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Meulebrouck S, Merrheim J, Queniat G, Bourouh C, Derhourhi M, Boissel M, Yi X, Badreddine A, Boutry R, Leloire A, Toussaint B, Amanzougarene S, Vaillant E, Durand E, Loiselle H, Huyvaert M, Dechaume A, Scherrer V, Marchetti P, Balkau B, Charpentier G, Franc S, Marre M, Roussel R, Scharfmann R, Cnop M, Canouil M, Baron M, Froguel P, Bonnefond A. Functional genetics reveals the contribution of delta opioid receptor to type 2 diabetes and beta-cell function. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6627. [PMID: 39103322 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional genetics has identified drug targets for metabolic disorders. Opioid use impacts metabolic homeostasis, although mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we explore the OPRD1 gene (encoding delta opioid receptor, DOP) to understand its impact on type 2 diabetes. Large-scale sequencing of OPRD1 and in vitro analysis reveal that loss-of-function variants are associated with higher adiposity and lower hyperglycemia risk, whereas gain-of-function variants are associated with lower adiposity and higher type 2 diabetes risk. These findings align with studies of opium addicts. OPRD1 is expressed in human islets and beta cells, with decreased expression under type 2 diabetes conditions. DOP inhibition by an antagonist enhances insulin secretion from human beta cells and islets. RNA-sequencing identifies pathways regulated by DOP antagonism, including nerve growth factor, circadian clock, and nuclear receptor pathways. Our study highlights DOP as a key player between opioids and metabolic homeostasis, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Meulebrouck
- Université de Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Judith Merrheim
- Université de Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Gurvan Queniat
- Université de Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Cyril Bourouh
- Université de Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Mehdi Derhourhi
- Université de Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Mathilde Boissel
- Université de Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Xiaoyan Yi
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alaa Badreddine
- Université de Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Raphaël Boutry
- Université de Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Audrey Leloire
- Université de Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Bénédicte Toussaint
- Université de Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Souhila Amanzougarene
- Université de Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Emmanuel Vaillant
- Université de Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Durand
- Université de Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Hélène Loiselle
- Université de Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Marlène Huyvaert
- Université de Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Aurélie Dechaume
- Université de Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Victoria Scherrer
- Université de Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Islet Cell Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Beverley Balkau
- Paris-Saclay University, Paris-Sud University, UVSQ, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Inserm U1018 Clinical Epidemiology, Villejuif, France
| | - Guillaume Charpentier
- CERITD (Centre d'Étude et de Recherche pour l'Intensification du Traitement du Diabète), Evry, France
| | - Sylvia Franc
- CERITD (Centre d'Étude et de Recherche pour l'Intensification du Traitement du Diabète), Evry, France
- Department of Diabetes, Sud-Francilien Hospital, Paris-Sud University, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Michel Marre
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Inserm, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Clinique Ambroise Paré, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
| | - Ronan Roussel
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Inserm, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Department of Diabetology Endocrinology Nutrition, Hôpital Bichat, DHU FIRE, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Scharfmann
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Endocrinology, ULB Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mickaël Canouil
- Université de Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Morgane Baron
- Université de Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Université de Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France.
- Department of Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- Université de Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France.
- Department of Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Kaya-Akyüzlü D, Özkan-Kotiloğlu S, Danışman M, Bal C, Oğur B, İspir GZ. OPRD1 rs569356 polymorphism has an effect on plasma norbuprenorphine levels and dose/kg-normalized norbuprenorphine values in individuals with opioid use disorder. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 100:104143. [PMID: 37146669 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of nine OPRM1, OPRD1 and OPRK1 polymorphisms on plasma BUP and norbuprenorphine (norBUP) concentrations and various treatment responses in a sample of 122 patients receiving BUP/naloxone. Plasma concentrations of BUP and norBUP were detected by LC-MS/MS. PCR-RFLP method was used to genotype polymorphisms. OPRD1 rs569356 GG had significantly lower plasma norBUP concentration (p=0.018), dose- (p=0.049) and dose/kg-normalized norBUP values (p=0.036) compared with AA. Craving and withdrawal symptoms were significantly higher in OPRD1 rs569356 AG+GG relative to AA. There was a statistically significant difference between the OPRD1 rs678849 genotypes in the intensity of anxiety (13.5 for CT+TT and 7.5 for TT). OPRM1 rs648893 TT (18.8±10.8) was significantly different to CC+CT (14.82±11.3; p=0.049) in view of the intensity of depression. This current study provides the first data on a prominent effect of the OPRD1 rs569356 variation on BUP pharmacology due to its metabolite norBUP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selin Özkan-Kotiloğlu
- Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kırşehir, Türkiye
| | - Mustafa Danışman
- Ankara Training and Research Hospital AMATEM Clinic, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Ceylan Bal
- Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Begüm Oğur
- Ankara Training and Research Hospital AMATEM Clinic, Ankara, Türkiye
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Ayuso P, Macías Y, Gómez-Tabales J, García-Martín E, Agúndez JAG. Molecular monitoring of patient response to painkiller drugs. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2022; 22:545-558. [PMID: 35733288 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2093638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids are widely prescribed for the treatment of mild to severe pain. Wide interindividual variability regarding the analgesic efficacy and adverse reactions to these drugs (ADRs) exist, although the mechanisms responsible for these ADRs are not well understood. AREAS COVERED We provide an overview of the clinical impact of variants in genes related to the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of painkillers, as well as those associated with the susceptibility to ADRs. Also, we discuss the current pharmacogenetic-guided treatment recommendations for the therapeutic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids. EXPERT OPINION In the light of the data analyzed, common variants in genes involved in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics processes may partially explain the lack of response to painkiller treatment and the occurrence of adverse drug reactions. The implementation of high-throughput sequencing technologies may help to unveil the role of rare variants as considerable contributors to explaining the interindividual variability in drug response. Furthermore, a consensus between the diverse pharmacogenetic guidelines is necessary to extend the implementation of pharmacogenetic-guided prescription in daily clinical practice. Additionally, the physiologically-based pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics modeling techniques may contribute to the improvement of these guidelines and facilitate clinicians drug dose adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ayuso
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, UEx. ARADyAL, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Yolanda Macías
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, UEx. ARADyAL, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez-Tabales
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, UEx. ARADyAL, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Elena García-Martín
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, UEx. ARADyAL, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cáceres, Spain
| | - José A G Agúndez
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, UEx. ARADyAL, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cáceres, Spain
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Hriatpuii V, Sema HP, Vankhuma C, Iyer M, Subramaniam MD, Rao KRSS, Vellingiri B, Kumar NS. Association of OPRM1 with addiction: a review on drug, alcohol and smoking addiction in worldwide population. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Drugs are chemicals which can disrupt the nerve cell functions of the brain. The present study aims to investigate the addiction related gene (OPRM1) in three types of addiction—drugs, alcohol and smoking. Pathway for the addiction was ascertained through KEGG database, and the hotspot mutations for various populations were identified from Gnomad-exomes database. In silico analyses like SIFT, Polyphen, Hope, I-mutant and mutation taster were performed to understand the amino acid substitution, protein function, stability and pathogenicity of the variants.
Main body
Addiction-related variants were found in exons 1, 2 and 3, while the exon 4 did not exhibit any addiction related variation. Among all the variants from this gene, rs1799971 (A118G) polymorphism was the most commonly studied variation for addiction in different populations worldwide. Population-wise allele and genotype frequencies, demographic and epidemiological studies have also been performed from different populations, and the possible association of these variants with addiction was evaluated.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that OPRM1 polymorphism impact as pharmacogenetic predictor of response to naltrexone and can also address the genetic predisposition related to addiction in human beings.
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A review of the existing literature on buprenorphine pharmacogenomics. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2020; 21:128-139. [PMID: 33154520 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-020-00198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Buprenorphine is an effective treatment for opioid dependence; however, it demonstrates individual variability in efficacy. Pharmacogenomics may explain this drug response variability and could allow for tailored therapy on an individual basis. The Food and Drug Administration and the Clinical Pharmacogenomics Implementation Consortium have guidelines on pharmacogenomic testing for some opioids (e.g., codeine); however, no guidelines exist for the partial opioid agonist buprenorphine. Pharmacogenomic testing targets for buprenorphine include pharmacodynamic genes like the mu-opioid receptor (MOP receptor) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), as well as the pharmacokinetic genes like the CYP enzymes. In this review we identified genotypes in patients with opioid addiction receiving buprenorphine that may result in altered therapeutic dosing and increased rate of relapse. The OPRM1 A118G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs1799971) gene variant encoding the N40D MOP receptor has been associated with variable efficacy and response to treatment in both adult and neonatal patients receiving buprenorphine for treatment of opioid withdrawal. An SNP associated with rs678849 of OPRD1, coding for the delta opioid receptor, was associated with opioid relapse as indicated by opioid positive urine drug screens; there was also sex specific SNP identified at rs581111 and rs529520 in the European American population. COMT variability, particularly in rs4680, has been associated with length of stay and need for opioid treatment in patients with neonatal abstinence syndrome. Variations of the pharmacokinetic gene for CYP3A4 showed that the ultrarapid metabolizer phenotype required higher doses of buprenorphine. Genotyping of patients may allow us to appropriately tailor buprenorphine therapy to individual patients and lead to improved patient outcomes; however, further research on the pharmacogenomics of buprenorphine is needed.
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Liu B, Wang R, He Y. Functional Study of Polymorphism 1888 C>T in the Promoter Region of Human PLUNC Gene. Am J Med Sci 2020; 361:358-364. [PMID: 33722345 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study showed that a single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of 1888 C>T located at promoter region of human PLUNC gene might affect the susceptibility of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in a Chinese population. This study aims to analyze the effect of the genetic variant on PLUNC promoter activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The DNA fragments of the PLUNC promoter region including the SNP 1888 C>T were obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The recombinant plasmid of the fragment and the pGL3-Enhancer firefly luciferase reporter vector were cloned and identified. Relative luciferase activity (RLA) was measured and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was analyzed. RESULTS Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that luciferase activity of the 1888 T-allele was significantly higher, compared with the C-allele. EMSA experiment proved that the PLUNC gene promoter region SNP 1888 TT genotype had the ability to bind the nucleus protein with the human NPC CEN2 cell, whereas the CC genotype had not. CONCLUSIONS SNP 1888 C>T in the promoter region of PLUNC gene might be a functional mutant locus, indicating that individuals carrying SNP 1888 C-C genotype might be more likely to develop NCP due to the reduced expression of the PLUNC gene. Further functional studies on PLUNC genetic variants are warranted to verify our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beina Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nangning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Nanfang Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Lin H, Wang F, Rosato AJ, Farrer LA, Henderson DC, Zhang H. Prefrontal cortex eQTLs/mQTLs enriched in genetic variants associated with alcohol use disorder and other diseases. Epigenomics 2020; 12:789-800. [PMID: 32496132 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2019-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to investigate the function of genome-wide association study (GWAS)-identified variants associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD)/comorbid psychiatric disorders. Materials & methods: Genome-wide genotype, transcriptome and DNA methylome data were obtained from postmortem prefrontal cortex (PFC) of 48 Caucasians (24 AUD cases/24 controls). Expression/methylation quantitative trait loci (eQTL/mQTL) were identified and their enrichment in GWAS signals for the above disorders were analyzed. Results: PFC cis-eQTLs (923 from cases+controls, 27 from cases and 98 from controls) and cis-mQTLs (9,932 from cases+controls, 264 from cases and 695 from controls) were enriched in GWAS-identified genetic variants for the above disorders. Cis-eQTLs from AUD cases were mapped to morphine addiction-related genes. Conclusion: PFC cis-eQTLs/cis-mQTLs influence gene expression/DNA methylation patterns, thus increasing the disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghuang Lin
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA.,Boston University's & National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, MA, USA
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH, USA
| | - Andrew J Rosato
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Section of Biomedical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA
| | - David C Henderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA.,Section of Biomedical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA
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Cornett EM, Carroll Turpin MA, Pinner A, Thakur P, Sekaran TSG, Siddaiah H, Rivas J, Yates A, Huang GJ, Senthil A, Khurmi N, Miller JL, Stark CW, Urman RD, Kaye AD. Pharmacogenomics of Pain Management: The Impact of Specific Biological Polymorphisms on Drugs and Metabolism. Curr Oncol Rep 2020; 22:18. [PMID: 32030524 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-020-0865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pain is multifactorial and complex, often with a genetic component. Pharmacogenomics is a relative new field, which allows for the development of a truly unique and personalized therapeutic approach in the treatment of pain. RECENT FINDINGS Until recently, drug mechanisms in humans were determined by testing that drug in a population and calculating response averages. However, some patients will inevitably fall outside of those averages, and it is nearly impossible to predict who those outliers might be. Pharmacogenetics considers a patient's unique genetic information and allows for anticipation of that individual's response to medication. Pharmacogenomic testing is steadily making progress in the management of pain by being able to identify individual differences in the perception of pain and susceptibility and sensitivity to drugs based on genetic markers. This has a huge potential to increase efficacy and reduce the incidence of iatrogenic drug dependence and addiction. The streamlining of relevant polymorphisms of genes encoding receptors, transporters, and drug-metabolizing enzymes influencing the pain phenotype can be an important guide to develop safe new strategies and approaches to personalized pain management. Additionally, some challenges still prevail and preclude adoption of pharmacogenomic testing universally. These include lack of knowledge about pharmacogenomic testing, inadequate standardization of the process of data handling, questionable benefits about the clinical and financial aspects of pharmacogenomic testing-guided therapy, discrepancies in clinical evidence supporting these tests, and doubtful reimbursement of the tests by health insurance agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse M Cornett
- Department of Anesthesiology, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA.
| | - Michelle A Carroll Turpin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Houston, Health 2 Building, Room 8037, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Allison Pinner
- Ochsner LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Pankaj Thakur
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | | | - Harish Siddaiah
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Jasmine Rivas
- Department of Family Medicine, ECU Vidant Medical Center, 101 Heart Drive, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Anna Yates
- LSU Health Shreveport School of Medicine, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - G Jason Huang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Anitha Senthil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, 41Mall Road, Burlington, MA, 01805, USA
| | - Narjeet Khurmi
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 5777 East Mayo Boulevard, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Jenna L Miller
- LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Cain W Stark
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Wauwatosa, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Richard D Urman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alan David Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, 1501 Kings Hwy, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
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9
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Candidate gene analyses for acute pain and morphine analgesia after pediatric day surgery: African American versus European Caucasian ancestry and dose prediction limits. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2019; 19:570-581. [PMID: 30760877 PMCID: PMC6693985 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-019-0074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute pain and opioid analgesia demonstrate inter-individual variability and polygenic influence. In 241 children of African American and 277 of European Caucasian ancestry, we sought to replicate select candidate gene associations with morphine dose and postoperative pain and then to estimate dose prediction limits. Twenty-seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from nine genes (ABCB1, ARRB2, COMT, DRD2, KCNJ6, MC1R, OPRD1, OPRM1, and UGT2B7) met selection criteria and were analyzed along with TAOK3. Few associations replicated: morphine dose (mcg/kg) in African American children and ABCB1 rs1045642 (A allele, β = -9.30, 95% CI: -17.25 to -1.35, p = 0.02) and OPRM1 rs1799971 (G allele, β = 23.19, 95% CI: 3.27-43.11, p = 0.02); KCNJ6 rs2211843 and high pain in African American subjects (T allele, OR 2.08, 95% CI: 1.17-3.71, p = 0.01) and in congruent European Caucasian pain phenotypes; and COMT rs740603 for high pain in European Caucasian subjects (A allele, OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.48-0.99, p = 0.046). With age, body mass index, and physical status as covariates, simple top SNP candidate gene models could explain theoretical maximums of 24.2% (European Caucasian) and 14.6% (African American) of morphine dose variances.
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10
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Burns JA, Kroll DS, Feldman DE, Kure Liu C, Manza P, Wiers CE, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. Molecular Imaging of Opioid and Dopamine Systems: Insights Into the Pharmacogenetics of Opioid Use Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:626. [PMID: 31620026 PMCID: PMC6759955 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use in the United States has steadily risen since the 1990s, along with staggering increases in addiction and overdose fatalities. With this surge in prescription and illicit opioid abuse, it is paramount to understand the genetic risk factors and neuropsychological effects of opioid use disorder (OUD). Polymorphisms disrupting the opioid and dopamine systems have been associated with increased risk for developing substance use disorders. Molecular imaging studies have revealed how these polymorphisms impact the brain and contribute to cognitive and behavioral differences across individuals. Here, we review the current molecular imaging literature to assess how genetic variations in the opioid and dopamine systems affect function in the brain's reward, cognition, and stress pathways, potentially resulting in vulnerabilities to OUD. Continued research of the functional consequences of genetic variants and corresponding alterations in neural mechanisms will inform prevention and treatment of OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Burns
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Danielle S Kroll
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dana E Feldman
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Peter Manza
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
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de Oliveira Pereira Ribeiro L, Vargas-Pinilla P, Kappel DB, Longo D, Ranzan J, Becker MM, dos Santos Riesgo R, Schuler-Faccini L, Roman T, Schuch JB. Evidence for Association Between OXTR Gene and ASD Clinical Phenotypes. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 65:213-221. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
A significant number of commonly administered medications in anesthesia show wide clinical interpatient variability. Some of these include neuromuscular blockers, opioids, local anesthetics, and inhalation anesthetics. Individual genetic makeup may account for and predict cardiovascular outcomes after cardiac surgery. These interactions can manifest at any point in the perioperative period and may also only affect a specific system. A better understanding of pharmacogenomics will allow for more individually tailored anesthetics and may ultimately lead to better outcomes, decreased hospital stays, and improved patient satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey Saba
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, LSU Health Science Center, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, 1542 Tulane Avenue, Room 659, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Richard D Urman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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13
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Abstract
There is interpatient variability to analgesic administration. Much can be traced to pharmacogenomics variations between individuals. Certain ethnicities are more prone to reduced function of CYP2D6. Weak opioids are subject to interpatient variation based on their CYP2D6 type. Strong opioids have variations based on their transport and individual metabolism. Several cytochrome enzymes have been found to be involved with ketamine but there is no strong evidence of individual polymorphisms manifesting in clinical outcomes. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have adverse outcomes that certain CYP variants are more prone toward. There are now recommendations for dosing based on specific genomic makeup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey Saba
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, LSU Health Science Center, 1542 Tulane Avenue, Room 659, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Richard D Urman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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14
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Rana M, Coshic P, Goswami R, Tyagi RK. Influence of a critical single nucleotide polymorphism on nuclear receptor PXR-promoter function. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:570-576. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manjul Rana
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi 110067 India
| | - Poonam Coshic
- Department of Transfusion Medicine; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi 110029 India
| | - Ravinder Goswami
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi 110029 India
| | - Rakesh K. Tyagi
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi 110067 India
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15
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Sharafshah A, Fazel H, Albonaim A, Omarmeli V, Rezaei S, Mirzajani E, Ajamian F, Keshavarz P. Association of OPRD1 Gene Variants with Opioid Dependence in Addicted Male Individuals Undergoing Methadone Treatment in the North of Iran. J Psychoactive Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1290303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sharafshah
- Master’s Student, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Master’s Student, Genetic Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hedyeh Fazel
- Master’s Student, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ali Albonaim
- Master’s Student, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Master’s Student, Genetic Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Vahid Omarmeli
- Master’s Student, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Master’s Student, Genetic Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sajjad Rezaei
- Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Mirzajani
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farzam Ajamian
- Assistant Professor in Molecular Genetics and Engineering, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences (FA), University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Keshavarz
- Associate Professor, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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16
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Crist RC, Clarke TK. OPRD1 Genetic Variation and Human Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 247:131-145. [PMID: 28035534 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The OPRD1 gene encodes the delta-opioid receptor, which has multiple functions including regulating reward pathways. The gene contains more than 2,000 verified genetic variants but only 2 currently have evidence for specific functions: rs1042114 disrupts maturation of the receptor and rs569356 affects OPRD1 expression. These polymorphisms and others in the gene have been found to be associated with human diseases. The most reproducible data are associations between opioid addiction and three variants in intron 1 (rs2236861, rs2236857, and rs3766951), which have been described in a number of independent populations. Several publications also point toward an association between anorexia and a haplotype block containing rs569356 and rs533123. Unfortunately the mechanisms underlying these two effects are currently unknown. In contrast, rs1042114 has been linked to Alzheimer's disease through an increasingly well-defined mechanism by which the variant allele reduces production of the beta-amyloid plaques associated with the disease. Additional studies of OPRD1 variants are necessary to replicate current findings and to delineate the functional roles of relevant polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Crist
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 125 South 31st Street, Room 2207, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Toni-Kim Clarke
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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17
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Stevens CW. Bioinformatics and evolution of vertebrate nociceptin and opioid receptors. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2015; 97:57-94. [PMID: 25677768 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are ancestrally related membrane proteins on cells that mediate the pharmacological effect of most drugs and neurotransmitters. GPCRs are the largest group of membrane receptor proteins encoded in the human genome. One of the most famous types of GPCRs is the opioid receptors. Opioid family receptors consist of four closely related proteins expressed in all vertebrate brains and spinal cords examined to date. The three classical types of opioid receptors shown unequivocally to mediate analgesia in animal models and in humans are the mu- (MOR), delta- (DOR), and kappa-(KOR) opioid receptor proteins. The fourth and most recent member of the opioid receptor family discovered is the nociceptin or orphanin FQ receptor (ORL). The role of ORL and its ligands in producing analgesia is not as clear, with both analgesic and hyperalgesic effects reported. All four opioid family receptor genes were cloned from expressed mRNA in a number of vertebrate species, and there are enough sequences presently available to carry out bioinformatic analysis. This chapter presents the results of a comparative analysis of vertebrate opioid receptors using pharmacological studies, bioinformatics, and the latest data from human whole-genome studies. Results confirm our initial hypotheses that the four opioid receptor genes most likely arose by whole-genome duplication, that there is an evolutionary vector of opioid receptor type divergence in sequence and function, and that the hMOR gene shows evidence of positive selection or adaptive evolution in Homo sapiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W Stevens
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.
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Sobczak M, Sałaga M, Storr MA, Fichna J. Physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of opioid receptors and their ligands in the gastrointestinal tract: current concepts and future perspectives. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:24-45. [PMID: 23397116 PMCID: PMC3895212 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-013-0753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Opioid receptors are widely distributed in the human body and are crucially involved in numerous physiological processes. These include pain signaling in the central and the peripheral nervous system, reproduction, growth, respiration, and immunological response. Opioid receptors additionally play a major role in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. This review discusses the physiology and pharmacology of the opioid system in the GI tract. We additionally focus on GI disorders and malfunctions, where pathophysiology involves the endogenous opioid system, such as opioid-induced bowel dysfunction, opioid-induced constipation or abdominal pain. Based on recent reports in the field of pharmacology and medicinal chemistry, we will also discuss the opportunities of targeting the opioid system, suggesting future treatment options for functional disorders and inflammatory states of the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sobczak
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Sałaga
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Martin A. Storr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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An intronic variant in OPRD1 predicts treatment outcome for opioid dependence in African-Americans. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:2003-10. [PMID: 23612435 PMCID: PMC3746708 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although buprenorphine and methadone are both effective treatments for opioid dependence, their efficacy can vary significantly among patients. Genetic differences may explain some of the variability in treatment outcome. Understanding the interactions between genetic background and pharmacotherapy may result in more informed treatment decisions. This study is a pharmacogenetic analysis of the effects of genetic variants in OPRD1, the gene encoding the δ-opioid receptor, on the prevalence of opioid-positive urine tests in African-Americans (n=77) or European-Americans (n=566) undergoing treatment for opioid dependence. Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with either methadone or buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone) over a 24-week open-label clinical trial, in which illicit opioid use was measured by weekly urinalysis. In African-Americans, the intronic SNP rs678849 predicted treatment outcome for both medications. Methadone patients with the CC genotype were less likely to have opioid-positive urine tests than those in the combined CT and TT genotypes group (relative risk (RR)=0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.44-0.60, p=0.001). In the buprenorphine treatment group, however, individuals with the CC genotype were more likely to have positive opioid drug screens than individuals in the combined CT and TT genotypes group (RR=2.17, 95% CI=1.95-2.68, p=0.008). These findings indicate that the genotype at rs678849 predicts African-American patient response to two common treatments for opioid dependence, suggesting that matching patients to treatment type based on the genotype at this locus may improve overall treatment efficacy. This observation requires confirmation in an independent population.
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Li C, Yu Q, Han L, Wang C, Chu N, Liu S. The hURAT1 rs559946 polymorphism and the incidence of gout in Han Chinese men. Scand J Rheumatol 2013; 43:35-42. [PMID: 23981340 DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2013.808375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our previous study identified rs559946, a human urate transporter 1 (hURAT1) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), as being significantly associated with risk of primary hyperuricaemia (HUA) in a Han Chinese population. In the current study we aimed to identify the genetic effects of rs559946 on gout susceptibility in Han Chinese men. METHOD A total of 335 patients with gout and 376 healthy controls were recruited for a case-control association study. To examine the functional effect of rs559946, we performed luciferase reporter assays and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). RESULTS rs559946 was found to be significantly associated with gout susceptibility (p = 0.004), with T-allele carriers showing a decreased risk of gout [odds ratio (OR) 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55-0.89]. Multiple linear regression analysis identified a significant association between rs559946 genotypes and tophi. Luciferase reporter assays show increased transcriptional activity of the hURAT1 promoter with the C allele of rs559946. EMSA detected binding of nuclear proteins to both the T and C alleles, although increased binding was observed with the T allele. Cold competition assays suggest that rs559946 may bind within a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding motif. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the rs559946 polymorphism is associated with increased HUA risk and may also contribute to gout development in Han Chinese men. The T to C substitution within rs559946 increased the transcriptional activity, and potentially increases gout susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College , Qingdao , China
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Fareed M, Afzal M. Single nucleotide polymorphism in genome-wide association of human population: A tool for broad spectrum service. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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22
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The genetics of the opioid system and specific drug addictions. Hum Genet 2012; 131:823-42. [PMID: 22547174 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Addiction to drugs is a chronic, relapsing brain disease that has major medical, social, and economic complications. It has been established that genetic factors contribute to the vulnerability to develop drug addiction and to the effectiveness of its treatment. Identification of these factors may increase our understanding of the disorders, help in the development of new treatments and advance personalized medicine. In this review, we will describe the genetics of the major genes of the opioid system (opioid receptors and their endogenous ligands) in connection to addiction to opioids, cocaine, alcohol and methamphetamines. Particular emphasis is given to association and functional studies of specific variants. We will provide information on the sample populations and the size of each study, as well as a list of the variants implicated in association with addiction-related phenotypes, and with the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for addiction.
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Abstract
Opioid receptors have been targeted for the treatment of pain and related disorders for thousands of years and remain the most widely used analgesics in the clinic. Mu (μ), kappa (κ), and delta (δ) opioid receptors represent the originally classified receptor subtypes, with opioid receptor like-1 (ORL1) being the least characterized. All four receptors are G-protein coupled and activate inhibitory G proteins. These receptors form homo- and heterodimeric complexes and signal to kinase cascades and scaffold a variety of proteins.The authors discuss classic mechanisms and developments in understanding opioid tolerance and opioid receptor signaling and highlight advances in opioid molecular pharmacology, behavioral pharmacology, and human genetics. The authors put into context how opioid receptor signaling leads to the modulation of behavior with the potential for therapeutic intervention. Finally, the authors conclude there is a continued need for more translational work on opioid receptors in vivo.
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Delta opioid receptor analgesia: recent contributions from pharmacology and molecular approaches. Behav Pharmacol 2011; 22:405-14. [PMID: 21836459 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32834a1f2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Delta opioid receptors represent a promising target for the development of novel analgesics. A number of tools have been developed recently that have significantly improved our knowledge of δ receptor function in pain control. These include several novel δ agonists with potent analgesic properties, and genetic mouse models with targeted mutations in the δ opioid receptor gene. Also, recent findings have further documented the regulation of δ receptor function at cellular level, which impacts on the pain-reducing activity of the receptor. These regulatory mechanisms occur at transcriptional and post-translational levels, along agonist-induced receptor activation, signaling and trafficking, or in interaction with other receptors and neuromodulatory systems. All these tools for in-vivo research, and proposed mechanisms at molecular level, have tremendously increased our understanding of δ receptor physiology, and contribute to designing innovative strategies for the treatment of chronic pain and other diseases such as mood disorders.
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-third consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2010 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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Abstract
Patient phenotypes in pharmacological pain treatment varies between individuals, which could be partly assigned to their genotypes regarding the targets of classical analgesics (OPRM1, PTGS2) or associated signalling pathways (KCNJ6). Translational and genetic research have identified new targets, for which new analgesics are being developed. This addresses voltage-gated sodium, calcium and potassium channels, for which SCN9A, CACNA1B, KCNQ2 and KCNQ3, respectively, are primary gene candidates because they code for the subunits of the respective channels targeted by analgesics currently in clinical development. Mutations in voltage gated transient receptor potential (TRPV) channels are known from genetic pain research and may modulate the effects of analgesics under development targeting TRPV1 or TRPV3. To this add ligand-gated ion channels including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, ionotropic glutamate-gated receptors and ATP-gated purinergic P2X receptors with most important subunits coded by CHRNA4, GRIN2B and P2RX7. Among G protein coupled receptors, δ-opioid receptors (coded by OPRD1), cannabinoid receptors (CNR1 and CNR2), metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR5 coded by GRM5), bradykinin B(1) (BDKRB1) and 5-HT(1A) (HTR1A) receptors are targeted by new analgesic substances. Finally, nerve growth factor (NGFB), its tyrosine kinase receptor (NTRK1) and the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) have become targets of interest. For most of these genes, functional variants have been associated with neuro-psychiatric disorders and not yet with analgesia. However, research on the genetic modulation of pain has already identified variants in these genes, relative to pain, which may facilitate the pharmacogenetic assessments of new analgesics. The increased number of candidate pharmacogenetic modulators of analgesic actions may open opportunities for the broader clinical implementation of genotyping information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Lötsch
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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