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庞 博, 郭 桐, 陈 曦, 郭 华, 石 嘉, 陈 娟, 王 欣, 李 耀, 单 安, 余 恒, 黄 婧, 汤 乃, 王 艳, 郭 新, 李 国, 吴 少. [Personal nitrogen oxides exposure levels and related influencing factors in adults over 35 years old in Tianjin and Shanghai]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2024; 56:700-707. [PMID: 39041568 PMCID: PMC11284486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate personal exposures to nitrogen oxides (NOX) and nitrogen di-oxide (NO2) and the influence of baseline personal characteristics, living environment and daily activity patterns of the participants on the exposures among adults over 35 in Tianjin and Shanghai. METHODS In this panel study, 91 healthy nonsmoking adults aged over 35 from Tianjin and Shanghai participated in our study. The study was conducted in summer and winter. The participants were followed for three times with an interval of at least two weeks. Only participants in Shanghai were followed once in winter because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Twenty-seven participants completed follow-up visits in both seasons. We measured their 24 h personal exposures to NOX and NO2and collected their baseline and time-activity information through questionnaire/diary. The linear mixed model was used to analyze the associations between potential influencing factors and personal NOX and NO2 exposure levels. RESULTS There were 349 follow-up visits with valid 24 h personal NO2 and NOX exposure measurements in the two cities. The ave-rage 24 h personal exposures to NO2 and NOX (volume fraction) in Tianjin participants were 18.0×10-9 and 26.2×10-9 in summer, and 31.0×10-9 and 54.9×10-9 in winter, respectively; and the average 24 h personal exposures to NO2 and NOX in Shanghai participants were 38.7×10-9 and 100.0×10-9 in summer, and 45.5×10-9 and 139.2×10-9 in winter, respectively. The results of univariate regression analysis showed that their personal NOX exposure levels were significantly associated with city, season, gender, average daily cooking times, and ambient NO2 concentrations measured at fixed-site monitoring stations. In addition to the above factors, the personal NOX exposure levels were also significantly associated with educational level and the personal NO2 exposure levels were also significantly associated with passive smoking, average daily home time, cooking energy type, residential distance from main traffic road, and use of kitchen ventilators. Multivariate regression analysis showed that the personal exposure levels of NO2 and NOX were significantly lower in Tianjin than that in Shanghai, were significantly lower in summer than that in winter, and were significantly and positively associated with ambient NO2 concentrations measured at fixed-site monitoring stations. In addition, personal NOX exposure levels were significantly lower in females than in males, and personal NO2 exposure levels were significantly positively associated with average daily cooking times and significantly inversely associated with average daily home time. For every interquartile range (IQR) increase (12.7×10-9) in ambient NO2, the personal NO2 exposure levels increased by 27.5% (95%CI: 17.0%-38.9%), and personal NOX exposure levels increased by 16.1% (95%CI: 7.1%-25.8%). CONCLUSION Season, city and ambient NO2 concentrations are significant influencing factors of personal exposure levels of NO2and NOX. At the same time, the personal exposures levels of NO2are also affected by lifestyle factors. Our study provides scientific evidence for making precise air pollution control decisions and reducing the exposure levels of NOX in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- 博 庞
- 北京大学公共卫生学院劳动卫生与环境卫生学系,北京 100191Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 桐君 郭
- 北京大学公共卫生学院劳动卫生与环境卫生学系,北京 100191Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 曦 陈
- 天津医科大学公共卫生学院劳动卫生与环境卫生学系,天津市环境营养与人群健康重点实验室,天津 300070Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - 华棋 郭
- 上海交通大学公共卫生学院食品安全与毒理学系,上海 200020Department of Food Safety and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200020, China
| | - 嘉章 石
- 北京大学公共卫生学院劳动卫生与环境卫生学系,北京 100191Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 娟 陈
- 北京大学公共卫生学院劳动卫生与环境卫生学系,北京 100191Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 欣梅 王
- 北京大学公共卫生学院劳动卫生与环境卫生学系,北京 100191Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 耀妍 李
- 天津医科大学公共卫生学院劳动卫生与环境卫生学系,天津市环境营养与人群健康重点实验室,天津 300070Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - 安琪 单
- 天津医科大学公共卫生学院劳动卫生与环境卫生学系,天津市环境营养与人群健康重点实验室,天津 300070Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - 恒意 余
- 上海交通大学公共卫生学院食品安全与毒理学系,上海 200020Department of Food Safety and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200020, China
| | - 婧 黄
- 北京大学公共卫生学院劳动卫生与环境卫生学系,北京 100191Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 乃军 汤
- 天津医科大学公共卫生学院劳动卫生与环境卫生学系,天津市环境营养与人群健康重点实验室,天津 300070Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - 艳 王
- 上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院,上海 200011The Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - 新彪 郭
- 北京大学公共卫生学院劳动卫生与环境卫生学系,北京 100191Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 国星 李
- 北京大学公共卫生学院劳动卫生与环境卫生学系,北京 100191Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 少伟 吴
- 西安交通大学医学部公共卫生学院劳动卫生与环境卫生学系,西安 710061Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
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Baker BH, Day DB, Hazlehurst MF, Herkert NJ, Stapleton HM, Sathyanarayana S. Associations of environmental chemical exposures measured in personal silicone wristbands with sociodemographic factors, COVID-19 restrictions, and child respiratory health. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 262:119776. [PMID: 39142453 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals has been considered a gold standard, these methods can be costly, burdensome, and prone to unwanted sources of variability that may cause confounding. Silicone wristbands have recently emerged as innovative passive samplers for measuring personal exposures. METHODS In a pilot study from 2019 to 2021 involving 55 children aged 5-9 years in Seattle and Yakima, Washington, we utilized silicone wristbands to explore associations of sociodemographic variables and COVID-19-related restrictions, including school closures, with exposures to numerous chemicals including brominated and organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, and pesticides. We additionally conducted the first analysis testing silicone wristband chemicals as predictors of child wheeze, individually and in mixtures via logistic weighted quantile sum regression (WQS). RESULTS Among 109 semi-volatile organic compounds measured, we detected 40 in >60% of wristbands worn by children continuously for an average of 5 days. Chemicals were generally positively correlated, especially within the same class. Male sex and increasing age were linked with higher exposures across several chemical classes; Hispanic/Latino ethnicity was linked with higher exposures to some phthalates and OPEs. COVID-19 restrictions were associated with lower wristband concentrations of brominated and triaryl OPE flame retardants. Each one-decile higher WQS exposure index was suggestively associated with 2.11-fold [95% CI: 0.93-4.80] higher odds of child wheeze. Risk of child wheeze was higher per 10-fold increase in the PAH chrysene (RR = 1.93[1.07-3.49]), the pesticide cis-permethrin (3.31[1.23-8.91]), and di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) (5.40[1.22-24.0]) CONCLUSIONS: Our identification of demographic factors including sex, age, and ethnicity associated with chemical exposures may aid efforts to mitigate exposure disparities. Lower exposures to flame retardants during pandemic restrictions corroborates prior evidence of higher levels of these chemicals in school versus home environments. Future research in larger cohorts is needed to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan H Baker
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Drew B Day
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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Wang Z, Yu T, Ye J, Tian L, Lin B, Leng W, Liu C. A novel low sampling rate and cost-efficient active sampler for medium/long-term monitoring of gaseous pollutants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132583. [PMID: 37741205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Active sampling is a dependable approach for gaseous pollutants monitoring, offering high accuracy and precision that is unaffected by environmental factors such as wind and temperature in comparison to passive sampling. To measure long-term average concentrations while minimizing the use of materials, a reduced sampling rate is necessary. Thus, this study aims to develop a novel low sampling rate (down to 1 mL/min) and cost-efficient active sampler (LASP) for medium/long-term monitoring of gaseous pollutants. The LASP mainly consisted of a syringe pump, a Y-shaped fitting with two one-way valves, and a control unit for intermittent operation. Results showed that LASP can obtain a sampling rate of less than 1 mL/min and sampling rate exhibited a high level of stability. Daily average concentrations measurements for nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde by LASP had normalized mean biases of 2.8% and 5.2%, respectively. These numbers were - 5.8% and 6.1% for weekly-average samplings. This study demonstrated applications of LASP in real outdoor (daily-average) and indoor (weekly-average) air quality measurements. It worked well with low noise levels, and without interfering with occupants' daily activities. LASP can assist in improving our ability to monitor air quality and pollutants emissions, thereby supporting health research and policy development. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Gaseous air pollution is an important hazardous factor threatening human health. Medium/long-term air quality monitoring is essential for outdoor and indoor air quality assessment and control. However, air sampler for medium/long-term sampling is lacking. This study developed a novel low sampling rate and cost-efficient active sampler and applied it to medium/long-term air sampling. The sampler can work at a sampling rate of less than 1 mL/min. This technology provides a feasible strategy for medium/long-term monitoring of gaseous air pollutants in both environments and emission hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jin Ye
- School of Energy and Power, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
| | - Lei Tian
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Bencheng Lin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Wenjun Leng
- Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Cong Liu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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Froeling F, Gignac F, Toran R, Ortiz R, Ficorilli A, De Marchi B, Biggeri A, Kocman D, Ftičar J, Tratnik JS, Andrusaityte S, Grazuleviciene R, Errandonea L, Vermeulen R, Hoek G, Basagaña X. Implementing co-created citizen science in five environmental epidemiological studies in the CitieS-Health project. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 240:117469. [PMID: 37871787 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Scientists and scientific institutions are adopting more extensive participatory models, hoping to revisit the existing relationship between science and society. Though citizen science has become more common in environmental monitoring, it is seldom utilized in environmental epidemiology. In the CitieS-Health project, we co-created epidemiological studies with citizens in five European countries. The aim of this paper is to share our experiences and impart methodological insight into the application of co-created citizen science strategies in environmental epidemiology. METHODS We applied the CitieS-Health framework, involving citizens in all the phases of the studies: identifying research questions, designing research protocols, collecting data, analysing data, interpreting data, formulating conclusions, authoring scientific articles and communicating the results to diverse audiences. These epidemiological studies, conducted in specific areas in Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Slovenia and Spain, covered diverse local environmental issues and health effects ranging from air pollution and mental health to industrial pollution and kidney disease. RESULTS Together with citizens, we successfully conducted environmental epidemiological studies that generated new scientific knowledge reflecting the concerns and knowledge of citizens. Citizens contributed in all the research activities, including activities beyond formulating the research questions, though the researchers initiated several design discussions and conducted time-consuming and complex tasks (e.g. data analysis, measurement of specific exposures and health outcomes). The challenges we encountered were engaging effectively with citizens throughout the study, harmonizing citizens' knowledge and values with the academics' expertise, managing civic expectations, making complex concepts understandable to citizens and representativeness of participating citizens. The co-created studies were able to empower citizens to address local health concerns by sharing and using scientific knowledge generated from studies. CONCLUSIONS Integration of co-created citizen science in environmental epidemiology is feasible and has the potential to improve the quality of research whilst promoting civic trust in research and results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florence Gignac
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul Toran
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodney Ortiz
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonella Ficorilli
- Epidemiologia e Prevenzione "Giulio A. Maccacaro" Social Enterprise, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruna De Marchi
- Epidemiologia e Prevenzione "Giulio A. Maccacaro" Social Enterprise, Milan, Italy; SVT, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Annibale Biggeri
- Epidemiologia e Prevenzione "Giulio A. Maccacaro" Social Enterprise, Milan, Italy; Department of Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - David Kocman
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jure Ftičar
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Snoj Tratnik
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sandra Andrusaityte
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | | | - Roel Vermeulen
- Universiteit Utrecht (UU), Utrecht, the Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Hoek
- Universiteit Utrecht (UU), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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Gignac F, Righi V, Toran R, Paz Errandonea L, Ortiz R, Mijling B, Naranjo A, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Creus J, Basagaña X. Short-term NO 2 exposure and cognitive and mental health: A panel study based on a citizen science project in Barcelona, Spain. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 164:107284. [PMID: 35576732 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between short-term exposure to air pollution and cognitive and mental health has not been thoroughly investigated so far. OBJECTIVES We conducted a panel study co-designed with citizens to assess whether air pollution can affect attention, perceived stress, mood and sleep quality. METHODS From September 2020 to March 2021, we followed 288 adults (mean age = 37.9 years; standard deviation = 12.1 years) for 14 days in Barcelona, Spain. Two tasks were self-administered daily through a mobile application: the Stroop color-word test to assess attention performance and a set of 0-to-10 rating scale questions to evaluate perceived stress, well-being, energy and sleep quality. From the Stroop test, three outcomes related to selective attention were calculated and z-score-transformed: response time, cognitive throughput and inhibitory control. Air pollution was assessed using the mean nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations (mean of all Barcelona monitoring stations or using location data) 12 and 24 h before the tasks were completed. We applied linear regression with random effects by participant to estimate intra-individual associations, controlling for day of the week and time-varying factors such as alcohol consumption and physical activity. RESULTS Based on 2,457 repeated attention test performances, an increase of 30 μg/m3 exposure to NO2 12 h was associated with lower cognitive throughput (beta = -0.08, 95% CI: -0.15, -0.01) and higher response time (beta = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.14) (increase inattentiveness). Moreover, an increase of 30 μg/m3 exposure to NO2 12 h was associated with higher self-perceived stress (beta = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.77). We did not find statistically significant associations with inhibitory control and subjective well-being. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that short-term exposure to air pollution could have adverse effects on attention performance and perceived stress in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Gignac
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | | | - Raül Toran
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | | | - Rodney Ortiz
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Bas Mijling
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | | | - Xavier Basagaña
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
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Simplified procedures for evaluation of passive samplers for determination of nitrogen dioxide. TALANTA OPEN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2022.100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Luminati O, Ledebur de Antas de Campos B, Flückiger B, Brentani A, Röösli M, Fink G, de Hoogh K. Land use regression modelling of NO 2 in São Paulo, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117832. [PMID: 34340182 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution is a major global public health problem. The situation is most severe in low- and middle-income countries, where pollution control measures and monitoring systems are largely lacking. Data to quantify the exposure to air pollution in low-income settings are scarce. METHODS In this study, land use regression models (LUR) were developed to predict the outdoor nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration in the study area of the Western Region Birth Cohort in São Paulo. NO2 measurements were performed for one week in winter and summer at eighty locations. Additionally, weekly measurements at one regional background location were performed over a full one-year period to create an annual prediction. RESULTS Three LUR models were developed (annual, summer, winter) by using a supervised stepwise linear regression method. The winter, summer and annual models explained 52 %, 75 % and 66 % of the variance (R2) respectively. Cross-holdout validation tests suggest robust models. NO2 levels ranged from 43.2 μg/m3 to 93.4 μg/m3 in the winter and between 28.1 μg/m3 and 72.8 μg/m3 in summer. Based on our annual prediction, about 67 % of the population living in the study area is exposed to NO2 values over the WHO suggested annual guideline of 40 μg/m3 annual average. CONCLUSION In this study we were able to develop robust models to predict NO2 residential exposure. We could show that average measures, and therefore the predictions of NO2, in such a complex urban area are substantially high and that a major variability within the area and especially within the season is present. These findings also suggest that in general a high proportion of the population is exposed to high NO2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Luminati
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O.Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, P. O. Box, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bartolomeu Ledebur de Antas de Campos
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O.Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, P. O. Box, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Flückiger
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O.Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, P. O. Box, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Brentani
- Department of Pediatrics at the Medical School of São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martin Röösli
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O.Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, P. O. Box, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Günther Fink
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O.Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, P. O. Box, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O.Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, P. O. Box, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.
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Marcon A, Panunzi S, Stafoggia M, Badaloni C, de Hoogh K, Guarda L, Locatelli F, Silocchi C, Ricci P, Marchetti P. Spatial variability of nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde and residential exposure of children in the industrial area of Viadana, Northern Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:28096-28106. [PMID: 33527247 PMCID: PMC8164570 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Chipboard production is a source of ambient air pollution. We assessed the spatial variability of outdoor pollutants and residential exposure of children living in proximity to the largest chipboard industry in Italy and evaluated the reliability of exposure estimates obtained from a number of available models. We obtained passive sampling data on NO2 and formaldehyde collected by the Environmental Protection Agency of Lombardy region at 25 sites in the municipality of Viadana during 10 weeks (2017-2018) and compared NO2 measurements with average weekly concentrations from continuous monitors. We compared interpolated NO2 and formaldehyde surfaces with previous maps for 2010. We assessed the relationship between residential proximity to the industry and pollutant exposures assigned using these maps, as well as other available countrywide/continental models based on routine data on NO2, PM10, and PM2.5. The correlation between NO2 concentrations from continuous and passive sampling was high (Pearson's r = 0.89), although passive sampling underestimated NO2 especially during winter. For both 2010 and 2017-2018, we observed higher NO2 and formaldehyde concentrations in the south of Viadana, with hot-spots in proximity to the industry. PM10 and PM2.5 exposures were higher for children at < 1 km compared to the children living at > 3.5 km to the industry, whereas NO2 exposure was higher at 1-1.7 km to the industry. Road and population densities were also higher close to the industry. Findings from a variety of exposure models suggest that children living in proximity to the chipboard industry in Viadana are more exposed to air pollution and that exposure gradients are relatively stable over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Marcon
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, c/o Istituti Biologici II, strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Silvia Panunzi
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, c/o Istituti Biologici II, strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Stafoggia
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Badaloni
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Linda Guarda
- UOC Osservatorio Epidemiologico, Agenzia di Tutela della Salute della Val Padana, Mantova, Italy
| | - Francesca Locatelli
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, c/o Istituti Biologici II, strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Caterina Silocchi
- UOS Salute e Ambiente, Agenzia di Tutela della Salute della Val Padana, Mantova, Italy
| | - Paolo Ricci
- UOC Osservatorio Epidemiologico, Agenzia di Tutela della Salute della Val Padana, Mantova, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Marchetti
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, c/o Istituti Biologici II, strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
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9
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Clinical, Epidemiological and Experimental Approaches to Assess Adverse Health Outcomes of Indoor Biomass Smoke Exposure: Conclusions from An Indo-Swedish Workshop in Mysuru, January 2020. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8030068. [PMID: 32899560 PMCID: PMC7560295 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This report summarizes the outcome of a workshop held in Mysuru, India in January 2020 addressing the adverse health effects of exposure to biomass smoke (BMS). The aim of the workshop was to identify uncertainties and gaps in knowledge and possible methods to address them in the Mysuru study on Determinants of Health in Rural Adults (MUDHRA) cohort. Specific aims were to discuss the possibility to improve and introduce new screening methods for exposure and effect, logistic limitations and other potential obstacles, and plausible strategies to overcome these in future studies. Field visits were included in the workshop prior to discussing these issues. The workshop concluded that multi-disciplinary approaches to perform: (a) indoor and personalized exposure assessment; (b) clinical and epidemiological field studies among children, adolescents, and adults; (c) controlled exposure experiments using physiologically relevant in vitro and in vivo models to understand molecular patho-mechanisms are warranted to dissect BMS-induced adverse health effects. It was perceived that assessment of dietary exposure (like phytochemical index) may serve as an important indicator for understanding potential protective mechanisms. Well trained field teams and close collaboration with the participating hospital were identified as the key requirements to successfully carry out the study objectives.
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10
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Salonen H, Salthammer T, Morawska L. Human exposure to NO 2 in school and office indoor environments. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104887. [PMID: 31195224 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is one of the most common air pollutants encountered indoors, and extensive literature has examined the link between NO2 exposure and duration causing adverse respiratory effects in susceptible populations, information about global and local exposure to NO2 in different indoor environments is limited. To synthesize the existing knowledge, this review analyzes the magnitude of and the trends in global and local exposure to NO2 in schools and offices, and the factors that control exposure. METHODS For the literature review, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, and PubMed were searched using 42 search terms and their combinations to identify manuscripts, reports, and directives published between 1971 and 2019. The search was then extended to the reference lists of relevant articles. RESULTS The calculated median, as well as the mean, concentration of NO2 in school (median 21.1 μg/m3; mean 29.4 μg/m3) and office settings (median 22.7 μg/m3; mean 25.1 μg/m3) was well below the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of 40 μg/m3 for the annual mean NO2 concentration. However, a large range of average concentrations of NO2 were reported, from 6.00 to 68.5 μg/m3 and from 3.40 to 56.5 μg/m3 for school and office environments, respectively, indicating situations where the WHO guidelines are exceeded. Outdoor levels of NO2 are a reliable predictor of indoor NO2 levels across seasons, with mean and median Indoor/Outdoor (I/O) ratios of 0.9 and 0.7 in school and 0.9 and 0.8 in office environments, respectively. The absence of major indoor NO2 emission sources and NO2 sinks, including chemical reactions and deposition, are the reasons for lower indoor NO2 concentrations. During the winter, outdoor NO2 concentrations are generally higher than during the summer. In addition, various building and indoor environment characteristics, such as type of ventilation, air exchange rates, airtightness of the envelope, furnishing and surface characteristics of the building, location of the building (urban versus suburban and proximity to traffic routes), as well as occupants' behavior (such as opening windows), have been statistically significantly associated with indoor NO2 levels in school and office environments. CONCLUSIONS Indoor exposure to NO2 from the infiltration of ambient air can be significant in urban areas, and in the case of high traffic volume. Although reducing transportation emissions is challenging, there are several easier means to reduce indoor NO2 concentrations, including a ventilation strategy with suitable filters; location planning of new schools, classrooms, and ventilating windows or intakes; traffic planning (location and density); and reducing the use of NO2-releasing indoor sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Salonen
- Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering, PO Box 12100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, 2 George Street, Brisbane Q 4001, Australia.
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, 2 George Street, Brisbane Q 4001, Australia; Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Lidia Morawska
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, 2 George Street, Brisbane Q 4001, Australia
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11
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Hansen J, Schaal N, Juarez T, Woodlee C. Nitrous Oxide Exposure Among Dental Personnel and Comparison of Active and Passive Sampling Techniques. Ann Work Expo Health 2019; 63:337-348. [PMID: 30855661 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study measured dental personnel's exposure to nitrous oxide during dental procedures to compare exposures to occupational exposure limits, exposures between similar exposure groups, and results between passive and active sampling methods. Forty-one paired samples were collected using the Thermo Scientific™ Miran SapphIRe portable analyzer and the Advanced Chemical Sensor™ N-10 Passive Badge. Results were compared to the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists nitrous oxide 250 parts per million by volume (p.p.m.v) excursion limit and 50 p.p.m.v 8-h threshold limit values. Similar exposure groups were determined by job title for dentists and dental assistants across six dental clinics. An independent t-test was used to determine if there was a mean difference between exposures for similar exposure groups. A Bland-Altman analysis was used to assess level of agreement between the two methods. Results over the 250 p.p.m.v excursion limit were identified in 21 of 41 (51%) paired procedures. Two passive 8-h threshold limit value-time weighted averages were over the 50 p.p.m.v occupational exposure limit, one for each similar exposure group. There was no significant difference between similar exposure group concentrations using either sampling method (Miran, P = 0.071; passive badge, P = 0.106). However, the sampling results revealed dentists had higher exposures than assistants 81-86% of the time. The Bland-Altman analysis revealed the direct reading instrument and passive sampling methods differed by >25%. However, unexpectedly, the passive sampling method generally produced higher nitrous oxide results compared to the direct reading instrument sampling method. This study suggests nitrous oxide remains a serious exposure concern for both short-term high-intensity exposures and longer term 8-h exposures. Greater nitrous oxide exposures among dentists compared to dental assistants allow for prioritizing control measures between similar exposure groups. Both sampling methods provide valuable worker exposure information, with the direct reading instrument monitoring providing a larger range for short-term exposures and passive sampling providing a less invasive monitoring option.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hansen
- Indian Health Service, Office of Environmental Health and Engineering, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Schaal
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Theodore Juarez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Industrial Hygiene Department, Naval Medical Center-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Charles Woodlee
- Indian Health Service, Office of Environmental Health and Engineering, Rockville, MD, USA
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12
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Gillooly SE, Zhou Y, Vallarino J, Chu MT, Michanowicz DR, Levy JI, Adamkiewicz G. Development of an in-home, real-time air pollutant sensor platform and implications for community use. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:440-450. [PMID: 30359926 PMCID: PMC6250577 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution exposure characterization has been shaped by many constraints. These include technologies that lead to insufficient coverage across space and/or time in order to characterize individual or community-level exposures with sufficient accuracy and precision. However, there is now capacity for continuous monitoring of many air pollutants using comparatively inexpensive, real-time sensors. Crucial questions remain regarding whether or not these sensors perform adequately for various potential end uses and whether performance varies over time or across ambient conditions. Performance scrutiny of sensors via lab- and field-testing and calibration across their lifetime is necessary for interpretation of data, and has important implications for end users including cost effectiveness and ease of use. We developed a comparatively lower-cost, portable, in-home air sampling platform and a guiding development and maintenance workflow that achieved our goal of characterizing some key indoor pollutants with high sensitivity and reasonable accuracy. Here we describe the process of selecting, validating, calibrating, and maintaining our platform - the Environmental Multi-pollutant Monitoring Assembly (EMMA) - over the course of our study to-date. We highlight necessary resources and consider implications for communities or researchers interested in developing such platforms, focusing on PM2.5, NO, and NO2 sensors. Our findings emphasize that lower-cost sensors should be deployed with caution, given financial and resource costs that greatly exceed sensor costs, but that selected community objectives could be supported at lesser cost and community-based participatory research strategies could be used for more wide-ranging goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Gillooly
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Yulun Zhou
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jose Vallarino
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - MyDzung T Chu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Drew R Michanowicz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Climate, Health, and the Global Environment, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan I Levy
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gary Adamkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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McLennon T, Hon CY. Exposure assessment of non-electric ice resurfacer operators in indoor ice rinks: a pilot study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2018; 23:228-233. [PMID: 29718778 DOI: 10.1080/10773525.2018.1468130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of ice resurfacer operators to indoor air contaminants was measured in six indoor ice arenas. A standardized questionnaire on technical and operational features was employed and indoor airborne concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and total volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured. Air samples were collected using a range of direct reading instruments attached to the driver's seat of the resurfacer. The range of mean exposure concentrations via positional sampling (i.e. as close as able to the operator's breathing zone) were 5.7-7.4 ppm, 694-2171 ppm, <0.5 to 0.5 ppm, and < 0.1 to 0.2 ppm, for CO, CO2, NO, and NO2, respectively. Exposure levels for SO2 and VOC were below detection. Overall, each of the measured indoor air contaminants was found to be below its respective occupational exposure limits (OEL), suggesting that the risk of hazardous exposure is low. The use of natural gas as a fuel source is believed to contribute to low contaminant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis McLennon
- a School of Occupational and Public Health , Ryerson University , Toronto , Canada
| | - Chun-Yip Hon
- a School of Occupational and Public Health , Ryerson University , Toronto , Canada
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14
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Pollutions à l’intérieur des espaces clos : sources, niveaux et impact sanitaire. Volet 2 : polluants chimiques. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2014.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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O’Connell S, Kincl L, Anderson KA. Silicone wristbands as personal passive samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:3327-35. [PMID: 24548134 PMCID: PMC3962070 DOI: 10.1021/es405022f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Active-sampling approaches are commonly used for personal monitoring, but are limited by energy usage and data that may not represent an individual's exposure or bioavailable concentrations. Current passive techniques often involve extensive preparation, or are developed for only a small number of targeted compounds. In this work, we present a novel application for measuring bioavailable exposure with silicone wristbands as personal passive samplers. Laboratory methodology affecting precleaning, infusion, and extraction were developed from commercially available silicone, and chromatographic background interference was reduced after solvent cleanup with good extraction efficiency (>96%). After finalizing laboratory methods, 49 compounds were sequestered during an ambient deployment which encompassed a diverse set of compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), consumer products, personal care products, pesticides, phthalates, and other industrial compounds ranging in log K(ow) from -0.07 (caffeine) to 9.49 (tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate). In two hot asphalt occupational settings, silicone personal samplers sequestered 25 PAHs during 8- and 40-h exposures, as well as 2 oxygenated-PAHs (benzofluorenone and fluorenone) suggesting temporal sensitivity over a single work day or week (p < 0.05, power =0.85). Additionally, the amount of PAH sequestered differed between worksites (p < 0.05, power = 0.99), suggesting spatial sensitivity using this novel application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven
G. O’Connell
- Department of
Environmental and Molecular Toxicology and College of Public Health and Human
Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Laurel
D. Kincl
- Department of
Environmental and Molecular Toxicology and College of Public Health and Human
Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Kim A. Anderson
- Department of
Environmental and Molecular Toxicology and College of Public Health and Human
Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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16
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Ozkurt N, Sari D, Akalin N, Hilmioglu B. Evaluation of the impact of SO₂ and NO₂ emissions on the ambient air-quality in the Çan-Bayramiç region of northwest Turkey during 2007-2008. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 456-457:254-266. [PMID: 23602979 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The characterization and assessment of air-quality in this region are essential steps for the implementation of the "Clean Air Action Plan" as this is set by the Turkish Regulation on Ambient Air-Quality Assessment and Management. This study area intends to shed a light on use of modeling tools as an alternative method for the assessment of local atmospheric pollution and the determination of the importance of local emissions. This modeling approach can be also used for the consistent geographic representation of air-quality concentration as well as for assessing the future air-quality condition after the implementation of emission reduction measures in a certain area. With this article we evaluate the impact of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions on the ambient air-quality in the Çan-Bayramiç region of Turkey. The emission rates of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide were calculated by using the CALPUFF model. The concentration of these pollutants had also been monitored at ten air-quality locations during 2007-2008 in the research area. The measured data were also utilized for testing the model performance. Results showed that the air-quality in this important rural region of Turkey can be evaluated effectively by using the current numerical modeling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesimi Ozkurt
- TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Environment Institute, 41470 Kocaeli, Turkey.
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17
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Esplugues A, Ballester F, Estarlich M, Llop S, Fuentes-Leonarte V, Mantilla E, Vioque J, Iñiguez C. Outdoor, but not indoor, nitrogen dioxide exposure is associated with persistent cough during the first year of life. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:4667-73. [PMID: 21889786 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Because their lungs and immune system are not completely developed, children are more susceptible to respiratory disease and more vulnerable to ambient pollution. We assessed the relation between prenatal and postnatal nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) levels and the development of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), wheezing and persistent cough during the first year of life. METHODS The study population consisted of 352 children from a birth cohort in Valencia, Spain. Prenatal exposure to NO(2), a marker of traffic related air pollution was measured at 93 sampling sites spread over the study area during four different sampling periods of 7 days each. It was modeled for each residential address through land use regression using the empirical measurements and data from geographic information systems. Postnatal exposure was measured once inside and outside each home using passive samplers for a period of 14 days. Outcomes studied were any episode of LRTI during the child's first year of life diagnosed by a doctor (bronchitis, bronchiolitis or pneumonia), wheezing (defined as whistling sounds coming from the chest), and persistent cough (more than three consecutive weeks). Outcomes and potential confounders were obtained from structured questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify associations. RESULTS The cumulative incidence (CI) at first year of life was 30.4% for LRTI (23.0% bronchiolitis, 11.9% bronchitis and 1.4% pneumonia), 26.1% for wheezing and 6.3% for persistent cough. The adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) per 10μg/m(3) increment in postnatal outdoor NO(2) concentration was 1.40 (1.02-1.92) for persistent cough. We also found some pattern of association with LRTI, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, wheezing and persistent cough in different prenatal periods, although it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that exposure to outdoor, but not indoor, NO(2) during the first year of life increases the risk of persistent cough.
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18
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Williams R, Brook R, Bard R, Conner T, Shin H, Burnett R. Impact of personal and ambient-level exposures to nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter on cardiovascular function. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2011; 22:71-91. [PMID: 21711166 PMCID: PMC3259186 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2011.588437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This work explored the association between nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and PM(2.5) components with changes in cardiovascular function in an adult non-smoking cohort. The cohort consisted of 65 volunteers participating in the US EPA's Detroit Exposure and Aerosol Research Study (DEARS) and a University of Michigan cardiovascular sub-study. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), heart rate (HR), brachial artery diameter (BAD), brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and nitroglycerin-mediated arterial dilatation (NMD) were collected by in-home examinations. A maximum of 336 daily environmental and health effect observations were obtained. Daily potassium air concentrations were associated with significant decreases in DBP (-0.0447 mmHg/ng/m(3) ± 0.0132, p = 0.0016, lag day 0) among participants compliant with the personal monitoring protocol. Personal NO(2) exposures resulted in significant changes in BAD (e.g., 0.0041 mm/ppb ± 0.0019, p = 0.0353, lag day 1) and FMD (0.0612 ± 0.0235, p = 0.0103, lag day 0) among other findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Williams
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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19
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Colbeck I, Nasir ZA, Ali Z, Ahmad S. Nitrogen dioxide and household fuel use in the Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 409:357-63. [PMID: 21075427 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
More than half the world's population use biomass fuels as a household energy source and, hence, face significant exposure to a number of air pollutants. In Pakistan about 90% of rural households and 22% of urban households use biomass fuels. In order to assess the levels of NO(2) in the residential micro-environment, two sampling campaigns were carried out at different times of the year (summer and winter) at an urban and two rural sites during 2005 and 2007. Rural site I used biomass fuels while natural gas was utilized at rural site II and the urban site. In winter NO(2) concentrations at all three sites were higher in the kitchens than living rooms and outdoors. ANOVA showed that, although, there was a significant difference among NO(2) concentrations in the kitchens, living rooms and courtyards, at all the three sites, there was no significant different between kitchens using biomass fuels and natural gas. During the summer NO(2) levels fell sharply at both rural sites (from 256 μg/m(3) and 242 μg/m(3) to 51 μg/m(3) and 81 μg/m(3)). However at the urban site the mean levels were slightly higher in summer (234 μg/m(3)) than in winter (218 μg/m(3)). The considerable seasonal variation at the rural sites was due to a shift of indoor kitchens to open outdoor kitchens at rural site I and more ventilation at rural site II during summer. There was no significant difference between kitchens using biomass (site I) or natural gas (site II), however the kitchens at rural site II and urban site showed a significant difference. Overall fuel selection showed no significant effect on NO(2) levels. However the NO(2) concentrations may pose a significant threat to the health of people, especially women and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Colbeck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK.
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20
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Esplugues A, Ballester F, Estarlich M, Llop S, Fuentes V, Mantilla E, Iñiguez C. Indoor and outdoor concentrations and determinants of NO2 in a cohort of 1-year-old children in Valencia, Spain. INDOOR AIR 2010; 20:213-223. [PMID: 20408900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is produced from the exhausts of vehicles and gas appliances and is known to pose certain health risks. In this study, we characterize the exposure to this substance during the first year of life, which is an important period of development. To this end, we used passive samplers to measure indoor and outdoor NO2 levels for 2 weeks in the homes of 352 children. To compensate for the fact that NO2 levels were measured only once in each home, a correction factor was calculated to assign each child an outdoor NO2 exposure value for the first year of life. The outdoor NO2 concentrations were 26.1 microg/m(3) while those measured indoors averaged 18.0 microg/m(3). A multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the main determinants of outdoor NO2 levels were the degree of urbanization and the frequency of vehicle traffic at the location of the residence while for indoor NO2 levels the principal determinants were the type of cooking range and water heater present in the home, the season of the year, and both the country of origin and educational level of the mother. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Exposure to NO2 has been related to respiratory and other health problems among children. Precise identification of the main sources of both indoor and outdoor NO2 should shed light on appropriate intervention periods and methods. Our results indicate that while population density and traffic-related variables are the main determinants of outdoor NO2 levels, the use of gas appliances have the greatest impact on indoor levels. Strategies should thus be developed to reduce such exposure, especially with regard to reducing emissions from vehicle traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Esplugues
- Centro Superior de Investigaciones en Salud Pública (CSISP), Valencia, Spain.
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21
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Nash DG, Leith D. Use of passive diffusion tubes to monitor air pollutants. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2010; 60:204-9. [PMID: 20222533 PMCID: PMC2838214 DOI: 10.3155/1047-3289.60.2.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring gas-phase pollutants is essential to understand exposure patterns and to establish a link between exposure and health. Measurement of the low concentrations found outdoors or in indoor living space normally requires large, expensive instruments that use electrical power. In this study, colorimetric passive diffusion tubes, normally used to monitor high concentrations of airborne contaminants in the workplace for sampling periods of a few hours, were evaluated to measure much lower concentrations of the same pollutants for periods of up to 1 wk. These tubes are small, inexpensive, and require no electrical power. Responses of diffusion tubes for carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and benzene were studied. Low pollutant concentrations measured with passive diffusion tubes matched reasonably well with true concentrations for all pollutants except NO2. These results suggest that passive diffusion tubes can provide an inexpensive, unobtrusive, and effective method to monitor low pollutant concentrations. Passive diffusion tubes may be particularly useful in surveys where the spatial variability in concentrations is high and where the cost of traditional monitoring instruments is a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Nash
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA.
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Bohlin P, Jones KC, Strandberg B. Field evaluation of polyurethane foam passive air samplers to assess airborne PAHs in occupational environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:749-754. [PMID: 20000814 DOI: 10.1021/es902318g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for simple air sampling techniques to enable routine monitoring of the occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in compliance with occupational exposure limits. Other gas-phase contaminants can be monitored in workplaces using passive samplers but this is currently not the case for PAHs. Here, polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air samplers (PAS), routinely used for outdoor air monitoring of PAHs and POPs, were assessed for their suitability in an indoor occupational environment against: ability to accumulate detectable levels within 1-2 weeks; quantitative sampling of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), precision, uptake kinetics, influence of shelter design, and performance of 16 deuterated PAHs as depuration compounds (DCs). Sampling rates (R-values) for PAHs in PUF-PAS, estimated by comparison to low-volume active samplers, and the loss of DCs, varied for individual PAHs (1-10 m(3) day(-1)) but were found to be in the same order of magnitude for both gas-phase and particle-associated PAHs including BaP. Only one PAH (Acy) fulfilled the DC criteria of >40% loss during the 2 week exposure. These results suggest that PUF-PAS are potentially useful tools for PAHs in occupational environments in screening workplaces and identifying sources/hotspots - although unlikely to replace active sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Bohlin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Hagenbjörk-Gustafsson A, Tornevi A, Forsberg B, Eriksson K. Field validation of the Ogawa diffusive sampler for NO2 and NOx in a cold climate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:1315-24. [DOI: 10.1039/b924615k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Cape JN. The Use of Passive Diffusion Tubes for Measuring Concentrations of Nitrogen Dioxide in Air. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340903001375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mukerjee S, Smith LA, Johnson MM, Neas LM, Stallings CA. Spatial analysis and land use regression of VOCs and NO(2) from school-based urban air monitoring in Detroit/Dearborn, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:4642-51. [PMID: 19467697 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Passive ambient air sampling for nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was conducted at 25 school and two compliance sites in Detroit and Dearborn, Michigan, USA during the summer of 2005. Geographic Information System (GIS) data were calculated at each of 116 schools. The 25 selected schools were monitored to assess and model intra-urban gradients of air pollutants to evaluate impact of traffic and urban emissions on pollutant levels. Schools were chosen to be statistically representative of urban land use variables such as distance to major roadways, traffic intensity around the schools, distance to nearest point sources, population density, and distance to nearest border crossing. Two approaches were used to investigate spatial variability. First, Kruskal-Wallis analyses and pairwise comparisons on data from the schools examined coarse spatial differences based on city section and distance from heavily trafficked roads. Secondly, spatial variation on a finer scale and as a response to multiple factors was evaluated through land use regression (LUR) models via multiple linear regression. For weeklong exposures, VOCs did not exhibit spatial variability by city section or distance from major roads; NO(2) was significantly elevated in a section dominated by traffic and industrial influence versus a residential section. Somewhat in contrast to coarse spatial analyses, LUR results revealed spatial gradients in NO(2) and selected VOCs across the area. The process used to select spatially representative sites for air sampling and the results of coarse and fine spatial variability of air pollutants provide insights that may guide future air quality studies in assessing intra-urban gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaibal Mukerjee
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (E205-03), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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Mukerjee S, Oliver KD, Seila RL, Jacumin HH, Croghan C, Daughtrey EH, Neas LM, Smith LA. Field comparison of passive air samplers with reference monitors for ambient volatile organic compounds and nitrogen dioxide under week-long integrals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 11:220-7. [PMID: 19137161 DOI: 10.1039/b809588d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates performance of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compound (VOC) passive samplers with corresponding reference monitors at two sites in the Detroit, Michigan area during the summer of 2005. Ogawa passive NO2 samplers and custom-made, re-useable Perkin-Elmer (PE) tubes with Carbopack X sorbent for VOCs were deployed under week-long sampling periods for six weeks. Precise results (5% relative standard deviation, RSD) were found for NO2 measurements from collocated Ogawa samplers. Reproducibility was also good for duplicate PE tubes for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEX species, all < or = 6% RSD). As seen in previous studies, comparison of Ogawa NO2 samplers with reference chemiluminescence measurements suggested good agreement. Generally good agreement was also found between the PE tubes and reference methods for BTEX species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaibal Mukerjee
- National Exposure Research Laboratory E205-02, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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