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Cirovic A, Satarug S. Toxicity Tolerance in the Carcinogenesis of Environmental Cadmium. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1851. [PMID: 38339129 PMCID: PMC10855822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental toxicant of worldwide public health significance. Diet is the main non-workplace Cd exposure source other than passive and active smoking. The intestinal absorption of Cd involves transporters for essential metals, notably iron and zinc. These transporters determine the Cd body burden because only a minuscule amount of Cd can be excreted each day. The International Agency for Research on Cancer listed Cd as a human lung carcinogen, but the current evidence suggests that the effects of Cd on cancer risk extend beyond the lung. A two-year bioassay demonstrated that Cd caused neoplasms in multiple tissues of mice. Also, several non-tumorigenic human cells transformed to malignant cells when they were exposed to a sublethal dose of Cd for a prolonged time. Cd does not directly damage DNA, but it influences gene expression through interactions with essential metals and various proteins. The present review highlights the epidemiological studies that connect an enhanced risk of various neoplastic diseases to chronic exposure to environmental Cd. Special emphasis is given to the impact of body iron stores on the absorption of Cd, and its implications for breast cancer prevention in highly susceptible groups of women. Resistance to cell death and other cancer phenotypes acquired during Cd-induced cancer cell transformation, under in vitro conditions, are briefly discussed. The potential role for the ZnT1 efflux transporter in the cellular acquisition of tolerance to Cd cytotoxicity is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Cirovic
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Soisungwan Satarug
- Kidney Disease Research Collaborative, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
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Sakuma S, Nogawa K, Watanabe Y, Sakurai M, Nishijo M, Ishizaki M, Morikawa Y, Kido T, Nakagawa H, Suwazono Y. Effect of renal tubular damage on non-cancer mortality in the general Japanese population living in cadmium non-polluted areas. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:1849-1858. [PMID: 37460094 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the cause-effect relationship between renal tubular damage and non-cancer mortality in the general Japanese population. We conducted a 19-year cohort study including 1110 men and 1,03 women who lived in three cadmium-non-polluted areas in 1993 or 1994. Mortality risk ratios based on urinary β2-microglobulin (β2MG) and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAG) concentrations were estimated for specific non-cancer diseases using the Fine and Gray competing risks regression model. In men, continuous urinary NAG (+1 μg/g cre) concentrations were significantly correlated with increased mortality caused by diseases of the respiratory system (hazard ratio (HR): 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.15). Urinary β2MG (+100 μg/g cre) concentrations were significantly correlated with increased mortalities caused by kidney and urinary tract diseases (HR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.03), renal diseases (HR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.03), renal failure (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00-1.03), and external causes of mortality (HR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.02). In women, urinary NAG (+1 μg/g cre) concentrations were significantly associated with increased mortality caused by ischemic heart diseases (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00-1.04) and kidney and urinary tract diseases (HR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.04). Urinary β2MG (+100 μg/g cre) concentrations were significantly correlated with increased mortality caused by cardiovascular diseases (HR: 1.01, 95%CI: 1.00-1.02), ischemic heart diseases (HR: 1.01, 95%CI: 1.00-1.02), and kidney and urinary tract diseases (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01-1.03). The present study indicates that renal tubular damage was significantly related to several non-cancer disease causes of mortality in Japan's general population living in cadmium-non-polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Sakuma
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nogawa
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuuka Watanabe
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaru Sakurai
- Department of Hygiene, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Muneko Nishijo
- Department of Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masao Ishizaki
- Department of Hygiene, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Morikawa
- Department of Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Kido
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Kanazawa University School of Health Sciences, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakagawa
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yasushi Suwazono
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Hernández-Cruz EY, Amador-Martínez I, Aranda-Rivera AK, Cruz-Gregorio A, Pedraza Chaverri J. Renal damage induced by cadmium and its possible therapy by mitochondrial transplantation. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 361:109961. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Nogawa K, Watanabe Y, Sakuma S, Sakurai M, Nishijo M, Ishizaki M, Morikawa Y, Kido T, Nakagawa H, Suwazono Y. Renal tubular dysfunction and cancer mortality in the Japanese general population living in cadmium non-contaminated areas. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1458-1466. [PMID: 35181909 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between cadmium exposure, exposure-related renal tubular dysfunction, and mortality have been reported, mainly in the residents of Cd contaminated areas in Japan. The aim of this study was to establish the cause-effect relationship between renal tubular dysfunction and cancer mortality in the general population in non-contaminated areas. A 19-year cohort study was conducted in 1110 men and 1703 women in 1993 or 1994, who lived in three cadmium non-contaminated areas. Mortality risk ratios of urinary β2-microglobulin (β2MG) and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAG) for all malignant neoplasms and specific cancers were estimated using the Fine and Gray competing risks regression model. Significant HRs for liver and pancreas cancer were observed for NAG (liver: HR corresponding to an increase of 1IU/g cr, 1.10, 95%CI, 1.02-1.19, pancreas: HR, 1.10, 95%CI, 1.02-1.19) in men. In women, a negative HR was observed for NAG (lung cancer: HR 0.80, 95% CI, 0.67-0.96) and for β2MG (all malignant neoplasms: HR, 0.97, 95% CI, 0.93-1.00). The present study indicated that renal tubular dysfunction was significantly related to mortality in the general population of cadmium non-contaminated areas in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nogawa
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuuka Watanabe
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sakuma
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaru Sakurai
- Department of Hygiene, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Muneko Nishijo
- Department of Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masao Ishizaki
- Department of Hygiene, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Morikawa
- Department of Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Kido
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Kanazawa University School of Health Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakagawa
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yasushi Suwazono
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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The ratio and difference of urine protein-to-creatinine ratio and albumin-to-creatinine ratio facilitate risk prediction of all-cause mortality. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7851. [PMID: 33846379 PMCID: PMC8041921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the difference and ratio of albuminuria (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, uACR) and proteinuria (urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, uPCR) has not been systematically evaluated with all-cause mortality. We retrospectively analyzed 2904 patients with concurrently measured uACR and uPCR from the same urine specimen in a tertiary hospital in Taiwan. The urinary albumin-to-protein ratio (uAPR) was derived by dividing uACR by uPCR, whereas urinary non-albumin protein (uNAP) was calculated by subtracting uACR from uPCR. Conventional severity categories of uACR and uPCR were also used to establish a concordance matrix and develop a corresponding risk matrix. The median age at enrollment was 58.6 years (interquartile range 45.4-70.8). During the 12,391 person-years of follow-up, 657 deaths occurred. For each doubling increase in uPCR, uACR, and uNAP, the adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) of all-cause mortality were 1.29 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24-1.35), 1.12 (1.09-1.16), and 1.41 (1.34-1.49), respectively. For each 10% increase in uAPR, it was 1.02 (95% CI 0.98-1.06). The linear dose-response association with all-cause mortality was only observed with uPCR and uNAP. The 3 × 3 risk matrices revealed that patients with severe proteinuria and normal albuminuria had the highest risk of all-cause mortality (aHR 5.25, 95% CI 1.88, 14.63). uNAP significantly improved the discriminative performance compared to that of uPCR (c statistics: 0.834 vs. 0.828, p-value = 0.032). Our study findings advocate for simultaneous measurements of uPCR and uACR in daily practice to derive uAPR and uNAP, which can provide a better mortality prognostic assessment.
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Watanabe Y, Nogawa K, Nishijo M, Sakurai M, Ishizaki M, Morikawa Y, Kido T, Nakagawa H, Suwazono Y. Relationship between cancer mortality and environmental cadmium exposure in the general Japanese population in cadmium non-polluted areas. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 223:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nishijo M, Nakagawa H. Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Life Prognosis. CURRENT TOPICS IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3630-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Satarug S. Dietary Cadmium Intake and Its Effects on Kidneys. TOXICS 2018; 6:E15. [PMID: 29534455 PMCID: PMC5874788 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a food-chain contaminant that has high rates of soil-to-plant transference. This phenomenon makes dietary Cd intake unavoidable. Although long-term Cd intake impacts many organ systems, the kidney has long been considered to be a critical target of its toxicity. This review addresses how measurements of Cd intake levels and its effects on kidneys have traditionally been made. These measurements underpin the derivation of our current toxicity threshold limit and tolerable intake levels for Cd. The metal transporters that mediate absorption of Cd in the gastrointestinal tract are summarized together with glomerular filtration of Cd and its sequestration by the kidneys. The contribution of age differences, gender, and smoking status to Cd accumulation in lungs, liver, and kidneys are highlighted. The basis for use of urinary Cd excretion to reflect body burden is discussed together with the use of urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) and β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) levels to quantify its toxicity. The associations of Cd with the development of chronic kidney disease and hypertension, reduced weight gain, and zinc reabsorption are highlighted. In addition, the review addresses how urinary Cd threshold levels have been derived from human population data and their utility as a warning sign of impending kidney malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soisungwan Satarug
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research and Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute and Centre for Health Services Research, Woolloongabba, Brisbane 4102, Australia.
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Song JK, Luo H, Yin XH, Huang GL, Luo SY, Lin DR, Yuan DB, Zhang W, Zhu JG. Association between cadmium exposure and renal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17976. [PMID: 26656678 PMCID: PMC4675972 DOI: 10.1038/srep17976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental pollutant and has been a recognized carcinogen for several decades. Many observational studies reported Cd exposure might be one cause of renal cancer. However, these findings are inconsistent. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between cadmium exposure and renal cancer risk. A comprehensive PubMed and Embase search was conducted to retrieve observational studies meeting our meta-analysis criteria. A combined odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were applied to assess the association between Cd exposure and renal cancer risk. The meta-analysis showed that a high Cd exposure significantly increased renal cancer 1.47 times (OR = 1.47; 95% CI = 1.27 to 1.71, for highest versus lowest category of cadmium categories). The significant association remained consistent when stratified by geographic region and gender, however mixed results were produced when stratified by sample size, study design, NOS score, adjustment for covariates, effects measure, and exposure type. Our results indicated that a high Cd exposure was associated with increased renal cancer risk and the association was higher for occupational exposure compared with non-occupational exposure. This meta-analysis suggests that a high Cd exposure may be a risk factor for renal cancer in occupational population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju kun Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillary Surgery, Gui Zhou provincial people's hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Department of Oral and Maxillary Surgery, Gui Zhou provincial people's hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Xin hai Yin
- Department of Oral and Maxillary Surgery, Gui Zhou provincial people's hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Guang lei Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillary Surgery, Gui Zhou provincial people's hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Si yang Luo
- Department of Oral and Maxillary Surgery, Gui Zhou provincial people's hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Du ren Lin
- Department of Oral and Maxillary Surgery, Gui Zhou provincial people's hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Dong Bo Yuan
- Department of Urology, Gui Zhou provincial people's hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Gui Zhou provincial people's hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Jian guo Zhu
- Department of Urology, Gui Zhou provincial people's hospital, Guiyang, China
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All-cause mortality increased by environmental cadmium exposure in the Japanese general population in cadmium non-polluted areas. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:817-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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