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Stream A, Corriden R, Döhrmann S, Gallo RL, Nizet V, Anderson EL. The Effect of Retinoic Acid on Neutrophil Innate Immune Interactions With Cutaneous Bacterial Pathogens. INFECTIOUS MICROBES & DISEASES 2024; 6:65-73. [PMID: 38952747 PMCID: PMC11216695 DOI: 10.1097/im9.0000000000000145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Vitamin A and its biologically active derivative, retinoic acid (RA), are important for many immune processes. RA, in particular, is essential for the development of immune cells, including neutrophils, which serve as a front-line defense against infection. While vitamin A deficiency has been linked to higher susceptibility to infections, the precise role of vitamin A/RA in host-pathogen interactions remains poorly understood. Here, we provided evidence that RA boosts neutrophil killing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). RA treatment stimulated primary human neutrophils to produce reactive oxygen species, neutrophil extracellular traps, and the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin (LL-37). Because RA treatment was insufficient to reduce MRSA burden in an in vivo murine model of skin infection, we expanded our analysis to other infectious agents. RA did not affect the growth of a number of common bacterial pathogens, including MRSA, Escherichia coli K1 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; however, RA directly inhibited the growth of group A Streptococcus (GAS). This antimicrobial effect, likely in combination with RA-mediated neutrophil boosting, resulted in substantial GAS killing in neutrophil killing assays conducted in the presence of RA. Furthermore, in a murine model of GAS skin infection, topical RA treatment showed therapeutic potential by reducing both skin lesion size and bacterial burden. These findings suggest that RA may hold promise as a therapeutic agent against GAS and perhaps other clinically significant human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Stream
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ross Corriden
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Simon Döhrmann
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Richard L. Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 3, USA
| | - Ericka L. Anderson
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
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2
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Kiecka A, Macura B, Szczepanik M. Modulation of allergic contact dermatitis via gut microbiota modified by diet, vitamins, probiotics, prebiotics, and antibiotics. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:236-248. [PMID: 36729361 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is one of the most common recorded occupational diseases. There are many different substances that the skin comes into contact with on a daily basis and that can cause ACD, e.g., preservatives, surfactants, and antimicrobial agents. The development of a mouse model of ACD has provided insight into the immune mechanisms involved. Drugs used in the treatment of skin diseases have many side effects. Therefore, alternative methods of suppressing the immune response to reduce the symptoms of skin diseases are being sought. In recent years, high hopes have been placed on dietary modulation and supplementation to affect the intestinal microbial composition and promote anti-inflammatory responses. In addition, other studies have shown the crucial role of intestinal microbiota in many immune-mediated diseases. Recognition and characterization of pro- and anti-inflammatory nutrients and supplements may be crucial to support the treatment of diseases such as atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, psoriasis, and allergic contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Kiecka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7a, 31-034, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Barbara Macura
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7a, 31-034, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marian Szczepanik
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7a, 31-034, Kraków, Poland
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3
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Xiao W, Chen M, Peng Q, Sha K, Liu T, Xia J, Xie H, Li J, Xu S, Deng Z. Lithocholic acid promotes rosacea-like skin inflammation via G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166563. [PMID: 36174876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder with unclear etiology. Evidence showed that immunoinflammatory dysregulation was involved in the pathogenesis. Bile acids, as important participants of hepatoenteric circulation, play a vital role in immunoinflammatory regulation through peripheral blood circulation. However, whether it has effects on rosacea remains unknown. METHODS Here, we performed a bile acid analysis on the serum samples of rosacea patients and healthy controls. Then we gavage G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5) knockout mice with lithocholic acid (LCA) based on a LL37-induced rosacea-like model. We further overexpress TGR5 in HaCaT keratinocytes to figure out the downstream pathway. RESULTS We found varied bile acid profile in the peripheral blood circulation of patients, especially the most significant increase in LCA. LCA promoted skin inflammation in LL37-induced rosacea-like mouse model. Our in vivo and in vitro results further demonstrated that LCA induced inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, thus exacerbated rosacea-like skin inflammation, via TGR5 in keratinocytes and LL37-induced rosacea-like mouse model. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, we conclude that LCA promotes skin inflammation of rosacea via TGR5, and LCA-TGR5 axis may be a novel therapeutic target for rosacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqin Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan key laboratory of aging biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengting Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan key laboratory of aging biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qinqin Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan key laboratory of aging biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke Sha
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan key laboratory of aging biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tangxiele Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan key laboratory of aging biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jialin Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongfu Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan key laboratory of aging biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan key laboratory of aging biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - San Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan key laboratory of aging biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Zhili Deng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan key laboratory of aging biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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4
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Understanding Mammalian Hair Follicle Ecosystems by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182409. [PMID: 36139270 PMCID: PMC9495062 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Single-cell sequencing technology can reflect cell population heterogeneity at the single-cell level, leading to a better understanding of the role of individual cells in the microenvironment. Over the past few years, single-cell sequencing technology has not only made more new discoveries in the study of cellular heterogeneity of other rare cells such as stem cells, but has also become the most powerful research method for embryonic development, organ differentiation, cancer occurrence, and cell mapping. In this review, we outline the use of scRNA-seq in hair follicles. In particular, by focusing on landmark studies and the recent discovery of novel subpopulations of hair follicles, we summarize the phenotypic diversity of hair follicle cells and their links to hair follicle morphogenesis. Enhancing our understanding of the progress of hair follicle research will help to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms that determine the fate of different types of cells in the hair follicle, thereby guiding hair loss treatment and hair-producing economic animal breeding research. Abstract Single-cell sequencing technology can fully reflect the heterogeneity of cell populations at the single cell level, making it possible for us to re-recognize various tissues and organs. At present, the sequencing study of hair follicles is transiting from the traditional ordinary transcriptome level to the single cell level, which will provide diverse insights into the function of hair follicle cells. This review focuses on research advances in the hair follicle microenvironment obtained from scRNA-seq studies of major cell types in hair follicle development, with a special emphasis on the discovery of new subpopulations of hair follicles by single-cell techniques. We also discuss the problems and current solutions in scRNA-seq observation and look forward to its prospects.
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Chopra D, Arens RA, Amornpairoj W, Lowes MA, Tomic-Canic M, Strbo N, Lev-Tov H, Pastar I. Innate immunity and microbial dysbiosis in hidradenitis suppurativa - vicious cycle of chronic inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:960488. [PMID: 35967376 PMCID: PMC9368759 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.960488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory skin disease with incompletely understood mechanisms of disease pathology. HS is characterized by aberrant activation of the innate immune system, resulting in activation of pathways that aim to protect against pathogenic microorganisms, and also contribute to failure to resolve inflammation. Imbalance in innate immunity is evident in deregulation of host antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and the complement system associated with the microbiome dysbiosis. The pathology is further complicated by ability of pathogens associated with HS to overcome host immune response. Potential roles of major AMPs, cathelicidin, defensins, dermcidin, S100 proteins, RNAse 7 and complement proteins are discussed. Dysregulated expression pattern of innate immunity components in conjunction with bacterial component of the disease warrants consideration of novel treatment approaches targeting both host immunity and pathogenic microbiome in HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Chopra
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Rachel A. Arens
- College of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Watcharee Amornpairoj
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Michelle A. Lowes
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Natasa Strbo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Hadar Lev-Tov
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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6
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Morizane S, Sunagawa K, Nomura H, Ouchida M. Aberrant serine protease activities in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 2022; 107:2-7. [PMID: 35817663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease; the three major factors responsible for AD, i.e., epidermal barrier dysfunction, allergic inflammation, and itching, interact with each other to form a pathological condition. Excessive protease activities are characteristic abnormalities that affect the epidermal barrier in patients with AD. In normal skin, epidermal serine protease activities are controlled by kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) and their inhibitors, including lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor (LEKTI). In AD lesions, KLKs are excessively expressed, which results in the enhancement of epidermal serine protease activities and facilitates the invasion by allergens and microorganisms. In addition, some KLKs can activate protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in epidermal keratinocytes and peripheral nerves, resulting in the induction of inflammation and itching. Furthermore, in AD patients with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) such as E420K and D386N of SPINK5 which encodes LEKTI, LEKTI function is attenuated, resulting in the activation of KLKs and easy invasion by allergens and microorganisms. Further analysis is needed to elucidate the detailed mechanism underlying the control of serine protease activities, which may lead to the development of new therapeutic and prophylactic agents for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Morizane
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan.
| | - Ko Sunagawa
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Hayato Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Mamoru Ouchida
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
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7
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Blair JMA, Zeth K, Bavro VN, Sancho-Vaello E. The role of bacterial transport systems in the removal of host antimicrobial peptides in Gram-negative bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:6617596. [PMID: 35749576 PMCID: PMC9629497 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global issue that threatens our progress in healthcare and life expectancy. In recent years, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been considered as promising alternatives to the classic antibiotics. AMPs are potentially superior due to their lower rate of resistance development, since they primarily target the bacterial membrane ('Achilles' heel' of the bacteria). However, bacteria have developed mechanisms of AMP resistance, including the removal of AMPs to the extracellular space by efflux pumps such as the MtrCDE or AcrAB-TolC systems, and the internalization of AMPs to the cytoplasm by the Sap transporter, followed by proteolytic digestion. In this review, we focus on AMP transport as a resistance mechanism compiling all the experimental evidence for the involvement of efflux in AMP resistance in Gram-negative bacteria and combine this information with the analysis of the structures of the efflux systems involved. Finally, we expose some open questions with the aim of arousing the interest of the scientific community towards the AMPs-efflux pumps interactions. All the collected information broadens our understanding of AMP removal by efflux pumps and gives some clues to assist the rational design of AMP-derivatives as inhibitors of the efflux pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M A Blair
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Kornelius Zeth
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Vassiliy N Bavro
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Enea Sancho-Vaello
- Corresponding author. College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom. E-mail:
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8
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Zani MB, Sant'Ana AM, Tognato RC, Chagas JR, Puzer L. Human Tissue Kallikreins-Related Peptidases Are Targets for the Treatment of Skin Desquamation Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:777619. [PMID: 35356049 PMCID: PMC8959125 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.777619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tissue Kallikrein-related peptidases (hKLKs) are serine proteases distributed in several tissues that are involved in several biological processes. In skin, many are responsible for skin desquamation in the Stratum Corneum (SC) of the epidermis, specially hKLK5, hKLK7, hKLK6, hKLK8, and hKLK14. In SC, hKLKs cleave proteins of corneodesmosomes, an important structure responsible to maintain corneocytes attached. As part of skin desquamation, hKLKs are also involved in skin diseases with abnormal desquamation and inflammation, such as Atopic Dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, and the rare disease Netherton Syndrome (NS). Many studies point to hKLK overexpression or overactive in skin diseases, and they are also part of the natural skin inflammation process, through the PAR2 cleavage pathway. Therefore, the control of hKLK activity may offer successful treatments for skin diseases, improving the quality of life in patients. Diseases like AD, Psoriasis, and NS have an impact on social life, causing pain, itchy and mental disorders. In this review, we address the molecular mechanisms of skin desquamation, emphasizing the roles of human tissue Kallikrein-related peptidases, and the promising therapies targeting the inhibition of hKLKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo B. Zani
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Aquiles M. Sant'Ana
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Rafael C. Tognato
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Jair R. Chagas
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Puzer
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Luciano Puzer
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9
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Liu T, Li J, Deng Z, Chen M, Sha K, Xiao W, Xie H, Zhao Z. Increased serum levels of CCL3, CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL10 in rosacea patients and their correlation with disease severity. J Dermatol 2022; 49:525-533. [PMID: 35233832 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rosacea is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease involving millions of patients worldwide. Previous studies have highlighted the upregulation of a variety of chemokines in the skin lesions of both rosacea patient and rosacea-like mouse model. However, the serum levels of these chemokines and their clinical significance have not been explored before. In this study, we aimed at examining the serum levels of a series of chemokines (including CCL2, CCL3, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL12) implicated in rosacea and their correlation with disease severity. Bio-Plex Pro Human Chemokine Assays were used to measure the serum levels of these chemokines. Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) was applied for assessing the papules/pustules of rosacea patients, while persistent erythema was evaluated by the Clinician's Erythema Assessment (CEA). Our results revealed that the serum concentration of CCL3, CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL10 were markedly elevated in rosacea patients compared to healthy controls. Among them, the levels of CCL3, CXCL8, and CXCL9 were positively correlated with the IGA score, while serum CXCL9 and CXCL10 were positively related with the CEA score of rosacea patients. What's more, the expression of the corresponding receptors of CCL3 (Ccr1), CXCL8 (Cxcr1 and Cxcr2), CXCL9, and CXCL10 (Cxcr3) were all significantly increased in the skin lesions of rosacea-like mouse model with CXCR2 and CXCR3 highly expressed in rosacea patient skins. Our results indicated that CCL3, CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL10 might potentially serve as serum indicators for rosacea and could assist the severity evaluation of disease. Findings in this study would also potentially help to develop new targeted therapies for rosacea in future. © 2022 Japanese Dermatological Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangxiele Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhili Deng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengting Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke Sha
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenqin Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongfu Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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10
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Sotiropoulou G, Zingkou E, Pampalakis G. Reconstructing the epidermal proteolytic cascades in health and disease. J Pathol 2022; 257:545-560. [PMID: 35218558 DOI: 10.1002/path.5888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is the outer stratified epithelium of the skin, forming the physical barrier that is indispensable for homeostasis. Epidermal proteolysis, mainly but not exclusively executed by kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs), is tightly regulated to ensure maintenance of physiological skin renewal and an intact skin barrier. Perturbation of epidermal proteolytic networks is implicated in a wide array of rare and common skin pathologies of diverse genetic backgrounds. Recent studies of monogenic human skin diseases and newly developed animal models have revealed new mechanisms of regulation of proteolytic pathways in epidermal physiology and in disease states. These new data have challenged some accepted views, for example the role of matriptase in epidermal desquamation, which turned out to be restricted to mouse skin. The significance of PAR2 signaling in skin inflammation should also be reconsidered in the face of recent findings. Cumulatively, recent studies necessitate a sophisticated redefinition of the proteolytic and signaling pathways that operate in human skin. We elaborate how epidermal proteolysis is finely regulated at multiple levels, and in a spatial manner that was not taken into consideration so far, in which specific proteases are confined to distinct epidermal sublayers. Of interest, transglutaminases have emerged as regulators of epidermal proteolysis and desquamation by spatially fixing endogenous protease inhibitors, constituting regulatory factors that were not recognized before. Furthermore, new evidence suggests a link between proteolysis and lipid metabolism. By synthesis of established notions and recent discoveries, we provide an up-to-date critical parathesis of current knowledge and the extended complexity of proteolysis regulation and signaling pathways in skin. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece
| | - Eleni Zingkou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece
| | - Georgios Pampalakis
- Department of Pharmacology-Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 541 24, Greece
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11
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Rumpret M, von Richthofen HJ, van der Linden M, Westerlaken GHA, Talavera Ormeño C, van Strijp JAG, Landau M, Ovaa H, van Sorge NM, Meyaard L. Signal inhibitory receptor on leukocytes-1 recognizes bacterial and endogenous amphipathic α-helical peptides. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21875. [PMID: 34533845 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100812r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Signal inhibitory receptor on leukocytes-1 (SIRL-1) is a negative regulator of myeloid cell function and dampens antimicrobial responses. We here show that different species of the genus Staphylococcus secrete SIRL-1-engaging factors. By screening a library of single-gene transposon mutants in Staphylococcus aureus, we identified these factors as phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs). PSMs are amphipathic α-helical peptides involved in multiple aspects of staphylococcal virulence and physiology. They are cytotoxic and activate the chemotactic formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) on immune cells. Human cathelicidin LL-37 is also an amphipathic α-helical peptide with antimicrobial and chemotactic activities, structurally and functionally similar to α-type PSMs. We demonstrate that α-type PSMs from multiple staphylococcal species as well as human cathelicidin LL-37 activate SIRL-1, suggesting that SIRL-1 recognizes α-helical peptides with an amphipathic arrangement of hydrophobicity, although we were not able to show direct binding to SIRL-1. Upon rational peptide design, we identified artificial peptides in which the capacity to ligate SIRL-1 is segregated from cytotoxic and FPR2-activating properties, allowing specific engagement of SIRL-1. In conclusion, we propose staphylococcal PSMs and human LL-37 as a potential new class of natural ligands for SIRL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matevž Rumpret
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Helen J von Richthofen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van der Linden
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geertje H A Westerlaken
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cami Talavera Ormeño
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jos A G van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Meytal Landau
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nina M van Sorge
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linde Meyaard
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Zeth K, Sancho-Vaello E. Structural Plasticity of LL-37 Indicates Elaborate Functional Adaptation Mechanisms to Bacterial Target Structures. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105200. [PMID: 34068993 PMCID: PMC8156758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cathelicidin LL-37 is a multifunctional peptide of the human innate immune system. Among the various functions of LL-37, its antimicrobial activity is important in controlling the microorganisms of the human body. The target molecules of LL-37 in bacteria include membrane lipids, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), proteins, DNA and RNA. In this mini-review, we summarize the entity of LL-37 structural data determined over the last 15 years and specifically discuss features implicated in the interactions with lipid-like molecules. For this purpose, we discuss partial and full-length structures of LL-37 determined in the presence of membrane-mimicking detergents. This constantly growing structural database is now composed of monomers, dimers, tetramers, and fiber-like structures. The diversity of these structures underlines an unexpected plasticity and highlights the conformational and oligomeric adaptability of LL-37 necessary to target different molecular scaffolds. The recent co-crystal structures of LL-37 in complex with detergents are particularly useful to understand how these molecules mimic lipids and LPS to induce oligomerization and fibrillation. Defined detergent binding sites provide deep insights into a new class of peptide scaffolds, widening our view on the fascinating world of the LL-37 structural factotum. Together, the new structures in their evolutionary context allow for the assignment of functionally conserved residues in oligomerization and target interactions. Conserved phenylalanine and arginine residues primarily mediate those interactions with lipids and LPS. The interactions with macromolecules such as proteins or DNA remain largely unexplored and open a field for future studies aimed at structures of LL-37 complexes. These complexes will then allow for the structure-based rational design of LL-37-derived peptides with improved antibiotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelius Zeth
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Correspondence: (K.Z.); (E.S.-V.); Tel.: +45-604-666-29 (K.Z.)
| | - Enea Sancho-Vaello
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Correspondence: (K.Z.); (E.S.-V.); Tel.: +45-604-666-29 (K.Z.)
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13
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Rodrigues-Braz D, Zhao M, Yesilirmak N, Aractingi S, Behar-Cohen F, Bourges JL. Cutaneous and ocular rosacea: Common and specific physiopathogenic mechanisms and study models. Mol Vis 2021; 27:323-353. [PMID: 34035646 PMCID: PMC8131178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the face skin. It is clinically classified into the following four subgroups depending on its location and severity: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular. Rosacea is a multifactorial disease triggered by favoring factors, the pathogenesis of which remains imperfectly understood. Recognized mechanisms include the innate immune system, with the implication of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cathelicidins; neurovascular deregulation involving vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, and neuropeptides; and dysfunction of skin sebaceous glands and ocular meibomian glands. Microorganisms, genetic predisposition, corticosteroid treatment, and ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation are favoring factors. In this paper, we review the common and specific molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cutaneous and ocular rosacea and discuss laboratory and clinical studies, as well as experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rodrigues-Braz
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMRS1138, Team 17, Physiopathology of ocular diseases: therapeutic innovations, Paris, France
| | - Min Zhao
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMRS1138, Team 17, Physiopathology of ocular diseases: therapeutic innovations, Paris, France
| | - Nilufer Yesilirmak
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMRS1138, Team 17, Physiopathology of ocular diseases: therapeutic innovations, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ophtalmopole, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Selim Aractingi
- Department of Dermatology, AP-HP, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMRS1138, Team 17, Physiopathology of ocular diseases: therapeutic innovations, Paris, France
- Ophtalmopole, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Bourges
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMRS1138, Team 17, Physiopathology of ocular diseases: therapeutic innovations, Paris, France
- Ophtalmopole, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
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14
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Deng Z, Chen M, Liu Y, Xu S, Ouyang Y, Shi W, Jian D, Wang B, Liu F, Li J, Shi Q, Peng Q, Sha K, Xiao W, Liu T, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Wang Q, Sun L, Xie H, Li J. A positive feedback loop between mTORC1 and cathelicidin promotes skin inflammation in rosacea. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13560. [PMID: 33734592 PMCID: PMC8103105 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder whose pathogenesis is unclear. Here, several lines of evidence were provided to demonstrate that mTORC1 signaling is hyperactivated in the skin, especially in the epidermis, of both rosacea patients and a mouse model of rosacea-like skin inflammation. Both mTORC1 deletion in epithelium and inhibition by its specific inhibitors can block the development of rosacea-like skin inflammation in LL37-induced rosacea-like mouse model. Conversely, hyperactivation of mTORC1 signaling aggravated rosacea-like features. Mechanistically, mTORC1 regulates cathelicidin through a positive feedback loop, in which cathelicidin LL37 activates mTORC1 signaling by binding to Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and thus in turn increases the expression of cathelicidin itself in keratinocytes. Moreover, excess cathelicidin LL37 induces both NF-κB activation and disease-characteristic cytokine and chemokine production possibly via mTORC1 signaling. Topical application of rapamycin improved clinical symptoms in rosacea patients, suggesting mTORC1 inhibition can serve as a novel therapeutic avenue for rosacea.
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15
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Williams MR, Cau L, Wang Y, Kaul D, Sanford JA, Zaramela LS, Khalil S, Butcher AM, Zengler K, Horswill AR, Dupont CL, Hovnanian A, Gallo RL. Interplay of Staphylococcal and Host Proteases Promotes Skin Barrier Disruption in Netherton Syndrome. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2923-2933.e7. [PMID: 32130897 PMCID: PMC7183042 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Netherton syndrome (NS) is a monogenic skin disease resulting from loss of function of lymphoepithelial Kazal-type-related protease inhibitor (LEKTI-1). In this study we examine if bacteria residing on the skin are influenced by the loss of LEKTI-1 and if interaction between this human gene and resident bacteria contributes to skin disease. Shotgun sequencing of the skin microbiome demonstrates that lesional skin of NS subjects is dominated by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis). Isolates of either species from NS subjects are able to induce skin inflammation and barrier damage on mice. These microbes promote skin inflammation in the setting of LEKTI-1 deficiency due to excess proteolytic activity promoted by S. aureus phenol-soluble modulin α as well as increased bacterial proteases staphopain A and B from S. aureus or EcpA from S. epidermidis. These findings demonstrate the critical need for maintaining homeostasis of host and microbial proteases to prevent a human skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Williams
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Laura Cau
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; SILAB, R&D Department, Brive, France.
| | - Yichen Wang
- INSERM, UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute and Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Drishti Kaul
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - James A Sanford
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Livia S Zaramela
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shadi Khalil
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Anna M Butcher
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karsten Zengler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Veterans Affairs Denver Health Care System, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora 80045, CO, USA
| | | | - Alain Hovnanian
- INSERM, UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute and Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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16
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Milewska A, Falkowski K, Kulczycka M, Bielecka E, Naskalska A, Mak P, Lesner A, Ochman M, Urlik M, Diamandis E, Prassas I, Potempa J, Kantyka T, Pyrc K. Kallikrein 13 serves as a priming protease during infection by the human coronavirus HKU1. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/659/eaba9902. [PMID: 33234691 PMCID: PMC7857416 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aba9902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Unlike SARS-CoV-2, the human coronavirus HKU1 normally causes relatively mild respiratory tract infections; however, it shares with SARS-CoV-2 the mechanism of using its surface spike (S) protein to enter target cells. Because the host receptor for HCoV-HKU1 is unknown, efforts to study the virus in cell culture systems have proved difficult. Milewska et al. found that knockout of the protease kallikrein 13 (KLK13) in human airway epithelial cells blocked their infection by HCoV-HKU1, that overexpression of KLK13 in nonpermissive cells enabled their infection by the virus, and that KLK13 cleaved the viral S protein. Together, these findings suggest that KLK13 is a priming enzyme for viral entry and may help to establish cell lines that can facilitate further investigation of the mechanism of viral pathogenesis. Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) is associated with respiratory disease and is prevalent worldwide, but an in vitro model for viral replication is lacking. An interaction between the coronaviral spike (S) protein and its receptor is the primary determinant of tissue and host specificity; however, viral entry is a complex process requiring the concerted action of multiple cellular elements. Here, we found that the protease kallikrein 13 (KLK13) was required for the infection of human respiratory epithelial cells and was sufficient to mediate the entry of HCoV-HKU1 into nonpermissive RD cells. We also demonstrated the cleavage of the HCoV-HKU1 S protein by KLK13 in the S1/S2 region, suggesting that KLK13 is the priming enzyme for this virus. Together, these data suggest that protease distribution and specificity determine the tissue and cell specificity of the virus and may also regulate interspecies transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Milewska
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.,Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katherine Falkowski
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kulczycka
- Laboratory of Proteolysis and Post-translational Modification of Proteins, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Bielecka
- Laboratory of Proteolysis and Post-translational Modification of Proteins, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Antonina Naskalska
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Pawel Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marek Ochman
- Department of Cardiac, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery and Transplantology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Silesian Centre for Heart Diseases, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Maciej Urlik
- Department of Cardiac, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery and Transplantology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Silesian Centre for Heart Diseases, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Elftherios Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jan Potempa
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.,Centre for Oral Health and Systemic Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Tomasz Kantyka
- Laboratory of Proteolysis and Post-translational Modification of Proteins, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.,Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Krzysztof Pyrc
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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17
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Dyring-Andersen B, Løvendorf MB, Coscia F, Santos A, Møller LBP, Colaço AR, Niu L, Bzorek M, Doll S, Andersen JL, Clark RA, Skov L, Teunissen MBM, Mann M. Spatially and cell-type resolved quantitative proteomic atlas of healthy human skin. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5587. [PMID: 33154365 PMCID: PMC7645789 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19383-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin provides both physical integrity and immunological protection from the external environment using functionally distinct layers, cell types and extracellular matrix. Despite its central role in human health and disease, the constituent proteins of skin have not been systematically characterized. Here, we combine advanced tissue dissection methods, flow cytometry and state-of-the-art proteomics to describe a spatially-resolved quantitative proteomic atlas of human skin. We quantify 10,701 proteins as a function of their spatial location and cellular origin. The resulting protein atlas and our initial data analyses demonstrate the value of proteomics for understanding cell-type diversity within the skin. We describe the quantitative distribution of structural proteins, known and previously undescribed proteins specific to cellular subsets and those with specialized immunological functions such as cytokines and chemokines. We anticipate that this proteomic atlas of human skin will become an essential community resource for basic and translational research ( https://skin.science/ ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Dyring-Andersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Leo Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | | | - Fabian Coscia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alberto Santos
- Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Bruun Pilgaard Møller
- Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ana R Colaço
- Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lili Niu
- Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Bzorek
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Næstved, Denmark
| | - Sophia Doll
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jørgen Lock Andersen
- Department of Plastic and Breast Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rachael A Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Lone Skov
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Marcel B M Teunissen
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matthias Mann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
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18
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Oliveira CMMD, Almeida LMC, Bonamigo RR, Lima CWGD, Bagatin E. Consensus on the therapeutic management of rosacea - Brazilian Society of Dermatology. An Bras Dermatol 2020; 95 Suppl 1:53-69. [PMID: 33172727 PMCID: PMC7772594 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin, relatively more frequent in women over 30 with a low phototype and proven genetic predisposition. Although its etiology is unknown and possibly multifactorial, the immunological abnormality, associated with neurovascular dysregulation and triggering factors, are important elements in its pathophysiology, which lead to the main changes of inflammation, vasodilation, and angiogenesis that are responsible for the clinical manifestations. Despite the lack of cure, numerous therapeutic options are available for the different clinical presentations of the disease, with satisfactory responses. OBJECTIVE To reach a consensus, with recommendations from experts, on the therapeutic management of rosacea suitable to the Brazilian setting. METHODS The study was conducted by five specialized dermatologists from university centers, representatives of the different Brazilian regions, with experience in rosacea, who were appointed by the Brazilian Society of Dermatology. Based on the adapted DELPHI methodology, the experts contributed through an updated bibliographic review of the scientific evidence, combined with personal experiences. RESULTS The group of experts reached a consensus on the relevant aspects in the therapeutic management of rosacea, providing information on epidemiology, pathophysiology, triggering factors, clinical condition, classification, quality of life, and comorbidities. Consensus was defined as approval by at least 90% of the panel. CONCLUSION Despite the impossibility of cure, there are several therapeutic alternatives specific to each patient that provide excellent results, with chances of total improvement and long periods of remission, promoting a positive impact on quality of life. This consensus provides detailed guidance for clinical practice and therapeutic decisions in rosacea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiz Mauricio Costa Almeida
- Department of Dermatology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Dermatology Service, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Renan Rangel Bonamigo
- Dermatology Service, Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Ediléia Bagatin
- Department of Dermatology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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19
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Sancho-Vaello E, Gil-Carton D, François P, Bonetti EJ, Kreir M, Pothula KR, Kleinekathöfer U, Zeth K. The structure of the antimicrobial human cathelicidin LL-37 shows oligomerization and channel formation in the presence of membrane mimics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17356. [PMID: 33060695 PMCID: PMC7562864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cathelicidin LL-37 serves a critical role in the innate immune system defending bacterial infections. LL-37 can interact with molecules of the cell wall and perforate cytoplasmic membranes resulting in bacterial cell death. To test the interactions of LL-37 and bacterial cell wall components we crystallized LL-37 in the presence of detergents and obtained the structure of a narrow tetrameric channel with a strongly charged core. The formation of a tetramer was further studied by cross-linking in the presence of detergents and lipids. Using planar lipid membranes a small but defined conductivity of this channel could be demonstrated. Molecular dynamic simulations underline the stability of this channel in membranes and demonstrate pathways for the passage of water molecules. Time lapse studies of E. coli cells treated with LL-37 show membrane discontinuities in the outer membrane followed by cell wall damage and cell death. Collectively, our results open a venue to the understanding of a novel AMP killing mechanism and allows the rational design of LL-37 derivatives with enhanced bactericidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enea Sancho-Vaello
- Unidad de Biofisica, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - David Gil-Carton
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia Edificio 800, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Patrice François
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Specialities, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Eve-Julie Bonetti
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Specialities, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Kreir
- Nanion Technologies GmbH, Gabrielenstraße 9, 80636, Munich, Germany.,Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen R&D, Nonclinical Safety, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Karunakar Reddy Pothula
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kleinekathöfer
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Kornelius Zeth
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
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20
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Takahashi T, Yamasaki K. Psoriasis and Antimicrobial Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186791. [PMID: 32947991 PMCID: PMC7555190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory disease caused by crosstalk between various cells such as T cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and keratinocytes. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as β-defensin, S100, and cathelicidin are secreted from these cells and activate the innate immune system through various mechanisms to induce inflammation, thus participating in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. In particular, these antimicrobial peptides enhance the binding of damage-associated molecular patterns such as self-DNA and self-RNA to their receptors and promote the secretion of interferon from activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells and keratinocytes to promote inflammation in psoriasis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), complexes of self-DNA and proteins including LL-37 released from neutrophils in psoriatic skin, induce Th17. Activated myeloid dendritic cells secrete a mass of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 and IL-23 in psoriasis, which is indispensable for the proliferation and survival of T cells that produce IL-17. AMPs enhance the production of some of Th17 and Th1 cytokines and modulate receptors and cellular signaling in psoriasis. Inflammation induced by DAMPs, including self-DNA and RNA released due to microinjuries or scratches, and the enhanced recognition of DAMPs by AMPs, may be involved in the mechanism underlying the Köbner phenomenon in psoriasis.
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21
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Di Paolo CT, Diamandis EP, Prassas I. The role of kallikreins in inflammatory skin disorders and their potential as therapeutic targets. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2020; 58:1-16. [PMID: 32568598 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2020.1775171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The skin is a vital organ of the human body, serving numerous protective and functional roles that are essential for survival. Residing in the epidermis are various epidermal proteases responsible for the establishment and regulation of barrier function. The human tissue kallikrein-related peptidase family conserves homeostasis of the skin barrier through their roles in desquamation, antimicrobial defense, innate immune response, and barrier maintenance. The activity of kallikreins is tightly regulated and dysregulation of kallikrein activity is seen to contribute to the formation of several inflammatory skin disorders. This review highlights the roles of kallikreins in skin homeostasis and pathologies. Due to their part in these skin disorders, inhibitors of the skin kallikreins have become attractive therapeutics. Over the past few years, both natural and synthetic inhibitors of several kallikreins have been identified and are undergoing further development as treatments to restore compromised barrier function. This review summarizes the kallikrein inhibitors under development for this purpose. These inhibitors remain promising therapeutics in cases of severe skin inflammation not well managed by current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin T Di Paolo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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22
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Fukagawa S, Takahashi A, Sayama K, Mori S, Murase T. Carbon dioxide ameliorates reduced desquamation in dry scaly skin via protease activation. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 42:564-572. [PMID: 32542869 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Scaling, a phenomenon showing an abnormal detachment of the stratum corneum (SC) owing to desquamation dysfunction, is commonly observed in various skin diseases or xerotic skin due to ageing and low humidity. Therefore, it is considered that ameliorating the disturbed desquamatory process of the SC leads to improvement in scaling. Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) is known to be good for some skin diseases; however, the effect of CO2 on scaling and its mechanism are not sufficiently clear. We aimed to elucidate the effect of transepidermal application of CO2 on scaling and its mechanism of action. METHODS Twenty healthy men with mild scaling on the cheeks were recruited for a double-blind, placebo-controlled, split-face study. They applied the formulation containing CO2 twice daily for 1 week. After the study, the SC was collected by tape stripping to analyse desquamatory protease activities and degradation of extracellular corneodesmosomes. Furthermore, the contribution of pH to proteolysis of the corneodesmosome by CO2 was evaluated using three-dimensional (3D) cultured epidermal models. RESULTS The spectroscopic absorbance of tape strips, used as scaling indicators, was decreased, concomitantly with the amelioration of incomplete degradation of desmoglein-1, one of the main corneodesmosomal proteins, and activation of trypsin-like protease in the SC by transepidermal application of CO2 . Experiments using 3D cultured epidermis showed that pH in the epidermal tissue was lowered by CO2 , whereas a pH change was not observed with the application of the formulation containing hydrochloric acid, which was added to equalize the pH to that of the CO2 formulation. CONCLUSION The transcutaneous application of CO2 ameliorates reduced desquamatory process in xerotic skin, with concomitant mild acidification of the SC, thereby leading to improvement in scaling. Thus, CO2 may have an advantage of efficiently and safely counteracting scaling of various skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Fukagawa
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Ayami Takahashi
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Keimon Sayama
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Shinobu Mori
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Murase
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, 321-3497, Japan
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23
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Kwon KC, Lee SW, Kim H, Jeon H, Park SW. Reduction of enlarged facial pore using ion-paired amino acid through enhancement in skin permeation and exfoliation: A placebo-controlled in vivo study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 20:274-284. [PMID: 32548941 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine is a hypoallergenic but inefficient chemical exfoliant. Serine paired with arginine (ion-paired amino acid, IPA) shows enhanced lipophilicity, skin permeation, and exfoliation efficacy. AIM This study was conducted to determine whether exfoliation using an emulsion containing IPA could reduce enlarged facial pores and improve the dermis density. METHODS IPA formation was validated by spectroscopic analysis. Enhanced permeability and exfoliation efficacy were evaluated ex vivo using porcine skin. In a clinical trial, healthy Korean women aged 20-49 years (mean age ± SD: 35.6 ± 8.6, n = 64) were evaluated, and the right and left sides of the cheeks were randomly chosen. An emulsion containing 4.0% IPA and placebo emulsion were applied to each side for 6 weeks. To evaluate pore sizes following treatment, the number of enlarged facial pores, inner skin structures from the stratum corneum to epidermal-dermal interface, and dermal density on each cheek of the participants were assessed. RESULTS IPA showed a significantly increased partition coefficient in n-octanol-water. In porcine skin, permeation of serine after 12 hour was 70% higher for the IPA than for serine alone at the same percent weight concentrations. In the clinical trial, after 6 weeks, the number of enlarged facial pores was changed by -19.317% in the IPA emulsion group (P < .001) and -2.930% in placebo emulsion group (P = .254). CONCLUSION Exfoliation with an IPA-containing emulsion reduced enlarged facial pores and increased the dermis density. IPA, effective mild exfoliator, can be used as a major ingredient for the cosmeceutical skincare products in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koo Chul Kwon
- LG Household & Health Care (LG H&H), LG Science Park R&D Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Woo Lee
- LG Household & Health Care (LG H&H), LG Science Park R&D Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hongmin Kim
- LG Household & Health Care (LG H&H), LG Science Park R&D Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyungjoon Jeon
- LG Household & Health Care (LG H&H), LG Science Park R&D Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Park
- LG Household & Health Care (LG H&H), LG Science Park R&D Center, Seoul, Korea
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24
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Medgyesi B, Dajnoki Z, Béke G, Gáspár K, Szabó IL, Janka EA, Póliska S, Hendrik Z, Méhes G, Törőcsik D, Bíró T, Kapitány A, Szegedi A. Rosacea Is Characterized by a Profoundly Diminished Skin Barrier. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1938-1950.e5. [PMID: 32199994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rosacea is a common chronic inflammation of sebaceous gland-rich facial skin characterized by severe skin dryness, elevated pH, transepidermal water loss, and decreased hydration levels. Until now, there has been no thorough molecular analysis of permeability barrier alterations in the skin of patients with rosacea. Thus, we aimed to investigate the barrier alterations in papulopustular rosacea samples compared with healthy sebaceous gland-rich skin, using RNA sequencing analysis (n = 8). Pathway analyses by Cytoscape ClueGO revealed 15 significantly enriched pathways related to skin barrier formation. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to validate the pathway analyses. The results showed significant alterations in barrier components in papulopustular rosacea samples compared with sebaceous gland-rich skin, including the cornified envelope and intercellular lipid lamellae formation, desmosome and tight junction organizations, barrier alarmins, and antimicrobial peptides. Moreover, the barrier damage in papulopustular rosacea was unexpectedly similar to atopic dermatitis; this similarity was confirmed by immunofluorescent staining. In summary, besides the well-known dysregulation of immunological, vascular, and neurological functions, we demonstrated prominent permeability barrier alterations in papulopustular rosacea at the molecular level, which highlight the importance of barrier repair therapies for rosacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Medgyesi
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Dajnoki
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Béke
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Gáspár
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Imre Lőrinc Szabó
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eszter Anna Janka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Póliska
- Genomic Medicine and Bioinformatics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hendrik
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Méhes
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dániel Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bíró
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anikó Kapitány
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Szegedi
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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25
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Sugihara S, Sugimoto S, Tachibana K, Kobashi M, Nomura H, Miyake T, Hirai Y, Yamasaki O, Morizane S. TNF-α and IL-17A induce the expression of lympho-epithelial Kazal-type inhibitor in epidermal keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 96:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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26
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Liggins MC, Li F, Zhang LJ, Dokoshi T, Gallo RL. Retinoids Enhance the Expression of Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide during Reactive Dermal Adipogenesis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:1589-1597. [PMID: 31420464 PMCID: PMC9233297 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
A subset of dermal fibroblasts undergo rapid differentiation into adipocytes in response to infection and acutely produce the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide gene Camp Vitamin A and other retinoids inhibit adipogenesis yet can show benefit to skin disorders, such as cystic acne, that are exacerbated by bacteria. We observed that retinoids potently increase and sustain the expression of Camp in preadipocytes undergoing adipogenesis despite inhibition of markers of adipogenesis, such as Adipoq, Fabp4, and Rstn Retinoids increase cathelicidin in both mouse and human preadipocytes, but this enhancement of antimicrobial peptide expression did not occur in keratinocytes or a sebocyte cell line. Preadipocytes undergoing adipogenesis more effectively inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus when exposed to retinoic acid. Whole transcriptome analysis identified hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α) as a mechanism through which retinoids mediate this response. These observations uncouple the lipid accumulation element of adipogenesis from the innate immune response and uncover a mechanism, to our knowledge previously unsuspected, that may explain therapeutic benefits of retinoids in some skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Liggins
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Fengwu Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Ling-Juan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Tatsuya Dokoshi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
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27
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Kishibe M. Physiological and pathological roles of kallikrein-related peptidases in the epidermis. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 95:50-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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28
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Figueroa CD, Molina L, Bhoola KD, Ehrenfeld P. Overview of tissue kallikrein and kallikrein-related peptidases in breast cancer. Biol Chem 2019; 399:937-957. [PMID: 29885274 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The kallikrein family comprises tissue kallikrein and 14 kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) recognized as a subgroup of secreted trypsin- or chymotrypsin-like serine proteases. KLKs are expressed in many cellular types where they regulate important physiological activities such as semen liquefaction, immune response, neural development, blood pressure, skin desquamation and tooth enamel formation. Tissue kallikrein, the oldest member and kinin-releasing enzyme, and KLK3/PSA, a tumor biomarker for prostate cancer are the most prominent components of the family. Additionally, other KLKs have shown an abnormal expression in neoplasia, particularly in breast cancer. Thus, increased levels of some KLKs may increase extracellular matrix degradation, invasion and metastasis; other KLKs modulate cell growth, survival and angiogenesis. On the contrary, KLKs can also inhibit angiogenesis and produce tumor suppression. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how KLKs are regulated in tumor microenvironment by molecules present at the site, namely cytokines, inflammatory mediators and growth factors. Little is known about the signaling pathways that control expression/secretion of KLKs in breast cancer, and further how activation of PAR receptors may contribute to functional activity in neoplasia. A better understanding of these molecular events will allow us to consider KLKs as relevant therapeutic targets for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D Figueroa
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Molina
- Department of Science, Universidad San Sebastián, sede De la Patagonia, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Kanti D Bhoola
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro de Investigaciones del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Valdivia, Chile, e-mail:
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29
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Abstract
Rosacea is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease of the central facial skin and is of unknown origin. Currently, two classifications of rosacea exist that are based on either "preformed" clinical subtypes (erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular) or patient-tailored analysis of the presented rosacea phenotype. Rosacea etiology and pathophysiology are poorly understood. However, recent findings indicate that genetic and environmental components can trigger rosacea initiation and aggravation by dysregulation of the innate and adaptive immune system. Trigger factors also lead to the release of various mediators such as keratinocytes (for example, cathelicidin, vascular endothelial growth factor, and endothelin-1), endothelial cells (nitric oxide), mast cells (cathelicidin and matrix metalloproteinases), macrophages (interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor, matrix metalloproteinases, and interleukin-26), and T helper type 1 (T H1) and T H17 cells. Additionally, trigger factors can directly communicate to the cutaneous nervous system and, by neurovascular and neuro-immune active neuropeptides, lead to the manifestation of rosacea lesions. Here, we aim to summarize the recent advances that preceded the new rosacea classification and address a symptom-based approach in the management of patients with rosacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Buddenkotte
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,Medical School, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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30
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Jeon HW, Na EY, Yun SJ, Lee SC, Lee JB. Citron Essential Oils Alleviate the Mediators Related to Rosacea Pathophysiology in Epidermal Keratinocytes. Ann Dermatol 2018; 30:653-661. [PMID: 33911504 PMCID: PMC7992447 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2018.30.6.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Citron is well known for an abundance of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory ingredients such as vitamin C, polyphenol compounds, flavonoids, and limonoids. Objective In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of citron essential oils on rosacea mediators in activated keratinocytes in vitro. Methods Normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) were stimulated with 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) and interleukin 33 (IL-33) with LL-37 to induce rosacea mediators such as kallikrein 5 (KLK5), cathelicidin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). These mediators were analyzed by performing reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative real-time PCR, immunocytofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after NHEKs were treated with citron seed and unripe citron essential oils. Results The messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of KLK5 and LL-37 induced by VD3 were suppressed by citron seed and unripe citron essential oils. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein levels of VEGF and TRPV1 induced by IL-33 with LL-37 were also suppressed by citron essential oils. Conclusion These results show that citron essential oils have suppressive effects on rosacea mediators in activated epidermal keratinocytes, which indicates that the citron essential oils may be valuable adjuvant therapeutic agents for rosacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Woo Jeon
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Eui Young Na
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sook Jung Yun
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seung-Chul Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jee-Bum Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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31
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Zhang JA, Liu J, Wu HJ, Xu Y, Si CC, Zhou BR, Luo D. The effects of Antimicrobial Peptides and Hyaluronic Acid compound mask on wound healing after ablative fractional Carbon Dioxide laser resurfacing. J COSMET LASER THER 2018; 21:217-224. [PMID: 30198801 DOI: 10.1080/14764172.2018.1516886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-an Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong-jin Wu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen-cheng Si
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing-rong Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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32
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Aubert J, Piwnica D, Bertino B, Blanchet-Réthoré S, Carlavan I, Déret S, Dreno B, Gamboa B, Jomard A, Luzy AP, Mauvais P, Mounier C, Pascau J, Pelisson I, Portal T, Rivier M, Rossio P, Thoreau E, Vial E, Voegel JJ. Nonclinical and human pharmacology of the potent and selective topical retinoic acid receptor-γ agonist trifarotene. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:442-456. [PMID: 29974453 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND First- and third-generation retinoids are the main treatment for acne. Even though efficacious, they lack full selectivity for retinoic acid receptor (RAR) γ, expressed in the epidermis and infundibulum. OBJECTIVES To characterize the in vitro metabolism and the pharmacology of the novel retinoid trifarotene. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro assays determined efficacy, potency and selectivity on RARs, as well as the activity on the expression of retinoid target genes in human keratinocytes and ex vivo cultured skin. In vivo studies investigated topical comedolytic, anti-inflammatory and depigmenting properties. The trifarotene-induced gene expression profile was investigated in nonlesional skin of patients with acne and compared with ex vivo and in vivo models. Finally, the metabolic stability in human keratinocytes and hepatic microsomes was established. RESULTS Trifarotene is a selective RARγ agonist with > 20-fold selectivity over RARα and RARβ. Trifarotene is active and stable in keratinocytes but rapidly metabolized by human hepatic microsomes, predicting improved safety. In vivo, trifarotene 0·01% applied topically is highly comedolytic and has anti-inflammatory and antipigmenting properties. Gene expression studies indicated potent activation of known retinoid-modulated processes (epidermal differentiation, proliferation, stress response, retinoic acid metabolism) and novel pathways (proteolysis, transport/skin hydration, cell adhesion) in ex vivo and in vivo models, as well as in human skin after 4 weeks of topical application of trifarotene 0·005% cream. CONCLUSIONS Based on its RARγ selectivity, rapid degradation in human hepatic microsomes and pharmacological properties including potent modulation of epidermal processes, topical treatment with trifarotene could result in good efficacy and may present a favourable safety profile in acne and ichthyotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aubert
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - D Piwnica
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - B Bertino
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - S Blanchet-Réthoré
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - I Carlavan
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - S Déret
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - B Dreno
- Department of Dermatology, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
- CIC, Inserm U892-CNRS 6299, Nantes, France
| | - B Gamboa
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - A Jomard
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - A P Luzy
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - P Mauvais
- Pharma & Life Sciences Xpert, Antibes, France
| | - C Mounier
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - J Pascau
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - I Pelisson
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - T Portal
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - M Rivier
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - P Rossio
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - E Thoreau
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - E Vial
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - J J Voegel
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
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Local Burn Injury Promotes Defects in the Epidermal Lipid and Antimicrobial Peptide Barriers in Human Autograft Skin and Burn Margin: Implications for Burn Wound Healing and Graft Survival. J Burn Care Res 2018; 38:e212-e226. [PMID: 27183442 DOI: 10.1097/bcr.0000000000000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Burn injury increases the risk of morbidity and mortality by promoting severe hemodynamic shock and risk for local or systemic infection. Graft failure due to poor wound healing or infection remains a significant problem for burn subjects. The mechanisms by which local burn injury compromises the epithelial antimicrobial barrier function in the burn margin, containing the elements necessary for healing of the burn site, and in distal unburned skin, which serves as potential donor tissue, are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to establish defects in epidermal barrier function in human donor skin and burn margin, to identify potential mechanisms that may lead to graft failure and/or impaired burn wound healing. In this study, we established that epidermal lipids and respective lipid synthesis enzymes were significantly reduced in both donor skin and burn margin. We further identified diverse changes in the gene expression and protein production of several candidate skin antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in both donor skin and burn margin. These results also parallel changes in cutaneous AMP activity against common burn wound pathogens, aberrant production of epidermal proteases known to regulate barrier permeability and AMP activity, and greater production of proinflammatory cytokines known to be induced by AMPs. These findings suggest that impaired epidermal lipid and AMP regulation could contribute to graft failure and infectious complications in subjects with burn or other traumatic injury.
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Yamamura Y, Morizane S, Yamamoto T, Wada J, Iwatsuki K. High calcium enhances the expression of double-stranded RNA sensors and antiviral activity in epidermal keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:129-134. [PMID: 29087009 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) sensors including TLR3, MDA5 and RIG-I are expressed in epidermal keratinocytes and play an important immunological role by enhancing various innate and adaptive immune responses. Although the role of elevated extracellular calcium concentration in keratinocyte differentiation is well understood, the effect of high calcium on dsRNA sensors is not well studied. We investigated alterations in dsRNA sensor expression and antiviral activity induced by a high extracellular concentration of calcium in epidermal keratinocytes. Normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) were stimulated with high calcium and/or synthetic dsRNA, poly (I:C). TLR3, IFIH1 (MDA5) and DDX58 (RIG-I) expression were measured via qPCR, and IFN-β and human beta-defensin 2 (HBD2) levels were measured using ELISA. TLR3 localization was evaluated with immunocytofluorescence. Antiviral activity was quantified with virus plaque assays using herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). High calcium significantly upregulated mRNA expression of TLR3, IFIH1 and DDX58 in NHEKs. In addition, high calcium significantly enhanced poly (I:C)-induced anti-HSV-1 activity in NHEKs. The antiviral molecule HBD2 but not IFN-β induction by poly (I:C) was enhanced by high calcium. Our findings indicate that high levels of extracellular calcium enhance the expression of dsRNA sensors and augment antiviral activity in epidermal keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Yamamura
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shin Morizane
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Jun Wada
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keiji Iwatsuki
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Umar M, Sastry KS, Al Ali F, Al-Khulaifi M, Wang E, Chouchane AI. Vitamin D and the Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 31:74-86. [DOI: 10.1159/000485132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Fischer J, Meyer-Hoffert U. Regulation of kallikrein-related peptidases in the skin – from physiology to diseases to therapeutic options. Thromb Haemost 2017; 110:442-9. [DOI: 10.1160/th12-11-0836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SummaryKallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) constitute a family of 15 highly conserved serine proteases, which show a tissue-specific expression profile. This made them valuable tumour expression markers. It became evident that KLKs are involved in many physiological processes like semen liquefaction and skin desquamation. More recently, we have learnt that they are involved in many pathophysiological conditions and diseases making them promising target of therapeutic intervention. Therefore, regulation of KLKs raised the interest of numerous reports. Herein, we summarise the current knowledge on KLKs regulation with an emphasis on skin-relevant KLKs regulation processes. Regulation of KLKs takes place on the level of transcription, on protease activation and on protease inactivation. A variety of protease inhibitors has been described to interact with KLKs including the irreversible serine protease inhibitors (SERPINs) and the reversible serine protease inhibitors of Kazal-type (SPINKs). In an attempt to integrate current knowledge, we propose that KLK regulation has credentials as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Sakagami-Yasui Y, Shirafuji Y, Yamasaki O, Morizane S, Hamada T, Umemura H, Iwatsuki K. Two arginine residues in the COOH-terminal of human β-defensin-3 constitute an essential motif for antimicrobial activity and IL-6 production. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:1026-1032. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Sakagami-Yasui
- Departments of Dermatology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - Yoshinori Shirafuji
- Departments of Dermatology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - Osamu Yamasaki
- Departments of Dermatology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - Shin Morizane
- Departments of Dermatology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - Toshihisa Hamada
- Departments of Dermatology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - Hiroshi Umemura
- Departments of Dermatology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - Keiji Iwatsuki
- Departments of Dermatology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
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Cheong KA, Lee TR, Lee AY. Complementary effect of hydroquinone and retinoic acid on corneocyte desquamation with their combination use. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 87:192-200. [PMID: 28433430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoic acid (RA) enhances skin-lightening capabilities of hydroquinone (HQ), at least in part, by facilitating desquamation which leads to increase penetration of HQ. The desquamation also affects skin irritation levels. The mechanism of RA-induced desquamation, however, has not been completely explored and no such data has been available for HQ uses. OBJECTIVE To examine the role of HQ, RA, and their combination in the desquamation. METHODS Primary cultured normal human keratinocytes, which were treated with HQ and/or RA in presence or absence of serine-specific inhibitor Kazal type5 (SPINK5)/lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor (LEKTI) knockdown or recombinant human SPINK5/LEKTI, and biopsied skin samples applied with HQ or RA were examined. Expression levels of corneodesmosin (CDSN), desmocollin1 (DSC1), kallikrein5 (KLK5), KLK7, and SPINK5/LEKTI, and proteolysis activity against extracted human skin epidermal protein were determined using time-course real-time PCR, Western blotting, ELISA, and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS HQ increased but RA decreased the synthesis of CDSN and DSC1. HQ reduced corneodesmosome degradation by the upregulation of SPINK5/LEKTI, whereas RA showed opposite results without upregulation of SPINK5/LEKTI. The combination of HQ and RA was close to the sum of the individual components. CONCLUSIONS HQ reduced corneocyte desquamation. However, RA enhanced desquamation. The combination induced more desquamation than HQ but less than RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ah Cheong
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-773, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Bioscience Institute, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-773, Republic of Korea.
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Kobashi M, Morizane S, Sugimoto S, Sugihara S, Iwatsuki K. Expression of serine protease inhibitors in epidermal keratinocytes is increased by calcium but not 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3or retinoic acid. Br J Dermatol 2017; 176:1525-1532. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kobashi
- Department of Dermatology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - S. Morizane
- Department of Dermatology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - S. Sugimoto
- Department of Dermatology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - S. Sugihara
- Department of Dermatology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - K. Iwatsuki
- Department of Dermatology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
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Topical Treatment of Rosacea with Ivermectin Inhibits Gene Expression of Cathelicidin Innate Immune Mediators, LL-37 and KLK5, in Reconstructed and Ex Vivo Skin Models. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2017; 7:213-225. [PMID: 28243927 PMCID: PMC5453918 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-017-0176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors have been associated with the pathophysiology of rosacea, including dysregulation of innate immunity. A high level of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides (e.g., LL-37) has been shown in the facial skin of patients with rosacea. Excessive production of both LL-37 and KLK5, the serine protease responsible for its cleavage, has been suggested to play a role in the pathophysiology of rosacea. Ivermectin 10 mg/g cream, indicated for the treatment of inflammatory lesions of rosacea, is reported to have dual anti-parasitic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the exact mechanism of action of ivermectin cream in the treatment of rosacea is unknown. Methods This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ivermectin on the expression of KLK5 and the subsequent effect on the maturation process of cathelicidins. Experimental studies were performed either on normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK), reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) or on human skin ex vivo stimulated with calcitriol (1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), which is known to induce KLK5 and LL-37 expression. Results The results show that ivermectin is able to inhibit KLK5 and CAMP gene expression and protein secretion in NHEK cells stimulated with calcitriol. Those results were confirmed in 3D models of the skin (RHE and skin ex vivo). The anti-inflammatory effects of ivermectin were associated with an inhibition of IL-8, IL-6 and MCP-1 (CCL2) secretion from NHEK cells. Conclusions These results suggest that ivermectin can prevent the inflammatory effects of rosacea triggered by abnormal LL-37 processing, through the inhibition of KLK5 gene expression in the epidermis. Funding: Nestlé Skin Health R&D. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13555-017-0176-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Di ZH, Ma L, Qi RQ, Sun XD, Huo W, Zhang L, Lyu YN, Hong YX, Chen HD, Gao XH. T Helper 1 and T Helper 2 Cytokines Differentially Modulate Expression of Filaggrin and its Processing Proteases in Human Keratinocytes. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 129:295-303. [PMID: 26831231 PMCID: PMC4799573 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.174489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by defective skin barrier and imbalance in T helper 1/T helper 2 (Th1/Th2) cytokine expression. Filaggrin (FLG) is the key protein to maintaining skin barrier function. Recent studies indicated that Th1/Th2 cytokines influence FLG expression in keratinocytes. However, the role of Th1/Th2 cytokines on FLG processing is not substantially documented. Our aim was to investigate the impact of Th1/Th2 cytokines on FLG processing. Methods: HaCaT cells and normal human keratinocytes were cultured in low and high calcium media and stimulated by either interleukin (IL)-4, 13 or interferon-γ (IFN-γ). FLG, its major processing proteases and key protease inhibitor lymphoepithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor (LEKTI) were measured by both real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Their expression was also evaluated in acute and chronic AD lesions by immunohistochemistry. Results: IL-4/13 significantly reduced, while IFN-γ significantly up-regulated FLG expression. IL-4/13 significantly increased, whereas IFN-γ significantly decreased the expression of kallikreins 5 and 7, matriptase and channel-activating serine protease 1. On the contrary, IL-4/13 significantly decreased, while IFN-γ increased the expression of LEKTI and caspase-14. Similar trends were observed in AD lesions. Conclusions: Our results suggested that Th1/Th2 cytokines differentially regulated the expression of major FLG processing enzymes. The imbalance between Th1 and Th2 polarized immune response seems to extend to FLG homeostasis, through the network of FLG processing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xing-Hua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
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Takahashi T, Gallo RL. The Critical and Multifunctional Roles of Antimicrobial Peptides in Dermatology. Dermatol Clin 2017; 35:39-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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43
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Lee JB, Bae SH, Moon KR, Na EY, Yun SJ, Lee SC. Light-emitting diodes downregulate cathelicidin, kallikrein and toll-like receptor 2 expressions in keratinocytes and rosacea-like mouse skin. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:956-961. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Bum Lee
- Department of Dermatology; Chonnam National University Medical School; Gwangju South Korea
| | - Soo Hyeon Bae
- Department of Dermatology; Chonnam National University Medical School; Gwangju South Korea
| | - Ki Rang Moon
- Department of Dermatology; Chonnam National University Medical School; Gwangju South Korea
| | - Eui Young Na
- Department of Dermatology; Chonnam National University Medical School; Gwangju South Korea
| | - Sook Jung Yun
- Department of Dermatology; Chonnam National University Medical School; Gwangju South Korea
| | - Seung-Chul Lee
- Department of Dermatology; Chonnam National University Medical School; Gwangju South Korea
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Woo YR, Lim JH, Cho DH, Park HJ. Rosacea: Molecular Mechanisms and Management of a Chronic Cutaneous Inflammatory Condition. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091562. [PMID: 27649161 PMCID: PMC5037831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosacea is a chronic cutaneous inflammatory disease that affects the facial skin. Clinically, rosacea can be categorized into papulopustular, erythematotelangiectatic, ocular, and phymatous rosacea. However, the phenotypic presentations of rosacea are more heterogeneous. Although the pathophysiology of rosacea remains to be elucidated, immunologic alterations and neurovascular dysregulation are thought to have important roles in initiating and strengthening the clinical manifestations of rosacea. In this article, we present the possible molecular mechanisms of rosacea based on recent laboratory and clinical studies. We describe the genetic predisposition for rosacea along with its associated diseases, triggering factors, and suggested management options in detail based on the underlying molecular biology. Understanding the molecular pathomechanisms of rosacea will likely aid toward better comprehending its complex pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ri Woo
- Department of Dermatology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 07345, Korea.
| | - Ji Hong Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 07345, Korea.
| | - Dae Ho Cho
- Department of Life Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea.
| | - Hyun Jeong Park
- Department of Dermatology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 07345, Korea.
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Histopathological Analysis of 226 Patients With Rosacea According to Rosacea Subtype and Severity. Am J Dermatopathol 2016; 38:347-52. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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46
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The role of altered cutaneous immune responses in the induction and persistence of rosacea. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 82:3-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Sato E, Muto J, Zhang LJ, Adase CA, Sanford JA, Takahashi T, Nakatsuji T, Usdin TB, Gallo RL. The Parathyroid Hormone Second Receptor PTH2R and its Ligand Tuberoinfundibular Peptide of 39 Residues TIP39 Regulate Intracellular Calcium and Influence Keratinocyte Differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1449-1459. [PMID: 27000502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.02.814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Genes related to the parathyroid hormone (PTH) influence cutaneous immune defense and development, but the full functions of the PTH family in cutaneous biology remain incompletely understood. In this study, we examined the expression and potential functions of the PTH second receptor (PTH2R) and its ligand, the tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39), in the skin. TIP39 and PTH2R mRNA and protein were detectable in both human and mouse skin, and in cultured keratinocytes and adipocytes. TIP39 was observed in the basal layer of human skin, whereas PTH2R was detected in the spinous to granular layer. The subcellular localization of TIP39 in keratinocytes changed during calcium-induced differentiation and shifted to colocalize with PTH2R at the membrane. The addition of recombinant TIP39 to normal human keratinocytes in culture induced an increase in intercellular calcium and triggered aspects of terminal differentiation including decreased keratin-14 and increased involucrin expression. Consistent with these observations, PTH2R(-/-) mice were observed to have increased epidermal thickness. In summary, identification of TIP39 and its receptor in the epidermis reveals an additional PTH family member that is expressed in the skin and may influence keratinocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Sato
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jun Muto
- Department of Dermatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ling-Juan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christopher A Adase
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - James A Sanford
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Toshiya Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Teruaki Nakatsuji
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ted B Usdin
- Section on Fundamental Neuroscience, NIMH National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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Avgeris M, Scorilas A. Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) as emerging therapeutic targets: focus on prostate cancer and skin pathologies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:801-18. [PMID: 26941073 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1147560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tissue kallikrein and the kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) constitute a family of 15 homologous secreted serine proteases with trypsin- or chymotrypsin-like activities, which participate in a broad spectrum of physiological procedures. Deregulated expression and/or activation of the majority of the family members have been reported in several human diseases, thereby making KLKs ideal targets for therapeutic intervention. AREAS COVERED In the present review, we summarize the role of KLKs in normal human physiology and pathology, focusing on prostate cancer and skin diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the recent advances in the development of KLK-based therapies. A great number of diverse engineered KLKs inhibitors with improved potency, selectivity and immunogenicity have been synthesized by redesigning examples that are endogenous and naturally occurring. Moreover, encouraging results have been documented using KLKs-based vaccines and immunotherapies, as well as KLKs-mediated activation of pro-drugs. Finally, KLKs-targeting aptamers and KLKs-based imaging tools represent novel approaches towards the exploitation of KLKs' therapeutic value. EXPERT OPINION The central/critical roles of KLK family in several human pathologies highlight KLKs as attractive molecular targets for developing novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaritis Avgeris
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology , University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology , University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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Bandurska K, Berdowska A, Barczyńska-Felusiak R, Krupa P. Unique features of human cathelicidin LL-37. Biofactors 2015; 41:289-300. [PMID: 26434733 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are antimicrobial peptides produced by humans and animals in response to various pathogenic microbes. This review intends to provide a brief overview of the expression, structure, properties and function of human cathelicidin LL-37 which may be a therapeutic agent against a variety of bacterial and viral diseases, cancers, and hard-to-heal wounds. Cathelicidins act as a primary defense against bacteria and other pathogens in the case of inflammation. They are able to kill bacteria and fungi, inhibit and destroy bacterial biofilms, and possess antiviral and antiparasitics properties. They can also play a role in angiogenesis, wound healing, and the regulation of apoptosis. The host defense peptide LL-37 has emerged as a novel modulator of tumor growth and metastasis in carcinogenesis of various types of cancers. LL-37 is an antimicrobial peptide able of inducing various effects. It acts as an anti- and pro- inflammatory factor. Cathelicidins are able to directly and selectively destroy membranes of various microbes and cancer cells, but they do not attack normal cells. The role of cathelicidins in cancer is double-sided. They play an important role in killing cancer cells and may provide a new possibility for the development of cancer therapeutics. However, they also can participate in carcinogenesis. Due to its activity spectrum LL-37 could be applied in pharmacotherapy. Cathelicidin peptides could serve as a template for the development of modern anti-microbial and anti-viral drugs. LL-37 is an excellent candidate to develop into therapeutics for infected wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bandurska
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Berdowska
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Czestochowa, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Krupa
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Czestochowa, Poland
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Danby SG, Chittock J, Brown K, Albenali LH, Cork MJ. The effect of tacrolimus compared with betamethasone valerate on the skin barrier in volunteers with quiescent atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2015; 170:914-21. [PMID: 24328907 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease arising as a result of immune system and skin barrier defects. Topical corticosteroids are safe and effective treatments for AD, when used in short courses. Prolonged use is associated with skin barrier damage. Topical calcineurin inhibitors are alternative immune-modulating treatments for AD purported to have no negative effects on the skin barrier. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of betamethasone valerate 0·1% cream (BMVc) and tacrolimus 0·1% ointment (TACo) on the skin barrier. METHODS Twenty volunteers with quiescent AD (no active signs for 6 months) participated in a randomized observer-blind study, wherein BMVc was applied to one forearm and TACo to the other, twice daily for 4 weeks. The biophysical/biological properties of the stratum corneum were assessed before and after treatment. Nine volunteers with active disease and 10 with healthy skin were assessed at untreated sites. RESULTS BMVc significantly reduced skin barrier function, integrity and cohesion, and the levels of pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (PCA) and urocanic acid (UCA) towards the subclinical barrier defect observed in patients with AD (nonlesional sites). TACo preserved skin barrier function, integrity, cohesion and PCA and UCA levels, while significantly increasing skin hydration to levels comparable with healthy skin. Both treatments reduced skin surface pH and trypsin-like protease activity, with TACo doing so to a significantly greater degree. CONCLUSION In quiescent AD, 4 weeks of BMVc treatment adversely affected the biophysical properties of the skin and reduced the levels of natural moisturizing factor, whereas TACo improved the condition of the skin barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Danby
- The Academic Unit of Dermatology Research, Department of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, The University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, U.K
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