1
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Feng M, Li Y, Jiang Y, Zhao C. Hydroxytyrosol permeability comparisons and strategies to improve hydroxytyrosol stability in formulations. Int J Pharm 2024; 661:124434. [PMID: 38972523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
There has been a growing interest in hydroxytyrosol (HT) due to its powerful antioxidant and free-radical scavenging properties when added to formulations such as pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. To study the stability and transdermal properties of hydrogels and creams (HT-based formulations), a high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed for determining HT. In the Franz diffusion cell system, both hydrogel and cream show a rapid and similar penetration profile through the Bama miniature pig skin. However, the Strat-M® membrane exhibits slightly lower permeability and is selective to different formulations; that is, the cream has a permeability value of 10.69%, while the hydrogel has a value of 5.27%. The dynamics parameters from the permeation assays indicate that the model using the Strat-M® membrane can be used as a screening tool to evaluate the skin uptake and permeation efficacy of different formulations. Adding 3-O-ethyl-L-ascorbic acid to HT-based formulations can effectively prevent discoloration under prolonged high-temperature storage, while combining multiple antioxidants delays degradation most effectively. This study provides novel ideas for functional formulation optimization to enhance the realism and reproducibility of cosmetic products containing HT and provides scientific evidence for the production, packaging, shelf life, storage, and transportation of products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Feng
- Beijing Qingyan Boshi Health Management Co. Ltd., China
| | - Yize Li
- Beijing Qingyan Boshi Health Management Co. Ltd., China
| | - Yanfei Jiang
- Beijing Qingyan Boshi Health Management Co. Ltd., China.
| | - Chunyue Zhao
- Beijing Qingyan Boshi Health Management Co. Ltd., China.
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2
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Lin RR, Lin DA, Maderal AD. Toxic Ingredients in Personal Care Products: A Dermatological Perspective. Dermatitis 2024; 35:121-131. [PMID: 38109205 DOI: 10.1089/derm.2023.0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Environmental dermatology is the study of how environmental factors affect the integumentary system. The environment includes natural and built habitats, encompassing ambient exposure, occupational exposures, and lifestyle exposures secondary to dietary and personal care choices. This review explores common toxins found in personal care products and packaging, such as bisphenols, parabens, phthalates, per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, p-phenylenediamine, and formaldehyde. Exposure to these toxins has been associated with carcinogenic, obesogenic, or proinflammatory effects that can potentiate disease. In addition, these compounds have been implicated as endocrine-disrupting chemicals that can worsen dermatological conditions such as acne vulgaris, or dermatitis. Certain pollutants found in personal care products are not biodegradable and have the potential to bioaccumulate in humans. Therefore, even short-term exposure can cause long-lasting issues for communities. The skin is often the first point of contact for environmental exposures and serves as the conduit between environmental toxins and the human body. Therefore, it is important for dermatologists to understand common pollutants and their acute, subacute, and chronic impact on dermatological conditions to better diagnose and manage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R Lin
- From the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Deborah A Lin
- Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Andrea D Maderal
- Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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3
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He K, Cai P, Ji S, Tang Z, Fang Z, Li W, Yu J, Su J, Luo Y, Zhang F, Wang T, Wang M, Wan C, Pan L, Ji B, Li D, Chen X. An Antidehydration Hydrogel Based on Zwitterionic Oligomers for Bioelectronic Interfacing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311255. [PMID: 38030137 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are ideal interfacing materials for on-skin healthcare devices, yet their susceptibility to dehydration hinders their practical use. While incorporating hygroscopic metal salts can prevent dehydration and maintain ionic conductivity, concerns arise regarding metal toxicity due to the passage of small ions through the skin barrier. Herein, an antidehydration hydrogel enabled by the incorporation of zwitterionic oligomers into its network is reported. This hydrogel exhibits exceptional water retention properties, maintaining ≈88% of its weight at 40% relative humidity, 25 °C for 50 days and about 84% after being heated at 50 °C for 3 h. Crucially, the molecular weight design of the embedded oligomers prevents their penetration into the epidermis, as evidenced by experimental and molecular simulation results. The hydrogel allows stable signal acquisition in electrophysiological monitoring of humans and plants under low-humidity conditions. This research provides a promising strategy for the development of epidermis-safe and biocompatible antidehydration hydrogel interfaces for on-skin devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pingqiang Cai
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shaobo Ji
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zihan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhou Fang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Wenlong Li
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jing Yu
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Jiangtao Su
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yifei Luo
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Feilong Zhang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ting Wang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ming Wang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Changjin Wan
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Liang Pan
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Baohua Ji
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Dechang Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
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4
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Mitropoulos AC, Pappa C, Kosheleva RI, Kyzas GZ. The Effect of Nanobubbles on Transdermal Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2600. [PMID: 37764629 PMCID: PMC10537258 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, a new method for dermal delivery using nanobubbles (NBs) is investigated. Oxygen NBs are generated in deionized water and used to produce cosmetic formulations with hyaluronic acid as an active ingredient. Nanobubbles result in the improvement of the effect and penetration of the active ingredient through Strat-M, a synthetic membrane that resembles human skin. Experiments conducted with the Franz Cell device confirm the greater penetration of the active ingredient into Strat-M due to NBs, compared to cosmetic formulations that do not contain NBs. The effect of NBs was further examined by measuring UV-Vis and FTIR spectra. A possible mechanism was outlined, too. It was also found that NBs do not change the pH or the FTIR spectrum of the cosmetic serum indicating non-toxicity.
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Jin X, Alavi SE, Shafiee A, Leite-Silva VR, Khosrotehrani K, Mohammed Y. Metamorphosis of Topical Semisolid Products-Understanding the Role of Rheological Properties in Drug Permeation under the "in Use" Condition. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1707. [PMID: 37376155 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
When developing topical semisolid products, it is crucial to consider the metamorphosis of the formulation under the "in use" condition. Numerous critical quality characteristics, including rheological properties, thermodynamic activity, particle size, globule size, and the rate/extent of drug release/permeation, can be altered during this process. This study aimed to use lidocaine as a model drug to establish a connection between the evaporation and change of rheological properties and the permeation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in topical semisolid products under the "in use" condition. The evaporation rate of the lidocaine cream formulation was calculated by measuring the weight loss and heat flow of the sample using DSC/TGA. Changes in rheological properties due to metamorphosis were assessed and predicted using the Carreau-Yasuda model. The impact of solvent evaporation on a drug's permeability was studied by in vitro permeation testing (IVPT) using occluded and unconcluded cells. Overall, it was found that the viscosity and elastic modulus of prepared lidocaine cream gradually increased with the time of evaporation as a result of the aggregation of carbopol micelles and the crystallization of API after application. Compared to occluded cells, the permeability of lidocaine for formulation F1 (2.5% lidocaine) in unoccluded cells decreased by 32.4%. This was believed to be the result of increasing viscosity and crystallization of lidocaine instead of depletion of API from the applied dose, which was confirmed by formulation F2 with a higher content of API (5% lidocaine) showing a similar pattern, i.e., a 49.7% reduction of permeability after 4 h of study. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to simultaneously demonstrate the rheological change of a topical semisolid formulation during volatile solvent evaporation, resulting in a concurrent decrease in the permeability of API, which provides mathematical modelers with the necessary background to build complex models that incorporate evaporation, viscosity, and drug permeation in the simulation once at a time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuping Jin
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Seyed Ebrahim Alavi
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Abbas Shafiee
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Vania Rodrigues Leite-Silva
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Diadema 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Kiarash Khosrotehrani
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Yousuf Mohammed
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
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Shin MY, Choi JW, Lee S, Kim S, Kho Y, Choi K, Kim S. Pharmacokinetics of transdermal methyl-, ethyl-, and propylparaben in humans following single dermal administration. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136689. [PMID: 36220432 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are common chemicals used as preservatives in foods, cosmetics, and personal care products. Although transdermal exposure to parabens occurs, studies on human pharmacokinetics (PK) following dermal exposure to parabens are scarce. In this study, the PK following dermal exposure to parabens was determined and compared with our previous findings on oral exposure. A paraben mixture cream containing 0.8% deuterated methyl-, ethyl-, and propylparaben (MeP-d4 0.26%; EtP-d4 0.26%, and PrP-d4 0.28%) was dermally applied to the whole arm of five male volunteers at a dose of 24 g/person over 30 min. Blood and urine samples were collected at several intervals over the course of 48 h to measure the levels of MeP-d4, EtP-d4, and PrP-d4 and their conjugated metabolites using HPLC-MS/MS. As a result of non-compartmental analysis, the average peak values of total (sum of conjugated and unconjugated metabolites) MeP-d4, EtP-d4, and PrP-d4 were reached at 7.8 h, 10.5 h, and 5.3 h, indicating a slower absorption rate compared to that of oral exposure (<2 h). The terminal elimination half-lives of MeP-d4, EtP-d4, and PrP-d4 were 12.2 h, 12.0 h, and 9.3 h, respectively. Fractional urinary excretion (Fue) of total MeP-d4, EtP-d4, and PrP-d4 was 1.7%, 2.3%, and 1.9%, respectively. The Fue of total and unconjugated PrP-d4 following dermal exposure was five times lower and three times higher, respectively, compared with those after oral exposure, suggesting that PrP is relatively less metabolized to the conjugated form after dermal exposure. Taken together, dermal exposure to paraben leads to a longer apparent half-life and results in higher proportions of biologically active unconjugated parabens in the systemic circulation as compared to oral exposure. This study provides insights into the kinetic properties of parabens and their metabolites in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Yeon Shin
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Office of Dental Education, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Weon Choi
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seungho Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Sungmin Kim
- Department of Health, Environmental and Safety, School of Human and Environmental Sciences, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environmental and Safety, School of Human and Environmental Sciences, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Graduated School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Graduated School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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7
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Parada H, Sahrai L, Wolff MS, Santella RM, Chen J, Neugut AI, Teitelbaum SL. Urinary parabens and breast cancer risk: Modification by LINE-1 and LUMA global DNA methylation, and associations with breast cancer defined by tumor promoter methylation status. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:1002-1015. [PMID: 35975911 PMCID: PMC9588525 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are a group of alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid added to consumer products to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and molds. Parabens are hypothesized to increase the risk of breast cancer (BC); however, no study has examined the interactions between parabens, global DNA methylation (DNAm), and BC risk. We examined the modifying effects of DNAm on the associations between parabens and BC, and whether parabens were associated with BC defined by tumor promoter methylation status. Participants included 708 cases and 598 controls from the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project. Methylparaben (MPB), propylparaben, and butylparaben levels were measured in spot urine samples. Global DNAm was measured by analysis of long interspersed elementes-1 (LINE-1) and the luminometric methylation assay (LUMA). The promoter methylation status of 13 genes was measured in tumor samples from 509 cases. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between parabens and BC stratified by LINE-1/LUMA, and between parabens and gene-specific promoter methylation-defined BC. Outcome heterogeneity was evaluated using ratios of ORs (RORs). We assessed the joint effects of the multiple parabens using quantile g-computation. The highest versus lowest tertile of MPB and a one-quantile increase in all parabens were associated with ORs of 1.46 (95% CI = 0.96-2.23) and 1.32 (95% CI = 1.02-1.71), respectively, among women with hypomethylated LINE-1. A one-ln unit increase in MPB was associated with a 25% increase in the odds of hypomethylated (vs. hypermethylated) CCND2 promoter-defined BC (ROR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.06-1.48), and a one-quantile increase in all parabens was associated with a 55% increase in the odds of hypomethylated (vs. hypermethylated) CCND2 promoter-defined BC (ROR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.04-2.32). Exposure to parabens may increase the risk of BC among women with hypomethylated global DNAm and may increase the risk of tumors with gene-specific hypomethylated promoter regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Parada
- School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA,UC San Diego Moores Cancer CenterLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Leili Sahrai
- School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mary S. Wolff
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public HealthIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Regina M. Santella
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Jia Chen
- UC San Diego Moores Cancer CenterLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alfred I. Neugut
- Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Susan L. Teitelbaum
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public HealthIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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Park Y, Shin S, Shukla N, Kim K, Park MH. Effects of Nanobubbles in Dermal Delivery of Drugs and Cosmetics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3286. [PMID: 36234414 PMCID: PMC9565345 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dermal delivery, which delivers drugs and cosmetics through the skin, has attracted significant attention due to its non-invasive and simple administration compared with oral or injectable administration. However, delivery of the ingredients through the skin barrier is difficult because the primary function of the skin is to protect the human body by preventing the invasion of contaminants. Although various techniques have been developed to overcome skin barriers, chemical toxicity, complicated processes, and expensive equipment still remain as obstacles. Moreover, green chemistry, which minimizes or eliminates the use of toxic chemicals, is required in the cosmetic industry. Thus, the development of a new method for dermal delivery is required. In this study, we provide a new method for dermal delivery using nanobubbles (NBs). NBs generated in oil improve the delivery effect of the active ingredients through the high Brownian motion and charge-balancing effect. Franz cell experiments and depigmentation experiments using the B16F10 melanoma cells were conducted to confirm the enhanced delivery effects. The system using NBs will contribute to the advancement of the dermal delivery of drugs and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Park
- Department of Convergence Science, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea
- Convergence Research Center, Nanobiomaterials Institute, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea
| | - Soyeon Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea
| | - Nutan Shukla
- Department of Convergence Science, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea
- Convergence Research Center, Nanobiomaterials Institute, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea
| | - Kibeom Kim
- Department of Convergence Science, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea
| | - Myoung-Hwan Park
- Department of Convergence Science, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea
- Convergence Research Center, Nanobiomaterials Institute, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea
- N to B Co., Ltd., Business Incubator Center #5002, Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01795, Korea
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9
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Miranowicz-Dzierżawska K, Zapór L, Skowroń J, Chojnacka-Puchta L, Sawicka D. The effects of co-exposure to methyl paraben and dibutyl phthalate on cell line derived from human skin. Toxicol Res 2022; 39:71-89. [PMID: 36721678 PMCID: PMC9839924 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-022-00151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Data on the cumulative effects of chemical substances are necessary for the proper risk assessment, but their availability is still insufficient. The aim of the study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of methyl paraben (MePB) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) on the cells of the skin line (A431) and to compare the cytotoxic effects of the tested substances after single application to A431 cells with the effects of an equimolar/equitoxic (1:1) binary mixture of these compounds as well as their mixtures in ratio 1:3: and 3:1. On the basis of the obtained results, it was found that there were interactions between the tested compounds in terms of cytotoxic effect on A431, assessed on the basis of metabolic activity of cells (MTT test) and integrity of their cell membranes (NRU test). The obtained values of synergy coefficients (SI) and isobolographic analysis indicate that between the tested chemicals in a two-component equimolar mixture (1:1) there is a synergism of action, which, at a high DBP content in the mixture (> 50%) turned into antagonism. Observations using a holotomographic microscope show morphological changes in A431 cells after exposure to both DBP and MePB separately and binary mixtures of these compounds, compared to untreated cells. The observed changes in cell morphology seem to be more pronounced when the cells are exposed to the binary mixtures of DBP and MePB than when exposed to these substances individually, which may confirm the synergy of cytotoxic activity between them (this phenomenon was observed for the higher of the tested concentrations in all tested proportions). It is important to consider such effects when considering the effects of cumulative exposure in the risk assessment in order not to underestimate the risk of adverse effects associated with exposure to chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lidia Zapór
- Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Skowroń
- Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Luiza Chojnacka-Puchta
- Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Sawicka
- Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Parabens Permeation through Biological Membranes: A Comparative Study Using Franz Cell Diffusion System and Biomimetic Liquid Chromatography. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134263. [PMID: 35807508 PMCID: PMC9268571 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parabens (PBs) are used as preservatives to extend the shelf life of various foodstuffs, and pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations. In this work, the membrane barrier passage potential of a subset of seven parabens, i.e., methyl-, ethyl-, propyl- isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and benzyl paraben, along with their parent compound, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, were studied. Thus, the Franz cell diffusion (FDC) method, biomimetic liquid chromatography (BLC), and in silico prediction were performed to evaluate the soundness of both describing their permeation through the skin. While BLC allowed the achievement of a full scale of affinity for membrane phospholipids of the PBs under research, the permeation of parabens through Franz diffusion cells having a carbon chain > ethyl could not be measured in a fully aqueous medium, i.e., permeation enhancer-free conditions. Our results support that BLC and in silico prediction alone can occasionally be misleading in the permeability potential assessment of these preservatives, emphasizing the need for a multi-technique and integrated experimental approach.
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11
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Huh Y, Lee DH, Choi D, Lim KM. Effect of Cosmetics Use on the In Vitro Skin Absorption of a Biocide, 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10030108. [PMID: 35324733 PMCID: PMC8948713 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT) is a commonly used organic biocide containing an isothiazolone ring. However, it may have adverse effects on human health and its risk needs to be properly evaluated. Dermal exposure is the main route of BIT exposure, and co-exposed substances may affect its absorption. The dermal permeation profile of BIT has not been well-studied. This study aimed to investigate the dermal permeation profiles of BIT with or without cosmetic use. Dermal permeation profiles of BIT were investigated after infinite- (100 μg/cm2), or a finite-dose (10 μg/cm2) application with or without cosmetics using a minipig skin and Strat-M®, an artificial membrane. A cream, lotion, and essence (namely, face serum) were pre-treated as representative cosmetics on minipig skin for 30 min, with BIT treatment afterward. After the treatment, BIT left on the skin surface was collected by cotton swabbing, BIT in the stratum corneum, by sequential tape stripping, and BIT retained in the remaining skin was extracted after cutting the skin into pieces before LC-MS/MS analysis. When an infinite dose was applied, permeation coefficients (Kp, cm/h) for minipig skin and Strat-M® were 2.63 × 10−3 and 19.94 × 10−3, respectively, reflecting that skin permeation was seven to eight times higher in Strat-M® than in the minipig skin. BIT, in the presence of cosmetics, rapidly permeated the skin, while the amount in the stratum corneum and skin deposit was reduced. We performed a risk assessment of dermally applied BIT in the absence or presence of cosmetics by calculating the skin absorption rate at 10 h based on the toxicological data from several references. The risk level was higher in the presence of essence as compared to lotion, which was higher than cream, which was higher than the control (non-treated). However, all of the margins of safety values obtained were greater than 100, suggesting that BIT is safe for use in dermally exposed consumer products. We believe that this research contributes to a greater understanding of the risk assessment of isothiazolinone biocides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjung Huh
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Do-Hyeon Lee
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Korea University, Seoul 02481, Korea;
| | - Dalwoong Choi
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Korea University, Seoul 02481, Korea;
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (K.-M.L.); Tel.: +82-2-3277-3055 (K.-M.L.)
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (K.-M.L.); Tel.: +82-2-3277-3055 (K.-M.L.)
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12
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Kannan A, D A A, Gandhi S. Facile Development of a Hybrid-Silica-Assisted Nanointerface for Active Electrochemical Recognition of an Endocrine Disruptor. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Kannan
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aishwarya D A
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sakthivel Gandhi
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
- Centre for Energy Storage & Conversion, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
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13
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Varga-Medveczky Z, Kocsis D, Naszlady MB, Fónagy K, Erdő F. Skin-on-a-Chip Technology for Testing Transdermal Drug Delivery-Starting Points and Recent Developments. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1852. [PMID: 34834264 PMCID: PMC8619496 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, several technologies were developed for testing drug delivery through the dermal barrier. Investigation of drug penetration across the skin can be important in topical pharmaceutical formulations and also in cosmeto-science. The state-of- the-art in the field of skin diffusion measurements, different devices, and diffusion platforms used, are summarized in the introductory part of this review. Then the methodologies applied at Pázmány Péter Catholic University are shown in detail. The main testing platforms (Franz diffusion cells, skin-on-a-chip devices) and the major scientific projects (P-glycoprotein interaction in the skin; new skin equivalents for diffusion purposes) are also presented in one section. The main achievements of our research are briefly summarized: (1) new skin-on-a-chip microfluidic devices were validated as tools for drug penetration studies for the skin; (2) P-glycoprotein transport has an absorptive orientation in the skin; (3) skin samples cannot be used for transporter interaction studies after freezing and thawing; (4) penetration of hydrophilic model drugs is lower in aged than in young skin; (5) mechanical sensitization is needed for excised rodent and pig skins for drug absorption measurements. Our validated skin-on-a-chip platform is available for other research groups to use for testing and for utilizing it for different purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Franciska Erdő
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter u. 50a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.V.-M.); (D.K.); (M.B.N.); (K.F.)
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14
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Cappellozza E, Zanzoni S, Malatesta M, Calderan L. Integrated Microscopy and Metabolomics to Test an Innovative Fluid Dynamic System for Skin Explants In Vitro. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 27:923-934. [PMID: 34311807 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621012010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro models are receiving growing attention in studies on skin permeation, penetration, and irritancy, especially for the preclinical development of new transcutaneous drugs. However, synthetic membranes or cell cultures are unable to effectively mimic the permeability and absorption features of the cutaneous barrier. The use of explanted skin samples maintained in a fluid dynamic environment would make it possible for an in vitro experimentation closer to in vivo physiological conditions. To this aim, in the present study, we have modified a bioreactor designed for cell culture to host explanted skin samples. The preservation of the skin was evaluated by combining light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy, for the histo/cytological characterization, with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, for the identification in the culture medium of metabolites indicative of the functional state of the explants. Our morphological and metabolomics results demonstrated that fluid dynamic conditions ameliorate significantly the structural and functional preservation of skin explants in comparison with conventional culture conditions. Our in vitro system is, therefore, reliable to test novel therapeutic agents intended for transdermal administration in skin samples from biopsies or surgical materials, providing predictive information suitable for focused in vivo research and reducing animal experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Cappellozza
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Verona, Verona37134, Italy
| | - Serena Zanzoni
- Centro Piattaforme Tecnologiche, Spectroscopy, Diffractometry and Molecular Interaction Study Platform, University of Verona, Verona37100, Italy
| | - Manuela Malatesta
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Verona, Verona37134, Italy
| | - Laura Calderan
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Verona, Verona37134, Italy
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Correia Carreira S, Taghavi M, Pavez Loriè E, Rossiter J. FleXert: A Soft, Actuatable Multiwell Plate Insert for Cell Culture under Stretch. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2225-2245. [PMID: 33843187 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Porous multiwell plate inserts are widely used in biomedical research to study transport processes or to culture cells/tissues at the air-liquid interface. These inserts are made of rigid materials and used under static culture conditions, which are unrepresentative of biological microenvironments. Here, we present FleXert, a soft, actuatable cell culture insert that interfaces with six-well plates. It is made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and comprises a porous PDMS membrane as cell/tissue support. FleXerts can be pneumatically actuated using a standard syringe pump, imparting tensile strains of up to 30%. A wide range of actuation patterns can be achieved by varying the air pressure and pumping rate. Facile surface functionalization of FleXert's porous PDMS membrane with fibronectin enables adhesion of human dermal fibroblasts and strains developing on FleXert's membrane are successfully transduced to the cell layer. 3D tissue models, such as fibroblast-laden collagen gels, can also be anchored to PDMS following polydopamine coating. Furthermore, collagen-coated FleXert membranes support the establishment of a human skin model, demonstrating the material's excellent biocompatibility required for tissue engineering. In contrast to existing technologies, FleXerts do not require costly fabrication equipment or custom-built culture chambers, making them a versatile and low-cost solution for tissue engineering and biological barrier penetration studies under physiological strain. This paper is an extensive toolkit for multidisciplinary mechanobiology studies, including detailed instructions for a wide variety of methods such as device fabrication, theoretical modeling, cell culture, and image analysis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Correia Carreira
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Majid Taghavi
- Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of Bristol, T Block, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Pavez Loriè
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Jonathan Rossiter
- Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of Bristol, T Block, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
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Chaturvedi S, Garg A. An insight of techniques for the assessment of permeation flux across the skin for optimization of topical and transdermal drug delivery systems. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Mansour RSH, Hamdan II, Salem MSH, Khalil EA, Sallam ALSA. HPLC method development/validation and skin diffusion study of caffeine, methyl paraben and butyl paraben as skin-diffusing model drugs. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247879. [PMID: 33730060 PMCID: PMC7968716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of this research was to develop and validate a suitable HPLC method, which allows simultaneous determination of three proposed skin model penetrants to investigate the percutaneous diffusion behavior of their combination: caffeine, methyl paraben and butyl paraben. These penetrants were selected because they represent a wide range of lipophilicities. This model highlights the effect of combining penetrants of different molecular properties on their diffusion behavior through skin. The proposed method employed a gradient system that was systematically optimized for separation and quantification of the penetrants. The effect of the stationary phase (C18, C4 and cyano (CN)) was assessed with CN proven to be superior in terms of peak shape, retentivity and dynamic linear range. Significant differences in retention time, peak broadening, and quantifiability between different stationary phases could be demonstrated. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines Q2 (R1) with a satisfactory outcome. The method was successfully applied for real diffusion experiments, and revealed notable differences between the individual penetrants and their ternary mixture on transdermal permeation. The method could potentially be extended to determine these analytes in other related skin permeation investigations.
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18
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Hydrogels as Drug Delivery Systems: A Review of Current Characterization and Evaluation Techniques. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121188. [PMID: 33297493 PMCID: PMC7762425 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to their tunable properties, controllable degradation, and ability to protect labile drugs, hydrogels are increasingly investigated as local drug delivery systems. However, a lack of standardized methodologies used to characterize and evaluate drug release poses significant difficulties when comparing findings from different investigations, preventing an accurate assessment of systems. Here, we review the commonly used analytical techniques for drug detection and quantification from hydrogel delivery systems. The experimental conditions of drug release in saline solutions and their impact are discussed, along with the main mathematical and statistical approaches to characterize drug release profiles. We also review methods to determine drug diffusion coefficients and in vitro and in vivo models used to assess drug release and efficacy with the goal to provide guidelines and harmonized practices when investigating novel hydrogel drug delivery systems.
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19
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Odrobińska J, Skonieczna M, Neugebauer D. PEG Graft Polymer Carriers of Antioxidants: In Vitro Evaluation for Transdermal Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1178. [PMID: 33287225 PMCID: PMC7761655 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vitro biochemical evaluation of the applicability of polymers carrying active substances (micelles and conjugates) was carried out. Previously designed amphiphilic graft copolymers with retinol or 4-n-butylresorcinol functionalized polymethacrylate backbone and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) side chains that included Janus-type heterografted copolymers containing both PEG and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) side chains were applied as micellar carriers. The polymer self-assemblies were convenient to encapsulate arbutin (ARB) as the selected active substances. Moreover, the conjugates of PEG graft copolymers with ferulic acid (FA) or lipoic acid (LA) were also investigated. The permeability of released active substances through a membrane mimicking skin was evaluated by conducting transdermal tests in Franz diffusion cells. The biological response to new carriers with active substances was tested across cell lines, including normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF), human epidermal keratinocyte (HaCaT), as well as cancer melanoma (Me45) and metastatic human melanoma (451-Lu), for comparison. These polymer systems were safe and non-cytotoxic at the tested concentrations for healthy skin cell lines according to the MTT test. Cytometric evaluation of cell cycles as well as cell death defined by Annexin-V apoptosis assays and senescence tests showed no significant changes under action of the delivery systems, as compared to the control cells. In vitro tests confirmed the biochemical potential of these antioxidant carriers as beneficial components in cosmetic products, especially applied in the form of masks and eye pads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Odrobińska
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Skonieczna
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Dorota Neugebauer
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
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20
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Campolo M, Lanza M, Filippone A, Paterniti I, Casili G, Scuderi SA, Ardizzone A, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E. Evaluation of a Product Containing Xyloglucan and Pea Protein on Skin Barrier Permeability. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 33:231-236. [PMID: 32846412 DOI: 10.1159/000509372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The skin acts as a mechanical and protective barrier against viral, fungal, and bacterial infections. Skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis are characterized by alterations of the skin barrier, often caused by injury and by bacterial infections. In the last years, non-pharmacological interventions have gained great importance in epidermis-related diseases. Xyloglucan (XG) is a polysaccharide that possesses a "mucin-like" molecular structure that confers mucoadhesive properties, allowing XG-containing formulations to act as a protective barrier for the management of different diseases. Moreover, there is also increasing interest in the use of proteins due to their film-forming features. This study aimed to evaluate the barrier-protective properties of a product containing XG and pea protein (PP) in an in vitro model, assessing its effects on the membrane permeability of keratinocytes infected by Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS HaCaT keratinocytes were pretreated with XG and PP for 3 h and then infected with S. aureus cells (106 bacteria/well) at a multiplicity of infection of 10 for 1 h. The number of bacterial colonies and membrane integrity were measured, respectively. RESULTS We observed that pretreatment with XG and PP in human HaCaT keratinocytes infected with S. aureus significantly increased trans-epithelial electrical resistance (a marker of skin barrier function) measurement, reduced lucifer yellow (a marker of membrane integrity) permeation across the monolayer, and released lactate dehydrogenase (a marker of tissue damage). Moreover, XG and PP pretreatment was able to reduce bacterial adherence, avoiding S. aureus infection. CONCLUSION In summary, we demonstrated that the product containing XG and PP was able to maintain barrier permeability preserving its integrity, and therefore, it can be considered as an interesting approach for the management of epidermis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Campolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Lanza
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessia Filippone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sarah A Scuderi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Ardizzone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy,
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21
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Cherian P, Zhu J, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Heldreth B. Amended Safety Assessment of Parabens as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2020; 39:5S-97S. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581820925001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) assessed the safety of 21 parabens as preservatives in cosmetic products. All of these ingredients are reported to function in cosmetics as preservatives; however, 5 are reported to also function as fragrance ingredients. The Panel reviewed relevant data relating to the safety of these ingredients under the reported conditions of use in cosmetic formulations. The Panel concluded that 20 of the 21 parabens included in this report are safe in cosmetics in the present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment when the sum of the total parabens in any given formulation does not exceed 0.8%. However, the available data are insufficient to support a conclusion of safety for benzylparaben in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Cherian
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Scientific Analyst/Writer, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jinqiu Zhu
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Toxicologist, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wilma F. Bergfeld
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Donald V. Belsito
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald A. Hill
- Former Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Daniel C. Liebler
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James G. Marks
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald C. Shank
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thomas J. Slaga
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul W. Snyder
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Toxicologist, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bart Heldreth
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Executive Director, Washington, DC, USA
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22
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Alalaiwe A, Lin CF, Hsiao CY, Chen EL, Lin CY, Lien WC, Fang JY. Development of flavanone and its derivatives as topical agents against psoriasis: The prediction of therapeutic efficiency through skin permeation evaluation and cell-based assay. Int J Pharm 2020; 581:119256. [PMID: 32220586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids inhibit skin inflammation. Previous study suggests that the flavonoids with flavanone backbone were beneficial to penetrate into the skin. We aimed to investigate the possibility of psoriasis treatment by topically applied flavanone and its derivatives including naringenin, hesperetin, 6-hydroxyflavanone, flavanone, and 6-bromoflavone. The skin absorption of the compounds was determined by Franz cells. Molecular modeling was used to compute the physicochemical and molecular parameters of the penetrants in order to elucidate the correlation between structure and permeation. Among the compounds tested, flavanone showed the greatest skin absorption. The in vitro skin absorption predicted efficient skin targeting of 6-bromoflavone with minimal risk of circulation absorption. The permeation of naringenin was remarkably enhanced 13-fold in the barrier-defective skin mimicking inflamed skin. The penetrants with fewer hydrogen bond number, total polarity surface, and molecular volume were advantageous for facile skin absorption. In the cell-based study, IL-1β inhibition in imiquimod (IMQ)-stimulated keratinocytes was increased following the increase in compound lipophilicity. Naringenin, a flavanone analog with three hydroxyl moieties, could suppress IL-6 overexpression to baseline control. We assessed the anti-inflammatory potency of the chemicals in comparison with tacrolimus as reference in a psoriasis-like mouse model. Flavanone was found to mitigate scaling and epidermal hyperplasia at a higher level than naringenin. Flavanone lessened IL-6 overexpression by 80% in the psoriasiform plaque. The skin barrier function recorded by transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was recovered by naringenin but not flavanone. The experimental data indicate that naringenin and flavanone are potential candidates for anti-psoriatic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alalaiwe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chwan-Fwu Lin
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Hsiao
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - En-Li Chen
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chen Lien
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Alhakamy NA, Fahmy UA, Ahmed OAA. Vitamin E TPGS based transferosomes augmented TAT as a promising delivery system for improved transdermal delivery of raloxifene. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226639. [PMID: 31881053 PMCID: PMC6934291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Raloxifene is commonly used for breast cancer protection. The low bioavailability of raloxifene (2%) is the result of its low solubility and intestinal glucuronidation. The nano-lipid carriers are characterized by small particle size, biocompatibility, and sustainable properties that improve cellular uptake of the loaded drug. The aim of this study was the improvement of raloxifene bioavailability by enhancing its solubility and cellular penetration through formulation of D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate based transferosomes and augmenting their effect with the cationic cell-penetrating peptide transactivator of transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus. Particle size, zeta potential, and transmission electron microscope investigation of the formed nanocarriers were carried out. Ex vivo raloxifene permeation through rat skin and cell viability studies was investigated. The results of D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate- transactivator of transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus transferosomes showed an average vesicle size of 96.05 nm with positively charged vesicles 39.4 mV of zeta potential value. The results revealed significant (p < 0.05) enhancement of raloxifene permeation from raloxifene transferosomes- loaded film when compared with raw raloxifene film. IC50 results showed significant improvement of formulated raloxifene cytotoxicity by 1.42-fold in comparison with raw raloxifene against MCF-7 cell lines. The developed raloxifene-transferosomes are considered promising nano-lipid carriers for the enhancement delivery of raloxifene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Usama A. Fahmy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama A. A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Luzeena Raja G, Divya Subhashree K, Lite C, Santosh W, Barathi S. Transient exposure of methylparaben to zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos altered cortisol level, acetylcholinesterase activity and induced anxiety-like behaviour. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 279:53-59. [PMID: 30395803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Parabens are widely used as antimicrobial preservatives. Recent studies have reported the endocrine disrupting effects of these chemicals, especially methylparaben. Previously, we have reported the alteration in Vtg gene expression upon exposure to environmentally relevant doses of methylparaben in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. However, studies reporting neurobehavioural outcomes on exposure to methylparaben are limited. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the methylparaben-induced effects on developmental and neurobehavioural endpoints. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of methylparaben: 0.1 ppb, 1 ppb, 10 ppb and 100 ppb. Alterations in developmental landmarks such as heart rate and hatching percentage were observed in embryos exposed to 10 ppb and 100 ppb of methylparaben. Results obtained from the novel tank diving test established that anxiety-like behaviour is induced in larvae exposed to 0.1 ppb and 1 ppb of methylparaben. A significant inhibition in the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was also recorded in methylparaben-exposed groups. An increase in cortisol levels was observed in the exposed groups, which further supports the observations made in the novel tank diving test, establishing methylparaben as an anxiogenic agent even at sub-lethal concentrations. The underlying molecular mechanism needs further elucidation to investigate whether the behavioural effects are proximally or distally induced by early developmental exposure to methylparaben.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glancis Luzeena Raja
- Endocrine Disruption and Reproductive Toxicology (EDART) Laboratory, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Divya Subhashree
- Endocrine Disruption and Reproductive Toxicology (EDART) Laboratory, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Christy Lite
- Endocrine Disruption and Reproductive Toxicology (EDART) Laboratory, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Winkins Santosh
- Endocrine Disruption and Reproductive Toxicology (EDART) Laboratory, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, India; P.G. Research Department of Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology, Government College for Men, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Barathi
- Endocrine Disruption and Reproductive Toxicology (EDART) Laboratory, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Fakhraei Lahiji S, Kim Y, Kang G, Kim S, Lee S, Jung H. Tissue Interlocking Dissolving Microneedles for Accurate and Efficient Transdermal Delivery of Biomolecules. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7886. [PMID: 31133711 PMCID: PMC6536679 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest in safe and efficient transdermal drug delivery systems has been increasing in recent decades. In light of that, polymeric dissolving microneedles (DMNs) were developed as an ideal platform capable of delivering micro- and macro-biomolecules across the skin in a minimally invasive manner. A vast majority of studies, however, suggest that the shape of DMNs, as well as the elastic properties of skin, affects the delivery efficiency of materials encapsulated within DMNs. Likewise, in dynamic tissues, DMNs would easily distend from the skin, leading to inefficient delivery of encapsulated agents. Thus, herein, to improve delivery efficiency of DMN encapsulated agents, a novel hyaluronic acid backbone-based tissue interlocking DMN (TI-DMN) is developed. TI-DMN is simple to fabricate and significantly improves the transdermal delivery efficiency of encapsulated materials compared with traditional DMNs. The enhanced tissue interlocking feature of TI-DMN is achieved through its sharp tip, wide body, and narrow neck geometry. This paper demonstrates that TI-DMN would serve as an attractive transdermal delivery platform to enhance penetration and delivery efficiency of a wide range of biomolecules into the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Fakhraei Lahiji
- Department of Biotechnology, Building 123, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Youseong Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Building 123, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonwoo Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Building 123, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Juvic Inc., 272 Digital-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08389, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyong Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Building 123, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Building 123, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungil Jung
- Department of Biotechnology, Building 123, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea. .,Juvic Inc., 272 Digital-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08389, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Aqueous methylparaben degradation by dielectric barrier discharge induced non-thermal plasma combined with ZnO-rGO nanosheets. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Nassan FL, Coull BA, Gaskins AJ, Williams MA, Skakkebaek NE, Ford JB, Ye X, Calafat AM, Braun JM, Hauser R. Personal Care Product Use in Men and Urinary Concentrations of Select Phthalate Metabolites and Parabens: Results from the Environment And Reproductive Health (EARTH) Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:087012. [PMID: 28886595 PMCID: PMC5783668 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personal care products (PCPs) are exposure sources to phthalates and parabens; however, their contribution to men's exposure is understudied. OBJECTIVES We examined the association between PCP use and urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites and parabens in men. METHODS In a prospective cohort, at multiple study visits, men self-reported their use of 14 PCPs and provided a urine sample (2004-2015, Boston, MA). We measured urinary concentrations of 9 phthalate metabolites and methylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben. We estimated the covariate-adjusted percent change in urinary concentrations associated with PCP use using linear mixed and Tobit mixed regressions. We also estimated weights for each PCP in a weighted binary score regression and modeled the resulting composite weighted PCP use. RESULTS Four hundred men contributed 1,037 urine samples (mean of 3/man). The largest percent increase in monoethyl phthalate (MEP) was associated with use of cologne/perfume (83%, p-value<0.01) and deodorant (74%, p-value<0.01). In contrast, the largest percent increase for parabens was associated with the use of suntan/sunblock lotion (66-156%) and hand/body lotion (79-147%). Increases in MEP and parabens were generally greater with PCP use within 6 h of urine collection. A subset of 10 PCPs that were used within 6 h of urine collection contributed to at least 70% of the weighted score and predicted a 254-1,333% increase in MEP and parabens concentrations. Associations between PCP use and concentrations of the other phthalate metabolites were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS We identified 10 PCPs of relevance and demonstrated that their use within 6 h of urine collection strongly predicted MEP and paraben urinary concentrations. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1374.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiby L Nassan
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Audrey J Gaskins
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michelle A Williams
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Niels E Skakkebaek
- Department of Growth and Reproduction & EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jennifer B Ford
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Vincent Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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28
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Kim KT, Kim JS, Kim MH, Park JH, Lee JY, Lee W, Min KK, Song MG, Choi CY, Kim WS, Oh HK, Kim DD. Effect of Enhancers on in vitro and in vivo Skin Permeation and Deposition of S-Methyl- L-Methionine. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:434-440. [PMID: 28274096 PMCID: PMC5499623 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
S-methyl-l-methionine (SMM), also known as vitamin U, is commercially available as skin care cosmetic products for its wound healing and photoprotective effects. However, the low skin permeation expected of SMM due to its hydrophilic nature with a log P value of −3.3, has not been thoroughly addressed. The purpose of this study thus was to evaluate the effect of skin permeation enhancers on the skin permeation/deposition of SMM. Among the enhancers tested for the in vitro skin permeation and deposition of SMM, oleic acid showed the most significant enhancing effect. Moreover, the combination of oleic acid and ethanol further enhanced in vitro permeation and deposition of SMM through hairless mouse skin. Furthermore, the combination of oleic acid and ethanol significantly increased the in vivo deposition of SMM in the epidermis/dermis for 12 hr, which was high enough to exert a therapeutic effect. Therefore, based on the in vitro and in vivo studies, the combination of oleic acid and ethanol was shown to be effective in improving the topical skin delivery of SMM, which may be applied in the cosmetic production process for SMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Taek Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Su Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hwan Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hwan Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - WooIn Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Kuk Min
- CUSKIN Cosmeceutical and Biotechnology, Seoul 06530, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gyu Song
- CUSKIN Cosmeceutical and Biotechnology, Seoul 06530, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Young Choi
- CUSKIN Cosmeceutical and Biotechnology, Seoul 06530, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Serk Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Jangan University, Hwaseong 18331, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Duk Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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