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Adelabu I, Chowdhury MRH, Nantogma S, Oladun C, Ahmed F, Stilgenbauer L, Sadagurski M, Theis T, Goodson BM, Chekmenev EY. Efficient SABRE-SHEATH Hyperpolarization of Potent Branched-Chain-Amino-Acid Metabolic Probe [1- 13C]ketoisocaproate. Metabolites 2023; 13:200. [PMID: 36837820 PMCID: PMC9963635 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient 13C hyperpolarization of ketoisocaproate is demonstrated in natural isotopic abundance and [1-13C]enriched forms via SABRE-SHEATH (Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange in SHield Enables Alignment Transfer to Heteronuclei). Parahydrogen, as the source of nuclear spin order, and ketoisocaproate undergo simultaneous chemical exchange with an Ir-IMes-based hexacoordinate complex in CD3OD. SABRE-SHEATH enables spontaneous polarization transfer from parahydrogen-derived hydrides to the 13C nucleus of transiently bound ketoisocaproate. 13C polarization values of up to 18% are achieved at the 1-13C site in 1 min in the liquid state at 30 mM substrate concentration. The efficient polarization build-up becomes possible due to favorable relaxation dynamics. Specifically, the exponential build-up time constant (14.3 ± 0.6 s) is substantially lower than the corresponding polarization decay time constant (22.8 ± 1.2 s) at the optimum polarization transfer field (0.4 microtesla) and temperature (10 °C). The experiments with natural abundance ketoisocaproate revealed polarization level on the 13C-2 site of less than 1%-i.e., one order of magnitude lower than that of the 1-13C site-which is only partially due to more-efficient relaxation dynamics in sub-microtesla fields. We rationalize the overall much lower 13C-2 polarization efficiency in part by less favorable catalyst-binding dynamics of the C-2 site. Pilot SABRE experiments at pH 4.0 (acidified sample) versus pH 6.1 (unaltered sodium [1-13C]ketoisocaproate) reveal substantial modulation of SABRE-SHEATH processes by pH, warranting future systematic pH titration studies of ketoisocaproate, as well as other structurally similar ketocarboxylate motifs including pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate, with the overarching goal of maximizing 13C polarization levels in these potent molecular probes. Finally, we also report on the pilot post-mortem use of HP [1-13C]ketoisocaproate in a euthanized mouse, demonstrating that SABRE-hyperpolarized 13C contrast agents hold promise for future metabolic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah Adelabu
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Md Raduanul H. Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Shiraz Nantogma
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Clementinah Oladun
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Firoz Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Lukas Stilgenbauer
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Marianna Sadagurski
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Thomas Theis
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Joint UNC-CH & NC State Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Boyd M. Goodson
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Sciences and Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 14, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Shaul D, Grieb B, Sapir G, Uppala S, Sosna J, Gomori JM, Katz-Brull R. The metabolic representation of ischemia in rat brain slices: A hyperpolarized 13 C magnetic resonance study. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4509. [PMID: 33774865 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ischemic penumbra in stroke is not clearly defined by today's available imaging tools. This study aimed to develop a model system and noninvasive biomarkers of ischemic brain tissue for an examination that might potentially be performed in humans, very quickly, in the course of stroke triage. Perfused rat brain slices were used as a model system and 31 P spectroscopy verified that the slices were able to recover from an ischemic insult of about 3.5 min of perfusion arrest. This was indicated as a return to physiological pH and adenosine triphosphate levels. Instantaneous changes in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activities were monitored and quantified by the metabolic conversions of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate to [1-13 C]lactate and [13 C]bicarbonate, respectively, using 13 C spectroscopy. In a control group (n = 8), hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate was administered during continuous perfusion of the slices. In the ischemia group (n = 5), the perfusion was arrested 30 s prior to administration of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate and perfusion was not resumed throughout the measurement time (approximately 3.5 min). Following about 110 s of the ischemic insult, LDH activity increased by 80.4 ± 13.5% and PDH activity decreased by 47.8 ± 25.3%. In the control group, the mean LDH/PDH ratio was 16.6 ± 3.3, and in the ischemia group, the LDH/PDH ratio reached an average value of 38.7 ± 16.9. The results suggest that monitoring the activity of LDH and PDH, and their relative activities, using hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate, could serve as an imaging biomarker to characterize the changes in the ischemic penumbra.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Shaul
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin Grieb
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy I (Weissenau), Ulm University, Ravensburg, Germany
| | - Gal Sapir
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sivaranjan Uppala
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jacob Sosna
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - J Moshe Gomori
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Katz-Brull
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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3
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Sapir G, Shaul D, Lev-Cohain N, Sosna J, Gomori MJ, Katz-Brull R. LDH and PDH Activities in the Ischemic Brain and the Effect of Reperfusion-An Ex Vivo MR Study in Rat Brain Slices Using Hyperpolarized [1- 13C]Pyruvate. Metabolites 2021; 11:210. [PMID: 33808434 PMCID: PMC8066106 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11040210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause for neurologic disability worldwide, for which reperfusion is the only available treatment. Neuroimaging in stroke guides treatment, and therefore determines the clinical outcome. However, there are currently no imaging biomarkers for the status of the ischemic brain tissue. Such biomarkers could potentially be useful for guiding treatment in patients presenting with ischemic stroke. Hyperpolarized 13C MR of [1-13C]pyruvate is a clinically translatable method used to characterize tissue metabolism non-invasively in a relevant timescale. The aim of this study was to utilize hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate to investigate the metabolic consequences of an ischemic insult immediately during reperfusion and upon recovery of the brain tissue. The rates of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) were quantified by monitoring the rates of [1-13C]lactate and [13C]bicarbonate production from hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate. 31P NMR of the perfused brain slices showed that this system is suitable for studying ischemia and recovery following reperfusion. This was indicated by the levels of the high-energy phosphates (tissue viability) and the chemical shift of the inorganic phosphate signal (tissue pH). Acidification, which was observed during the ischemic insult, has returned to baseline level following reperfusion. The LDH/PDH activity ratio increased following ischemia, from 47.0 ± 12.7 in the control group (n = 6) to 217.4 ± 121.3 in the ischemia-reperfusion group (n = 6). Following the recovery period (ca. 1.5 h), this value had returned to its pre-ischemia (baseline) level, suggesting the LDH/PDH enzyme activity ratio may be used as a potential indicator for the status of the ischemic and recovering brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Sapir
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (G.S.); (D.S.); (N.L.-C.); (J.S.); (M.J.G.)
| | - David Shaul
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (G.S.); (D.S.); (N.L.-C.); (J.S.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Naama Lev-Cohain
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (G.S.); (D.S.); (N.L.-C.); (J.S.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Jacob Sosna
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (G.S.); (D.S.); (N.L.-C.); (J.S.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Moshe J. Gomori
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (G.S.); (D.S.); (N.L.-C.); (J.S.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Rachel Katz-Brull
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (G.S.); (D.S.); (N.L.-C.); (J.S.); (M.J.G.)
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
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4
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Tickner BJ, Ahwal F, Whitwood AC, Duckett SB. Reversible Hyperpolarization of Ketoisocaproate Using Sulfoxide-containing Polarization Transfer Catalysts. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:13-17. [PMID: 33196137 PMCID: PMC7839500 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The substrate scope of sulfoxide-containing magnetisation transfer catalysts is extended to hyperpolarize α-ketoisocaproate and α-ketoisocaproate-1-[13 C]. This is achieved by forming [Ir(H)2 (κ2 -ketoisocaproate)(N-heterocyclic carbene)(sulfoxide)] which transfers latent magnetism from p-H2 via the signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) process. The effect of polarization transfer field on the formation of enhanced 13 C magnetization is evaluated. Consequently, performing SABRE in a 0.5 μT field enabled most efficient magnetisation transfer. 13 C NMR signals for α-ketoisocaproate-1-[13 C] in methanol-d4 are up to 985-fold more intense than their traditional Boltzmann derived signal intensity (0.8 % 13 C polarisation). Single crystal X-ray diffraction reveals the formation of the novel catalyst decomposition products [Ir(μ-H)(H)2 (IMes)(SO(Ph)(Me)2 )]2 and [(Ir(H)2 (IMes)(SO(Me)2 ))2 (μ-S)] when the sulfoxides methylphenylsulfoxide and dimethylsulfoxide are used respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben. J. Tickner
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic ResonanceUniversity of York, HeslingtonYorkU.K.YO10 5NY
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of York, HeslingtonYorkU.K.YO10 5DD
- NMR Research Unit, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of OuluP.O. Box 300090014OuluFinland
| | - Fadi Ahwal
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic ResonanceUniversity of York, HeslingtonYorkU.K.YO10 5NY
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of York, HeslingtonYorkU.K.YO10 5DD
| | | | - Simon B. Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic ResonanceUniversity of York, HeslingtonYorkU.K.YO10 5NY
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of York, HeslingtonYorkU.K.YO10 5DD
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5
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Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH. Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance With Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization: Principles and Applications. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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6
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Le Page LM, Guglielmetti C, Taglang C, Chaumeil MM. Imaging Brain Metabolism Using Hyperpolarized 13C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:343-354. [PMID: 32353337 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant metabolism is a key factor in many neurological disorders. The ability to measure such metabolic impairment could lead to improved detection of disease progression, and development and monitoring of new therapeutic approaches. Hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a developing imaging technique that enables non-invasive measurement of enzymatic activity in real time in living organisms. Primarily applied in the fields of cancer and cardiac disease so far, this metabolic imaging method has recently been used to investigate neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the preclinical research developments in this emerging field, and discuss future prospects for this exciting technology, which has the potential to change the clinical paradigm for patients with neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia M Le Page
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Guglielmetti
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Celine Taglang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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7
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In vivo assessment of increased oxidation of branched-chain amino acids in glioblastoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:340. [PMID: 30674979 PMCID: PMC6344513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) metabolism is a distinctive feature of various cancers and plays an important role in sustaining tumor proliferation and aggressiveness. Despite the therapeutic and diagnostic potentials, the role of BCAA metabolism in cancer and the activities of associated enzymes remain unclear. Due to its pivotal role in BCAA metabolism and rapid cellular transport, hyperpolarized 13C-labeled α-ketoisocaproate (KIC), the α-keto acid corresponding to leucine, can assess both BCAA aminotransferase (BCAT) and branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC) activities via production of [1-13C]leucine or 13CO2 (and thus H13CO3−), respectively. Here, we investigated BCAA metabolism of F98 rat glioma model in vivo using hyperpolarized 13C-KIC. In tumor regions, we observed a decrease in 13C-leucine production from injected hyperpolarized 13C-KIC via BCAT compared to the contralateral normal-appearing brain, and an increase in H13CO3−, a catabolic product of KIC through the mitochondrial BCKDC. A parallel ex vivo13C NMR isotopomer analysis following steady-state infusion of [U-13C]leucine to glioma-bearing rats verified the increased oxidation of leucine in glioma tissue. Both the in vivo hyperpolarized KIC imaging and the leucine infusion study indicate that KIC catabolism is upregulated through BCAT/BCKDC and further oxidized via the citric acid cycle in F98 glioma.
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8
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Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Bankson JA, Brindle K, Cunningham CH, Gallagher FA, Keshari KR, Kjaer A, Laustsen C, Mankoff DA, Merritt ME, Nelson SJ, Pauly JM, Lee P, Ronen S, Tyler DJ, Rajan SS, Spielman DM, Wald L, Zhang X, Malloy CR, Rizi R. Hyperpolarized 13C MRI: Path to Clinical Translation in Oncology. Neoplasia 2019; 21:1-16. [PMID: 30472500 PMCID: PMC6260457 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This white paper discusses prospects for advancing hyperpolarization technology to better understand cancer metabolism, identify current obstacles to HP (hyperpolarized) 13C magnetic resonance imaging's (MRI's) widespread clinical use, and provide recommendations for overcoming them. Since the publication of the first NIH white paper on hyperpolarized 13C MRI in 2011, preclinical studies involving [1-13C]pyruvate as well a number of other 13C labeled metabolic substrates have demonstrated this technology's capacity to provide unique metabolic information. A dose-ranging study of HP [1-13C]pyruvate in patients with prostate cancer established safety and feasibility of this technique. Additional studies are ongoing in prostate, brain, breast, liver, cervical, and ovarian cancer. Technology for generating and delivering hyperpolarized agents has evolved, and new MR data acquisition sequences and improved MRI hardware have been developed. It will be important to continue investigation and development of existing and new probes in animal models. Improved polarization technology, efficient radiofrequency coils, and reliable pulse sequences are all important objectives to enable exploration of the technology in healthy control subjects and patient populations. It will be critical to determine how HP 13C MRI might fill existing needs in current clinical research and practice, and complement existing metabolic imaging modalities. Financial sponsorship and integration of academia, industry, and government efforts will be important factors in translating the technology for clinical research in oncology. This white paper is intended to provide recommendations with this goal in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - James A Bankson
- Department of Imaging Physics, MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Brindle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, New York, USA
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - David A Mankoff
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Matthew E Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sarah J Nelson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John M Pauly
- Department of Electric Engineering, Stanford University, USA
| | - Philips Lee
- Functional Metabolism Group, Singapore Biomedical Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Sabrina Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sunder S Rajan
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), FDA, White Oak, MD, USA
| | - Daniel M Spielman
- Departments of Radiology and Electric Engineering, Stanford University, USA
| | - Lawrence Wald
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Zhang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Craig R Malloy
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rahim Rizi
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
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9
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Marjańska M, Shestov AA, Deelchand DK, Kittelson E, Henry PG. Brain metabolism under different anesthetic conditions using hyperpolarized [1- 13 C]pyruvate and [2- 13 C]pyruvate. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:e4012. [PMID: 30276897 PMCID: PMC6449100 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy (13 C MRS) offers the unique capability to measure brain metabolic rates in vivo. Hyperpolarized 13 C reduces the time required to assess brain metabolism from hours to minutes when compared with conventional 13 C MRS. This study investigates metabolism of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate and [2-13 C]pyruvate in the rat brain in vivo under various anesthetics: pentobarbital, isoflurane, α-chloralose, and morphine. The apparent metabolic rate from pyruvate to lactate modeled using time courses obtained after injection of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate was significantly greater for isoflurane than for all other anesthetic conditions, and significantly greater for morphine than for α-chloralose. The apparent metabolic rate from pyruvate to bicarbonate was significantly greater for morphine than for all other anesthetic conditions, and significantly lower for pentobarbital than for α-chloralose. Results show that relative TCA cycle rates determined from hyperpolarized 13 C data are consistent with rates previously measured using conventional 13 C MRS under similar anesthetic conditions, and that using morphine for sedation greatly improves detection of downstream metabolic products compared with other anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Marjańska
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, 2021 6 ST SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Alexander A. Shestov
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Dinesh K. Deelchand
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, 2021 6 ST SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Emily Kittelson
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, 2021 6 ST SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Pierre-Gilles Henry
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, 2021 6 ST SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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10
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Marjańska M, Shestov AA, Deelchand DK, Kittelson E, Henry PG. Brain metabolism under different anesthetic conditions using hyperpolarized [1- 13 C]pyruvate and [2- 13 C]pyruvate. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018. [PMID: 30276897 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4012e4012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy (13 C MRS) offers the unique capability to measure brain metabolic rates in vivo. Hyperpolarized 13 C reduces the time required to assess brain metabolism from hours to minutes when compared with conventional 13 C MRS. This study investigates metabolism of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate and [2-13 C]pyruvate in the rat brain in vivo under various anesthetics: pentobarbital, isoflurane, α-chloralose, and morphine. The apparent metabolic rate from pyruvate to lactate modeled using time courses obtained after injection of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate was significantly greater for isoflurane than for all other anesthetic conditions, and significantly greater for morphine than for α-chloralose. The apparent metabolic rate from pyruvate to bicarbonate was significantly greater for morphine than for all other anesthetic conditions, and significantly lower for pentobarbital than for α-chloralose. Results show that relative TCA cycle rates determined from hyperpolarized 13 C data are consistent with rates previously measured using conventional 13 C MRS under similar anesthetic conditions, and that using morphine for sedation greatly improves detection of downstream metabolic products compared with other anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Marjańska
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Dinesh K Deelchand
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Emily Kittelson
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Pierre-Gilles Henry
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Miller JJ, Grist JT, Serres S, Larkin JR, Lau AZ, Ray K, Fisher KR, Hansen E, Tougaard RS, Nielsen PM, Lindhardt J, Laustsen C, Gallagher FA, Tyler DJ, Sibson N. 13C Pyruvate Transport Across the Blood-Brain Barrier in Preclinical Hyperpolarised MRI. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15082. [PMID: 30305655 PMCID: PMC6180068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarised MRI with Dynamic Nuclear Polarisation overcomes the fundamental thermodynamic limitations of conventional magnetic resonance, and is translating to human studies with several early-phase clinical trials in progress including early reports that demonstrate the utility of the technique to observe lactate production in human brain cancer patients. Owing to the fundamental coupling of metabolism and tissue function, metabolic neuroimaging with hyperpolarised [1-13C]pyruvate has the potential to be revolutionary in numerous neurological disorders (e.g. brain tumour, ischemic stroke, and multiple sclerosis). Through the use of [1-13C]pyruvate and ethyl-[1-13C]pyruvate in naïve brain, a rodent model of metastasis to the brain, or porcine brain subjected to mannitol osmotic shock, we show that pyruvate transport across the blood-brain barrier of anaesthetised animals is rate-limiting. We show through use of a well-characterised rat model of brain metastasis that the appearance of hyperpolarized [1-13C]lactate production corresponds to the point of blood-brain barrier breakdown in the disease. With the more lipophilic ethyl-[1-13C]pyruvate, we observe pyruvate production endogenously throughout the entire brain and lactate production only in the region of disease. In the in vivo porcine brain we show that mannitol shock permeabilises the blood-brain barrier sufficiently for a dramatic 90-fold increase in pyruvate transport and conversion to lactate in the brain, which is otherwise not resolvable. This suggests that earlier reports of whole-brain metabolism in anaesthetised animals may be confounded by partial volume effects and not informative enough for translational studies. Issues relating to pyruvate transport and partial volume effects must therefore be considered in pre-clinical studies investigating neuro-metabolism in anaesthetised animals, and we additionally note that these same techniques may provide a distinct biomarker of blood-brain barrier permeability in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Miller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
| | - James T Grist
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sébastien Serres
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - James R Larkin
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angus Z Lau
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kevin Ray
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Esben Hansen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Stilling Tougaard
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Mose Nielsen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jakob Lindhardt
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Sibson
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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12
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Park I, Larson PEZ, Gordon JW, Carvajal L, Chen HY, Bok R, Van Criekinge M, Ferrone M, Slater JB, Xu D, Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB, Chang S, Nelson SJ. Development of methods and feasibility of using hyperpolarized carbon-13 imaging data for evaluating brain metabolism in patient studies. Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:864-873. [PMID: 29322616 PMCID: PMC5980662 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Hyperpolarized 13C metabolic imaging is a non-invasive imaging modality for evaluating real-time metabolism. The purpose of this study was to develop and implement experimental strategies for using [1-13C]pyruvate to probe in vivo metabolism for patients with brain tumors and other neurological diseases. Methods The 13C RF coils and pulse sequences were tested in a phantom and were performed using a 3T whole body scanner. Samples of [1-13C]pyruvate were polarized using a SPINlab system. Dynamic 13C data were acquired from eight patients previously diagnosed with brain tumors, who had received treatment and were being followed with serial MR scans. Results The phantom studies produced good quality spectra with a reduction in signal intensity in the center due to the reception profiles of the 13C receive coils. Dynamic data obtained from a 3 cm slice through a patient’s brain following injection with [1-13C]pyruvate showed the anticipated arrival of the agent, its conversion to lactate and bicarbonate, and subsequent reduction in signal intensity. A similar temporal pattern was observed in 2D dynamic patient studies, with signals corresponding to pyruvate, lactate and bicarbonate being in normal appearing brain but only pyruvate and lactate being detected in regions corresponding to the anatomic lesion. Physiological monitoring and follow-up confirmed that there were no adverse events associated with the injection. Conclusions This study has presented the first application of hyperpolarized 13C metabolic imaging in patients with brain tumor and demonstrated the safety and feasibility of using hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate to evaluate in vivo brain metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilwoo Park
- Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Peder EZ. Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jeremy W. Gordon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lucas Carvajal
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Hsin-Yu Chen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Robert Bok
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Mark Van Criekinge
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Marcus Ferrone
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - James B. Slater
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Duan Xu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Daniel B. Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Susan Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sarah J. Nelson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
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13
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Park I, Larson PEZ, Gordon JW, Carvajal L, Chen HY, Bok R, Van Criekinge M, Ferrone M, Slater JB, Xu D, Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB, Chang S, Nelson SJ. Development of methods and feasibility of using hyperpolarized carbon-13 imaging data for evaluating brain metabolism in patient studies. Magn Reson Med 2018. [PMID: 29322616 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.v80.310.1002/mrm.27077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hyperpolarized 13C metabolic imaging is a non-invasive imaging modality for evaluating real-time metabolism. The purpose of this study was to develop and implement experimental strategies for using [1-13C]pyruvate to probe in vivo metabolism for patients with brain tumors and other neurological diseases. METHODS The 13C RF coils and pulse sequences were tested in a phantom and were performed using a 3T whole body scanner. Samples of [1-13C]pyruvate were polarized using a SPINlab system. Dynamic 13C data were acquired from eight patients previously diagnosed with brain tumors, who had received treatment and were being followed with serial MR scans. RESULTS The phantom studies produced good quality spectra with a reduction in signal intensity in the center due to the reception profiles of the 13C receive coils. Dynamic data obtained from a 3 cm slice through a patient’s brain following injection with [1-13C]pyruvate showed the anticipated arrival of the agent, its conversion to lactate and bicarbonate, and subsequent reduction in signal intensity. A similar temporal pattern was observed in 2D dynamic patient studies, with signals corresponding to pyruvate, lactate and bicarbonate being in normal appearing brain but only pyruvate and lactate being detected in regions corresponding to the anatomic lesion. Physiological monitoring and follow-up confirmed that there were no adverse events associated with the injection. CONCLUSIONS This study has presented the first application of hyperpolarized 13C metabolic imaging in patients with brain tumor and demonstrated the safety and feasibility of using hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate to evaluate in vivo brain metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilwoo Park
- Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeremy W Gordon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lucas Carvajal
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hsin-Yu Chen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert Bok
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mark Van Criekinge
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Marcus Ferrone
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James B Slater
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Duan Xu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susan Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sarah J Nelson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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14
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Harris T, Azar A, Sapir G, Gamliel A, Nardi-Schreiber A, Sosna J, Gomori JM, Katz-Brull R. Real-time ex-vivo measurement of brain metabolism using hyperpolarized [1- 13C]pyruvate. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9564. [PMID: 29934508 PMCID: PMC6014998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27747-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to directly monitor in vivo brain metabolism in real time in a matter of seconds using the dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization technology holds promise to aid the understanding of brain physiology in health and disease. However, translating the hyperpolarized signal observed in the brain to cerebral metabolic rates is not straightforward, as the observed in vivo signals reflect also the influx of metabolites produced in the body, the cerebral blood volume, and the rate of transport across the blood brain barrier. We introduce a method to study rapid metabolism of hyperpolarized substrates in the viable rat brain slices preparation, an established ex vivo model of the brain. By retrospective evaluation of tissue motion and settling from analysis of the signal of the hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate precursor, the T1s of the metabolites and their rates of production can be determined. The enzymatic rates determined here are in the range of those determined previously with classical biochemical assays and are in agreement with hyperpolarized metabolite relative signal intensities observed in the rodent brain in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Harris
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
| | - Assad Azar
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
| | - Gal Sapir
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
| | - Ayelet Gamliel
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
| | - Atara Nardi-Schreiber
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
| | - Jacob Sosna
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
| | - J Moshe Gomori
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
| | - Rachel Katz-Brull
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel.
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15
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Hansen ESS, Kim S, Miller JJ, Geferath M, Morrell G, Laustsen C. Fast Padé Transform Accelerated CSI for Hyperpolarized MRS. Tomography 2016; 2:117-124. [PMID: 28018967 PMCID: PMC5179227 DOI: 10.18383/j.tom.2016.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The fast Padé transform (FPT) is a method of spectral analysis that can be used to reconstruct nuclear magnetic resonance spectra from truncated free induction decay signals with superior robustness and spectral resolution compared with conventional Fourier analysis. The aim of this study is to show the utility of FPT in reducing of the scan time required for hyperpolarized 13C chemical shift imaging (CSI) without sacrificing the ability to resolve a full spectrum. Simulations, phantom, and in vivo hyperpolarized [1-13C] pyruvate CSI data were processed with FPT and compared with conventional analysis methods. FPT shows improved stability and spectral resolution on truncated data compared with the fast Fourier transform and shows results that are comparable to those of the model-based fitting methods, enabling a reduction in the needed acquisition time in 13C CSI experiments. Using FPT can reduce the readout length in the spectral dimension by 2-6 times in 13C CSI compared with conventional Fourier analysis without sacrificing the spectral resolution. This increased speed is crucial for 13C CSI because T1 relaxation considerably limits the available scan time. In addition, FPT can also yield direct quantification of metabolite concentration without the additional peak analysis required in conventional Fourier analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben Szocska Søvsø Hansen
- MR Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford; Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sun Kim
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford Hospital & Clinics, Palo Alto, California
| | - Jack J Miller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford; Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - Marcus Geferath
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Glen Morrell
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah; Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- MR Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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16
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Mazuel L, Schulte RF, Cladière A, Spéziale C, Lagrée M, Leremboure M, Jean B, Durif F, Chassain C. Intracerebral synthesis of glutamine from hyperpolarized glutamate. Magn Reson Med 2016; 78:1296-1305. [PMID: 27851869 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Changes in glutamate (Glu) levels occur in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. We proposed the use of 13 C spectroscopy and the highly amplified signal generated by hyperpolarization to achieve spatial and temporal resolutions adequate for in vivo studies of Glu metabolism in the healthy rat brain. Thus, we investigated uptake of hyperpolarized [1-13C ]Glu after a temporary blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption protocol and its conversion to glutamine (Gln) in the brain. METHODS [1-13 C]Glu was hyperpolarized using the dynamic nuclear polarization process. A temporary BBB disruption using mannitol allowed hyperpolarized [1-13 C]Glu to reach the brain. Then, hyperpolarized [1-13 C]Glu brain metabolism was observed in vivo by MR spectroscopy experiments at 3T. Products synthesized from [1-13 C]Glu were assigned via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Hyperpolarized [1-13 C]Glu reached 20% ± 2.3% polarization after 90 min. After validation of the BBB disruption protocol, hyperpolarized [1-13 C]Glu (175.4 ppm) was detected inside the rat brain, and the formation of [1-13 C]Gln at 174.9 ppm was also observed. CONCLUSION The Gln synthesis from hyperpolarized [1-13 C]Glu can be monitored in vivo in the healthy rat brain after opening the BBB. Magn Reson Med 78:1296-1305, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Mazuel
- Auvergne University, UFR Medicine, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, Victor Segalen University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | - Marie Lagrée
- Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Aubière, France
| | - Martin Leremboure
- Mass Spectrometry Department, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Aubière, France
| | - Betty Jean
- CHU Gabriel Montpied, MRI Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Franck Durif
- Auvergne University, UFR Medicine, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,CHU Gabriel Montpied, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Carine Chassain
- CHU Gabriel Montpied, MRI Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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17
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Hyperpolarized MRS: New tool to study real-time brain function and metabolism. Anal Biochem 2016; 529:270-277. [PMID: 27665679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) led to the emergence of a new kind of magnetic resonance (MR) measurements providing the opportunity to probe metabolism in vivo in real time. It has been shown that, following the injection of hyperpolarized substrates prepared using dissolution DNP, specific metabolic bioprobes that can be used to differentiate between healthy and pathological tissue in preclinical and clinical studies can be readily detected by MR thanks to the tremendous signal enhancement. The present article aims at reviewing the studies of cerebral function and metabolism based on the use of hyperpolarized MR. The constraints and future opportunities that this technology could offer are discussed.
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18
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Salamanca-Cardona L, Keshari KR. (13)C-labeled biochemical probes for the study of cancer metabolism with dynamic nuclear polarization-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Cancer Metab 2015; 3:9. [PMID: 26380082 PMCID: PMC4570227 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-015-0136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, advances in metabolic imaging have become dependable tools for the diagnosis and treatment assessment in cancer. Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has recently emerged as a promising technology in hyperpolarized (HP) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and has reached clinical relevance with the successful visualization of [1-13C] pyruvate as a molecular imaging probe in human prostate cancer. This review focuses on introducing representative compounds relevant to metabolism that are characteristic of cancer tissue: aerobic glycolysis and pyruvate metabolism, glutamine addiction and glutamine/glutamate metabolism, and the redox state and ascorbate/dehydroascorbate metabolism. In addition, a brief introduction of probes that can be used to trace necrosis, pH changes, and other pathways relevant to cancer is presented to demonstrate the potential that HP MRI has to revolutionize the use of molecular imaging for diagnosis and assessment of treatments in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Salamanca-Cardona
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
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19
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Chaumeil MM, Najac C, Ronen SM. Studies of Metabolism Using (13)C MRS of Hyperpolarized Probes. Methods Enzymol 2015; 561:1-71. [PMID: 26358901 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
First described in 2003, the dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) technique, combined with (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), has since been used in numerous metabolic studies and has become a valuable metabolic imaging method. DNP dramatically increases the level of polarization of (13)C-labeled compounds resulting in an increase in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of over 50,000 fold for the MRS spectrum of hyperpolarized compounds. The high SNR enables rapid real-time detection of metabolism in cells, tissues, and in vivo. This chapter will present a comprehensive review of the DNP approaches that have been used to monitor metabolism in living systems. First, the list of (13)C DNP probes developed to date will be presented, with a particular focus on the most commonly used probe, namely [1-(13)C] pyruvate. In the next four sections, we will then describe the different factors that need to be considered when designing (13)C DNP probes for metabolic studies, conducting in vitro or in vivo hyperpolarized experiments, as well as acquiring, analyzing, and modeling hyperpolarized (13)C data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chloé Najac
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sabrina M Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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20
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Comment A, Merritt ME. Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance as a sensitive detector of metabolic function. Biochemistry 2014; 53:7333-57. [PMID: 25369537 PMCID: PMC4255644 DOI: 10.1021/bi501225t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance
allows for noninvasive measurements
of biochemical reactions in vivo. Although this technique
provides a unique tool for assaying enzymatic activities in intact
organs, the scope of its application is still elusive for the wider
scientific community. The purpose of this review is to provide key
principles and parameters to guide the researcher interested in adopting
this technology to address a biochemical, biomedical, or medical issue.
It is presented in the form of a compendium containing the underlying
essential physical concepts as well as suggestions to help assess
the potential of the technique within the framework of specific research
environments. Explicit examples are used to illustrate the power as
well as the limitations of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Comment
- Institute of Physics of Biological Systems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Abstract
Human adults produce around 1000 mmol of ammonia daily. Some is reutilized in biosynthesis. The remainder is waste and neurotoxic. Eventually most is excreted in urine as urea, together with ammonia used as a buffer. In extrahepatic tissues, ammonia is incorporated into nontoxic glutamine and released into blood. Large amounts are metabolized by the kidneys and small intestine. In the intestine, this yields ammonia, which is sequestered in portal blood and transported to the liver for ureagenesis, and citrulline, which is converted to arginine by the kidneys. The amazing developments in NMR imaging and spectroscopy and molecular biology have confirmed concepts derived from early studies in animals and cell cultures. The processes involved are exquisitely tuned. When they are faulty, ammonia accumulates. Severe acute hyperammonemia causes a rapidly progressive, often fatal, encephalopathy with brain edema. Chronic milder hyperammonemia causes a neuropsychiatric illness. Survivors of severe neonatal hyperammonemia have structural brain damage. Proposed explanations for brain edema are an increase in astrocyte osmolality, generally attributed to glutamine accumulation, and cytotoxic oxidative/nitrosative damage. However, ammonia neurotoxicity is multifactorial, with disturbances also in neurotransmitters, energy production, anaplerosis, cerebral blood flow, potassium, and sodium. Around 90% of hyperammonemic patients have liver disease. Inherited defects are rare. They are being recognized increasingly in adults. Deficiencies of urea cycle enzymes, citrin, and pyruvate carboxylase demonstrate the roles of isolated pathways in ammonia metabolism. Phenylbutyrate is used routinely to treat inherited urea cycle disorders, and its use for hepatic encephalopathy is under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Walker
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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22
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Lerche MH, Jensen PR, Karlsson M, Meier S. NMR insights into the inner workings of living cells. Anal Chem 2014; 87:119-32. [PMID: 25084065 DOI: 10.1021/ac501467x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde H Lerche
- Albeda Research , Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
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23
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Billingsley KL, Park JM, Josan S, Hurd R, Mayer D, Spielman-Sun E, Nishimura DG, Brooks JD, Spielman D. The feasibility of assessing branched-chain amino acid metabolism in cellular models of prostate cancer with hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]-ketoisocaproate. Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 32:791-5. [PMID: 24907854 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in the field of hyperpolarized (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) have yielded powerful techniques capable of real-time analysis of metabolic pathways. These non-invasive methods have increasingly shown application in impacting disease diagnosis and have further been employed in mechanistic studies of disease onset and progression. Our goals were to investigate branched-chain aminotransferase (BCAT) activity in prostate cancer with a novel molecular probe, hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]-2-ketoisocaproate ([1-(13)C]-KIC), and explore the potential of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism to serve as a biomarker. Using traditional spectrophotometric assays, BCAT enzymatic activities were determined in vitro for various sources of prostate cancer (human, transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mouse and human cell lines). These preliminary studies indicated that low levels of BCAT activity were present in all models of prostate cancer but enzymatic levels are altered significantly in prostate cancer relative to healthy tissue. The MR spectroscopic studies were conducted with two cellular models (PC-3 and DU-145) that exhibited levels of BCAA metabolism comparable to the human disease state. Hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]-KIC was administered to prostate cancer cell lines, and the conversion of [1-(13)C]-KIC to the metabolic product, [1-(13)C]-leucine ([1-(13)C]-Leu), could be monitored via hyperpolarized (13)C MRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin L Billingsley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA.
| | - Jae Mo Park
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sonal Josan
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Ralph Hurd
- Applied Sciences Laboratory, GE Healthcare, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | - Dwight G Nishimura
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James D Brooks
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel Spielman
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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24
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Schmidt R, Laustsen C, Dumez JN, Kettunen MI, Serrao EM, Marco-Rius I, Brindle KM, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Frydman L. In vivo single-shot 13C spectroscopic imaging of hyperpolarized metabolites by spatiotemporal encoding. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2014; 240:8-15. [PMID: 24486720 PMCID: PMC5040493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized metabolic imaging is a growing field that has provided a new tool for analyzing metabolism, particularly in cancer. Given the short life times of the hyperpolarized signal, fast and effective spectroscopic imaging methods compatible with dynamic metabolic characterizations are necessary. Several approaches have been customized for hyperpolarized (13)C MRI, including CSI with a center-out k-space encoding, EPSI, and spectrally selective pulses in combination with spiral EPI acquisitions. Recent studies have described the potential of single-shot alternatives based on spatiotemporal encoding (SPEN) principles, to derive chemical-shift images within a sub-second period. By contrast to EPSI, SPEN does not require oscillating acquisition gradients to deliver chemical-shift information: its signal encodes both spatial as well as chemical shift information, at no extra cost in experimental complexity. SPEN MRI sequences with slice-selection and arbitrary excitation pulses can also be devised, endowing SPEN with the potential to deliver single-shot multi-slice chemical shift images, with a temporal resolution required for hyperpolarized dynamic metabolic imaging. The present work demonstrates this with initial in vivo results obtained from SPEN-based imaging of pyruvate and its metabolic products, after injection of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate. Multi-slice chemical-shift images of healthy rats were obtained at 4.7T in the region of the kidney, and 4D (2D spatial, 1D spectral, 1D temporal) data sets were obtained at 7T from a murine lymphoma tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Schmidt
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark; Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark
| | - Jean-Nicolas Dumez
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mikko I Kettunen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eva M Serrao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Marco-Rius
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M Brindle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lucio Frydman
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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25
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Asghar Butt S, Søgaard LV, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Lauritzen MH, Engelholm LH, Paulson OB, Mirza O, Holck S, Magnusson P, Åkeson P. Monitoring mammary tumor progression and effect of tamoxifen treatment in MMTV-PymT using MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy with hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate. Magn Reson Med 2014; 73:51-8. [PMID: 24435823 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To use dynamic magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of hyperpolarized (13)C-pyruvate to follow the progress over time in vivo of breast cancer metabolism in the MMTV-PymT model, and to follow the response to the anti-estrogen drug tamoxifen. METHODS Tumor growth was monitored by anatomical MRI by measuring tumor volumes. Dynamic MRS of hyperpolarized (13)C was used to measure an "apparent" pyruvate-to-lactate rate constant (kp) of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in vivo. Further, ex vivo pathology and in vitro LDH initial reaction velocity were evaluated. RESULTS Tamoxifen significantly halted the tumor growth measured as tumor volume by MRI. In the untreated animals, kp correlated with tumor growth. The kP was somewhat but not significantly lower in the treated group. Studies in vitro confirmed the effects of tamoxifen on tumor growth, and here the LDH reaction velocity was reduced significantly in the treated group. CONCLUSION These hyperpolarized (13)C MRS findings indicate that tumor metabolic changes affects kP. The measured kp did not relate to treatment response to the same extent as did tumor growth, histological evaluation, and in vitro determination of LDH activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Asghar Butt
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise V Søgaard
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan H Ardenkjaer-Larsen
- GE Healthcare, Brøndby, Denmark.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mette H Lauritzen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars H Engelholm
- The Finsen Laboratory/BRIC, Rigshospitalet/Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olaf B Paulson
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Osman Mirza
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Holck
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Magnusson
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Åkeson
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
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26
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Keshari KR, Wilson DM. Chemistry and biochemistry of 13C hyperpolarized magnetic resonance using dynamic nuclear polarization. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 43:1627-59. [PMID: 24363044 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60124b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The study of transient chemical phenomena by conventional NMR has proved elusive, particularly for non-(1)H nuclei. For (13)C, hyperpolarization using the dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) technique has emerged as a powerful means to improve SNR. The recent development of rapid dissolution DNP methods has facilitated previously impossible in vitro and in vivo study of small molecules. This review presents the basics of the DNP technique, identification of appropriate DNP substrates, and approaches to increase hyperpolarized signal lifetimes. Also addressed are the biochemical events to which DNP-NMR has been applied, with descriptions of several probes that have met with in vivo success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
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27
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Rodrigues TB, Valette J, Bouzier-Sore AK. (13)C NMR spectroscopy applications to brain energy metabolism. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENERGETICS 2013; 5:9. [PMID: 24367329 PMCID: PMC3856424 DOI: 10.3389/fnene.2013.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
(13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is the method of choice for studying brain metabolism. Indeed, the most convincing data obtained to decipher metabolic exchanges between neurons and astrocytes have been obtained using this technique, thus illustrating its power. It may be difficult for non-specialists, however, to grasp thefull implication of data presented in articles written by spectroscopists. The aim of the review is, therefore, to provide a fundamental understanding of this topic to facilitate the non-specialists in their reading of this literature. In the first part of this review, we present the metabolic fate of (13)C-labeled substrates in the brain in a detailed way, including an overview of some general neurochemical principles. We also address and compare the various spectroscopic strategies that can be used to study brain metabolism. Then, we provide an overview of the (13)C NMR experiments performed to analyze both intracellular and intercellular metabolic fluxes. More particularly, the role of lactate as a potential energy substrate for neurons is discussed in the light of (13)C NMR data. Finally, new perspectives and applications offered by (13)C hyperpolarization are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago B. Rodrigues
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Julien Valette
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Institut d’Imagerie Biomédicale, Molecular Imaging Research CenterFontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Karine Bouzier-Sore
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, Université Bordeaux Segalen - Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueBordeaux, France
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28
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Josan S, Hurd R, Billingsley K, Senadheera L, Park JM, Yen YF, Pfefferbaum A, Spielman D, Mayer D. Effects of isoflurane anesthesia on hyperpolarized (13)C metabolic measurements in rat brain. Magn Reson Med 2013; 70:1117-24. [PMID: 23086864 PMCID: PMC3674171 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Commonly used anesthetic agents such as isoflurane are known to be potent cerebral vasodilators, with reported dose-dependent increase in cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume. Despite the widespread use of isoflurane in hyperpolarized (13)C preclinical research studies, a quantitative assessment of its effect on metabolic measurements is limited. This work investigates the effect of isoflurane anesthesia dose on hyperpolarized (13)C MR metabolic measurements in rat brain for [1-(13)C]pyruvate and 2-keto[1-(13)C]isocaproate. METHODS Dynamic 2D and 3D spiral chemical shift imaging was used to acquire metabolic images of rat brain as well as kidney and liver following bolus injections of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate or 2-keto[1-(13)C]isocaproate. The impact of a "low dose" vs. a "high dose" of isoflurane on cerebral metabolite levels and apparent conversion rates was examined. RESULTS The cerebral substrate signal levels, and hence the metabolite-to-substrate ratios and apparent conversion rates, were found to depend markedly on isoflurane dose, while signal levels of metabolic products and their ratios, e.g. bicarbonate/lactate, were largely insensitive to isoflurane levels. No obvious dependence on isoflurane was observed in kidney or liver for pyruvate. CONCLUSION This study highlights the importance of careful attention to the effects of anesthesia on the metabolic measures for hyperpolarized (13)C metabolic imaging in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Josan
- SRI International, Neuroscience Program, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Lucas MRI Center, 1201 Welch Rd. Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ralph Hurd
- GE Healthcare Applied Sciences Laboratory, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Kelvin Billingsley
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Lucas MRI Center, 1201 Welch Rd. Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Lasitha Senadheera
- Stanford University, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jae Mo Park
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Lucas MRI Center, 1201 Welch Rd. Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Yi-Fen Yen
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Lucas MRI Center, 1201 Welch Rd. Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- SRI International, Neuroscience Program, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025
- Stanford University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Daniel Spielman
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Lucas MRI Center, 1201 Welch Rd. Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Dirk Mayer
- SRI International, Neuroscience Program, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Lucas MRI Center, 1201 Welch Rd. Stanford, CA 94305
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29
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Witte C, Schröder L. NMR of hyperpolarised probes. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:788-802. [PMID: 23033215 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the sensitivity of NMR experiments is an ongoing field of research to help realise the exquisite molecular specificity of this technique. Hyperpolarisation of various nuclei is a powerful approach that enables the use of NMR for molecular and cellular imaging. Substantial progress has been achieved over recent years in terms of both tracer preparation and detection schemes. This review summarises recent developments in probe design and optimised signal encoding, and promising results in sensitive disease detection and efficient therapeutic monitoring. The different methods have great potential to provide molecular specificity not available by other diagnostic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Witte
- ERC Project BiosensorImaging, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
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30
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Park JM, Recht LD, Josan S, Merchant M, Jang T, Yen YF, Hurd RE, Spielman DM, Mayer D. Metabolic response of glioma to dichloroacetate measured in vivo by hyperpolarized (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:433-41. [PMID: 23328814 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolic phenotype that derives disproportionate energy via glycolysis in solid tumors, including glioma, leads to elevated lactate labeling in metabolic imaging using hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate. Although the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)-mediated flux from pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A can be indirectly measured through the detection of carbon-13 ((13)C)-labeled bicarbonate, it has proven difficult to visualize (13)C-bicarbonate at high enough levels from injected [1-(13)C]pyruvate for quantitative analysis in brain. The aim of this study is to improve the detection of (13)C-labeled metabolites, in particular bicarbonate, in glioma and normal brain in vivo and to measure the metabolic response to dichloroacetate, which upregulates PDH activity. METHODS An optimized protocol for chemical shift imaging and high concentration of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate were used to improve measurements of lactate and bicarbonate in C6 glioma-transplanted rat brains. Hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate was injected before and 45 min after dichloroacetate infusion. Metabolite ratios of lactate to bicarbonate were calculated to provide improved metrics for characterizing tumor metabolism. RESULTS Glioma and normal brain were well differentiated by lactate-to-bicarbonate ratio (P = .002, n = 5) as well as bicarbonate (P = .0002) and lactate (P = .001), and a stronger response to dichloroacetate was observed in glioma than in normal brain. CONCLUSION Our results clearly demonstrate for the first time the feasibility of quantitatively detecting (13)C-bicarbonate in tumor-bearing rat brain in vivo, permitting the measurement of dichloroacetate-modulated changes in PDH flux. The simultaneous detection of lactate and bicarbonate provides a tool for a more comprehensive analysis of glioma metabolism and the assessment of metabolic agents as anti-brain cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Mo Park
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, The Lucas Center for Imaging, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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31
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Vinding MS, Maximov II, Tošner Z, Nielsen NC. Fast numerical design of spatial-selective rf pulses in MRI using Krotov and quasi-Newton based optimal control methods. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:054203. [PMID: 22894341 DOI: 10.1063/1.4739755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of increasingly strong magnetic fields in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) improves sensitivity, susceptibility contrast, and spatial or spectral resolution for functional and localized spectroscopic imaging applications. However, along with these benefits come the challenges of increasing static field (B(0)) and rf field (B(1)) inhomogeneities induced by radial field susceptibility differences and poorer dielectric properties of objects in the scanner. Increasing fields also impose the need for rf irradiation at higher frequencies which may lead to elevated patient energy absorption, eventually posing a safety risk. These reasons have motivated the use of multidimensional rf pulses and parallel rf transmission, and their combination with tailoring of rf pulses for fast and low-power rf performance. For the latter application, analytical and approximate solutions are well-established in linear regimes, however, with increasing nonlinearities and constraints on the rf pulses, numerical iterative methods become attractive. Among such procedures, optimal control methods have recently demonstrated great potential. Here, we present a Krotov-based optimal control approach which as compared to earlier approaches provides very fast, monotonic convergence even without educated initial guesses. This is essential for in vivo MRI applications. The method is compared to a second-order gradient ascent method relying on the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) quasi-Newton method, and a hybrid scheme Krotov-BFGS is also introduced in this study. These optimal control approaches are demonstrated by the design of a 2D spatial selective rf pulse exciting the letters "JCP" in a water phantom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads S Vinding
- Center for Insoluble Protein Structures, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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