has been widely used in tea science. We applied a metabolomic method to evaluate the dynamic changes in metabolites and pathways in the large-, middle- and small-leaf cultivars of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze var. niaowangensis grown in the same area from Yunwu Mountain. The results indicate that flavonoid biosynthesis, stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis, citrate cycle (TCA cycle), and propanoate metabolism may play important roles in the differences among cultivars. The levels of tea polyphenols, flavonoids and amino acids may impact the sensory properties of teas of different cultivars. Our results may help to elucidate the mechanism underlying the difference in tea quality and offer references for the breeding of high-quality tea cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Wang
- College of Biological Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, 558000, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Hui Lyu
- College of Biological Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, 558000, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyou Guo
- College of Biological Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, 558000, Guizhou, P. R. China
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Mhatre S, Srivastava T, Naik S, Patravale V. Antiviral activity of green tea and black tea polyphenols in prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19: A review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 85:153286. [PMID: 32741697 PMCID: PMC7367004 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid spread of novel coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 or nCoV has caused countries all over the world to impose lockdowns and undertake stringent preventive measures. This new positive-sense single-stranded RNA strain of coronavirus spreads through droplets of saliva and nasal discharge. PURPOSE US FDA has authorized the emergency use of Remdesivir looking at the increasing number of cases of COVID-19, however there is still no drug approved to treat COVID-19. An alternative way of treatment could be the use of naturally derived molecules with known antiviral properties. METHOD We reviewed the antiviral activities of two polyphenols derived from tea, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea and theaflavins from black tea. Both green tea and black tea polyphenols have been reported to exhibit antiviral activities against various viruses, especially positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. RESULTS Recent studies have revealed the possible binding sites present on SARS-CoV-2 and studied their interactions with tea polyphenols. EGCG and theaflavins, especially theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF3) have shown a significant interaction with the receptors under consideration in this review. Some docking studies further emphasize on the activity of these polyphenols against COVID-19. CONCLUSION This review summarizes the available reports and evidences which support the use of tea polyphenols as potential candidates in prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmit Mhatre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Tishya Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Shivraj Naik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Vandana Patravale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India.
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Behl T, Rocchetti G, Chadha S, Zengin G, Bungau S, Kumar A, Mehta V, Uddin MS, Khullar G, Setia D, Arora S, Sinan KI, Ak G, Putnik P, Gallo M, Montesano D. Phytochemicals from Plant Foods as Potential Source of Antiviral Agents: An Overview. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:381. [PMID: 33921724 PMCID: PMC8073840 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide include viral infections, such as Ebola, influenza virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and recently COVID-19 disease, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Currently, we can count on a narrow range of antiviral drugs, especially older generation ones like ribavirin and interferon which are effective against viruses in vitro but can often be ineffective in patients. In addition to these, we have antiviral agents for the treatment of herpes virus, influenza virus, HIV and hepatitis virus. Recently, drugs used in the past especially against ebolavirus, such as remdesivir and favipiravir, have been considered for the treatment of COVID-19 disease. However, even if these drugs represent important tools against viral diseases, they are certainly not sufficient to defend us from the multitude of viruses present in the environment. This represents a huge problem, especially considering the unprecedented global threat due to the advancement of COVID-19, which represents a potential risk to the health and life of millions of people. The demand, therefore, for new and effective antiviral drugs is very high. This review focuses on three fundamental points: (1) presents the main threats to human health, reviewing the most widespread viral diseases in the world, thus describing the scenario caused by the disease in question each time and evaluating the specific therapeutic remedies currently available. (2) It comprehensively describes main phytochemical classes, in particular from plant foods, with proven antiviral activities, the viruses potentially treated with the described phytochemicals. (3) Consideration of the various applications of drug delivery systems in order to improve the bioavailability of these compounds or extracts. A PRISMA flow diagram was used for the inclusion of the works. Taking into consideration the recent dramatic events caused by COVID-19 pandemic, the cry of alarm that denounces critical need for new antiviral drugs is extremely strong. For these reasons, a continuous systematic exploration of plant foods and their phytochemicals is necessary for the development of new antiviral agents capable of saving lives and improving their well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Swati Chadha
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya 42130, Turkey; (G.Z.); (K.I.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Arun Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Vineet Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, Government College of Pharmacy, Rohru, Distt. Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171207, India;
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh;
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Gaurav Khullar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Dhruv Setia
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Sandeep Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Kouadio Ibrahime Sinan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya 42130, Turkey; (G.Z.); (K.I.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Gunes Ak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya 42130, Turkey; (G.Z.); (K.I.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Predrag Putnik
- Department of Food Technology, University North, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia;
| | - Monica Gallo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Montesano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Olubiyi OO, Olagunju M, Keutmann M, Loschwitz J, Strodel B. High Throughput Virtual Screening to Discover Inhibitors of the Main Protease of the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Molecules 2020; 25:E3193. [PMID: 32668701 PMCID: PMC7396980 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We use state-of-the-art computer-aided drug design (CADD) techniques to identify prospective inhibitors of the main protease enzyme, 3CLpro of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing COVID-19. From our screening of over one million compounds including approved drugs, investigational drugs, natural products, and organic compounds, and a rescreening protocol incorporating enzyme dynamics via ensemble docking, we have been able to identify a range of prospective 3CLpro inhibitors. Importantly, some of the identified compounds had previously been reported to exhibit inhibitory activities against the 3CLpro enzyme of the closely related SARS-CoV virus. The top-ranking compounds are characterized by the presence of multiple bi- and monocyclic rings, many of them being heterocycles and aromatic, which are flexibly linked allowing the ligands to adapt to the geometry of the 3CLpro substrate site and involve a high amount of functional groups enabling hydrogen bond formation with surrounding amino acid residues, including the catalytic dyad residues H41 and C145. Among the top binding compounds we identified several tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which include a bioflavonoid, the group of natural products that binds best to 3CLpro. Another class of compounds that decently binds to the SARS-CoV-2 main protease are steroid hormones, which thus may be endogenous inhibitors and might provide an explanation for the age-dependent severity of COVID-19. Many of the compounds identified by our work show a considerably stronger binding than found for reference compounds with in vitro demonstrated 3CLpro inhibition and anticoronavirus activity. The compounds determined in this work thus represent a good starting point for the design of inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olujide O. Olubiyi
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (M.O.); (M.K.); (J.L.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220005, Nigeria
| | - Maryam Olagunju
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (M.O.); (M.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Monika Keutmann
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (M.O.); (M.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Jennifer Loschwitz
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (M.O.); (M.K.); (J.L.)
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (M.O.); (M.K.); (J.L.)
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Comparative studies of interaction of β-lactoglobulin with three polyphenols. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 136:804-812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Netzler NE, Enosi Tuipulotu D, White PA. Norovirus antivirals: Where are we now? Med Res Rev 2019; 39:860-886. [PMID: 30584800 PMCID: PMC7168425 DOI: 10.1002/med.21545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses inflict a significant health burden on society and are responsible for approximately 699 million infections and over 200 000 estimated deaths worldwide each year. Yet despite significant research efforts, approved vaccines or antivirals to combat this pathogen are still lacking. Safe and effective antivirals are not available, particularly for chronically infected immunocompromised individuals, and for prophylactic applications to protect high-risk and vulnerable populations in outbreak settings. Since the discovery of human norovirus in 1972, the lack of a cell culture system has hindered biological research and antiviral studies for many years. Recent breakthroughs in culturing human norovirus have been encouraging, however, further development and optimization of these novel methodologies are required to facilitate more robust replication levels, that will enable reliable serological and replication studies, as well as advances in antiviral development. In the last few years, considerable progress has been made toward the development of norovirus antivirals, inviting an updated review. This review focuses on potential therapeutics that have been reported since 2010, which were examined across at least two model systems used for studying human norovirus or its enzymes. In addition, we have placed emphasis on antiviral compounds with a defined chemical structure. We include a comprehensive outline of direct-acting antivirals and offer a discussion of host-modulating compounds, a rapidly expanding and promising area of antiviral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E. Netzler
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Daniel Enosi Tuipulotu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Peter A. White
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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Chowdhury P, Sahuc ME, Rouillé Y, Rivière C, Bonneau N, Vandeputte A, Brodin P, Goswami M, Bandyopadhyay T, Dubuisson J, Séron K. Theaflavins, polyphenols of black tea, inhibit entry of hepatitis C virus in cell culture. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198226. [PMID: 30485282 PMCID: PMC6261387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection by combination of direct acting antivirals (DAA), with different mode of action, has made substantial progress in the past few years. However, appearance of resistance and high cost of the therapy is still an obstacle in the achievement of the therapy, more specifically in developing countries. In this context, search for affordable antivirals with new mechanisms of action is still needed. Tea, after water, is the most popular drink worldwide. Polyphenols extracted from green tea have already shown anti-HCV activity as entry inhibitors. Here, three different theaflavins, theaflavin (TF1), theaflavin-3’-monogallate (TF2), and theaflavin-3-3’-digallate (TF3), which are major polyphenols from black tea, were tested against HCV in cell culture. The results showed that all theaflavins inhibit HCV infection in a dose-dependent manner in an early step of infection. Results obtained with HCV pseudotyped virions confirmed their activity on HCV entry and demonstrated their pan-genotypic action. No effect on HCV replication was observed by using HCV replicon. Investigation on the mechanism of action of black tea theaflavins showed that they act directly on the virus particle and are able to inhibit cell-to-cell spread. Combination study with inhibitors most widely used in anti-HCV treatment regimen demonstrated that TF3 exerts additive effect. In conclusion, theaflavins, that are present in high quantity in black tea, are new inhibitors of HCV entry and hold promise for developing in therapeutic arsenal for HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritom Chowdhury
- University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
- Department of Biotechnology, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, TRA, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Marie-Emmanuelle Sahuc
- University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Yves Rouillé
- University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Céline Rivière
- ICV - Institut Charles Viollette, Univ. Lille, INRA, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, Lille, France
| | - Natacha Bonneau
- ICV - Institut Charles Viollette, Univ. Lille, INRA, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Vandeputte
- University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Priscille Brodin
- University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Manoranjan Goswami
- Department of Biochemistry, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, TRA, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Tanoy Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, TRA, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Jean Dubuisson
- University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Karin Séron
- University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
- * E-mail:
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18
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Takemoto M, Takemoto H. Synthesis of Theaflavins and Their Functions. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040918. [PMID: 29659496 PMCID: PMC6017393 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological and interventional clinical studies have consistently reported that black tea is good for human health. The polyphenolic compound, theaflavin, and its galloyl esters (theaflavins) are the primary red pigments in black tea that possess several health benefits, including fat-reducing and glucose-lowering capabilities and lifestyle-related disease prevention related to anti-obesity, anticancer, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-osteoporotic, and anti-dental caries properties. These compounds are produced by key enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase, from parent green tea catechins present in fresh green tea leaves during the production of black tea leaves or the fermentation of green tea. However, theaflavins are only present in low concentrations in black tea; thus, their extraction from black tea leaves at sufficient levels for use in medical studies has been difficult. To circumvent this issue, different procedures for the synthesis of theaflavins using chemical oxidizing reagents or enzymes have been studied; however, low yields have limited their utility. Recently, however, several biosynthetic methods have been developed for the mass production of theaflavins. Using these methods, the physiological functions of theaflavins in lifestyle-related diseases in mice and humans have also been studied. In this review, we present the synthesis of theaflavins and their health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Takemoto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, 31-1 Tomitamachi-Aza Misumido, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Takemoto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
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