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Baquer F, Jaulhac B, Barthel C, Paz M, Wolfgramm J, Müller A, Boulanger N, Grillon A. Skin microbiota secretomes modulate cutaneous innate immunity against Borrelia burgdorferi s.s. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16393. [PMID: 37773515 PMCID: PMC10541882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In Lyme borreliosis, the skin constitutes a major interface for the host, the bacteria and the tick. Skin immunity is provided by specialized immune cells but also by the resident cells: the keratinocytes and the fibroblasts. Discoveries on the role of the microbiome in the modulation of skin inflammation and immunity have reinforced the potential importance of the skin in vector-borne diseases. In this study, we analyzed in vitro the interaction of human primary keratinocytes and fibroblasts with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto N40 in presence or absence of bacterial commensal supernatants. We aimed to highlight the role of resident skin cells and skin microbiome on the inflammation induced by B. burgdorferi s.s.. The secretomes of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium striatum and Cutibacterium acnes showed an overall increase in the expression of IL-8, CXCL1, MCP-1 and SOD-2 by fibroblasts, and of IL-8, CXCL1, MCP-1 and hBD-2 in the undifferentiated keratinocytes. Commensal bacteria showed a repressive effect on the expression of IL-8, CXCL1 and MCP-1 by differentiated keratinocytes. Besides the inflammatory effect observed in the presence of Borrelia on all cell types, the cutaneous microbiome appears to promote a rapid innate response of resident skin cells during the onset of Borrelia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Baquer
- Institut de Bactériologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, UR7290, ITI InnoVec, 3 Rue Koeberlé, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Strasbourg University Hospital, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - B Jaulhac
- Institut de Bactériologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, UR7290, ITI InnoVec, 3 Rue Koeberlé, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Strasbourg University Hospital, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- French National Reference Center for Borrelia, Strasbourg University Hospital, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - C Barthel
- Institut de Bactériologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, UR7290, ITI InnoVec, 3 Rue Koeberlé, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - M Paz
- Institut de Bactériologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, UR7290, ITI InnoVec, 3 Rue Koeberlé, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - J Wolfgramm
- Institut de Bactériologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, UR7290, ITI InnoVec, 3 Rue Koeberlé, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - A Müller
- Institut de Bactériologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, UR7290, ITI InnoVec, 3 Rue Koeberlé, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - N Boulanger
- Institut de Bactériologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, UR7290, ITI InnoVec, 3 Rue Koeberlé, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- French National Reference Center for Borrelia, Strasbourg University Hospital, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - A Grillon
- Institut de Bactériologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, UR7290, ITI InnoVec, 3 Rue Koeberlé, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Strasbourg University Hospital, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- French National Reference Center for Borrelia, Strasbourg University Hospital, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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Newbrook K, Carter SD, Crosby-Durrani H, Evans NJ. Challenge of Bovine Foot Skin Fibroblasts With Digital Dermatitis Treponemes Identifies Distinct Pathogenic Mechanisms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:538591. [PMID: 33489929 PMCID: PMC7820575 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.538591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) is a common infectious disease of digital skin in cattle and an important cause of lameness worldwide, with limited treatment options. It is of increasing global concern for both animal welfare and food security, imposing a large economic burden on cattle farming industries each year. A polytreponemal etiology has been consistently identified, with three key phylogroups implicated globally: Treponema medium, Treponema phagedenis, and Treponema pedis. Pathogenic mechanisms which might enable targeted treatment/therapeutic development are poorly defined. This study used RNA sequencing to determine global differential mRNA expression in primary bovine foot skin fibroblasts following challenge with three representative BDD treponemes and a commensal treponeme, Treponema ruminis. A pro-inflammatory response was elicited by the BDD treponemes, mediated through IL-8/IL-17 signaling. Unexpectedly, the three BDD treponemes elicited distinct mechanisms of pathogenesis. T. phagedenis and T. pedis increased abundance of mRNA transcripts associated with apoptosis, while T. medium and T. pedis increased transcripts involved in actin rearrangement and loss of cell adhesion, likely promoting tissue invasion. The upregulation of antimicrobial peptide precursor, DEFB123, by T. phagedenis spirochaetes may present a microbial ecological advantage to all treponemes within BDD infected tissue, explaining their dominance within lesions. A commensal, T. ruminis, significantly dysregulated over three times the number of host mRNA transcripts compared to BDD treponemes, implying BDD treponemes, akin to the syphilis pathogen (Treponema pallidum), have evolved as "stealth pathogens" which avoid triggering substantial host immune/inflammatory responses to enable persistence and tissue invasion. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated increased IL-6, IL-8, RND1, and CFB protein expression in BDD lesions, confirming in vitro fibroblast observations and highlighting the system's value in modeling BDD pathogenesis. Several unique shared gene targets were identified, particularly RGS16, GRO1, MAFF, and ZC3H12A. The three key BDD Treponema phylogroups elicited both distinct and shared pathogenic mechanisms in bovine foot skin; upregulating inflammation whilst simultaneously suppressing adaptive immunity. The novel gene targets identified here should enable future vaccine/therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Newbrook
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D Carter
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Crosby-Durrani
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Evans
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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3
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Brouwer MAE, van de Schoor FR, Vrijmoeth HD, Netea MG, Joosten LAB. A joint effort: The interplay between the innate and the adaptive immune system in Lyme arthritis. Immunol Rev 2020; 294:63-79. [PMID: 31930745 PMCID: PMC7065069 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Articular joints are a major target of Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme arthritis. Despite antibiotic treatment, recurrent or persistent Lyme arthritis is observed in a significant number of patients. The host immune response plays a crucial role in this chronic arthritic joint complication of Borrelia infections. During the early stages of B. burgdorferi infection, a major hinder in generating a proper host immune response is the lack of induction of a strong adaptive immune response. This may lead to a delayed hyperinflammatory reaction later in the disease. Several mechanisms have been suggested that might be pivotal for the development of Lyme arthritis and will be highlighted in this review, from molecular mimicry of matrix metallopeptidases and glycosaminoglycans, to autoimmune responses to live bacteria, or remnants of Borrelia spirochetes in joints. Murine studies have suggested that the inflammatory responses are initiated by innate immune cells, but this does not exclude the involvement of the adaptive immune system in this dysregulated immune profile. Genetic predisposition, via human leukocyte antigen-DR isotype and microRNA expression, has been associated with the development of antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis. Yet the ultimate cause for (antibiotic-refractory) Lyme arthritis remains unknown. Complex processes of different immune cells and signaling cascades are involved in the development of Lyme arthritis. When these various mechanisms are fully been unraveled, new treatment strategies can be developed to target (antibiotic-refractory) Lyme arthritis more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. E. Brouwer
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Freek R. van de Schoor
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Hedwig D. Vrijmoeth
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department for Genomics & ImmunoregulationLife and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES)University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Leo A. B. Joosten
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
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Mason LMK, Koetsveld J, Trentelman JJA, Kaptein TM, Hoornstra D, Wagemakers A, Fikrig MM, Ersoz JI, Oei A, Geijtenbeek TBH, Hovius JWR. Borrelia miyamotoi Activates Human Dendritic Cells and Elicits T Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:386-393. [PMID: 31818980 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The spirochete Borrelia miyamotoi has recently been shown to cause relapsing fever. Like the Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, B. miyamotoi is transmitted through the bite of infected ticks; however, little is known about the response of the immune system upon infection. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in the early immune response against B. burgdorferi We investigated the response of DCs to two different strains of B. miyamotoi using in vitro and ex vivo models and compared this to the response elicited by B. burgdorferi. Our findings show that B. miyamotoi is phagocytosed by monocyte-derived DCs, causing upregulation of activation markers and production of proinflammatory cytokines in a similar manner to B. burgdorferi. Recognition of B. miyamotoi was demonstrated to be partially mediated by TLR2. DCs migrated out of human skin explants upon inoculation of the skin with B. miyamotoi. Finally, we showed that B. miyamotoi-stimulated DCs induced proliferation of naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to a larger extent than B. burgdorferi. In conclusion, we show in this study that DCs respond to and mount an immune response against B. miyamotoi that is similar to the response to B. burgdorferi and is able to induce T cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M K Mason
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
| | - Joris Koetsveld
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jos J A Trentelman
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tanja M Kaptein
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dieuwertje Hoornstra
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alex Wagemakers
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle M Fikrig
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jasmin I Ersoz
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anneke Oei
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joppe W R Hovius
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Multidisciplinary Lyme Borreliosis Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Boulanger N. [Immunomodulatory effect of tick saliva in pathogen transmission]. Biol Aujourdhui 2019; 212:107-117. [PMID: 30973140 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2019001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are the most important vectors of pathogens in human and veterinary medicine. These strictly haematophagous acarines produce a saliva containing a variety of bioactive molecules affecting host pharmacology and immunity. This process is vital for hard ticks to prevent rejection by the host during the blood meal that lasts several days. All actors involved in the immunity interplay are impacted by this saliva, the innate immunity being represented by resident and migrating immune cells, as well as the T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system. The skin plays a key role in vector-borne diseases. During the long co-evolution with the tick, the infectious agents benefit from this favorable environment to be transmitted efficiently into the skin and to multiply in the vertebrate host. Therefore, the saliva is an important virulence booster, which enhances substantially their pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Boulanger
- EA7290, Virulence Bactérienne Précoce, Groupe Borrelia, Facultés de Pharmacie et Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de bactériologie, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France - Centre National de Référence Borrelia, Plateau technique de Microbiologie, CHRU Strasbourg, 1 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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6
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Dissociating effect of salivary gland extract from Ixodes ricinus on human fibroblasts: Potential impact on Borrelia transmission. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 10:433-441. [PMID: 30595500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of pathogen transmission is essential for the development of strategies to reduce arthropod-borne diseases. The pharmaco- and immunomodulatory properties of insect and acarine saliva play an essential role in the efficiency of pathogen transmission. The skin as the site where arthropod saliva and pathogens are inoculated - represents the key interface in vector-borne diseases. We identified tick molecules potentially involved in pathogen transmission, using micro-HPLC and mass spectrometry, followed by in vitro assays on human skin cells. Histone H4 isolated from Ixodes ricinus salivary gland extract was identified as a molecule with a dissociating effect on human primary fibroblasts. This histone might be involved in the formation of the feeding pool formed around the tick mouthparts and responsible of tissue necrosis in the vertebrate host. Thanks to its selective antimicrobial activity, it may also sterilize the feeding pool and facilitate transmission of pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.
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7
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In Vitro Models of Cutaneous Inflammation. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 29032555 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7383-5_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The skin plays an essential role in the transmission of Lyme borreliosis since it is the first interface between the Ixodes tick and the host during the inoculation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. A better understanding of the inflammatory reaction at this location is key to develop better strategies (e.g., vaccine and diagnosis) to fight this disease. In vitro cell culture of resident skin cells might constitute an approach to decipher the complex interplay between the tick, the pathogen, and the vertebrate host.
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8
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Bernard Q, Wang Z, Di Nardo A, Boulanger N. Interaction of primary mast cells with Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu stricto): role in transmission and dissemination in C57BL/6 mice. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:313. [PMID: 28655322 PMCID: PMC5488306 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Borrelia burgdorferi (sensulato), the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis is a bacterium transmitted by hard ticks, Ixodes spp. Bacteria are injected into the host skin during the tick blood meal with tick saliva. There, Borrelia and saliva interact together with skin cells such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts, mast cells and other specific immune cells before disseminating to target organs. Methods To study the role of mast cells in the transmission of Lyme borreliosis, we isolated mouse primary mast cells from bone marrow and incubated them in the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu stricto) and tick salivary gland extract. We further analyzed their potential role in vivo, in a mouse model of deficient in mast cells (Kitwsh−/− mice). Results To our knowledge, we report here for the first time the bacteria ability to induce the inflammatory response of mouse primary mast cells. We show that OspC, a major surface lipoprotein involved in the early transmission of Borrelia, induces the degranulation of primary mast cells but has a limited effect on the overall inflammatory response of these cells. In contrast, whole bacteria have an opposite effect. We also show that mast cell activation is significantly inhibited by tick salivary gland extract. Finally, we demonstrate that mast cells are likely not the only host cells involved in the early transmission and dissemination of Borrelia since the use of mast cell deficient Kitwsh−/− mice shows a limited impact on these two processes in the context of this mouse genetic background. Conclusions The absence of mast cells did not change the replication rate of Borrelia in the skin. However, in the absence of mast cells, Borrelia dissemination to the joints was faster. Mast cells do not control skin bacterial proliferation during primary infection and the establishment of the primary infection, as shown in the C57BL/6 mouse model studied. Nevertheless, the Borrelia induced cytotokine modulation on mast cells might be involved in long term and/or repeated infections and protect from Lyme borreliosis due to the development of a hypersensitivity to tick saliva. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2243-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Bernard
- EA7290 Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe borréliose de Lyme, Fédération de médecine translationnelle et Faculté de Pharmacie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Present address: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
| | - Zhenping Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Anna Di Nardo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Nathalie Boulanger
- EA7290 Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe borréliose de Lyme, Fédération de médecine translationnelle et Faculté de Pharmacie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. .,Centre National de Reference Borrelia, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Strasbourg, France.
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9
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Meddeb M, Carpentier W, Cagnard N, Nadaud S, Grillon A, Barthel C, De Martino SJ, Jaulhac B, Boulanger N, Schramm F. Homogeneous Inflammatory Gene Profiles Induced in Human Dermal Fibroblasts in Response to the Three Main Species of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164117. [PMID: 27706261 PMCID: PMC5051687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Lyme borreliosis, the skin is the key site for bacterial inoculation by the infected tick and for cutaneous manifestations. We previously showed that different strains of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto isolated from tick and from different clinical stages of the Lyme borreliosis (erythema migrans, and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans) elicited a very similar transcriptional response in normal human dermal fibroblasts. In this study, using whole transcriptome microarray chips, we aimed to compare the transcriptional response of normal human dermal fibroblasts stimulated by 3 Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains belonging to 3 main pathogenic species (B. afzelii, B. garinii and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto) in order to determine whether “species-related” inflammatory pathways could be identified. The three Borrelia strains tested exhibited similar transcriptional profiles, and no species-specific fingerprint of transcriptional changes in fibroblasts was observed. Conversely, a common core of chemokines/cytokines (CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL6, CXCL10, IL-6, IL-8) and interferon-related genes was stimulated by all the 3 strains. Dermal fibroblasts appear to play a key role in the cutaneous infection with Borrelia, inducing a homogeneous inflammatory response, whichever Borrelia species was involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Meddeb
- EA7290 Early Bacterial Virulence: Lyme borreliosis Group, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Wassila Carpentier
- Plate-forme Post-Génomique P3S, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Cagnard
- Plateforme Bio-informatique, Université Paris Descartes, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS UMS 3633, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Nadaud
- INSERM UMR 1166, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Grillon
- EA7290 Early Bacterial Virulence: Lyme borreliosis Group, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cathy Barthel
- EA7290 Early Bacterial Virulence: Lyme borreliosis Group, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvie Josiane De Martino
- EA7290 Early Bacterial Virulence: Lyme borreliosis Group, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- French National Reference Center for Borrelia, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benoît Jaulhac
- EA7290 Early Bacterial Virulence: Lyme borreliosis Group, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- French National Reference Center for Borrelia, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Boulanger
- EA7290 Early Bacterial Virulence: Lyme borreliosis Group, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- French National Reference Center for Borrelia, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Schramm
- EA7290 Early Bacterial Virulence: Lyme borreliosis Group, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
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10
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Mason LMK, Wagemakers A, van ‘t Veer C, Oei A, van der Pot WJ, Ahmed K, van der Poll T, Geijtenbeek TBH, Hovius JWR. Borrelia burgdorferi Induces TLR2-Mediated Migration of Activated Dendritic Cells in an Ex Vivo Human Skin Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164040. [PMID: 27695100 PMCID: PMC5047638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted into the skin of the host where it encounters and interacts with two dendritic cell (DC) subsets; Langerhans cells (LCs) and dermal DCs (DDCs). These cells recognize pathogens via pattern recognition receptors, mature and migrate out of the skin into draining lymph nodes, where they orchestrate adaptive immune responses. In order to investigate the response of skin DCs during the early immunopathogenesis of Lyme borreliosis, we injected B. burgdorferi intradermally into full-thickness human skin and studied the migration of DCs out of the skin, the activation profile and phenotype of migrated cells. We found a significant increase in the migration of LCs and DDCs in response to B. burgdorferi. Notably, migration was prevented by blocking TLR2. DCs migrated from skin inoculated with higher numbers of spirochetes expressed significantly higher levels of CD83 and produced pro-inflammatory cytokines. No difference was observed in the expression of HLA-DR, CD86, CD38, or CCR7. To conclude, we have established an ex vivo human skin model to study DC-B. burgdorferi interactions. Using this model, we have demonstrated that B. burgdorferi-induced DC migration is mediated by TLR2. Our findings underscore the utility of this model as a valuable tool to study immunity to spirochetal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. K. Mason
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Alex Wagemakers
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis van ‘t Veer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anneke Oei
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Kalam Ahmed
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kennemer Gasthuis, Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Joppe W. R. Hovius
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Dudek S, Ziółko E, Kimsa-Dudek M, Solarz K, Mazurek U, Wierzgoń A, Kokot T, Muc-Wierzgoń M. Expression Profiles of Toll-Like Receptors in the Differentiation of an Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Spirochetes. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 65:175-182. [PMID: 27604757 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0416-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The similarity of Lyme borreliosis to other diseases and its complex pathogenesis present diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties. The changes that occur at the cellular and molecular levels after a Borrelia sp. infection still remain poorly understood. Therefore, the present study focused on the expression of TLR and TLR-signaling genes in human dermal fibroblasts in the differentiation of an infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes. Normal human dermal fibroblasts were cultured with the spirochetes of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii. Total RNA was extracted from the cells using TRIzol reagent. The analysis of the expression profiles of TLRs and TLR-related genes was performed using commercially available oligonucleotide microarrays of HG-U133A. The GeneSpring 12.0 platform and significance analysis of microarrays were used for the statistical analysis of microarray data. The analyses using the oligonucleotide microarray and QRT-PCR techniques permitted to identify the genes encoding TLR4 and TLR6 as specific for infection with B. afzelii and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto. In turn, TLR3 was only characteristic for an infection with B. burgdorferi sensu stricto. There were no changes in the TLR gene expression after infection with B. garinii. Our findings confirm that Borrelia has a major effect on fibroblast gene expression. Further characterization of changes in gene expression may lead to valuable insights into the role of the toll-like receptor in the pathogenesis of Lyme disease and may provide guidelines for the development of diagnostic markers for an infection with a particular Borrelia genospecies. Moreover, this will help to identify better treatment strategies for Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Dudek
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Ewa Ziółko
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University in Katowice, Bytom, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kimsa-Dudek
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Solarz
- Department of Parasitology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Urszula Mazurek
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Aleksander Wierzgoń
- Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Teresa Kokot
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University in Katowice, Bytom, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Muc-Wierzgoń
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Public Health, Silesian Medical University in Katowice, Bytom, Poland.
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Scholl DC, Embers ME, Caskey JR, Kaushal D, Mather TN, Buck WR, Morici LA, Philipp MT. Immunomodulatory effects of tick saliva on dermal cells exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:394. [PMID: 27391120 PMCID: PMC4938952 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prolonged feeding process of ixodid ticks, in combination with bacterial transmission, should lead to a robust inflammatory response at the blood-feeding site. Yet, factors present in tick saliva may down-regulate such responses, which may be beneficial to spirochete transmission. The primary goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that tick saliva, in the context of Borrelia burgdorferi, can have widespread effects on the production of immune mediators in skin. METHODS A cross-section of tick feeding on skin was examined histologically. Human THP-1 cells stimulated with B. burgdorferi and grown in the presence or absence of tick saliva were examined by human DNA microarray, cytokine bead array, sandwich ELISA, and qRT-PCR. Similar experiments were also conducted using dermal fibroblasts. RESULTS Tick feeding on skin showed dermal infiltration of histiocytes and granulocytes at the bite location. Changes in monocytic transcript levels during co-culture with B. burgdorferi and saliva indicated that tick saliva had a suppressive effect on the expression of certain pro-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-8 (CXCL8) and TLR2, but had a stimulatory effect on specific molecules such as the Interleukin 10 receptor, alpha subunit (IL-10RA), a known mediator of the immunosuppressive signal of IL-10. Stimulated cell culture supernatants were analyzed via antigen-capture ELISA and cytokine bead array for inflammatory mediator production. Treatment of monocytes with saliva significantly reduced the expression of several key mediators including IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha. Tick saliva had an opposite effect on dermal fibroblasts. Rather than inhibiting, saliva enhanced production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-8 and IL-6 from these sentinel skin cells. CONCLUSIONS The effects of ixodid tick saliva on resident skin cells is cell type-dependent. The response to both tick and pathogen at the site of feeding favors pathogen transmission, but may not be wholly suppressed by tick saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy C. Scholl
- />Divisions of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA USA
- />Present Address: Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Monica E. Embers
- />Divisions of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA USA
| | - John R. Caskey
- />Divisions of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- />Divisions of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA USA
| | - Thomas N. Mather
- />Center for Vector-Borne Disease, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI USA
| | - Wayne R. Buck
- />Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana USA
- />Present Address: AbbVie, 1 N Waukegan Rd, North Chicago, IL USA
| | - Lisa A. Morici
- />Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University Medical School, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Mario T. Philipp
- />Divisions of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA USA
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13
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Rahman S, Shering M, Ogden NH, Lindsay R, Badawi A. Toll-like receptor cascade and gene polymorphism in host-pathogen interaction in Lyme disease. J Inflamm Res 2016; 9:91-102. [PMID: 27330321 PMCID: PMC4898433 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s104790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease (LD) risk occurs in North America and Europe where the tick vectors of the causal agent Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato are found. It is associated with local and systemic manifestations, and has persistent posttreatment health complications in some individuals. The innate immune system likely plays a critical role in both host defense against B. burgdorferi and disease severity. Recognition of B. burgdorferi, activation of the innate immune system, production of proinflammatory cytokines, and modulation of the host adaptive responses are all initiated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). A number of Borrelia outer-surface proteins (eg, OspA and OspB) are recognized by TLRs. Specifically, TLR1 and TLR2 were identified as the receptors most relevant to LD. Several functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified in TLR genes, and are associated with varying cytokines types and synthesis levels, altered pathogen recognition, and disruption of the downstream signaling cascade. These single-nucleotide polymorphism-related functional alterations are postulated to be linked to disease development and posttreatment persistent illness. Elucidating the role of TLRs in LD may facilitate a better understanding of disease pathogenesis and can provide an insight into novel therapeutic targets during active disease or postinfection and posttreatment stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusmita Rahman
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Shering
- Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas H Ogden
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Robbin Lindsay
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Alaa Badawi
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
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14
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Harder J. Tick saliva: paving the way for the stowawayBorrelia. Exp Dermatol 2015; 25:20-1. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Harder
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein; Kiel Germany
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15
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Bernard Q, Gallo RL, Jaulhac B, Nakatsuji T, Luft B, Yang X, Boulanger N. Ixodes tick saliva suppresses the keratinocyte cytokine response to TLR2/TLR3 ligands during early exposure to Lyme borreliosis. Exp Dermatol 2015; 25:26-31. [PMID: 26307945 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ixodes hard tick induces skin injury by its sophisticated biting process. Its saliva plays a key role to enable an efficient blood meal that lasts for several days. We hypothesized that this feeding process may also be exploited by pathogens to facilitate their transmission, especially in the context of arthropod-borne diseases. To test this, we used Lyme borreliosis as a model. This bacterial infection is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato transmitted by Ixodes. We co-incubated Borrelia with human keratinocytes in the presence of poly (I: C), a dsRNA TLR3 agonist generated by skin injury. This induced a strong cytokine response from human primary keratinocytes that was much greater than that induced by Borrelia alone. OspC, a TLR2/1 agonist and a major surface lipoprotein of Borrelia also amplified the process. Interestingly, tick saliva inhibited cytokine responses by keratinocytes to these TLR agonists. We propose that Borrelia uses the immunoprivileged site produced by tick saliva to facilitate its transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Bernard
- EA7290 Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe borréliose de Lyme, Fédération de médecine Translationnelle et Faculté de Pharmacie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Benoît Jaulhac
- EA7290 Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe borréliose de Lyme, Fédération de médecine Translationnelle et Faculté de Pharmacie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Centre National de Reference Borrelia, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Teruaki Nakatsuji
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Luft
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Xiahoua Yang
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Nathalie Boulanger
- EA7290 Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe borréliose de Lyme, Fédération de médecine Translationnelle et Faculté de Pharmacie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Centre National de Reference Borrelia, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Strasbourg, France
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16
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Kern A, Schnell G, Bernard Q, Bœuf A, Jaulhac B, Collin E, Barthel C, Ehret-Sabatier L, Boulanger N. Heterogeneity of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto Population and Its Involvement in Borrelia Pathogenicity: Study on Murine Model with Specific Emphasis on the Skin Interface. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26197047 PMCID: PMC4510351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is a multisystemic disorder caused by B. burgdorferi sl. The molecular basis for specific organ involvement is poorly understood. The skin plays a central role in the development of Lyme disease as the entry site of B. burgdorferi in which specific clones are selected before dissemination. We compared the skin inflammatory response (antimicrobial peptides, cytokines and chemokines) elicited by spirochete populations recovered from patients presenting different clinical manifestations. Remarkably, these spirochete populations induced different inflammatory profiles in the skin of C3H/HeN mice. As spirochete population transmitted into the host skin is heterogeneous, we isolated one bacterial clone from a population recovered from a patient with neuroborreliosis and compared its virulence to the parental population. This clone elicited a strong cutaneous inflammatory response characterized by MCP-1, IL-6 and antimicrobial peptides induction. Mass spectrometry of this clone revealed 110 overexpressed proteins when compared with the parental population. We further focused on the expression of nine bacterial surface proteins. bb0347 coding for a protein that interacts with host fibronectin, allowing bacterial adhesion to vascular endothelium and extracellular matrix, was found to be induced in host skin with another gene bb0213 coding for a hypothetical protein. These findings demonstrate the heterogeneity of the B. burgdorferi ss population and the complexity of the interaction involved early in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Kern
- EA7290: Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de médecine et de pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gilles Schnell
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Quentin Bernard
- EA7290: Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de médecine et de pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Amandine Bœuf
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benoît Jaulhac
- EA7290: Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de médecine et de pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elody Collin
- EA7290: Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de médecine et de pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cathy Barthel
- EA7290: Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de médecine et de pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Ehret-Sabatier
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Boulanger
- EA7290: Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de médecine et de pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
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17
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Vieira ML, Nascimento ALTO. Interaction of spirochetes with the host fibrinolytic system and potential roles in pathogenesis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:573-87. [PMID: 25914944 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.972336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic spirochetes Borrelia burgdorferi, B. hermsii, B. recurrentis, Treponema denticola and Leptospira spp. are the etiologic agents of Lyme disease, relapsing fever, periodontitis and leptospirosis, respectively. Lyme borreliosis is a multi-systemic disorder and the most prevalent tick-borne disease in the northern hemisphere. Tick-borne relapsing fever is persistent in endemic areas worldwide, representing a significant burden in some African regions. Periodontal disease, a chronic inflammatory disorder that often leads to tooth loss, is caused by several potential pathogens found in the oral cavity including T. denticola. Leptospirosis is considered the most widespread zoonosis, and the predominant human disease in tropical, undeveloped regions. What these diseases have in common is that they are a significant burden to healthcare costs in the absence of prophylactic measures. This review addresses the interaction of these spirochetes with the fibrinolytic system, plasminogen (Plg) binding to the surface of bacteria and the generation of plasmin (Pla) on their surface. The consequences on host-pathogen interactions when the spirochetes are endowed with this proteolytic activity are discussed on the basis of the results reported in the literature. Spirochetes equipped with Pla activity have been shown to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) components, in addition to digesting fibrin, facilitating bacterial invasion and dissemination. Pla generation triggers the induction of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) in a cascade of events that enhances the proteolytic capacity of the spirochetes. These activities in concert with the interference exerted by the Plg/Pla on the complement system - helping the bacteria to evade the immune system - should illuminate our understanding of the mechanisms involved in host infection.
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18
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Fitness cost of Litomosoides sigmodontis filarial infection in mite vectors; implications of infected haematophagous arthropod excretory products in host-vector interactions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:584105. [PMID: 24089685 PMCID: PMC3781844 DOI: 10.1155/2013/584105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Filariae are a leading cause of infections which are responsible for serious dermatological, ocular, and vascular lesions. Infective third stage larvae (L3) are transmitted through the bite of a haematophagous vector. Litomosoides sigmodontis is a well-established model of filariasis in the mouse, with the vector being the mite Ornithonyssus bacoti. The aim of the study was to analyse the filarial infection in mites to determine the consequences of filarial infection in the blood-feeding and the reproduction of mites as well as in the regulation of vector-induced inflammation in the mouse skin. Firstly, L3 are unevenly distributed throughout the host population and the majority of the population harbours a moderate infection (1 to 6 L3). Filarial infection does not significantly affect the probing delay for blood feeding. The number of released protonymphs is lower in infected mites but is not correlated with the L3 burden. Finally, induced excreted proteins from infected mites but not from uninfected mites stimulate TNF- α and the neutrophil-chemoattractant KC production by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Altogether, these results describe the modification of the mite behavior under filarial infection and suggest that the immunomodulatory capacity of the mite may be modified by the presence of the parasite, hindering its defensive ability towards the vertebrate host.
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Kazimírová M, Štibrániová I. Tick salivary compounds: their role in modulation of host defences and pathogen transmission. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:43. [PMID: 23971008 PMCID: PMC3747359 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks require blood meal to complete development and reproduction. Multifunctional tick salivary glands play a pivotal role in tick feeding and transmission of pathogens. Tick salivary molecules injected into the host modulate host defence responses to the benefit of the feeding ticks. To colonize tick organs, tick-borne microorganisms must overcome several barriers, i.e., tick gut membrane, tick immunity, and moulting. Tick-borne pathogens co-evolved with their vectors and hosts and developed molecular adaptations to avoid adverse effects of tick and host defences. Large gaps exist in the knowledge of survival strategies of tick-borne microorganisms and on the molecular mechanisms of tick-host-pathogen interactions. Prior to transmission to a host, the microorganisms penetrate and multiply in tick salivary glands. As soon as the tick is attached to a host, gene expression and production of salivary molecules is upregulated, primarily to facilitate feeding and avoid tick rejection by the host. Pathogens exploit tick salivary molecules for their survival and multiplication in the vector and transmission to and establishment in the hosts. Promotion of pathogen transmission by bioactive molecules in tick saliva was described as saliva-assisted transmission (SAT). SAT candidates comprise compounds with anti-haemostatic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions, but the molecular mechanisms by which they mediate pathogen transmission are largely unknown. To date only a few tick salivary molecules associated with specific pathogen transmission have been identified and their functions partially elucidated. Advanced molecular techniques are applied in studying tick-host-pathogen interactions and provide information on expression of vector and pathogen genes during pathogen acquisition, establishment and transmission. Understanding the molecular events on the tick-host-pathogen interface may lead to development of new strategies to control tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Kazimírová
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava, Slovakia.
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20
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Mannelli A, Bertolotti L, Gern L, Gray J. Ecology ofBorrelia burgdorferi sensu latoin Europe: transmission dynamics in multi-host systems, influence of molecular processes and effects of climate change. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:837-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Microarray analyses of inflammation response of human dermal fibroblasts to different strains of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40046. [PMID: 22768217 PMCID: PMC3386942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Lyme borreliosis, the skin is the key site of bacterial inoculation by the infected tick, and of cutaneous manifestations, erythema migrans and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. We explored the role of fibroblasts, the resident cells of the dermis, in the development of the disease. Using microarray experiments, we compared the inflammation of fibroblasts induced by three strains of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto isolated from different environments and stages of Lyme disease: N40 (tick), Pbre (erythema migrans) and 1408 (acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans). The three strains exhibited a similar profile of inflammation with strong induction of chemokines (CXCL1 and IL-8) and IL-6 cytokine mainly involved in the chemoattraction of immune cells. Molecules such as TNF-alpha and NF-κB factors, metalloproteinases (MMP-1, -3 and -12) and superoxide dismutase (SOD2), also described in inflammatory and cellular events, were up-regulated. In addition, we showed that tick salivary gland extracts induce a cytotoxic effect on fibroblasts and that OspC, essential in the transmission of Borrelia to the vertebrate host, was not responsible for the secretion of inflammatory molecules by fibroblasts. Tick saliva components could facilitate the early transmission of the disease to the site of injury creating a feeding pit. Later in the development of the disease, Borrelia would intensively multiply in the skin and further disseminate to distant organs.
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22
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Kern A, Collin E, Barthel C, Michel C, Jaulhac B, Boulanger N. Tick Saliva Represses Innate Immunity and Cutaneous Inflammation in a Murine Model of Lyme Disease. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11:1343-50. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Kern
- EA4438, Physiopathologie et Médecine Translationnelle, Groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de pharmacie et de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elody Collin
- EA4438, Physiopathologie et Médecine Translationnelle, Groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de pharmacie et de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cathy Barthel
- EA4438, Physiopathologie et Médecine Translationnelle, Groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de pharmacie et de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Chloé Michel
- EA4438, Physiopathologie et Médecine Translationnelle, Groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de pharmacie et de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benoît Jaulhac
- EA4438, Physiopathologie et Médecine Translationnelle, Groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de pharmacie et de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Boulanger
- EA4438, Physiopathologie et Médecine Translationnelle, Groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de pharmacie et de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Abstract
Tick saliva has potent immunomodulatory properties. In arthropod-borne diseases, this effect is largely used by microorganisms to increase their pathogenicity and to evade host immune responses. We show that in Lyme borreliosis, tick salivary gland extract and a tick saliva protein, Salp15, inhibit in vitro keratinocyte inflammation induced by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto or by the major outer surface lipoprotein of Borrelia, OspC. Chemokines (interleukin-8 [IL-8] and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 [MCP-1]) and several antimicrobial peptides (defensins, cathelicidin, psoriasin, and RNase 7) were downregulated. Interestingly, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) transiently inhibited bacterial motility but did not kill the organisms when tested in vitro. We conclude that tick saliva affects the chemotactic properties of chemokines and AMPs on immune cells and has an antialarmin effect on human primary keratinocytes. Alarmins are mediators that mobilize and activate antigen-presenting cells. Inhibition of cutaneous innate immunity and of the migration of immune cells to the site of the tick bite ensures a favorable environment for Borrelia. The bacterium can then multiply locally and, subsequently, disseminate to the target organs, including joints, heart, and the central nervous system.
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Bachmann M, Horn K, Rudloff I, Goren I, Holdener M, Christen U, Darsow N, Hunfeld KP, Koehl U, Kind P, Pfeilschifter J, Kraiczy P, Mühl H. Early production of IL-22 but not IL-17 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to live Borrelia burgdorferi: the role of monocytes and interleukin-1. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001144. [PMID: 20976193 PMCID: PMC2954834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
If insufficiently treated, Lyme borreliosis can evolve into an inflammatory disorder affecting skin, joints, and the CNS. Early innate immunity may determine host responses targeting infection. Thus, we sought to characterize the immediate cytokine storm associated with exposure of PBMC to moderate levels of live Borrelia burgdorferi. Since Th17 cytokines are connected to host defense against extracellular bacteria, we focused on interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22. Here, we report that, despite induction of inflammatory cytokines including IL-23, IL-17 remained barely detectable in response to B. burgdorferi. In contrast, T cell-dependent expression of IL-22 became evident within 10 h of exposure to the spirochetes. This dichotomy was unrelated to interferon-γ but to a large part dependent on caspase-1 and IL-1 bioactivity derived from monocytes. In fact, IL-1β as a single stimulus induced IL-22 but not IL-17. Neutrophils display antibacterial activity against B. burgdorferi, particularly when opsonized by antibodies. Since neutrophilic inflammation, indicative of IL-17 bioactivity, is scarcely observed in Erythema migrans, a manifestation of skin inflammation after infection, protective and antibacterial properties of IL-22 may close this gap and serve essential functions in the initial phase of spirochete infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Bachmann
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katharina Horn
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ina Rudloff
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Itamar Goren
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Holdener
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Urs Christen
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nicole Darsow
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Hunfeld
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, North West Medical Centre, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter Kind
- Dermatohistological Laboratory Offenbach, Offenbach, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter Kraiczy
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heiko Mühl
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Borrelia burgdorferi colonization of the joints induces an inflammatory response, which in some individuals progresses to chronic arthritis. In this review, we discuss novel pathways that are implicated in disease development by modulating host defenses to B. burgdorferi infection. RECENT FINDINGS The use of transgenic mice and gene expression analyses has revealed novel pathways involved in pathogenesis of Lyme disease. It is now clear that B. burgdorferi exploits an array of salivary gland proteins of the tick to evade immune responses in the mammalian host. The spirochete also modulates its surface protein profile upon infection and induces anti-inflammatory cytokines, favoring survival of the pathogen. The host defense involves toll-like receptors (TLRs), such as TLR2 and others, in B. burgdorferi recognition. To further dissect the genetic predisposition to treatment-refractory Lyme arthritis, HLA-DR transgenic mice have been used. SUMMARY The cause and pathogenesis of Lyme arthritis are complex. Elucidating the mechanisms that govern this chronic inflammatory response will provide direct insights into other infectious arthritides and the development of novel therapeutic approaches against B. burgdorferi infection.
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Spitting Image: Tick Saliva Assists the Causative Agent of Lyme Disease in Evading Host Skin’s Innate Immune Response. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:2337-9. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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