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Gu YH, Hawkins BT, Izawa Y, Yoshikawa Y, Koziol JA, Del Zoppo GJ. Intracerebral hemorrhage and thrombin-induced alterations in cerebral microvessel matrix. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:1732-1747. [PMID: 35510668 PMCID: PMC9441730 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221099092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Four phase III clinical trials of oral direct factor Xa or thrombin inhibitors demonstrated significantly lower intracranial hemorrhage compared to warfarin in patients with nonvalvular-atrial fibrillation. This is counter-intuitive to the principle that inhibiting thrombosis should increase hemorrhagic risk. We tested the novel hypothesis that anti-thrombin activity decreases the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage by directly inhibiting thrombin-mediated degradation of cerebral microvessel basal lamina matrix, responsible for preventing hemorrhage. Collagen IV, laminin, and perlecan each contain one or more copies of the unique α-thrombin cleavage site consensus sequence. In blinded controlled experiments, α-thrombin significantly degraded each matrix protein in vitro and in vivo in a concentration-dependent fashion. In vivo stereotaxic injection of α-thrombin significantly increased permeability, local IgG extravasation, and hemoglobin (Hgb) deposition together with microvessel matrix degradation in a mouse model. In all formats the direct anti-thrombin dabigatran completely inhibited matrix degradation by α-thrombin. Fourteen-day oral exposure to dabigatran etexilate-containing chow completely inhibited matrix degradation, the permeability to large molecules, and cerebral hemorrhage associated with α-thrombin. These experiments demonstrate that thrombin can degrade microvessel matrix, leading to hemorrhage, and that inhibition of microvessel matrix degradation by α-thrombin decreases cerebral hemorrhage. Implications for focal ischemia and other conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Huan Gu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian T Hawkins
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.,Duke University Center for WaSH-AID, Department of Eklectrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yoshikane Izawa
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoji Yoshikawa
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James A Koziol
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gregory J Del Zoppo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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2
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Zolotoff C, Puech C, Roche F, Perek N. Effects of intermittent hypoxia with thrombin in an in vitro model of human brain endothelial cells and their impact on PAR-1/PAR-3 cleavage. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12305. [PMID: 35853902 PMCID: PMC9296553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea (OSA) are at high risk of cerebrovascular diseases leading to cognitive impairment. The oxidative stress generated by intermittent hypoxia (IH) could lead to an increase in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, an essential interface for the protection of the brain. Moreover, in patients with OSA, blood coagulation could be increased leading to cardiovascular complications. Thrombin is a factor found increased in these populations that exerts various cellular effects through activation of protease activated receptors (PARs). Thus, we have evaluated in an in vitro BBB model the association of IH with thrombin at two concentrations. We measured the apparent BBB permeability, expression of tight junctions, ROS production, HIF-1α expression, and cleavage of PAR-1/PAR-3. Pre-treatment with dabigatran was performed. IH and higher thrombin concentrations altered BBB permeability: high levels of HIF-1α expression, ROS and PAR-1 activation compared to PAR-3 in such conditions. Conversely, lower concentration of thrombin associated with IH appear to have a protective effect on BBB with a significant cleavage of PAR-3. Dabigatran reversed the deleterious effect of thrombin at high concentrations but also suppressed the beneficial effect of low dose thrombin. Therefore, thrombin and PARs represent novel attractive targets to prevent BBB opening in OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Zolotoff
- INSERM, U1059, Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France. .,Faculté de Médecine - Campus Santé Innovations, 10 Rue de la Marandière, 42270, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France.
| | - Clémentine Puech
- INSERM, U1059, Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Frédéric Roche
- INSERM, U1059, Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France.,Service de Physiologie Clinique Et de L'Exercice, Centre VISAS, CHU Saint Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Nathalie Perek
- INSERM, U1059, Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
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3
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Gorzelak-Pabiś P, Broncel M, Pawlos A, Wojdan K, Gajewski A, Chałubiński M, Woźniak E. Dabigatran: its protective effect against endothelial cell damage by oxysterol. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 147:112679. [PMID: 35121342 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data showed that dabigatran can reduce not only procoagulatory effects but also block proinflammatory stimuli by inhibiting the expression of cytokines and chemokines and reducing thrombin-induced endothelial permeability. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of dabigatran on the integrity and inflammatory properties of endothelial cells stimulated by 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC, oxysterol). HUVECs (Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells) were stimulated with 25-hydroxycholesterol 10 µg/ml, dabigatran 100 ng/ml or 500 ng/ml and 25-hydroxycholesterol + dabigatran (100 ng/ml, 500 ng/ml). HUVEC integrity and permeability was measured in the RTCA-DP xCELLigence system and by the paracellular flux system. The mRNA expression of ICAM-1, VEGF, IL-33, MCP-1 and TNF-α was analyzed by Real-time PCR. Cell apoptosis and viability was measured by flow cytometry. VEGF protein concentration was assessed in supernatants by ELISA. VE-cadherin expression in endothelial cells was evaluated by confocal microscopy. Pre-stimulation of HUVECs with 25-OHC decreased endothelial cell integrity (p < 0.001) and increased the expression of IL-33, ICAM-1, MCP-1, VEGF, TNF-α mRNA (p < 0.01) compared to unstimulated controls. Following stimulation of HUVECs with dabigatran 100 ng/ml or 500 ng/ml restored HUVEC integrity interrupted by 25-OHC (p < 0.001). In HUVECs pre-stimulated with oxysterol, dabigatran stimulation decreased mRNA expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-33 and TNF-α, chemokines MCP-1 ICAM-1 and VEGF (p < 0.01). Dabigatran 500 mg/ml+ 25-OHC increased the endothelial expression of VE-cadherin as compared to 25-OHC (p < 0.01). Our findings suggest that dabigatran stabilizes the endothelial barrier and inhibits the inflammation caused by oxysterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Gorzelak-Pabiś
- Dept. of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marlena Broncel
- Dept. of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pawlos
- Dept. of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wojdan
- Dept. of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Adrian Gajewski
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Chałubiński
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Woźniak
- Dept. of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
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4
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Zolotoff C, Bertoletti L, Gozal D, Mismetti V, Flandrin P, Roche F, Perek N. Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Hypercoagulability, and the Blood-Brain Barrier. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10143099. [PMID: 34300265 PMCID: PMC8304023 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10143099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repeated episodes of intermittent hypoxia (IH) and is recognized as an independent risk factor for vascular diseases that are mediated by a multitude of mechanistic pathophysiological cascades including procoagulant factors. The pro-coagulant state contributes to the development of blood clots and to the increase in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Such alteration of BBB may alter brain function and increase the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. We aim to provide a narrative review of the relationship between the hypercoagulable state, observed in OSA and characterized by increased coagulation factor activity, as well as platelet activation, and the underlying neural dysfunction, as related to disruption of the BBB. We aim to provide a critical overview of the existing evidence about the effect of OSA on the coagulation balance (characterized by increased coagulation factor activity and platelet activation) as on the BBB. Then, we will present the emerging data on the effect of BBB disruption on the risk of underlying neural dysfunction. Finally, we will discuss the potential of OSA therapy on the coagulation balance and the improvement of BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Zolotoff
- U1059, Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, F-42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France; (L.B.); (F.R.); (N.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-477-421-452
| | - Laurent Bertoletti
- U1059, Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, F-42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France; (L.B.); (F.R.); (N.P.)
- Service de Médecine Vasculaire et Thérapeutique, CHU Saint-Étienne, F-42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Child Health and the Child Health Research Institute, MU Women’s and Children’s Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA;
| | - Valentine Mismetti
- Service de Pneumologie et d’Oncologie Thoracique, CHU Saint-Étienne, F-42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France;
| | - Pascale Flandrin
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Hôpital Nord, CHU Saint-Étienne, F-42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France;
| | - Frédéric Roche
- U1059, Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, F-42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France; (L.B.); (F.R.); (N.P.)
- Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l’Exercice, Centre VISAS, CHU Saint Etienne, F-42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Nathalie Perek
- U1059, Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, F-42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France; (L.B.); (F.R.); (N.P.)
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5
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Mo Y, Yue E, Shi N, Liu K. The protective effects of curcumin in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury through PKC-θ signaling. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:550-560. [PMID: 33618616 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1889188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a common cerebrovascular disease with the main cause considered to be cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), which exerts irreparable injury on nerve cells. Thus, the development of neuroprotective drugs is an urgent concern. Curcumin, a known antioxidant, has been found to have neuroprotective effects. To determine the protective mechanism of curcumin in ischemic stroke, oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) was used to treat PC12 cells to mimic the cerebral I/R cell model. Curcumin (20 μM) was applied to OGD/R PC12 cells, followed by Ca2+ concentration, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and cell permeability measurements. The results showed that OGD/R injury induced a decrease in TEER and increases in Ca2+ concentration and cell permeability. In contrast, curcumin alleviated these effects. The protein kinase C θ (PKC-θ) was associated with the protective function of curcumin in the OGD/R cell model. Moreover, the middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion model (MCAO/R) was applied to simulate the I/R rat model. Our results demonstrated that curcumin could reverse the MCAO/R-induced increase in Ca2+ concentration and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Our study demonstrates the mechanisms by which curcumin exhibited a protective function against cerebral I/R through PKC-θ signaling by reducing BBB dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Mo
- Department of Neurology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Erli Yue
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Kangyong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
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6
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Cao H, Seto SW, Bhuyan DJ, Chan HH, Song W. Effects of Thrombin on the Neurovascular Unit in Cerebral Ischemia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:973-984. [PMID: 33392917 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-01019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality that poses a significant burden on society and the economy. About 60% of cerebral ischemia is caused by thrombus, and the formation of thrombus proceeds from insoluble fibrin, following its transformation from liquid fibrinogen. In thrombus-induced ischemia, increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), followed by the extravasation of blood components into the brain results in an altered brain microenvironment. Changes in the brain microenvironment affect brain function and the neurovascular unit (NVU), the working unit of the brain. Recent studies have reported that coagulation factors interact with the NVU and its components, but the specific function of this interaction is highly speculative and warrants further investigations. In this article, we reviewed the role of coagulation factors in cerebral ischemia and the role of coagulation factors in thrombosis. Additionally, the influence of thrombin on the NVU is introduced, as well as in the function of NVU, which may help to explore part of brain injury mechanism during ischemia. Lastly, we propose some novel therapeutic approaches on ischemic stroke by reducing the risk of coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Sai Wang Seto
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Deep Jyoti Bhuyan
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Hoi Huen Chan
- Hong Kong Community College, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wenting Song
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, 100091, China.
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7
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Ye F, Garton HJL, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G. The Role of Thrombin in Brain Injury After Hemorrhagic and Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 12:496-511. [PMID: 32989665 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00855-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin is increased in the brain after hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke primarily due to the prothrombin entry from blood either with a hemorrhage or following blood-brain barrier disruption. Increasing evidence indicates that thrombin and its receptors (protease-activated receptors (PARs)) play a major role in brain pathology following ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke (including intracerebral, intraventricular, and subarachnoid hemorrhage). Thrombin and PARs affect brain injury via multiple mechanisms that can be detrimental or protective. The cleavage of prothrombin into thrombin is the key step of hemostasis and thrombosis which takes place in every stroke and subsequent brain injury. The extravascular effects and direct cellular interactions of thrombin are mediated by PARs (PAR-1, PAR-3, and PAR-4) and their downstream signaling in multiple brain cell types. Such effects include inducing blood-brain-barrier disruption, brain edema, neuroinflammation, and neuronal death, although low thrombin concentrations can promote cell survival. Also, thrombin directly links the coagulation system to the immune system by activating interleukin-1α. Such effects of thrombin can result in both short-term brain injury and long-term functional deficits, making extravascular thrombin an understudied therapeutic target for stroke. This review examines the role of thrombin and PARs in brain injury following hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke and the potential treatment strategies which are complicated by their role in both hemostasis and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghui Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Hugh J L Garton
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
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8
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The Heat Shock Protein 70 Plays a Protective Role in Sepsis by Maintenance of the Endothelial Permeability. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2194090. [PMID: 32964021 PMCID: PMC7492929 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2194090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a severe system inflammatory response syndrome in response to infection. The vascular endothelium cells play a key role in sepsis-induced organ dysfunction. The heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) has been reported to play an anti-inflammatory role and protect from sepsis. The present study is aimed at finding the function of HSP70 against sepsis in vascular endothelium cells. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and HSP70 agonist and inhibitor were used to treat HUVEC. Cell permeability was measured by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) assay and FITC-Dextrans. Cell junction protein levels were measured by western blot. Mice were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to establish a sepsis model and were observed for survival. After LPS incubation, HSP70 expression was decreased in HUVEC. LPS induced the inhibition of cell viability and the increases of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Furthermore, cell permeability was increased and cell junction proteins (E-cadherin, occludin, and ZO-1) were downregulated after treatment with LPS. However, HSP70 could reverse these effects induced by LPS in HUVEC. In addition, LPS-induced elevated phosphorylation of p38 can be blocked by HSP70. On the other hand, we found that inhibition of HSP70 had similar effects as LPS and these effects could be alleviated by the inhibitor of p38. Subsequently, HSP70 was also found to increase survival of sepsis mice in vivo. In conclusion, HSP70 plays a protective role in sepsis by maintenance of the endothelial permeability via regulating p38 signaling.
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9
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Michael N, Grigoryan MM, Kilday K, Sumbria RK, Vasilevko V, van Ryn J, Cribbs DH, Paganini-Hill A, Fisher MJ. Effects of Dabigatran in Mouse Models of Aging and Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Front Neurol 2019; 10:966. [PMID: 31611836 PMCID: PMC6776875 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral anticoagulants are a critical component of stroke prevention, but carry a risk of brain hemorrhage. These hemorrhagic complications tend to occur in elderly individuals, especially those with predisposing conditions such as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Clinical evidence suggests that non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants are safer than traditional oral anticoagulants. We analyzed whether the anticoagulant dabigatran produces cerebral microhemorrhage (the pathological substrate of MRI-demonstrable cerebral microbleeds) or intracerebral hemorrhage in aged mice with and without hemorrhage-predisposing angiopathy. We studied aged (22 months old) Tg2576 (a model of CAA) and wild-type (WT) littermate mice. Mice received either dabigatran etexilate (DE) (Tg N = 7; WT N = 10) or vehicle (Tg N = 9; WT N = 7) by gavage for 4 weeks. Anticoagulation effects of DE were confirmed using thrombin time assay. No mice experienced intracerebral hemorrhage. Cerebral microhemorrhage analysis, performed using Prussian-blue and H&E staining, showed no significant change in either number or size of cerebral microhemorrhage in DE-treated animals. Analysis of biochemical parameters for endothelial activation (ICAM-1), blood-brain barrier disruption (IgG, claudin-5, fibrinogen), microglial activation (Iba-1), or astrocyte activation (GFAP) showed neither exacerbation nor protective effects of DE in either Tg2576 or WT mice. Our study provides histological and biochemical evidence that aged mice, with or without predisposing factors for brain hemorrhage, tolerate anticoagulation with dabigatran. The absence of dabigatran-induced intracerebral hemorrhage or increased frequency of acute microhemorrhage may provide some reassurance for its use in high-risk patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neethu Michael
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | | | - Kelley Kilday
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Rachita K Sumbria
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Vitaly Vasilevko
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Joanne van Ryn
- Department of Cardiometabolic Research, Boehringer Ingelheim, Hanover, Germany
| | - David H Cribbs
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Annlia Paganini-Hill
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Mark J Fisher
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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10
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Puech C, Delavenne X, He Z, Forest V, Mismetti P, Perek N. Direct oral anticoagulants are associated with limited damage of endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier mediated by the thrombin/PAR-1 pathway. Brain Res 2019; 1719:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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11
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Atorvastatin enhances endothelial adherens junctions through promoting VE-PTP gene transcription and reducing VE-cadherin-Y731 phosphorylation. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 117:7-14. [PMID: 29894844 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) is essential for endothelial cells (ECs) adherens junction and vascular homeostasis; however, the regulatory mechanism of VE-PTP transcription is unknown, and a drug able to promote VE-PTP expression in ECs has not yet been reported in the literature. In this study, we used human ECs as a model to explore small molecule compounds able to promote VE-PTP expression, and found that atorvastatin, a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor widely used in the clinic to treat hypercholesterolemia-related cardiovascular diseases, strongly promoted VE-PTP transcription in ECs through activating the VE-PTP promoter and upregulating the expression of the transcription factor, specificity protein 1 (SP1). Additionally, atorvastatin markedly reduced VE-cadherin-Y731 phosphorylation induced by cigarette smoke extract and significantly enhanced stability of endothelial adherens junctions. Together, our findings reveal that atorvastatin up-regulates VE-PTP expression, increases VE-cadherin protein levels, and decreases VE-cadherin-Y731 phosphorylation to strengthen EC adherens junctions and maintain vascular cell monolayer integrity, offering a new mechanism of atorvastatin against CSE-induced disruption of vascular integrity and relevant cardio-cerebrovascular disease.
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12
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Choi HJ, Kim NE, Kim J, An S, Yang SH, Ha J, Cho S, Kwon I, Kim YD, Nam HS, Heo JH. Dabigatran reduces endothelial permeability through inhibition of thrombin-induced cytoskeleton reorganization. Thromb Res 2018; 167:S0049-3848(18)30324-4. [PMID: 29735342 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dabigatran etexilate (DE), a new oral anti-coagulant, is a direct thrombin inhibitor. Clinical trials showed the favorable benefit-to-risk profile of DE compared to warfarin for the prevention of ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Remarkably, patients treated with dabigatran showed reduced rates of intracerebral hemorrhage compared to warfarin. As the breakdown of endothelial barrier integrity is associated with hemorrhagic events and as thrombin increases endothelial permeability, we hypothesized that dabigatran preserves the endothelial barrier by inhibiting thrombin-induced permeability. We assessed leakage of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran through the endothelial monolayer and measured trans-endothelial electrical resistance of the endothelial monolayer after treatment of thrombin or thrombin pre-incubated with dabigatran. Thrombin increased the permeability of endothelial cells. Dabigatran effectively blocked the ability of thrombin to increase permeability. Dabigatran inhibited the formation of actin stress fibers induced by thrombin and inhibited consequent destabilization of junctional protein complexes and intercellular gap formation. The interaction of thrombin with protease activated receptor-1 activates the Rho A guanosine triphosphate (GTP)ase-myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation signaling axis, leading to actin cytoskeleton changes. This signaling pathway was effectively inhibited by dabigatran in endothelial cells. Consistently, the number of phosphorylated MLC-positive cells was significantly decreased in ischemic tissue of rat brains. These results indicate dabigatran blocks the ability of thrombin to induce vascular permeability and the resulting underlying signaling cascade in endothelial cells. Our findings provide evidence that dabigatran may confer a lower risk of intracerebral hemorrhage by preserving endothelial barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Choi
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Eun Kim
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunho An
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Yang
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Ha
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghee Cho
- The Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, United States; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, United States
| | - Il Kwon
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Dae Kim
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Suk Nam
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoe Heo
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Jiang X, Andjelkovic AV, Zhu L, Yang T, Bennett MVL, Chen J, Keep RF, Shi Y. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and recovery after ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 163-164:144-171. [PMID: 28987927 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in regulating the trafficking of fluid, solutes and cells at the blood-brain interface and maintaining the homeostatic microenvironment of the CNS. Under pathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, the BBB can be disrupted, followed by the extravasation of blood components into the brain and compromise of normal neuronal function. This article reviews recent advances in our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying BBB dysfunction and recovery after ischemic stroke. CNS cells in the neurovascular unit, as well as blood-borne peripheral cells constantly modulate the BBB and influence its breakdown and repair after ischemic stroke. The involvement of stroke risk factors and comorbid conditions further complicate the pathogenesis of neurovascular injury by predisposing the BBB to anatomical and functional changes that can exacerbate BBB dysfunction. Emphasis is also given to the process of long-term structural and functional restoration of the BBB after ischemic injury. With the development of novel research tools, future research on the BBB is likely to reveal promising potential therapeutic targets for protecting the BBB and improving patient outcome after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Jiang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | - Ling Zhu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tuo Yang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael V L Bennett
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Yejie Shi
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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14
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Kwon I, An S, Kim J, Yang SH, Yoo J, Baek JH, Nam HS, Kim YD, Lee HS, Choi HJ, Heo JH. Hemorrhagic Transformation After Large Cerebral Infarction in Rats Pretreated With Dabigatran or Warfarin. Stroke 2017; 48:2865-2871. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.017751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Il Kwon
- From the Department of Neurology (I.K., S.A., J.K., S.-H.Y., J.Y., J.-H.B., H.S.N., Y.D.K., J.H.H.), Severance Biomedical Science Institute (I.K., J.H.H.), Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral and Cardiovascular Diseases (I.K., S.A., J.K., S.-H.Y., H.S.N., Y.D.K., H.-J.C., J.H.H.), and Department of Biostatistics (H.S.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunho An
- From the Department of Neurology (I.K., S.A., J.K., S.-H.Y., J.Y., J.-H.B., H.S.N., Y.D.K., J.H.H.), Severance Biomedical Science Institute (I.K., J.H.H.), Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral and Cardiovascular Diseases (I.K., S.A., J.K., S.-H.Y., H.S.N., Y.D.K., H.-J.C., J.H.H.), and Department of Biostatistics (H.S.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jayoung Kim
- From the Department of Neurology (I.K., S.A., J.K., S.-H.Y., J.Y., J.-H.B., H.S.N., Y.D.K., J.H.H.), Severance Biomedical Science Institute (I.K., J.H.H.), Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral and Cardiovascular Diseases (I.K., S.A., J.K., S.-H.Y., H.S.N., Y.D.K., H.-J.C., J.H.H.), and Department of Biostatistics (H.S.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Yang
- From the Department of Neurology (I.K., S.A., J.K., S.-H.Y., J.Y., J.-H.B., H.S.N., Y.D.K., J.H.H.), Severance Biomedical Science Institute (I.K., J.H.H.), Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral and Cardiovascular Diseases (I.K., S.A., J.K., S.-H.Y., H.S.N., Y.D.K., H.-J.C., J.H.H.), and Department of Biostatistics (H.S.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joonsang Yoo
- From the Department of Neurology (I.K., S.A., J.K., S.-H.Y., J.Y., J.-H.B., H.S.N., Y.D.K., J.H.H.), Severance Biomedical Science Institute (I.K., J.H.H.), Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral and Cardiovascular Diseases (I.K., S.A., J.K., S.-H.Y., H.S.N., Y.D.K., H.-J.C., J.H.H.), and Department of Biostatistics (H.S.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jang-Hyun Baek
- From the Department of Neurology (I.K., S.A., J.K., S.-H.Y., J.Y., J.-H.B., H.S.N., Y.D.K., J.H.H.), Severance Biomedical Science Institute (I.K., J.H.H.), Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral and Cardiovascular Diseases (I.K., S.A., J.K., S.-H.Y., H.S.N., Y.D.K., H.-J.C., J.H.H.), and Department of Biostatistics (H.S.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Suk Nam
- From the Department of Neurology (I.K., S.A., J.K., S.-H.Y., J.Y., J.-H.B., H.S.N., Y.D.K., J.H.H.), Severance Biomedical Science Institute (I.K., J.H.H.), Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral and Cardiovascular Diseases (I.K., S.A., J.K., S.-H.Y., H.S.N., Y.D.K., H.-J.C., J.H.H.), and Department of Biostatistics (H.S.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Dae Kim
- From the Department of Neurology (I.K., S.A., J.K., S.-H.Y., J.Y., J.-H.B., H.S.N., Y.D.K., J.H.H.), Severance Biomedical Science Institute (I.K., J.H.H.), Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral and Cardiovascular Diseases (I.K., S.A., J.K., S.-H.Y., H.S.N., Y.D.K., H.-J.C., J.H.H.), and Department of Biostatistics (H.S.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Sun Lee
- From the Department of Neurology (I.K., S.A., J.K., S.-H.Y., J.Y., J.-H.B., H.S.N., Y.D.K., J.H.H.), Severance Biomedical Science Institute (I.K., J.H.H.), Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral and Cardiovascular Diseases (I.K., S.A., J.K., S.-H.Y., H.S.N., Y.D.K., H.-J.C., J.H.H.), and Department of Biostatistics (H.S.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Choi
- From the Department of Neurology (I.K., S.A., J.K., S.-H.Y., J.Y., J.-H.B., H.S.N., Y.D.K., J.H.H.), Severance Biomedical Science Institute (I.K., J.H.H.), Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral and Cardiovascular Diseases (I.K., S.A., J.K., S.-H.Y., H.S.N., Y.D.K., H.-J.C., J.H.H.), and Department of Biostatistics (H.S.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hoe Heo
- From the Department of Neurology (I.K., S.A., J.K., S.-H.Y., J.Y., J.-H.B., H.S.N., Y.D.K., J.H.H.), Severance Biomedical Science Institute (I.K., J.H.H.), Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral and Cardiovascular Diseases (I.K., S.A., J.K., S.-H.Y., H.S.N., Y.D.K., H.-J.C., J.H.H.), and Department of Biostatistics (H.S.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Contribution of thrombin-reactive brain pericytes to blood-brain barrier dysfunction in an in vivo mouse model of obesity-associated diabetes and an in vitro rat model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177447. [PMID: 28489922 PMCID: PMC5425209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic complications are characterized by the dysfunction of pericytes located around microvascular endothelial cells. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) exhibits hyperpermeability with progression of diabetes. Therefore, brain pericytes at the BBB may be involved in diabetic complications of the central nervous system (CNS). We hypothesized that brain pericytes respond to increased brain thrombin levels in diabetes, leading to BBB dysfunction and diabetic CNS complications. Mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 2 or 8 weeks to induce obesity. Transport of i.v.-administered sodium fluorescein and 125I-thrombin across the BBB were measured. We evaluated brain endothelial permeability and expression of tight junction proteins in the presence of thrombin–treated brain pericytes using a BBB model of co-cultured rat brain endothelial cells and pericytes. Mice fed a HFD for 8 weeks showed both increased weight gain and impaired glucose tolerance. In parallel, the brain influx rate of sodium fluorescein was significantly greater than that in mice fed a normal diet. HFD feeding inhibited the decline in brain thrombin levels occurring during 6 weeks of feeding. In the HFD fed mice, plasma thrombin levels were significantly increased, by up to 22%. 125I-thrombin was transported across the BBB in normal mice after i.v. injection, with uptake further enhanced by co-injection of unlabeled thrombin. Thrombin-treated brain pericytes increased brain endothelial permeability and caused decreased expression of zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin and morphological disorganization of ZO-1. Thrombin also increased mRNA expression of interleukin-1β and 6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in brain pericytes. Thrombin can be transported from circulating blood through the BBB, maintaining constant levels in the brain, where it can stimulate pericytes to induce BBB dysfunction. Thus, the brain pericyte–thrombin interaction may play a key role in causing BBB dysfunction in obesity-associated diabetes and represent a therapeutic target for its CNS complications.
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16
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Brailoiu E, Shipsky MM, Yan G, Abood ME, Brailoiu GC. Mechanisms of modulation of brain microvascular endothelial cells function by thrombin. Brain Res 2016; 1657:167-175. [PMID: 27998795 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Brain microvascular endothelial cells are a critical component of the blood-brain barrier. They form a tight monolayer which is essential for maintaining the brain homeostasis. Blood-derived proteases such as thrombin may enter the brain during pathological conditions like trauma, stroke, and inflammation and further disrupts the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, via incompletely characterized mechanisms. We examined the underlying mechanisms evoked by thrombin in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (RBMVEC). Our results indicate that thrombin, acting on protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) increases cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in RBMVEC via Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum through inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and Ca2+ influx from extracellular space. Thrombin increases nitric oxide production; the effect is abolished by inhibition of the nitric oxide synthase or by antagonism of PAR1 receptors. In addition, thrombin increases mitochondrial and cytosolic reactive oxygen species production via PAR1-dependent mechanisms. Immunocytochemistry studies indicate that thrombin increases F-actin stress fibers, and disrupts the tight junctions. Thrombin increased the RBMVEC permeability assessed by a fluorescent flux assay. Taken together, our results indicate multiple mechanisms by which thrombin modulates the function of RBMVEC and may contribute to the blood-brain barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Brailoiu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Megan M Shipsky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Guang Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Mary E Abood
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - G Cristina Brailoiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
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17
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Wang JM, Chen J. Damage of vascular endothelial barrier induced by explosive blast and its clinical significance. Chin J Traumatol 2016; 19:125-8. [PMID: 27321288 PMCID: PMC4908223 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, injuries induced by explosive blast have got more and more attention owing to weapon development and frequent terrorist activities. Tear, bleeding and edema of tissues and organs are the main manifestations of blast shock wave damage. Vascular endothelial barrier is the main defense of tissues and organs' integrity. This article aims to discuss possible mechanisms of endothelial barrier damage induced by explosive blast and main manifestations of blood brain barrier, bloodeair barrier, and intestinal vascular barrier impairments. In addition, the main regulatory factors of vascular permeability are also summarized so as to provide theoretical basis for prevention and cure of vascular endothelial barrier damage resulting from explosive blast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery/Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
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18
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Azilsartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, attenuates tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced endothelial cell injury through inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction and anti-inflammatory activity. Neurochem Int 2016; 94:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Lv JM, Guo XM, Chen B, Lei Q, Pan YJ, Yang Q. The Noncompetitive AMPAR Antagonist Perampanel Abrogates Brain Endothelial Cell Permeability in Response to Ischemia: Involvement of Claudin-5. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:745-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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